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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Institutions of the Republic of Abkhazia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Institutions_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Executive_branch_of_the_partially_recognised_Republic_of_Abkhazia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executive_branch_of_the_partially_recognised_Republic_of_Abkhazia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Executive branch of the partially recognised Republic of Abkhazia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executive_branch_of_the_partially_recognised_Republic_of_Abkhazia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Legislative branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Political parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latest_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latest_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Latest elections</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Latest_elections-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Latest elections subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Latest_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presidential_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Presidential elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parliamentary_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliamentary_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Parliamentary elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliamentary_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_of_the_Autonomous_Republic_of_Abkhazia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_of_the_Autonomous_Republic_of_Abkhazia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_of_the_Autonomous_Republic_of_Abkhazia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_of_the_Autonomous_Republic_of_Abkhazia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Executive_branch_of_the_Government_of_the_Autonomous_Republic_of_Abkhazia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executive_branch_of_the_Government_of_the_Autonomous_Republic_of_Abkhazia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Executive branch of the Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executive_branch_of_the_Government_of_the_Autonomous_Republic_of_Abkhazia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Council_of_Ministers_of_Abkhazia_in_exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Council_of_Ministers_of_Abkhazia_in_exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Council of Ministers of Abkhazia in exile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Council_of_Ministers_of_Abkhazia_in_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abkhazia_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abkhazia_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Abkhazia today</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Abkhazia_today-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Abkhazia today subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Abkhazia_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2004_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2004_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>2004 elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2004_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_after_the_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_after_the_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Politics after the recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics_after_the_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abkhazia's_future" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abkhazia's_future"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Abkhazia's future</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abkhazia's_future-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Politics of Abkhazia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Abkhazia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coat_of_arms_of_Abkhazia.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_Abkhazia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coat_of_arms_of_Abkhazia.svg/210px-Coat_of_arms_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coat_of_arms_of_Abkhazia.svg/280px-Coat_of_arms_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="536" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Abkhazia" title="Constitution of Abkhazia">Constitution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia" title="Government of the Republic of Abkhazia">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;;text-align:center;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_Abkhazia" title="President of Abkhazia">President</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Aslan_Bzhania" title="Aslan Bzhania">Aslan Bzhania</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Abkhazia" title="Vice President of Abkhazia">Vice President</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Badr_Gunba" class="mw-redirect" title="Badr Gunba">Badr Gunba</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Abkhazia" title="Prime Minister of Abkhazia">Prime Minister</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ankvab" title="Alexander Ankvab">Alexander Ankvab</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Assembly_of_Abkhazia" title="People's Assembly of Abkhazia">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Assembly_of_Abkhazia" title="People's Assembly of Abkhazia">People's Assembly</a></b></div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_People%27s_Assembly_of_Abkhazia" title="List of speakers of the People's Assembly of Abkhazia">Speaker</a> <br /> Valery Kvarchia</div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Public_Chamber_of_Abkhazia" title="Public Chamber of Abkhazia">Public Chamber</a></b></div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Abkhazia" title="List of political parties in Abkhazia">Political parties</a></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Abkhazia" title="Elections in Abkhazia">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Recent elections <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Presidential: <a href="/wiki/2019_Abkhazian_presidential_election" title="2019 Abkhazian presidential election">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Abkhazian_presidential_election" title="2020 Abkhazian presidential election">2020</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Legislative: <a href="/wiki/2017_Abkhazian_parliamentary_election" title="2017 Abkhazian parliamentary election">2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Abkhazian_parliamentary_election" title="2022 Abkhazian parliamentary election">2022</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Local: <a href="/wiki/2011_Abkhazian_local_elections" title="2011 Abkhazian local elections">2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Abkhazian_local_elections" title="2016 Abkhazian local elections">2016</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Abkhazia" title="Subdivisions of Abkhazia">Administrative divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li>First level: Seven <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Abkhazia" title="Districts of Abkhazia">Districts</a></li> <li>Second level: <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Abkhazia#Towns_of_Abkhazia" title="Subdivisions of Abkhazia">Towns</a> / <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Abkhazia#Urban_settlements_of_Abkhazia" title="Subdivisions of Abkhazia">Urban Settlements</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Abkhazia" title="Foreign relations of Abkhazia">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Ministry for Foreign Affairs <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_of_Abkhazia" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs of Abkhazia">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Inal_Ardzinba" title="Inal Ardzinba">Inal Ardzinba</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia" title="International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia">International recognition</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Autonomous_Republic_of_Abkhazia" title="Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia">Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Politics of Georgia (country)">Politics of Georgia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz%E2%80%93Georgian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz–Georgian conflict">Abkhaz–Georgian conflict</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_passport" title="Abkhazian passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Abkhazian_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Abkhazian citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Abkhazia" title="Visa policy of Abkhazia">Visa policy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_missions_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic missions of Abkhazia">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Abkhazia" title="List of diplomatic missions in Abkhazia">in Abkhazia</a></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Abkhazia" title="Portal:Abkhazia">Abkhazia portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Abkhazia" title="Template:Politics of Abkhazia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Abkhazia" title="Template talk:Politics of Abkhazia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Abkhazia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Abkhazia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Politics in Abkhazia</b> is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Georgian-Abkhazian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian-Abkhazian conflict">its conflict</a> with <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>. Abkhazia became <i>de facto</i> independent from Georgia after the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">1992–1993 war</a>, but its <i>de jure</i> independence has only been recognised by <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia" title="International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia">a few other countries</a>. Abkhazia is a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> with a <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Abkhazia" title="List of political parties in Abkhazia">multi-party system</a>, wherein the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Abkhazia" title="President of Abkhazia">President</a> is both <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>. <a href="/wiki/Executive_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive power">Executive power</a> is exercised by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia" title="Government of the Republic of Abkhazia">government of the Republic of Abkhazia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Legislative_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative power">Legislative power</a> is vested in both the government and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Assembly_of_Abkhazia" title="People's Assembly of Abkhazia">People's Assembly of Abkhazia</a>. </p><p>Georgia maintains an <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Autonomous_Republic_of_Abkhazia" title="Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia">Abkhazian government in exile</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Institutions_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia">Institutions of the Republic of Abkhazia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Institutions of the Republic of Abkhazia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Executive_branch_of_the_partially_recognised_Republic_of_Abkhazia">Executive branch of the partially recognised Republic of Abkhazia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Executive branch of the partially recognised Republic of Abkhazia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"> <caption>Main office-holders </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Office </th> <th scope="col">Name </th> <th scope="col">Party </th> <th scope="col">Since </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/President_of_Abkhazia" title="President of Abkhazia">President</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aslan_Bzhania" title="Aslan Bzhania">Aslan Bzhania</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </td> <td>23 April 2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Abkhazia" title="Prime Minister of Abkhazia">Prime Minister</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ankvab" title="Alexander Ankvab">Alexander Ankvab</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aitaira" title="Aitaira">Aitaira</a> </td> <td>23 April 2020 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislative_branch">Legislative branch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legislative branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_People%27s_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhazian People's Assembly">People's Assembly</a></b> has 35 members, elected for a five-year term in single seat <a href="/wiki/Constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituency">constituencies</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_parties">Political parties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Abkhazia" title="List of political parties in Abkhazia">List of political parties in Abkhazia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Abkhazia" title="Elections in Abkhazia">Elections in Abkhazia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latest_elections">Latest elections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Latest elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Abkhazia" title="Elections in Abkhazia">Elections in Abkhazia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_elections">Presidential elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Presidential elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2020_Abkhazian_presidential_election" title="2020 Abkhazian presidential election">2020 Abkhazian presidential election</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"><caption></caption><tbody><tr><th scope="col">Candidate</th><th scope="col">Running mate</th><th scope="col">Votes</th><th scope="col">%</th></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Aslan_Bzhania" title="Aslan Bzhania">Aslan Bzhania</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Badra_Gunba" title="Badra Gunba">Badra Gunba</a></td><td style="text-align:right">53,741</td><td style="text-align:right">58.92</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Adgur_Ardzinba" title="Adgur Ardzinba">Adgur Ardzinba</a></td><td>Arda Ashub</td><td style="text-align:right">33,686</td><td style="text-align:right">36.93</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Dzapshba" title="Leonid Dzapshba">Leonid Dzapshba</a></td><td>Viktor Khashba</td><td style="text-align:right">2,114</td><td style="text-align:right">2.32</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">None of the above</td><td style="text-align:right">1,666</td><td style="text-align:right">1.83</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="font-weight:bold"><td colspan="2">Total</td><td style="text-align:right">91,207</td><td style="text-align:right">100.00</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom"><td colspan="4" style="color:var( --color-base, #202122 );background:var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 )"></td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal;color:inherit;background:inherit">Valid votes</th><td>91,207</td><td>95.90</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal;color:inherit;background:inherit">Invalid/blank votes</th><td>3,902</td><td>4.10</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="font-weight:bold;text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;background:inherit;color:inherit">Total votes</th><td>95,109</td><td>100.00</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal;color:inherit;background:inherit">Registered voters/turnout</th><td>132,916</td><td>71.56</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><td colspan="4" style="text-align:left">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abkhazworld.com/aw/current-affairs/1643-cec-announced-final-results-of-presidential-elections">Abkhaz World</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliamentary_elections">Parliamentary elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Parliamentary elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2017_Abkhazian_parliamentary_election" title="2017 Abkhazian parliamentary election">2017 Abkhazian parliamentary election</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_of_the_Autonomous_Republic_of_Abkhazia">Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>de jure</i> Government of Abkhazia in exile, then the Council of Ministers of Abkhazia, left Abkhazia after the Russian-backed <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz people">Abkhaz</a> separatist forces and their allies from the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Mountain_Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" title="Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus">Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus</a> took control of the region's capital <a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a> after heavy fighting on 27 September 1993, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Sukhumi_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukhumi massacre">mass killings of ethnic Georgians and loyal citizens</a>, in which several members of the Abkhazian government, including its chairman <a href="/wiki/Zhiuli_Shartava" title="Zhiuli Shartava">Zhiuli Shartava</a>, were executed by the rebels. The Council of Ministers relocated to Georgia's capital <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, where it operated as a <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> government of Abkhazia for almost 13 years. During this period, the GAIE was led by <a href="/wiki/Tamaz_Nadareishvili" title="Tamaz Nadareishvili">Tamaz Nadareishvili</a>, until <a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">President of Georgia</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikheil_Saakashvili" title="Mikheil Saakashvili">Mikheil Saakashvili</a> appointed a new chairman, <a href="/wiki/Irakli_Alasania" title="Irakli Alasania">Irakli Alasania</a>, his envoy in the peace talks over Abkhazia. </p><p>On 27 July 2006, the Georgian authorities relocated the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Autonomous_Republic_of_Abkhazia" title="Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia">Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Upper_Abkhazia" title="Upper Abkhazia">Upper Abkhazia</a>. <i>"This decision means that for the first time since 1993 the government enters into the middle of Abkhazia, of our Abkhazia, to exercise Georgian jurisdiction and the Georgian constitutional order. This is very important fact and very fundamental political event,"</i> Saakashvili said in his televised address to the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Malkhaz_Akishbaia" title="Malkhaz Akishbaia">Malkhaz Akishbaia</a>, a western-educated Abkhaz politician was Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Autonomous_Republic_of_Abkhazia" title="Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia">Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia</a> from April 2006 to June 2009, when he was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Giorgi_Baramia" title="Giorgi Baramia">Giorgi Baramia</a>. </p><p>This Government was forced out of Upper Abkhazia during the <a href="/wiki/2008_South_Ossetia_War" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 South Ossetia War">2008 South Ossetia War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Executive_branch_of_the_Government_of_the_Autonomous_Republic_of_Abkhazia">Executive branch of the Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Executive branch of the Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"> <caption>Main office-holders </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Office </th> <th scope="col">Name </th> <th scope="col">Party </th> <th scope="col">Since </th></tr> <tr> <th align="left">Chairman of the Supreme Council </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Gia_Gvazava" class="mw-redirect" title="Gia Gvazava">Gia Gvazava</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abkhazeti" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhazeti">Abkhazeti</a> </td> <td>June 2009 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chairman of Cabinet of Ministers </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Giorgi_Baramia" title="Giorgi Baramia">Giorgi Baramia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abkhazeti" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhazeti">Abkhazeti</a> </td> <td>June 2009 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Deputy of Supreme Council </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamaz_Khubua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamaz Khubua (page does not exist)">Tamaz Khubua</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abkhazeti" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhazeti">Abkhazeti</a> </td> <td>June 2009 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Council_of_Ministers_of_Abkhazia_in_exile">Council of Ministers of Abkhazia in exile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Council of Ministers of Abkhazia in exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ethnic Abkhaz and Georgian deputies elected to the Abkhaz Supreme Soviet under the unsuccessful 1991 power-sharing arrangement continue to operate from Tbilisi as the de jure government and parliament-in-exile. They began boycotting the Abkhaz parliament in May 1992, complaining of Abkhaz discrimination, and in June commenced a campaign of civil disobedience while attempting to set up parallel power structures in Sukhumi. In October 1992 elections to the Georgian parliament were conducted in those parts of Abkhazia controlled by the central Government. However, with Abkhazia outside Tbilisi's jurisdiction by the time of the 1995 Georgian parliamentary election, the MPs elected from Abkhazia in 1992 automatically retained their seats in the Georgian parliament. After the separatist victory, the de jure Government represented 300,000 IDPs in Tbilisi. There were two significant political groups of Abkhaz IDPs. In April 1999 <a href="/wiki/Tamaz_Nadareishvili" title="Tamaz Nadareishvili">Tamaz Nadareishvili</a>, chairman of the government-in-exile and at the outbreak of the war Deputy Chairman of the parliament of the Abkhaz Autonomous Republic, founded the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abkhazia_Liberation_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abkhazia Liberation Party (page does not exist)">Abkhazia Liberation Party</a> (ALP) to contest the October 1999 Georgian parliamentary elections. Formerly a Communist Party functionary in Abkhazia, he was Deputy Prime Minister of Georgia 1993–95. The ALP was the successor to <a href="/w/index.php?title=My_Home_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="My Home Abkhazia (page does not exist)">My Home Abkhazia</a>, a party he founded to contest the 1995 parliamentary election but which failed to gain parliamentary representation. However, the ALP is opposed by the Co-ordinating Council of Refugees from Abkhazia founded in 1996 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Kakubava&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boris Kakubava (page does not exist)">Boris Kakubava</a>, an MP in the Abkhazeti faction. The Council was represented by the League of Popular Representatives of Georgia political party. Kakubava strongly opposed Shevardnadze whom he blamed for the loss of Abkhazia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abkhazia_today">Abkhazia today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Abkhazia today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Abkhaz conflict has not been resolved; a ceasefire agreement was signed on 15 May 1994 and a United Nations peacekeeping force (<a href="/wiki/UNOMIG" class="mw-redirect" title="UNOMIG">UNOMIG</a>) was given the task of monitoring the agreement. A separate force from the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> (CIS) was assigned to a peacekeeping mission. </p><p>Peace talks have taken place on and off over the last ten years, but have achieved little of significance. Although there have been no major outbreaks of fighting in the meantime, border clashes and armed raids by both sides continue to inflict casualties. </p><p>A new constitution was adopted, on 4 November 1994, which declared Abkhaz sovereignty. <a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_parliamentary_election,_1996" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhazian parliamentary election, 1996">Parliamentary elections</a> were held on 23 November 1996, but these were not recognised by the Georgian government or the international community, as the elections were held after <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> when majority of pre-war population had fled Abkhazia. The CIS imposed economic sanctions in January 1996 and the region is <a href="/wiki/Georgian_sea_blockade_of_Abkhazia" title="Georgian sea blockade of Abkhazia">officially blockaded by Georgia</a>. </p><p>The <i>de facto</i> authorities organised a referendum on 3 October 1999 which approved the current constitution though more than half of the pre-war population expelled from Abkhazia did not take part in voting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2004_elections">2004 elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2004 elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 3 October 2004 presidential elections were held in Abkhazia. In the elections, Russia supported <a href="/wiki/Raul_Khajimba" title="Raul Khajimba">Raul Khajimba</a>, the prime-minister backed by seriously ailing outgoing separatist President <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Ardzinba" title="Vladislav Ardzinba">Vladislav Ardzinba</a>. Posters of Russia's President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> together with Khajimba, who like Putin had worked as a <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> official, were everywhere in Sukhumi. Deputies of Russia's parliament and Russian singers, led by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kobzon" title="Joseph Kobzon">Joseph Kobzon</a>, both a deputy and a popular songster, came to Abkhazia campaigning for Khajimba. </p><p>Still, on 12 October Abkhazia's Supreme Court, after a series of contradictory decisions by the Electoral Committee, recognised that the new president would be a businessman <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bagapsh" title="Sergei Bagapsh">Sergei Bagapsh</a>, accused by his rival's supporters of being pro-Georgian, although Georgia does not recognise any separatist candidates or even the elections. Abkhazia's outgoing President Ardzinba claimed the decision was illegal and made under pressure from supporters of Bagapsh. The decision was cancelled by the Supreme Court the night of the same day. When supporters of <a href="/wiki/Raul_Khajimba" title="Raul Khajimba">Raul Khajimba</a> seized the building of the Supreme Court and destroyed the protocols from local electoral constituencies new elections were prescribed. </p><p>Soon the Supreme Court cancelled the later decision, and again named Bagapsh the new president. His supporters captured a local TV station, while <a href="/wiki/Raul_Khajimba" title="Raul Khajimba">Raul Khajimba</a>'s supporters took control over the parliament's building. Outgoing president Ardzinba replaced <a href="/wiki/Raul_Khajimba" title="Raul Khajimba">Raul Khajimba</a> as a prime-minister with <a href="/wiki/Nodar_Khashba" title="Nodar Khashba">Nodar Khashba</a>, who, before this appointment served in the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Extraordinary_Situations_(Russian_Federation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Extraordinary Situations (Russian Federation)">Ministry for Extraordinary Situations</a>. </p><p>On 5 December the presidential candidates <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bagapsh" title="Sergei Bagapsh">Sergei Bagapsh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raul_Khadjimba" class="mw-redirect" title="Raul Khadjimba">Raul Khadjimba</a> agreed to hold new elections. In these elections they would run on a joint ticket, with Khadjimba as vice presidential candidate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics_after_the_recognition">Politics after the recognition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Politics after the recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Russia recognised Abkhazian independence the Abkhazian president Sergei Bagapsh signed a series of controversial deals giving Russia control over the border with Georgia proper, the Abkhazian railway network and airport, the right to build long term military bases as well as rights to search for oil off its coast.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also called for the legalisation of the sale of real estate to non-citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-rfe_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfe-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These policies were met with growing alarm by opposition parties and <a href="/wiki/War_veteran" class="mw-redirect" title="War veteran">war veteran</a> groups. Amid growing tension a meeting on 20 May 2009 of six political parties and <a href="/wiki/War_veteran" class="mw-redirect" title="War veteran">war veteran</a> movements held a press conference in Sukhumi to express their concern at the president's imputed plans to "hand over chunks of Abkhazia's national heritage to foreign commercial structures for a long time period." They described relations with Russia as "based on trust and mutual respect" before adding that the Abkhaz leadership's "hasty and thoughtless decisions" risked fuelling anti-Russian sentiment and domestic political tensions in the run-up to the presidential ballot. And they stressed, "our state must retain control over our strategic infrastructure."<sup id="cite_ref-rfe_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfe-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Vice President <a href="/wiki/Raul_Khadjimba" class="mw-redirect" title="Raul Khadjimba">Raul Khadjimba</a> (once an ally of Russia against Sergey Bagapsh) resigned on 28 May 2009, saying he agreed with the criticism the opposition had made.<sup id="cite_ref-apress0528_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apress0528-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, a conference of opposition parties in July 2009 nominated Raul Khadjimba as their candidate in the <a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_presidential_election,_2009" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhazian presidential election, 2009">Abkhazian presidential election, 2009</a> scheduled for December of the same year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abkhazia's_future"><span id="Abkhazia.27s_future"></span>Abkhazia's future</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Abkhazia's future"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abkhazian leaders have made alternating demands in recent years. At times, they have insisted on full independence, and at other times, they have requested associate membership in the Russian Federation. However, the Russian government has inconsistently responded to the latter proposal, fearing the negative effect of such an action on its relations with Georgia. On 28 November 2003, Russian MP <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Vladimir Zhirinovsky</a> brought forth such a resolution in the <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a>, but saw it rejected. Nonetheless, most citizens of Abkhazia now possess Russian citizenship, and Abkhazians do not require a visa. In April 2023, Russia threatened to annex Abkhazia, a move which was resolutely opposed by de facto Abkhazian authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a>, European Union and United Nations have continued to insist that Abkhazia must remain part of Georgia, and that at the very least, the many Georgian refugees who fled after the 1992–1993 war must be allowed to return, before any acceptable vote on independence can be held. </p><p>The Georgian government has continued to insist on Abkhazia's reunification with Georgia, but has differed in its suggestions of means to achieve this, particularly under the government of former President <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Saakashvili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhail Saakashvili">Mikhail Saakashvili</a>. </p><p>They have, at times, proposed two main peace deals. The first one would divide Georgia into seven <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_entities" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous entities">autonomous entities</a>, each with power over police and economic issues, but relinquishing power over defence and foreign affairs to the federal government. In a later proposal, it was suggested that Georgia and Abkhazia could form one federal Georgian republic, somewhat along the lines of <a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro</a>. </p><p>The Georgian government has, at times, suggested that they may attempt to resolve the conflict by military means. After the 2004 removal of <a href="/wiki/Ajaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajaria">Ajarian</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Aslan_Abashidze" title="Aslan Abashidze">Aslan Abashidze</a> from office after large public protests, Saakashvili suggested that Abkhazia and fellow separatist entity <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> could be reintegrated in the same manner. However, over the following months, he distanced himself from this idea. </p><p>Saakashvili has also attempted to portray the Abkhaz dispute as being between Georgia and Russia, owing to the latter's support of the separatists, with the separatist government being portrayed as little more than a Russian puppet. To this end, they have pushed for either the complete removal of, or major changes to the mandate of the Russian peacekeepers, and the removal of Russian military bases from Abkhaz territory. During 2003, they succeeded in achieving the latter demand, with Russia removing its bases, leaving only its peacekeeping force. </p><p>Both the Abkhaz de facto separatist government and separatist opposition parties (Amtsakhara) resolutely oppose reunification with Georgia under any circumstances. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Abkhazia" title="Portal:Abkhazia">Abkhazia portal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012204617/http://207.44.135.100/eng/article.php?id=13197">Tbilisi-Based Abkhaz Government Moves to Kodori</a>, <i>Civil Georgia</i>, 27 July 2006. URL accessed on 28 July 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,IWPR,,GEO,4a8160a0a,0.html">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_War_and_Peace_Reporting" title="Institute for War and Peace Reporting">Institute for War and Peace Reporting</a>, Abkhaz Opposition Fear Growing Russian Influence, 7 August 2009, CRS No. 505</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfe-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rfe_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfe_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/content/Abkhaz_Leadership_Opposition_Exchange_Accusations/1738893.html">Abkhaz Leadership, Opposition Exchange Accusations </a> <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Free Europe">Radio Free Europe</a> <i>Caucasus Report</i>, 24 May 2009, <i>Abkhaz Leadership, Opposition Exchange Accusations</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apress0528-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-apress0528_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090530135516/http://www.apsnypress.info/news2009/May/28.htm"><bdi lang="ru">ВИЦЕ-ПРЕЗИДЕНТ РАУЛЬ ХАДЖИМБА УШЕЛ В ОТСТАВКУ</bdi></a> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Apsnypress" title="Apsnypress">Apsnypress</a>. 28 May 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apsnypress.info/news2009/May/28.htm">the original</a> on 30 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D0%98%D0%A6%D0%95-%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%97%D0%98%D0%94%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%A2+%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%A3%D0%9B%D0%AC+%D0%A5%D0%90%D0%94%D0%96%D0%98%D0%9C%D0%91%D0%90+%D0%A3%D0%A8%D0%95%D0%9B+%D0%92+%D0%9E%D0%A2%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%92%D0%9A%D0%A3&rft.date=2009-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apsnypress.info%2Fnews2009%2FMay%2F28.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Abkhazia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/georgia-breakaway-region-abkhazia-joining-russia-south-caucasus/">"We don't want to join Russia, breakaway Georgian region warns"</a>. <i>POLITICO</i>. 25 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POLITICO&rft.atitle=We+don%27t+want+to+join+Russia%2C+breakaway+Georgian+region+warns&rft.date=2023-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fgeorgia-breakaway-region-abkhazia-joining-russia-south-caucasus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+of+Abkhazia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061107051831/http://www.abkhaziagov.org/en/">President of the Republic of Abkhazia. Official site</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Politics_of_Malaysia" title="Politics of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Maldives" title="Politics of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mongolia" title="Politics of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Myanmar" title="Politics of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nepal" title="Politics of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Oman" title="Politics of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan" title="Politics of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Politics of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Qatar" title="Politics of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Politics of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Singapore" title="Politics of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Politics of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tajikistan" title="Politics of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand" title="Politics of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Timor-Leste" title="Politics of Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkmenistan" title="Politics of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Politics of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Uzbekistan" title="Politics of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vietnam" title="Politics of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Yemen" title="Politics of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Politics of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Taiwan" title="Politics of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Europe" title="Template:Politics of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Politics of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_of_Europe123" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Europe" title="Politics of Europe">Politics of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Albania" title="Politics of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Andorra" title="Politics of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Armenia" title="Politics of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Austria" title="Politics of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Azerbaijan" title="Politics of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Belarus" title="Politics of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Belgium" title="Politics of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bulgaria" title="Politics of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Croatia" title="Politics of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cyprus" title="Politics of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Politics of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Denmark" title="Politics of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Estonia" title="Politics of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Finland" title="Politics of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Politics of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Greece" title="Politics of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hungary" title="Politics of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iceland" title="Politics of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the 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title="Politics of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Macedonia" title="Politics of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Norway" title="Politics of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Poland" title="Politics of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Portugal" title="Politics of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Romania" title="Politics of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_San_Marino" title="Politics of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Serbia" title="Politics of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Slovakia" title="Politics of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Slovenia" title="Politics of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Spain" title="Politics of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sweden" title="Politics of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Switzerland" title="Politics of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ukraine" title="Politics of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland" title="Politics of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wales" title="Politics of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vatican_City" title="Politics of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kosovo" title="Politics of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Politics of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Transnistria" title="Politics of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_%C3%85land" title="Politics of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Politics of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Gibraltar" title="Politics of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Politics of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Jersey" title="Politics of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Svalbard" title="Politics of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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