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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Watch_Tower_Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Watch_Tower_Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Watch Tower Society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Watch_Tower_Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_Bible_Students_Association" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Bible_Students_Association"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>International Bible Students Association</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Bible_Students_Association-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formative_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formative_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Formative influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formative_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_schism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_schism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>First schism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_schism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership_dispute_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership_dispute_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Leadership dispute and aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership_dispute_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associated_Bible_Students" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associated_Bible_Students"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Associated Bible Students</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Associated_Bible_Students-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Associated Bible Students subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Associated_Bible_Students-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pastoral_Bible_Institute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pastoral_Bible_Institute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Pastoral Bible Institute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pastoral_Bible_Institute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Berean_Bible_Institute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Berean_Bible_Institute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Berean Bible Institute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Berean_Bible_Institute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stand_Fast_Bible_Students_Association" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stand_Fast_Bible_Students_Association"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Stand Fast Bible Students Association</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stand_Fast_Bible_Students_Association-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dawn_Bible_Students_Association" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dawn_Bible_Students_Association"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Dawn Bible Students Association</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dawn_Bible_Students_Association-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_Bible_Students" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_Bible_Students"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Independent Bible Students</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_Bible_Students-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_Bible_Students" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_Bible_Students"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Free Bible Students</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Free_Bible_Students-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Free Bible Students subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Free_Bible_Students-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_Covenant_Believers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Covenant_Believers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>New Covenant Believers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Covenant_Believers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_Discipling_Ministries_International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_Discipling_Ministries_International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Christian Discipling Ministries International</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_Discipling_Ministries_International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_Bible_Students_Association" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_Bible_Students_Association"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Free Bible Students Association</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_Bible_Students_Association-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jehovah's_Witnesses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jehovah's_Witnesses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Jehovah's Witnesses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jehovah's_Witnesses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laymen's_Home_Missionary_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laymen's_Home_Missionary_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laymen's_Home_Missionary_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Other groups</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_groups-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other groups subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Friends_of_Man" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Friends_of_Man"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Friends of Man</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Friends_of_Man-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kitawala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kitawala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Kitawala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kitawala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bible Student movement</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moviment_d%27Estudiants_de_la_B%C3%ADblia" title="Moviment d'Estudiants de la Bíblia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Moviment d'Estudiants de la Bíblia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibelforscherbewegung" title="Bibelforscherbewegung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bibelforscherbewegung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%93%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Κίνημα Σπουδαστών της Γραφής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κίνημα Σπουδαστών της Γραφής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estudiantes_de_la_Biblia_(movimiento)" title="Estudiantes de la Biblia (movimiento) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estudiantes de la Biblia (movimiento)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tudiants_de_la_Bible" title="Étudiants de la Bible – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Étudiants de la Bible" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EC%84%9C_%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%83%9D_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99" title="성서 연구생 운동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성서 연구생 운동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliakutat%C3%B3_mozgalom" title="Bibliakutató mozgalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bibliakutató mozgalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fikambanan%27_ny_Mpianatra_Baiboly" title="Fikambanan' ny Mpianatra Baiboly – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fikambanan' ny Mpianatra Baiboly" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijbelonderzoekers" title="Bijbelonderzoekers – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bijbelonderzoekers" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibelstudentene" title="Bibelstudentene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bibelstudentene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badacze_Pisma_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tego" title="Badacze Pisma Świętego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Badacze Pisma Świętego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estudantes_da_B%C3%ADblia" title="Estudantes da Bíblia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estudantes da Bíblia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Исследователи Библии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Исследователи Библии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raamatuntutkijat" title="Raamatuntutkijat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Raamatuntutkijat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_Student_(kilusan)" title="Bible Student (kilusan) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bible Student (kilusan)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%97" title="Рух Дослідників Біблії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рух Дослідників Біблії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q343029#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Christian movement founded by Charles Taze Russell</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Development_of_Bible_Students_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Development_of_Bible_Students_en.svg/500px-Development_of_Bible_Students_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Development_of_Bible_Students_en.svg/750px-Development_of_Bible_Students_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Development_of_Bible_Students_en.svg/1000px-Development_of_Bible_Students_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption>A simplified chart of historical developments of major groups within Bible Students</figcaption></figure> 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href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#96A9B9;"> Publishing houses</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_Bible_Students_Association" title="Dawn Bible Students Association">Dawn Bible Students Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_Bible_Institute" title="Pastoral Bible Institute">Pastoral Bible Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#96A9B9;"> Publications</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dawn_(magazine)" title="The Dawn (magazine)">The Dawn</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Creation" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Creation">The New Creation</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_and_Ernest_(broadcast)" title="Frank and Ernest (broadcast)">Frank and Ernest (broadcast)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Studies_in_the_Scriptures" title="Studies in the Scriptures">Studies in the Scriptures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Photo-Drama_of_Creation" title="The Photo-Drama of Creation">The Photo-Drama of Creation</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#96A9B9;"> Biographies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Taze Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Wendell" title="Jonas Wendell">Jonas Wendell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Conley" title="William Henry Conley">William Henry Conley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_H._Barbour" title="Nelson H. 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Binkele</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#96A9B9;"> Beliefs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah" title="Jehovah">Jehovah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">Atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheol" title="Sheol">Sheol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hades" title="Christian views on Hades">Hades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annihilationism" title="Annihilationism">Annihilationism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#96A9B9;"> Separations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:auto;border:medium solid #96A9B9;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.3em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Category:Jehovah's Witnesses">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.4em;background:none;"><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JW_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/JW_Logo.svg/55px-JW_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/JW_Logo.svg/83px-JW_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/JW_Logo.svg/110px-JW_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:#EDEDED;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#B9C2CA;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Overview</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DBDBDB;"> <a href="/wiki/Organizational_structure_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Organizational structure of Jehovah's Witnesses">Organizational structure</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governing_Body_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses">Governing Body</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Watch_Tower_Bible_and_Tract_Society_of_Pennsylvania" title="Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania">Watch Tower Bible<br />and Tract Society</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporations_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Corporations of Jehovah's Witnesses">Corporations</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DBDBDB;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bible Student movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch_Tower_Society_presidency_dispute_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Watch Tower Society presidency dispute (1917)">Leadership dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_splinter_groups" title="Jehovah's Witnesses splinter groups">Splinter groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_doctrine" title="Development of Jehovah's Witnesses doctrine">Doctrinal development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfulfilled_Watch_Tower_Society_predictions" title="Unfulfilled Watch Tower Society predictions">Unfulfilled predictions</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DBDBDB;"> <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Demographics of Jehovah's Witnesses">Demographics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_by_country" title="Jehovah's Witnesses by country">By country</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:#EDEDED;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#B9C2CA;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_beliefs" title="Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs">Beliefs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_practices" title="Jehovah's Witnesses practices">Practices</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah" title="Jehovah">God's name</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/144000_(number)#Jehovah's_Witnesses" class="mw-redirect" title="144000 (number)">144,000</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_and_salvation" title="Jehovah's Witnesses and salvation">Salvation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Eschatology of Jehovah's Witnesses">Eschatology</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faithful_and_discreet_slave" title="Faithful and discreet slave">Faithful and discreet slave</a></li></ul> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_of_Jesus%27_Death" title="Memorial of Jesus' Death">Memorial of Jesus' Death</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_and_blood_transfusions" title="Jehovah's Witnesses and blood transfusions">Blood</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_congregational_discipline" title="Jehovah's Witnesses congregational discipline">Discipline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_song" title="Kingdom song">Hymns</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DBDBDB;"> <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_publications" title="Jehovah's Witnesses publications">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Watchtower" title="The Watchtower">The Watchtower</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Awake!" title="Awake!">Awake!</a></i></li></ul></div></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_World_Translation_of_the_Holy_Scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures">New World Translation</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_works_on_the_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of works on the Jehovah's Witnesses">Bibliography</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DBDBDB;"> Places</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Hall" title="Kingdom Hall">Kingdom Hall</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Watchtower_Bible_School_of_Gilead" title="Watchtower Bible School of Gilead">Gilead School</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:#EDEDED;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#B9C2CA;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_people" title="Category:Jehovah's Witnesses people">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DBDBDB;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Watch_Tower_Society_presidents" title="Category:Watch Tower Society presidents">Watch Tower presidents</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Conley" title="William Henry Conley">W. H. Conley</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell" title="Charles Taze Russell">C. T. Russell</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Franklin_Rutherford" title="Joseph Franklin Rutherford">J. F. Rutherford</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Homer_Knorr" title="Nathan Homer Knorr">N. H. Knorr</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Franz" title="Frederick William Franz">F. W. Franz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Milton_George_Henschel" title="Milton George Henschel">M. G. Henschel</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Don_Alden_Adams" title="Don Alden Adams">D. A. Adams</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ciranko" title="Robert Ciranko">R. L. Ciranko</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DBDBDB;"> Formative influences</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Miller_(preacher)" title="William Miller (preacher)">William Miller</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Grew" title="Henry Grew">Henry Grew</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Stetson" title="George Stetson">G. W. Stetson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/George_Storrs" title="George Storrs">George Storrs</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_H._Barbour" title="Nelson H. Barbour">N. H. Barbour</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Nelson_Darby" title="John Nelson Darby">J. N. Darby</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DBDBDB;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Former_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Category:Former Jehovah's Witnesses">Notable former members</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Franz" title="Raymond Franz">R. V. Franz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Olin_R._Moyle" title="Olin R. Moyle">O. R. Moyle</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DBDBDB;"> Notable scholars</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Chryssides" class="mw-redirect" title="George Chryssides">George Chryssides</a></li></ul> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Penton" title="James Penton">James Penton</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Knox" title="Zoe Knox">Zoe Knox</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:#EDEDED;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#B9C2CA;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses">Criticism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses%27_handling_of_child_sex_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehovah's Witnesses' handling of child sex abuse">Handling child sex abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfulfilled_Watch_Tower_Society_predictions" title="Unfulfilled Watch Tower Society predictions">Unfulfilled predictions</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:#EDEDED;padding-top:0.1em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#B9C2CA;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Opposition</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Persecution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">in Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_cases_involving_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court cases involving Jehovah's Witnesses by country">Supreme Court cases<br />by country</a></div></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Template:Jehovah's Witnesses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Template talk:Jehovah's Witnesses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jehovah's Witnesses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Bible Student movement</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialist</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Restorationism_(Christian_primitivism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restorationism (Christian primitivism)">Restorationist</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> movement. It emerged in the United States from the teachings and ministry of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Taze Russell</a> (1852–1916), also known as Pastor Russell, and his founding of the <a href="/wiki/Watch_Tower_Bible_and_Tract_Society_of_Pennsylvania" title="Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania">Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society</a> in 1881. Members of the movement have variously referred to themselves as Bible Students, International Bible Students, Associated Bible Students, or Independent Bible Students. </p><p>A number of schisms developed within the congregations of Bible Students associated with the Watch Tower Society between 1909 and 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenton199743–62_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenton199743–62-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogerson196952_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogerson196952-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most significant split began in 1917 following the election of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Franklin_Rutherford" title="Joseph Franklin Rutherford">Joseph Franklin Rutherford</a> as president of the Watch Tower Society two months after Russell's death. The schism began with Rutherford's controversial replacement of four of the Society's board of directors and publication of <i>The Finished Mystery</i> in July 1917. </p><p>Thousands of members left congregations of Bible Students associated with the Watch Tower Society during the 1920s, prompted in part by Rutherford's failed predictions for the year 1925, increasing disillusionment with his ongoing doctrinal and organizational changes, and his campaign for centralized control of the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenton199743–62_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenton199743–62-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William Schnell, author, and former Jehovah's Witness, claims that three-quarters of the original Bible Students who had been associating with the Watch Tower Society in 1919 had left by 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-Schnell_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schnell-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogerson196952_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogerson196952-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1930 Rutherford stated that "the total number of those who have withdrawn from the Society... is comparatively large."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1918 and 1929, several factions formed their own independent groups, including the Stand Fast Movement, the <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_Bible_Institute" title="Pastoral Bible Institute">Pastoral Bible Institute</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Paul_S._L._Johnson" title="Paul S. L. Johnson">Paul Johnson</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dawn_Bible_Students_Association" title="Dawn Bible Students Association">Dawn Bible Students Association</a>. These groups range from conservative (claiming to be Russell's true followers) to more liberal (claiming that Russell's role is not as important as once believed).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogerson196939_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogerson196939-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rutherford's faction of the movement retained control of the Watch Tower Society<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogerson196939_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogerson196939-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and adopted the name "<a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_witnesses" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehovah's witnesses">Jehovah's witnesses</a>" in July 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the 20th century, Jehovah's Witnesses claimed a membership of 6 million,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while other independent Bible Student groups had an estimated total of less than 75,000.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foundation">Foundation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_Student_movement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Taze_Russell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Charles_Taze_Russell.jpg/220px-Charles_Taze_Russell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Charles_Taze_Russell.jpg/330px-Charles_Taze_Russell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Charles_Taze_Russell.jpg/440px-Charles_Taze_Russell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Russell</a> in 1911</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1869, Charles Russell viewed a presentation by <a href="/wiki/Advent_Christian_Church" title="Advent Christian Church">Advent Christian</a> preacher <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Wendell" title="Jonas Wendell">Jonas Wendell</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatchtower199343_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatchtower199343-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Millerites" class="mw-redirect" title="Millerites">Millerites</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenton199713–46_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenton199713–46-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and soon after began attending an Adventist Bible study group in <a href="/wiki/Allegheny,_Pennsylvania" title="Allegheny, Pennsylvania">Allegheny, Pennsylvania</a> led by <a href="/wiki/George_Stetson" title="George Stetson">George Stetson</a>. Russell acknowledged the influence of Adventist ministers including <a href="/wiki/George_Storrs" title="George Storrs">George Storrs</a>, an old acquaintance of <a href="/wiki/William_Miller_(preacher)" title="William Miller (preacher)">William Miller</a> and semi-regular attendee at the Bible study group in Allegheny.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early January 1876, Russell met independent Adventist preachers <a href="/wiki/Nelson_H._Barbour" title="Nelson H. Barbour">Nelson H. Barbour</a> and John H. Paton, publishers of the <i>Herald of the Morning</i>, who convinced him that Christ had returned invisibly in 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenton199713–46_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenton199713–46-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russell provided financial backing for Barbour and became co-editor of <i>Herald of the Morning</i>; the pair jointly issued <i><a href="/wiki/Three_Worlds_(book)" title="Three Worlds (book)">Three Worlds and the Harvest of This World</a></i> (1877), written mostly by Barbour.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various concepts in the book are still taught by the Bible Student movement and Jehovah's Witnesses, including a 2520-year period termed "the Gentile Times" predicted to end in 1914. Deviating from most Second Adventists, the book taught that the earth would not be burned up when Christ returned, but that humankind since Adam would eventually be resurrected to the earth and given the opportunity to attain eternal perfect human life if obedient. It also revealed an expectation that all of the "saints" would be taken to heaven in April 1878.<sup id="cite_ref-penton1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-penton1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russell continued to develop his interpretations of biblical chronology. In 1877, he published 50,000 copies of the pamphlet <i>The Object and Manner of Our Lord's Return</i>, teaching that Christ would return invisibly before the battle of Armageddon. By 1878, he was teaching the Adventist view that the "time of the end" had begun in 1799,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that Christ had returned invisibly in 1874<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatchtower1993631–32_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatchtower1993631–32-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had been crowned in heaven as king in 1878. Russell believed that 1878 also marked the resurrection of the "sleeping saints" (all faithful Christians who had died up to that time) and the "fall of Babylon" which he taught to be God's final judgment of unfaithful Christendom.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> October 1914 was held as the end of a harvest period that would culminate in the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a>, manifested by the emergence of worldwide anarchy and the decline and destruction of civilized society.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russell broke with Barbour in July 1879 over the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Substitutionary_atonement" title="Substitutionary atonement">substitutionary atonement</a> and began publishing his own monthly magazine, <i>Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence</i> (now known as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Watchtower" title="The Watchtower">The Watchtower Announcing Jehovah's Kingdom</a></i>), and the pair competed through their rival publications for the minds of their readers.<sup id="cite_ref-penton1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-penton1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Semi-monthly publication of the magazine began in 1892.)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mod_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mod-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1881, Russell predicted that the churches ('Babylon') would begin to fall apart and that the rapture of the saints would take place that year, although they would remain on earth as materialized spirit beings.<sup id="cite_ref-penton1_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-penton1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1882, he outlined his <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">nontrinitarian</a> views concluding that the doctrine is not taught in the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-penton1_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-penton1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Readers of <i>Zion's Watch Tower</i> formed thirty Bible study groups in seven states in the United States in 1879—80, with each congregation electing its own <a href="/wiki/Elder_(Christianity)" title="Elder (Christianity)">elders</a>. In 1880, Russell visited the congregations to conduct six-hour study sessions, teaching each congregation how to carry out topical Bible study.<sup id="cite_ref-penton1_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-penton1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogerson196912_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogerson196912-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Watch_Tower_Society">Watch Tower Society</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_Student_movement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Watch Tower Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1881, Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society was formed as an unincorporated administrative agency for the purpose of disseminating tracts, papers, doctrinal treatises, and Bibles, with Russell as secretary and <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Conley" title="William Henry Conley">William Henry Conley</a> as president.<sup id="cite_ref-mod_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mod-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three years later, on December 15, 1884, Russell became president of the society when it was legally incorporated in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The society was renamed Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in September 1896).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPierson_et_al191722_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierson_et_al191722-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russell wrote many articles, books, pamphlets, and sermons, which by his death totaled 50,000 printed pages, with almost 20 million copies of his books printed and distributed around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-penton1_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-penton1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1886, he wrote the first of what would become a six-volume Bible textbook series called <i>Millennial Dawn</i>, later renamed <i><a href="/wiki/Studies_in_the_Scriptures" title="Studies in the Scriptures">Studies in the Scriptures</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which presented his fundamental doctrines. As a consequence, the Bible Students were sometimes called Millennial Dawnists. </p><p>Russell advertised for 1000 preachers in 1881, and encouraged all who were members of "the body of Christ" to preach to their neighbors, to gather the "little flock" of saints while the vast majority of mankind would be given the opportunity to gain salvation during <a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Christ's 1000-year reign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenton199713–46_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenton199713–46-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russell's supporters gathered as autonomous congregations to study the Bible and his writings. Russell rejected the concept of a formal organization as "wholly unnecessary" for his followers and declared that his group had no record of its members' names, no creeds, and no sectarian name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranz2007chapter_4_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranz2007chapter_4-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote in February 1884: "By whatsoever names men may <i>call us</i>, it matters not to us... we call ourselves simply Christians."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elders and deacons were elected by congregations and Russell tolerated a great latitude of belief among members. He opposed formal disciplinary procedures by congregation elders, claiming this was beyond their authority,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> instead recommending that an individual who continued in a wrong course be judged by the entire congregation, which could ultimately "withdraw from him its fellowship" if the undesirable behavior continued.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disfellowshipping did not mean the wrongdoer was to be shunned in all social circumstances or by all Bible Students, though fellowship would be limited.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenton199731_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenton199731-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1895, Russell encouraged congregations to study his Bible textbook series, <i>Studies in the Scriptures</i>, paragraph by paragraph to properly discern God's plan for humanity. In 1905, he recommended replacing verse-by-verse Bible studies with what he called "Berean Studies" of topics he chose.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenton199713–46_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenton199713–46-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Watch Tower Society opened overseas branches in London (1900),<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germany (1903), and Australia and Switzerland (1904).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Society's headquarters were transferred to <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn, New York">Brooklyn, New York</a> in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1914, the Bible Students began public showings of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Photo-Drama_of_Creation" title="The Photo-Drama of Creation">The Photo-Drama of Creation</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It presented Russell's views of God's plan from the creation of the earth through to the establishment and administration of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of God">God's kingdom</a> on earth. The Photo-Drama represented a significant advancement in <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a> production, as the first major presentation to synchronize motion pictures with audio by use of <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">phonograph records</a>. Worldwide attendance in 1914 exceeded nine million.<sup id="cite_ref-imdb_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imdb-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-filmsite_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-filmsite-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_Bible_Students_Association">International Bible Students Association</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_Student_movement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: International Bible Students Association"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1910, Russell introduced the name <i>International Bible Students Association</i> as a means of identifying his worldwide community of Bible study groups. He wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> "Now in the Lord's providence we have thought of a title suitable, we believe, to the Lord's people everywhere, and free from objection, we believe, on every score—the title at the head of this article (IBSA). It fairly represents our sentiments and endeavors. We are Bible students. We welcome all of God's people to join with us in the study. We believe that the result of such studies is blessed and unifying. We recommend therefore that the little classes everywhere and the larger ones adopt this unobjectionable style and that they use it in the advertising columns of their newspapers. Thus friends everywhere will know how to recognize them when visiting strange cities."<sup id="cite_ref-w1910_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w1910-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Russell explained that the Association would be directed and managed by the Peoples  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] Pulpit Association which, in turn, represented the Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society. All Bible Student classes using Watch Tower Society publications could consider themselves identified with the Association and were authorized to use the name <i>International Bible Students Association</i> in connection with their meetings. The name was also used when advertising and conducting Bible Students conventions.<sup id="cite_ref-w1910_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w1910-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formative_influences">Formative influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_Student_movement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Formative influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to Russell other early influences include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_H._Barbour" title="Nelson H. Barbour">Nelson H. Barbour</a> (1824–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nelson_Darby" title="John Nelson Darby">John Nelson Darby</a> (1800–1882)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Dunn_(theologian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Dunn (theologian) (page does not exist)">Henry Dunn</a> (1801–1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Grew" title="Henry Grew">Henry Grew</a> (1781–1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunbar_Isidore_Heath" title="Dunbar Isidore Heath">Dunbar Isidore Heath</a> (1816–1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Miller_(preacher)" title="William Miller (preacher)">William Miller</a> (1782–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stetson" title="George Stetson">George Stetson</a> (1814–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Storrs" title="George Storrs">George Storrs</a> (1796–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._E._Streeter" title="R. E. Streeter">Randolph E. Streeter</a> (1847–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Wendell" title="Jonas Wendell">Jonas Wendell</a> (1815–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Seiss" title="Joseph Seiss">Joseph Seiss</a> (1823–1904)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_schism">First schism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_Student_movement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First schism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></div> <p>In 1905, Paul S. L. Johnson, one of the traveling "Pilgrim" speakers and a former <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> minister, pointed out to Russell that his doctrines on the <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a> had undergone a complete reversal: until 1880 he had taught that the New Covenant would be inaugurated only after the last of the <a href="/wiki/144000_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="144000 (number)">144,000</a> anointed Christians had been taken to heaven,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but since 1881 he had written that it was already in force.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWills200663–68_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills200663–68-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russell reconsidered the question and in January 1907 wrote several <i>Watch Tower</i> articles reaffirming his 1880 position—that "the new covenant belongs exclusively to the coming age"<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—adding that the church had no mediator, but that Christ was the "advocate". He also taught that Christians making up the 144,000 would join Christ as a "joint heir" and assistant mediator during the millennium.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 24, 1909, former Watch Tower Society secretary-treasurer Ernest C. Henninges, who was by then the Australian branch manager based in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne, Australia">Melbourne</a>, wrote Russell an open letter of protest trying to persuade him to abandon the teaching, and calling on Bible Students to examine its legitimacy. When Russell refused, Henninges and most of the Melbourne congregation left Russell's movement to form the New Covenant Fellowship. Hundreds of the estimated 10,000 US Bible Students also left, including pilgrim Matthew L. McPhail, a member of the Chicago Bible Students, and A. E. Williamson of Brooklyn, forming the New Covenant Believers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWills200663–68_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills200663–68-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenton199742_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenton199742-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group, which informally referred to members as <a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a>, published <i>The Kingdom Scribe</i> magazine until 1975. The group is currently known as the Berean Bible Students Church, with fewer than 200 members.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership_dispute_and_aftermath">Leadership dispute and aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_Student_movement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Leadership dispute and aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Watch_Tower_Society_presidency_dispute_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Watch Tower Society presidency dispute (1917)">Watch Tower Society presidency dispute (1917)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J.F._Rutherford.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/J.F._Rutherford.gif/150px-J.F._Rutherford.gif" decoding="async" width="150" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/J.F._Rutherford.gif/225px-J.F._Rutherford.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/J.F._Rutherford.gif/300px-J.F._Rutherford.gif 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption>Joseph Rutherford</figcaption></figure><p> Russell died on October 31, 1916, in <a href="/wiki/Pampa,_Texas" title="Pampa, Texas">Pampa, Texas</a> during a cross-country preaching trip. On January 6, 1917, board member and society legal counsel <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Franklin_Rutherford" title="Joseph Franklin Rutherford">Joseph Franklin Rutherford</a> was elected president of the Watch Tower Society, unopposed, at the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> convention. Rutherford then announced the publication of <i><a href="/wiki/Studies_in_the_Scriptures#The_Finished_Mystery" title="Studies in the Scriptures">The Finished Mystery</a></i>, which he claimed was a posthumous volume of Russell's <i>Studies in the Scriptures</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By-laws passed by both the Pittsburgh convention and the board of directors stated that the president would be the executive officer and general manager of the society, giving him full control of its affairs worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPierson_et_al19175,_6_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierson_et_al19175,_6-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By June, four of the seven Watch Tower Society directors—Robert H. Hirsh, Alfred I. Ritchie, Isaac F. Hoskins, and James D. Wright—had decided they had erred in endorsing Rutherford's expanded powers of management,<sup id="cite_ref-Pierson_et_al_1917_4_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pierson_et_al_1917_4-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> claiming Rutherford had become autocratic.<sup id="cite_ref-Pierson_et_al_1917_4_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pierson_et_al_1917_4-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June Hirsh attempted to rescind the new by-laws and to reclaim the powers of management from the president,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutherford1917a12_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutherford1917a12-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Rutherford later claimed he had by then detected a conspiracy among the directors to seize control of the society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutherford1917a22–23_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutherford1917a22–23-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July, Rutherford gained a legal opinion from a <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> corporation lawyer that the four were not legally directors of the society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutherford1917a14,_15_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutherford1917a14,_15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 12, Rutherford filled what he claimed were four vacancies on the board, appointing Alexander H. Macmillan and Pennsylvania Bible Students W. E. Spill, John A. Bohnet, and George H. Fisher as directors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutherford1917a14,_15_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutherford1917a14,_15-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between August and November, the society and the four ousted directors published a series of pamphlets, with each side accusing the other of ambitious, disruptive, and dishonest conduct. The former directors also claimed Rutherford had required all headquarters workers to sign a petition supporting him and threatened dismissal for any who refused to sign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPierson_et_al19179_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierson_et_al19179-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Police forcibly escorted the former directors from the Brooklyn headquarters on August 8.<sup id="cite_ref-Watch_Tower_Bible_&_Tract_Society_1993_pp=68_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watch_Tower_Bible_&_Tract_Society_1993_pp=68-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 5, 1918, Rutherford was returned to office. </p><p>By mid-1919 about one in seven Bible Students had chosen to leave rather than accept Rutherford's leadership,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatchtower197593–94_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatchtower197593–94-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forming groups such as The Stand Fast Movement, the Paul Johnson Movement, and the Pastoral Bible Institute of Brooklyn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogerson196939_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogerson196939-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to William Schnell, as many as three-quarters of the Bible Students associating in 1919 left the movement by 1931 in protest against Rutherford's rejection of Russell's teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-Schnell_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schnell-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWills2006167_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills2006167-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cites <i>The Watch Tower</i> December 1, 1927 (p 355) in which Rutherford states, "the larger percentage" of original Bible Students had by then departed. A significant influx of new members arrived between Russell's era and 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To reduce public confusion regarding the existence of several groups of Bible Students no longer associated with the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, Bible Students associated with the society adopted the name "<a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_witnesses" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehovah's witnesses">Jehovah's witnesses</a>" on July 26, 1931, at a convention in Columbus, Ohio.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1993, the Watch Tower Society stated that the name change was also required because of "the need to be separate and distinct from those religious systems that fraudulently claimed to be Christian".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Associated_Bible_Students">Associated Bible Students</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_Student_movement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Associated Bible Students"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Associated Bible Students groups, which adhere to Charles Taze Russell's teachings, include the Independent Bible Students, Stand Fast Bible Students, and Dawn Bible Students. Congregations are autonomous, and may not necessarily have contact with other congregations, though many do. The Dawn Bible Students collectively form the largest segment of the Bible Student movement separate from the Watch Tower Society.<sup id="cite_ref-biblestudents.net_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biblestudents.net-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pastoral_Bible_Institute">Pastoral Bible Institute</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_Student_movement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pastoral Bible Institute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1918, the former directors held the first Bible Student Convention independent of the Watch Tower Society. At the second convention a few months later, the informal <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_Bible_Institute" title="Pastoral Bible Institute">Pastoral Bible Institute</a> was founded. It began publishing <i>The Herald of Christ's Kingdom</i>, edited by Randolph E. Streeter. An editorial committee continues publication of the magazine<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a reduced capacity, and reproduces other Bible Student movement literature, including Russell's six-volume <i><a href="/wiki/Studies_in_the_Scriptures" title="Studies in the Scriptures">Studies in the Scriptures</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-biblestudents.net_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biblestudents.net-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Berean_Bible_Institute">Berean Bible Institute</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_Student_movement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Berean Bible Institute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australian</a> Berean Bible Institute (BBI) formally separated from the Watch Tower Society in 1918. It published <i>The Voice</i> and continues to publish the <i>People's Paper</i> magazine. There are several 'classes' of Bible Students in Australia that hold similar beliefs to those promulgated by the BBI, but there is no official affiliation. Two conventions are held annually in <a href="/wiki/Anglesea,_Victoria" title="Anglesea, Victoria">Anglesea, Victoria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Headland,_Queensland" title="Alexandra Headland, Queensland">Alexandra Headland, Queensland</a>. There is no official creed, and members are allowed to come to their own conclusions regarding interpretations of the Bible; the role of fellowship is to provide mutual help and stimulation. The number of Bible Students in Australia is estimated at approximately 100.<sup id="cite_ref-biblestudents.net_2_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biblestudents.net_2-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stand_Fast_Bible_Students_Association">Stand Fast Bible Students Association</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_Student_movement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Stand Fast Bible Students Association"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 1918, Charles E. Heard and others considered<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Rutherford's indifference<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regarding the purchase of <a href="/wiki/War_bonds" class="mw-redirect" title="War bonds">war bonds</a> to be a perversion of Russell's <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifist</a> teachings, and contrary to scripture.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, they founded the Stand Fast Bible Students Association in <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>. The name originated from their decision to "stand fast" on principles involving war that Russell had espoused. Membership dwindled and the group was eventually disbanded. A splinter group known as the Elijah Voice Society was founded by John A. Herdersen and C. D. McCray in 1923. They were especially noted for their preaching and pacifist activity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dawn_Bible_Students_Association">Dawn Bible Students Association</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_Student_movement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dawn Bible Students Association"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dawn_Bible_Students_Association" title="Dawn Bible Students Association">Dawn Bible Students Association</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Frank_and_Ernest_(broadcast)" title="Frank and Ernest (broadcast)">Frank and Ernest (broadcast)</a></div> <p>In 1928, Norman Woodworth, cousin of Clayton J. Woodworth, left the Watch Tower Society after having been in charge of its radio ministry. Woodworth created an independent Bible Students radio program called <i><a href="/wiki/Frank_and_Ernest_(broadcast)" title="Frank and Ernest (broadcast)">Frank and Ernest</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-dawnbible.com_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dawnbible.com-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Funding was provided by the Brooklyn congregation of Bible Students and broadcasting continued into the 1980s. In 1929 the station sponsored the First Annual Reunion Convention of Bible Students at the old Bible House used by Russell in Pittsburgh. </p><p>In 1931 Woodworth and others founded the <a href="/wiki/Dawn_Bible_Students_Association" title="Dawn Bible Students Association">Dawn Bible Students Association</a> to resume publication of <i>Studies in the Scriptures</i>, which the Watch Tower Society had officially ceased printing in 1927. The Dawn Bible Students published a leaflet, <i>The Bible Students Radio Echo</i>, to follow up interest in the radio program. The leaflet was soon developed into a 16-page magazine and renamed <i>The Dawn—A Herald of Christ's Presence</i>, which they continue to publish, along with radio, television, and <a href="/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">Internet radio</a> programs.<sup id="cite_ref-dawnbible.com_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dawnbible.com-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_Bible_Students">Independent Bible Students</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_Student_movement&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Independent Bible Students"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Bible_Student_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Bible Student movement">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Over the past thirty-five years, controversy surrounded the Dawn Bible Students Association as their publishing and editorial committee began to promote more liberal points of view, distancing themselves from some of Russell's viewpoints, and alienating many Bible Students as a result.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1974, a group of Bible Students meeting at a convention in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Collins" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Collins">Fort Collins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> formally ceased their spiritual fellowship with, and financial support of, the Dawn Bible Students Association. They refer to themselves as Independent Bible Students. </p><p>The split was not intended to eliminate or restrict personal fellowship but was viewed as a "stand for the truth"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> by ceasing sponsorship of elders associated with the Dawn Bible Students and avoiding attendance at their conventions. In recent years, attempts have been made to reintegrate the groups.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Independent Bible Students publishes a non-doctrinal magazine, <i>The Bible Students Newsletter</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Free_Bible_Students">Free Bible Students</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_Student_movement&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Free Bible Students"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Der_Pilgrim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Der_Pilgrim.jpg/220px-Der_Pilgrim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Der_Pilgrim.jpg/330px-Der_Pilgrim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Der_Pilgrim.jpg/440px-Der_Pilgrim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="692" data-file-height="893" /></a><figcaption>The first page of 〈Der Pilgrim〉</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></div> <p>The Free Bible Students separated very early<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> from the Watch Tower Society in response to Russell's changes to some teachings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Covenant_Believers">New Covenant Believers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_Student_movement&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: New Covenant Believers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1909, Matthew L. McPhail, a traveling elder ("pilgrim") and member of the Chicago Bible Students, disassociated from Russell's movement when controversy arose over Russell's expanded view of the application and timing of the "New Covenant" mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a>. McPhail led the New Covenant Bible Students in the United States, founding the New Covenant Believers in that year. The community, which members informally refer to as Free Bible Students, published <i>The Kingdom Scribe</i> magazine until 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-cmfellowship.org_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmfellowship.org-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group is now known as the Berean Bible Students Church in <a href="/wiki/Lombard,_Illinois" title="Lombard, Illinois">Lombard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-http://www.bbschurch.org/_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-http://www.bbschurch.org/-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_Discipling_Ministries_International">Christian Discipling Ministries International</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_Student_movement&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Christian Discipling Ministries International"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1928 the Italian Bible Students Association<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2009)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in Hartford, Connecticut withdrew its support from the Watch Tower Society and changed its name to the Millennial Bible Students Church or Christian Millennial Fellowship and later to <a href="/wiki/Christian_Discipling_Ministries_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Discipling Ministries International">Christian Discipling Ministries International</a>. They came to reject many of Russell's writings as erroneous. Now located in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, the group is known as the Free Bible Students; it has published <a href="/wiki/The_New_Creation_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Creation (magazine)"><i>The New Creation</i></a> magazine since 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-cmfellowship.org_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmfellowship.org-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_Bible_Students_Association">Free Bible Students Association</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_Student_movement&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Free Bible Students Association"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1928, <a href="/wiki/Conrad_C._Binkele" title="Conrad C. Binkele">Conrad C. Binkele</a>—the former Branch Manager of the Watch Tower Society—founded the Free Bible Students Association in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, and published a religious magazine called <i>Der Pilgrim</i> from 1931 to 1934.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a> in Germany were persecuted during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Only after the war were rehabilitated in the Bible Students and approved the publication again.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jehovah's_Witnesses"><span id="Jehovah.27s_Witnesses"></span>Jehovah's Witnesses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_Student_movement&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Jehovah's Witnesses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></div> <p>Bible Students who submitted to Rutherford's leadership of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society became known as <i>Jehovah's witnesses</i> in 1931. The Watch Tower Society remains the denomination's primary administrative body, and their beliefs and organizational structure have diverged considerably from Russell's teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1955, the Watch Tower Society claimed that those who broke affiliation with the society during Rutherford's presidency constituted the "evil slave" of Matthew 24:48–51.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Watch Tower Society officially discarded this view in 2013, redefining the "evil slave" as a hypothetical warning to the 'faithful slave'.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their modern literature identifies <i>Bible Students</i> only as a former name for their own denomination without acknowledging the continued existence of other Bible Student groups.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jehovah's Witnesses report worldwide membership of about 8.6 million and attendance at the <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_practices#Memorial_of_Christ's_death" title="Jehovah's Witnesses practices">Memorial of Christ's death</a> of around 20.5 million.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laymen's_Home_Missionary_Movement"><span id="Laymen.27s_Home_Missionary_Movement"></span>Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_Student_movement&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Laymen's Home Missionary Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Paul_S._L._Johnson" title="Paul S. L. Johnson">Paul S. L. Johnson</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a> in 1919. Johnson's death in 1950 led to an internal disagreement over his role as a teacher chosen by God and resulted in the formation of new splinter groups, such as the Epiphany Bible Students Association and the Laodicean Home Missionary Movement. Johnson believed he had been appointed by God as Russell's official spiritual successor, that he was the last member of the <a href="/wiki/144,000" title="144,000">144,000</a> of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a> 7, and that hope of a heavenly reward of immortality for the Christian faithful would cease after his death. </p><p>His associate and successor, Raymond Jolly, taught that he instead was the last member of the "great multitude", also from Revelation 7. After Jolly's death, remaining members of the fellowship believed they would live on perfected earth in God's kingdom as a group referred to as the "modern worthies", as associates of the "ancient worthies"—the ancient Jewish prophets God would resurrect to guide and instruct the world in his kingdom.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_groups">Other groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_Student_movement&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Friends_of_Man">Friends of Man</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_Student_movement&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Friends of Man"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></div> <p>Alexander F. L. Freytag, manager of the branch office of the Watch Tower Society in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> since 1898, developed disagreements with Russell's teachings. He began publishing his own views using the Watch Tower Society's printing equipment in 1917 and was ousted from the Watch Tower Society by Rutherford in 1919. In 1920, Freytag founded the Angel of Jehovah Bible and Tract Society, also known as the Philanthropic Assembly of the Friends of Man and The Church of the Kingdom of God. He published two journals, the monthly <i>The Monitor of the Reign of Justice</i> and the weekly <i>Paper for All</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kitawala">Kitawala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_Student_movement&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Kitawala"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1907, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Booth_(missionary)" title="Joseph Booth (missionary)">Joseph Booth</a> introduced the teachings of Charles Taze Russell to local preachers in Africa who then used Russell's literature without oversight by the Watch Tower Society, resulting in the development of various independent "Watch Tower Movements".<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This included the formation in the 1920s of the <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Kitawala" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They posted the words "Watch Tower" in English at their meeting places, which later led many to mistakenly associate them with Jehovah's Witnesses. Due to intervention from the Watch Tower Society in the 1930s, some members joined the Jehovah's Witnesses denomination, but many remained independent.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group was present in Burundi,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Democratic Republic of Congo,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Tanzania.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other similar "Watch Tower Movements" also appeared in Angola,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malawi<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Mozambique.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_Student_movement&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">History of Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporations_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses#International_Bible_Students_Association" title="Corporations of Jehovah's Witnesses">International Bible Students Association</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_Student_movement&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Rogerson notes that it is not clear exactly how many Bible Students left, but quotes Rutherford (<i>Jehovah</i>, 1934, page 277) as saying "only a few" who left other religions were then "in God's organisation".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 'Witnesses' was not capitalised until the 1970s.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Barbour had originally predicted a visible return of Christ for 1873, but when that failed to eventuate, he concluded that Christ had returned invisibly in 1874 based on a reference in Benjamin Wilson's <i>Emphatic Diaglott</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Russell explains how he accepted the idea of an invisible return of Christ in 1874 from N.H. Barbour<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Though the book bore the names of both men as authors, James Penton (<i>Apocalypse Delayed</i>) points out that in early issues of the <i>Watch Tower</i>, Russell repeatedly referred to Barbour as its author. In the July 15, 1906, <i>Watch Tower</i> Russell said it was "mostly written by Mr Barbour"<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Online copies of the <i>Watch Tower</i> from 1879–1916 can be viewed by issue at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mostholyfaith.com/bible/Reprints/">Most holy faith</a> or by article at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agsconsulting.com/htdbv5/links.htm">AGS Consulting </a>. These are taken from the 7 volume <i>Watch Tower Reprints</i> published by the Watch Tower Society in 1920 which reprinted all the issues from 1879–1919.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The titles of the six volumes are: 1) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/studiesinthescri003257mbp"><i>The Divine Plan of the Ages</i></a>, 2)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/studiesinthescri00unknuoft"><i>The Time is At Hand</i></a>, 3)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/studiesinthescri03unknuoft"><i>Thy Kingdom Come</i></a>, 4)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblestudents.net/studies/sits/volume4.pdf"><i>The Battle of Armageddon</i></a>, 5)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/studiesinthescri011970mbp"><i>The At-one-ment Between God and Man</i></a>, 6) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060501085845/http://www.biblestudents.net/studies/sits/volume6.pdf"><i>The New Creation</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (study), vol. 6, Bible Students, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblestudents.net/studies/sits/volume6.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2006-05-01</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Creation&rft.pub=Bible+Students&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblestudents.net%2Fstudies%2Fsits%2Fvolume6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Russell directed that an unrepentant person be judged by the entire ecclesia, rather than the elders. He directed that the ecclesia not make the wrongdoer's faults public.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_Student_movement&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrompton1996" class="citation book cs1">Crompton, Robert (1996). <i>Counting the Days to Armageddon</i>. Cambridge: James Clarke & Co. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-227-67939-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-227-67939-3"><bdi>0-227-67939-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counting+the+Days+to+Armageddon&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=James+Clarke+%26+Co&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-227-67939-3&rft.aulast=Crompton&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenton199743–62-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenton199743–62_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenton199743–62_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenton1997">Penton 1997</a>, pp. 43–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogerson196952-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogerson196952_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogerson196952_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogerson1969">Rogerson 1969</a>, pp. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schnell-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schnell_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schnell_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchnell1956" class="citation cs2">Schnell, William J (1956), <i>Thirty Years a Watchtower Slave</i>, Grand Rapids: Baker, pp. 141–142, <q>In order to cover up the inaccuracy of this assumption, as is evidenced by the subsequent need for purging 75 percent of all Bible Students between the years 1919 to 1931 for failure to come around to Watchtower leadership, a scapegoat had to be found.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thirty+Years+a+Watchtower+Slave&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pages=141-142&rft.pub=Baker&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Schnell&rft.aufirst=William+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Watch Tower</i> November 15, 1930 p. 342 col 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogerson196939-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogerson196939_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogerson196939_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogerson196939_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogerson1969">Rogerson 1969</a>, pp. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Demographics of Jehovah's Witnesses">Demographics of Jehovah's Witnesses</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Present Truth</i> February, 2006 pp 9–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlankmanAugustine2004" class="citation cs2">Blankman, Drew; Augustine, Todd, eds. (2004), <i>Pocket Dictionary of North American Denominations</i>, p. 79, <q>A smaller group rejected Rutherford's leadership and became the Dawn Bible Student's Association and in the late 1980s had a membership of about 60000.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pocket+Dictionary+of+North+American+Denominations&rft.pages=79&rft.date=2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatchtower199343-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatchtower199343_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatchtower1993">Watchtower 1993</a>, pp. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendell" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Wendell" title="Jonas Wendell">Wendell, Jonas</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927010725/http://www.pastor-russell.com/misc/ptmds.pdf"><i>The Present Truth or Meat in Due Season</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (treatise), Pastor Russell, pp. 35–36, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pastor-russell.com/misc/ptmds.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-09-27<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-23</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Present+Truth+or+Meat+in+Due+Season&rft.pages=35-36&rft.pub=Pastor+Russell&rft.aulast=Wendell&rft.aufirst=Jonas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pastor-russell.com%2Fmisc%2Fptmds.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span> pointed to 1873 for the time of Christ's visible return.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenton199713–46-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenton199713–46_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenton199713–46_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenton199713–46_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenton199713–46_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenton1997">Penton 1997</a>, pp. 13–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Watch Tower</i>, 1906, as cited by <a href="#CITEREFPenton1997">Penton 1997</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbour1871" class="citation cs2">Barbour, Nelson H (1871), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060707185103/http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/contents/history/barbour%20midnight%20cry.htm"><i>Evidences for the Coming of the Lord in 1873: or the Midnight Cry</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/contents/history/barbour%20midnight%20cry.htm">the original</a> on July 7, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2006</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evidences+for+the+Coming+of+the+Lord+in+1873%3A+or+the+Midnight+Cry&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Barbour&rft.aufirst=Nelson+H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldmag.org%2Folb%2Fcontents%2Fhistory%2Fbarbour%2520midnight%2520cry.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090714102029/http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/contents/history/barbour%20herald%20of%20the%20morning.htm">"Our Faith"</a>, <i>The Midnight Cry and Herald of the Morning</i>, March 1874, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/contents/history/barbour%20herald%20of%20the%20morning.htm">the original</a> on 2009-07-14</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Midnight+Cry+and+Herald+of+the+Morning&rft.atitle=Our+Faith&rft.date=1874-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldmag.org%2Folb%2Fcontents%2Fhistory%2Fbarbour%2520herald%2520of%2520the%2520morning.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180529092324/http://www.agsconsulting.com/htdbv5/r3820.htm">"Harvest Gatherings and Siftings"</a>, <i>Watch Tower</i> (Reprints), AGS Consulting: 3822, July 15, 1906, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agsconsulting.com/htdbv5/r3820.htm">the original</a> on May 29, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Watch+Tower&rft.atitle=Harvest+Gatherings+and+Siftings&rft.pages=3822&rft.date=1906-07-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agsconsulting.com%2Fhtdbv5%2Fr3820.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090724030213/http://www.jehovahswitnesstruth.com/emphatic%20diaglott.htm">"Emphatic Diaglott"</a>, <i>Watch Tower</i> (reprint), Jehovah’s Witness truth, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jehovahswitnesstruth.com/emphatic%20diaglott.htm">the original</a> on 2009-07-24</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Watch+Tower&rft.atitle=Emphatic+Diaglott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jehovahswitnesstruth.com%2Femphatic%2520diaglott.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbourRussell1877" class="citation cs2">Barbour, NH; Russell, Charles T (1877), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060320020952/http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/contents/history/3worlds.pdf">"Three Worlds and The Harvest of This World"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Herald</i> (magazine), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/contents/history/3worlds.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 20, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2006</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Herald&rft.atitle=Three+Worlds+and+The+Harvest+of+This+World&rft.date=1877&rft.aulast=Barbour&rft.aufirst=NH&rft.au=Russell%2C+Charles+T&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldmag.org%2Folb%2Fcontents%2Fhistory%2F3worlds.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-penton1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-penton1_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-penton1_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-penton1_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-penton1_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-penton1_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-penton1_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenton1997">Penton 1997</a>, pp. 13–46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Three Worlds</i>, pp. 184–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The 'Time of the End,' a period of one hundred and fifteen (115) years, from A.D. 1799 to A.D. 1914, is particularly marked in the Scriptures." <i>Thy Kingdom Come</i>, 1890, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatchtower1993631–32-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatchtower1993631–32_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatchtower1993">Watchtower 1993</a>, pp. 631–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Thy Kingdom Come</i> (1890), Volume 3 of <i>Studies in the Scriptures</i>, pp. 305–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"This spuing out, or casting off, of the nominal church as an organization in 1878, we then understood, and still proclaim, to be the date of the commencement of Babylon's fall..."—<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agsconsulting.com/htdbv5/r473.htm">"The Consummation of Our Hope"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061004141449/http://www.agsconsulting.com/htdbv5/r473.htm">Archived</a> 2006-10-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <i>Zion's Watch Tower</i>, April 1883. <i>Reprints</i> pp. 474–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mostholyfaith.com/bible/Reprints/Search_Result.asp#R241:16">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111002090150/http://www.mostholyfaith.com/bible/Reprints/Search_Result.asp#R241:16">Archived</a> 2011-10-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>The Watch Tower</i>, July 1881, "Future Work and Glory"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agsconsulting.com/htdbv5/r1354.htm">"Things to Come—And The Present European Situation"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211143515/http://www.agsconsulting.com/htdbv5/r1354.htm">Archived</a> 2008-12-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Watch Tower</i>, January 15, 1892, <i>Reprints</i>, p. 1355</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell explained his side of the break with Barbour in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mostholyfaith.com/bible/Reprints/Z1879JUL.asp">first issue of the <i>Watch Tower</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331003815/http://www.mostholyfaith.com/bible/Reprints/Z1879JUL.asp">Archived</a> 2019-03-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mod-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mod_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mod_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Modern History of Jehovah’s Witnesses", <i>Watchtower</i>, January 15, 1955, page 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogerson196912-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogerson196912_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogerson1969">Rogerson 1969</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holden, A. (2002) <i>Jehovah's Witnesses: Portrait of a Contemporary Religious Movement.</i> (p. 18)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierson_et_al191722-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPierson_et_al191722_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPierson_et_al1917">Pierson et al 1917</a>, pp. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Yearbook 1975</i>, Watch Tower Society, 1975.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranz2007chapter_4-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranz2007chapter_4_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranz2007">Franz 2007</a>, chapter 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140315014423/http://www.mostholyfaith.com/bible/Reprints/Z1884FEB.asp"><i>Watch Tower</i></a> (reprint), Most holy faith, February 1984, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mostholyfaith.com/bible/Reprints/Z1884FEB.asp">the original</a> on 2014-03-15<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-23</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Watch+Tower&rft.pub=Most+holy+faith&rft.date=1984-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mostholyfaith.com%2Fbible%2FReprints%2FZ1884FEB.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span> and cited by <a href="#CITEREFFranz2007">Franz 2007</a>, chapter 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1917" class="citation cs2">Jones, Leslie W (1917), <i>What Pastor Russell Said</i>, p. 346</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Pastor+Russell+Said&rft.pages=346&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Leslie+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span>, as cited by <a href="#CITEREFPenton1997">Penton 1997</a>, p. 31, "The Lord's word does not authorize any court of Elders, or anyone else, to become busybodies. This would be going back to the practices of the Dark Ages during the Inquisition and we would be showing the same spirit as did the inquisitors."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1904" class="citation cs2">Russell, Charles T (1904), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090914115038/http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/newcreation/ncstudy6.html"><i>The New Creation</i></a>, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, pp. 289–90, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strictlygenteel.co.uk/newcreation/ncstudy6.html">the original</a> on 2009-09-14<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-01</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Creation&rft.pages=289-90&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Bible+%26+Tract+Society&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Charles+T&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.strictlygenteel.co.uk%2Fnewcreation%2Fncstudy6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenton199731-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenton199731_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenton1997">Penton 1997</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose</i>, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1959, page 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The First One a Hundred Years Ago", <i>Awake</i>, December 22, 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Organized Testimony to the New World", <i>Watchtower</i>, July 15, 1950, page 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Slides and film from the Photo-Drama can be viewed online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agsconsulting.com/pdoc/menu.htm">AGS Consulting</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090816161959/http://www.agsconsulting.com/pdoc/menu.htm">Archived</a> 2009-08-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; the book is available online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldmag.org/olb/contents/russell/Drama.pdf">Herald</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-imdb-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-imdb_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0162536/trivia">"Trivia"</a>, <i>Photo-Drama of Creation (1914)</i> (article), IMDb<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-15</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trivia&rft.btitle=Photo-Drama+of+Creation+%281914%29&rft.pub=IMDb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0162536%2Ftrivia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-filmsite-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-filmsite_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">American Movie Classics, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filmsite.org/milestones1910s_2.html">"Timeline of Influential Milestones... 1910s"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100110133622/http://www.filmsite.org/milestones1910s_2.html">Archived</a> January 10, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Retrieved 2009-04-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-w1910-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-w1910_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-w1910_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1910" class="citation journal cs1">Russell, Charles T. (April 1, 1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/WatchtowerLibrary/magazines/w/w1910_E.pdf#page=56">"International Bible Students Association"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence</i>: 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Watch+Tower+and+Herald+of+Christ%27s+Presence&rft.atitle=International+Bible+Students+Association&rft.pages=56&rft.date=1910-04-01&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Charles+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2FWatchtowerLibrary%2Fmagazines%2Fw%2Fw1910_E.pdf%23page%3D56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102081118/http://www.mostholyfaith.com/bible/Reprints/Z1880MAR.asp">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Three Great Covenants", <i>Zion's Watch Tower</i>, March 1880"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mostholyfaith.com/bible/Reprints/Z1880MAR.asp">the original</a> on 2013-11-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22The+Three+Great+Covenants%22%2C+Zion%27s+Watch+Tower%2C+March+1880.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mostholyfaith.com%2Fbible%2FReprints%2FZ1880MAR.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100615133421/http://www.mostholyfaith.com/bible/Reprints/Z1887SEP.asp">"New Covenant vs the Law Covenant", <i>Zion's Watch Tower</i>, September 1887"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mostholyfaith.com/bible/Reprints/Z1887SEP.asp">the original</a> on 2010-06-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Covenant+vs+the+Law+Covenant%22%2C+Zion%27s+Watch+Tower%2C+September+1887.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mostholyfaith.com%2Fbible%2FReprints%2FZ1887SEP.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills200663–68-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWills200663–68_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWills200663–68_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWills2006">Wills 2006</a>, pp. 63–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100617084856/http://russell.heim.at/Z1907JAN.asp">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Mediator of the New Covernant", <i>Zion's Watch Tower</i>, January 1, 1907, pages 9, 10"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://russell.heim.at/Z1907JAN.asp">the original</a> on June 17, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22The+Mediator+of+the+New+Covernant%22%2C+Zion%27s+Watch+Tower%2C+January+1%2C+1907%2C+pages+9%2C+10.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frussell.heim.at%2FZ1907JAN.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140315011625/http://www.mostholyfaith.com/bible/Reprints/Z1909JAN.asp">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Word Mediator Used Differently", <i>Watch Tower</i>, January 1909"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mostholyfaith.com/bible/Reprints/Z1909JAN.asp">the original</a> on 2014-03-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22The+Word+Mediator+Used+Differently%22%2C+Watch+Tower%2C+January+1909.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mostholyfaith.com%2Fbible%2FReprints%2FZ1909JAN.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenton199742-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenton199742_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenton1997">Penton 1997</a>, pp. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Finished Mystery</i>. Watch Tower Society. p. Preface, p. 5. <q>This book may properly be said to be a posthumous publication of Pastor Russell.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Finished+Mystery&rft.pages=Preface%2C+p.+5&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierson_et_al19175,_6-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPierson_et_al19175,_6_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPierson_et_al1917">Pierson et al 1917</a>, pp. 5, 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pierson_et_al_1917_4-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pierson_et_al_1917_4_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pierson_et_al_1917_4_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPierson_et_al1917">Pierson et al 1917</a>, pp. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERutherford1917a12-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutherford1917a12_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRutherford1917a">Rutherford 1917a</a>, pp. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERutherford1917a22–23-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutherford1917a22–23_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRutherford1917a">Rutherford 1917a</a>, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERutherford1917a14,_15-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutherford1917a14,_15_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutherford1917a14,_15_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRutherford1917a">Rutherford 1917a</a>, pp. 14, 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierson_et_al19179-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPierson_et_al19179_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPierson_et_al1917">Pierson et al 1917</a>, pp. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watch_Tower_Bible_&_Tract_Society_1993_pp=68-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Watch_Tower_Bible_&_Tract_Society_1993_pp=68_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatchtower1993">Watchtower 1993</a>, pp. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatchtower197593–94-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatchtower197593–94_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatchtower1975">Watchtower 1975</a>, pp. 93–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills2006167-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWills2006167_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWills2006">Wills 2006</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Your Will be Done on Earth</i>. Watch Tower Society. p. 337.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Your+Will+be+Done+on+Earth&rft.pages=337&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose</i>. Watch Tower Society. p. 311.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jehovah%27s+Witnesses+in+the+Divine+Purpose&rft.pages=311&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1955444#h=4">"Part 12—An Era of Prophesied Happiness Begins"</a>. <i>The Watchtower</i>. Watch Tower Society. June 15, 1955. pp. 365–366.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Watchtower&rft.atitle=Part+12%E2%80%94An+Era+of+Prophesied+Happiness+Begins&rft.pages=365-366&rft.date=1955-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwol.jw.org%2Fen%2Fwol%2Fd%2Fr1%2Flp-e%2F1955444%23h%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogerson,_Alan1969" class="citation book cs1">Rogerson, Alan (1969). <i>Millions Now Living Will Never Die: A Study of Jehovah's Witnesses</i>. London: Constable. pp. 55–56. <q>In 1931 came an important milestone in the history of the organisation. For many years Rutherford's followers had been called a variety of names: 'International Bible Students', 'Russellites', or 'Millennial Dawners'. In order to distinguish clearly his followers from the other groups who had separated in 1918 Rutherford proposed that they adopt an entirely new name—<i>Jehovah's witnesses</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Millions+Now+Living+Will+Never+Die%3A+A+Study+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.place=London&rft.pages=55-56&rft.pub=Constable&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Rogerson%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"A New Name". <i>The Watch Tower</i>. Watch Tower Society. October 1, 1931. p. 291. <q>Since the death of Charles T. Russell there have arisen numerous companies formed out of those who once walked with him, each of these companies claiming to teach the truth, and each calling themselves by some name, such as "Followers of Pastor Russell", "those who stand by the truth as expounded by Pastor Russell", "Associated Bible Students", and some by the names of their local leaders. All of this tends to confusion and hinders those of good will who are not better informed from obtaining a knowledge of the truth.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Watch+Tower&rft.atitle=A+New+Name&rft.pages=291&rft.date=1931-10-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1101993013#h=15"><i>Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom</i></a>. Watch Tower Society. pp. 150–151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jehovah%27s+Witnesses%E2%80%94Proclaimers+of+God%27s+Kingdom&rft.pages=150-151&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwol.jw.org%2Fen%2Fwol%2Fd%2Fr1%2Flp-e%2F1101993013%23h%3D15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-biblestudents.net-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-biblestudents.net_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-biblestudents.net_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221200558/http://www.biblestudents.net/history/daughters_tower.htm">"Bible Student Ministries -Daughters of the Tower: Tracing the Bible Students Since 1917"</a>. 21 February 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblestudents.net/history/daughters_tower.htm">the original</a> on 21 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bible+Student+Ministries+-Daughters+of+the+Tower%3A+Tracing+the+Bible+Students+Since+1917&rft.date=2014-02-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblestudents.net%2Fhistory%2Fdaughters_tower.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070925043728/http://www.heraldmag.org/"><i>Herald</i></a> (magazine), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldmag.org/">the original</a> on 2007-09-25</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldmag.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-biblestudents.net_2-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-biblestudents.net_2_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120914030937/http://www.biblestudents.net/history/australia.htm">"Bible Student Ministries - Bible Students History: Bible Students in Australia"</a>. 14 September 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblestudents.net/history/australia.htm">the original</a> on 14 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bible+Student+Ministries+-+Bible+Students+History%3A+Bible+Students+in+Australia&rft.date=2012-09-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblestudents.net%2Fhistory%2Faustralia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Could Not Talk of Loan", <i>The New York Times</i>, April 29, 1918, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/04/29/102697566.pdf">As Retrieved 2010-03-02</a>, "Rutherford, the President, sa[id] that the buying of bonds was not a religious question, and that the [IBSA] association did not oppose the purchase of Liberty bonds by the members"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Watch Tower</i>, March 1, 1919:"'The International Bible Students’ Association is not against the Liberty Loan.; in <i>Watch Tower</i>, June 1, 1919 Rutherford indicated regret about making any comment on the matter.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dawnbible.com-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dawnbible.com_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dawnbible.com_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawnbible.com/dawn.htm">"The DAWN, Its Ministry"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+DAWN%2C+Its+Ministry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawnbible.com%2Fdawn.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cmfellowship.org-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cmfellowship.org_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cmfellowship.org_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090803103854/http://www.cmfellowship.org/docs/faq.htm">"<i>Who are the Free Bible Students and what is their history?</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmfellowship.org/docs/faq.htm">the original</a> on 3 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+are+the+Free+Bible+Students+and+what+is+their+history%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmfellowship.org%2Fdocs%2Ffaq.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-http://www.bbschurch.org/-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-http://www.bbschurch.org/_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbschurch.org/"><i>Welcome to Berean Bible Students Church</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhalen1962" class="citation book cs1">Whalen, William J. (1962). <i>Armageddon Around the Corner: A Report on Jehovah's Witnesses</i>. New York: John Day Company. pp. 207–209.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armageddon+Around+the+Corner%3A+A+Report+on+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=207-209&rft.pub=John+Day+Company&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Whalen&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Watchtower</i>, April 1, 1955, "Part 7—New Administration Amid World War I"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jw.org/en/publications/magazines/w20130715/who-is-faithful-discreet-slave/">"Who Really Is the Faithful and Discreet Slave?"</a>. <i>The Watchtower</i>: 24. July 15, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Watchtower&rft.atitle=Who+Really+Is+the+Faithful+and+Discreet+Slave%3F&rft.pages=24&rft.date=2013-07-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jw.org%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fmagazines%2Fw20130715%2Fwho-is-faithful-discreet-slave%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"The Great Crowd of Other Sheep Praise God and Christ". <i>The Watchtower</i>: 14. January 2021. <q>His parents were Bible Students, as Jehovah's Witnesses were known at the time.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Watchtower&rft.atitle=The+Great+Crowd+of+Other+Sheep+Praise+God+and+Christ&rft.pages=14&rft.date=2021-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Pure Worship of Jehovah—Restored at Last</i>. Watch Tower Society. p. 103. <q>The period of 1914 to early 1919 was a difficult time of tests and refinement for the Bible Students, as Jehovah's Witnesses were then known.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pure+Worship+of+Jehovah%E2%80%94Restored+at+Last&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jw.org/en/library/books/2023-Service-Year-Report-of-Jehovahs-Witnesses-Worldwide/2023-Grand-Totals/">"2023 Grand Totals"</a>. Watch Tower Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2023+Grand+Totals&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jw.org%2Fen%2Flibrary%2Fbooks%2F2023-Service-Year-Report-of-Jehovahs-Witnesses-Worldwide%2F2023-Grand-Totals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez" class="citation web cs1">Rodriguez, Rolando. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716051854/http://www.heraldmag.org/2004_history/04history_7.htm">"Recent Bible Student History"</a>. The Herald of Christ's Kingdom. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldmag.org/2004_history/04history_7.htm">the original</a> on 16 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recent+Bible+Student+History&rft.pub=The+Herald+of+Christ%27s+Kingdom&rft.aulast=Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=Rolando&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldmag.org%2F2004_history%2F04history_7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/301976004#h=16-34"><i>1976 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses</i></a>. Watch Tower Society. 1975. pp. 70–74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1976+Yearbook+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.pages=70-74&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Society&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwol.jw.org%2Fen%2Fwol%2Fd%2Fr1%2Flp-e%2F301976004%23h%3D16-34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contentdm.umgc.edu/digital/collection/p15434coll5/id/959/">"Watchtower to Kitawala: A case of religious synthesis"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Watchtower+to+Kitawala%3A+A+case+of+religious+synthesis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontentdm.umgc.edu%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2Fp15434coll5%2Fid%2F959%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>1966 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses</i>. Watch Tower Society. 1965. pp. 101–103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1966+Yearbook+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.pages=101-103&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Society&rft.date=1965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1990086">"I've Seen It Grow in Southern Africa"</a>. <i>The Watchtower</i>. Watch Tower Society. February 1, 1990. p. 28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Watchtower&rft.atitle=I%27ve+Seen+It+Grow+in+Southern+Africa&rft.pages=28&rft.date=1990-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwol.jw.org%2Fen%2Fwol%2Fd%2Fr1%2Flp-e%2F1990086&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/301992016#h=235"><i>1992 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses</i></a>. Watch Tower Society. 1991. p. 121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1992+Yearbook+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Society&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwol.jw.org%2Fen%2Fwol%2Fd%2Fr1%2Flp-e%2F301992016%23h%3D235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/302004008#h=5:165-15:399"><i>2004 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses</i></a>. Watch Tower Society. 2003. pp. 164–167.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2004+Yearbook+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.pages=164-167&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Society&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwol.jw.org%2Fen%2Fwol%2Fd%2Fr1%2Flp-e%2F302004008%23h%3D5%3A165-15%3A399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-15053.html">"Zaire - Kitawala"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zaire+-+Kitawala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.country-data.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr-15053.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/301992016#h=528:0-529:441"><i>1992 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses</i></a>. Watch Tower Society. 1991. p. 184.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1992+Yearbook+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Society&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwol.jw.org%2Fen%2Fwol%2Fd%2Fr1%2Flp-e%2F301992016%23h%3D528%3A0-529%3A441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1101993030#h=87:0-92:263"><i>Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom</i></a>. Watch Tower Society. 1993. pp. 481–482.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jehovah%27s+Witnesses%E2%80%94Proclaimers+of+God%27s+Kingdom&rft.pages=481-482&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Society&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwol.jw.org%2Fen%2Fwol%2Fd%2Fr1%2Flp-e%2F1101993030%23h%3D87%3A0-92%3A263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/301999001#h=12:0-15:680"><i>1999 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses</i></a>. Watch Tower Society. 1998. pp. 151–152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1999+Yearbook+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.pages=151-152&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Society&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwol.jw.org%2Fen%2Fwol%2Fd%2Fr1%2Flp-e%2F301999001%23h%3D12%3A0-15%3A680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/301996010#h=11:0-11:324"><i>1996 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses</i></a>. Watch Tower Society. 1995. p. 119.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1996+Yearbook+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Society&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwol.jw.org%2Fen%2Fwol%2Fd%2Fr1%2Flp-e%2F301996010%23h%3D11%3A0-11%3A324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bible_Student_movement&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranz2007" class="citation cs2">Franz, Raymond (2007), <i>In Search of Christian Freedom</i>, Commentary Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Christian+Freedom&rft.pub=Commentary+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Franz&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1917" class="citation cs2">Johnson, Paul SL (November 1, 1917), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715053315/http://www.pastor-russell.com/legacy/hsr.pdf"><i>Harvest Siftings Reviewed</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Pastor Russell, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pastor-russell.com/legacy/hsr.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 15, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harvest+Siftings+Reviewed&rft.pub=Pastor+Russell&rft.date=1917-11-01&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Paul+SL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pastor-russell.com%2Flegacy%2Fhsr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacmillan1957" class="citation cs2">Macmillan, AH (1957), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090907051808/http://www.e-cepher.com/books/fotm/"><i>Faith on the March</i></a>, Prentice-Hall, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-cepher.com/books/fotm/">the original</a> on 2009-09-07</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faith+on+the+March&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Macmillan&rft.aufirst=AH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-cepher.com%2Fbooks%2Ffotm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenton1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/James_Penton" title="James Penton">Penton, James M</a> (1997), <i>Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses</i> (2nd ed.), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-7973-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-7973-3"><bdi>0-8020-7973-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apocalypse+Delayed%3A+The+Story+of+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8020-7973-3&rft.aulast=Penton&rft.aufirst=James+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierson_et_al1917" class="citation cs2">Pierson, AN; et al. (September 1, 1917), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715053229/http://www.pastor-russell.com/legacy/lad.pdf"><i>Light After Darkness</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Pastor Russell, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pastor-russell.com/legacy/lad.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 15, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Light+After+Darkness&rft.pub=Pastor+Russell&rft.date=1917-09-01&rft.aulast=Pierson&rft.aufirst=AN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pastor-russell.com%2Flegacy%2Flad.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogerson1969" class="citation cs2">Rogerson, Alan (1969), <i>Millions Now Living Will Never Die</i>, London: Constable, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-455940-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-455940-0"><bdi>978-0-09-455940-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Millions+Now+Living+Will+Never+Die&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Constable&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-09-455940-0&rft.aulast=Rogerson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutherford1917a" class="citation cs2">Rutherford, JF (August 1, 1917a), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715051950/http://www.pastor-russell.com/legacy/hs.pdf">"Part I"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Harvest Siftings</i>, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pastor-russell.com/legacy/hs.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 15, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+I&rft.btitle=Harvest+Siftings&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Bible+%26+Tract+Society&rft.date=1917-08-01&rft.aulast=Rutherford&rft.aufirst=JF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pastor-russell.com%2Flegacy%2Fhs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutherford1917b" class="citation cs2">Rutherford, JF (October 1, 1917b), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715052039/http://www.pastor-russell.com/legacy/hs2.pdf">"Part II"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Harvest Siftings</i>, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pastor-russell.com/legacy/hs2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 15, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+II&rft.btitle=Harvest+Siftings&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Bible+%26+Tract+Society&rft.date=1917-10-01&rft.aulast=Rutherford&rft.aufirst=JF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pastor-russell.com%2Flegacy%2Fhs2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWills2006" class="citation cs2">Wills, Tony (2006), <i>A People For His Name</i>, Lulu Enterprises, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4303-0100-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4303-0100-4"><bdi>978-1-4303-0100-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People+For+His+Name&rft.pub=Lulu+Enterprises&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4303-0100-4&rft.aulast=Wills&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatchtower1959" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110713151740/http://www.kingdomherald.com/downloads/1959_Jehovahs_Witnesses_in_the_Divine_Purpose.pdf"><i>Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1959, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kingdomherald.com/downloads/1959_Jehovahs_Witnesses_in_the_Divine_Purpose.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-07-13</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jehovah%27s+Witnesses+in+the+Divine+Purpose&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Bible+%26+Tract+Society&rft.date=1959&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kingdomherald.com%2Fdownloads%2F1959_Jehovahs_Witnesses_in_the_Divine_Purpose.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatchtower1975" class="citation cs2"><i>Yearbook</i>, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1975</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yearbook&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Bible+%26+Tract+Society&rft.date=1975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatchtower1993" class="citation cs2"><i>Jehovah's Witnesses – Proclaimers of God's Kingdom</i>, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 1993</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jehovah%27s+Witnesses+%E2%80%93+Proclaimers+of+God%27s+Kingdom&rft.pub=Watch+Tower+Bible+%26+Tract+Society&rft.date=1993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABible+Student+movement" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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