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id="toc-Beginnings_of_Motown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginnings_of_Motown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Beginnings of Motown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginnings_of_Motown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Grand_Boulevard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Grand_Boulevard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>West Grand Boulevard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Grand_Boulevard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detroit:_1959–1972" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detroit:_1959–1972"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Detroit: 1959–1972</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detroit:_1959–1972-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Los_Angeles:_1972–1998" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Los_Angeles:_1972–1998"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Los Angeles: 1972–1998</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Los_Angeles:_1972–1998-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years_of_the_Motown_label:_1999–2005" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years_of_the_Motown_label:_1999–2005"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Final years of the Motown label: 1999–2005</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years_of_the_Motown_label:_1999–2005-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universal_Motown:_2005–2011" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universal_Motown:_2005–2011"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Universal Motown: 2005–2011</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universal_Motown:_2005–2011-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relaunch:_2011–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relaunch:_2011–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Relaunch: 2011–present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relaunch:_2011–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Roster</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Roster-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Roster subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Roster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Current</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motown_sound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motown_sound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Motown sound</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Motown_sound-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Motown sound subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Motown_sound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Funk_Brothers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Funk_Brothers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>The Funk Brothers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Funk_Brothers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artist_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artist_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Artist development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artist_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motown_subsidiary_labels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motown_subsidiary_labels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Motown subsidiary labels</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Motown_subsidiary_labels-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Motown subsidiary labels subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Motown_subsidiary_labels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Major divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_R&B_labels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_R&B_labels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Secondary R&B labels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_R&B_labels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_genre_labels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_genre_labels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Additional genre labels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_genre_labels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Country</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hip_hop/rap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hip_hop/rap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Hip hop/rap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hip_hop/rap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jazz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jazz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Jazz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jazz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4</span> <span>Rock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.5</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_labels_distributed_by_Motown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_labels_distributed_by_Motown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Independent labels distributed by Motown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_labels_distributed_by_Motown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous_labels_associated_with_Motown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous_labels_associated_with_Motown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Miscellaneous labels associated with Motown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous_labels_associated_with_Motown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_(pre-Tamla_Motown)_labels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_(pre-Tamla_Motown)_labels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>British (pre-Tamla Motown) labels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_(pre-Tamla_Motown)_labels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Print_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Print_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Print sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Print_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Motown</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86" title="موتاون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موتاون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86" title="موتاون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="موتاون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81" title="Мотаун Рекърдс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мотаун Рекърдс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown_Records" title="Motown Records – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Motown Records" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown_Records" title="Motown Records – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Motown Records" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown_Records" title="Motown Records – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Motown Records" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86" title="موتاون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موتاون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%ED%83%80%EC%9A%B4" title="모타운 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="모타운" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%98%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F" title="מוטאון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוטאון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3" title="モータウン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モータウン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown_Records" title="Motown Records – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Motown Records" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown_Records" title="Motown Records – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Motown Records" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown_Records" title="Motown Records – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Motown Records" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown_Records" title="Motown Records – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Motown Records" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown_Records" title="Motown Records – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Motown Records" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Motown" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C" title="โมทาวน์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โมทาวน์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown" title="Motown – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Motown" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the record label. For the city known by that name, see <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Motown_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Motown (disambiguation)">Motown (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Tamla" redirects here. For people named Tamla, see <a href="/wiki/Tamla_(given_name)" title="Tamla (given name)">Tamla (given name)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Record label</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #000000"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Motown Records</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Motown_logo_with_wordmark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Motown_logo_with_wordmark.svg/100px-Motown_logo_with_wordmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Motown_logo_with_wordmark.svg/150px-Motown_logo_with_wordmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Motown_logo_with_wordmark.svg/200px-Motown_logo_with_wordmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="528" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent company</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group</a> (UMG)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">January 12, 1959<span class="noprint">; 65 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1959-01-12</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Berry_Gordy" title="Berry Gordy">Berry Gordy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Distributor(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interscope_Capitol_Labels_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Interscope Capitol Labels Group">Interscope Capitol Labels Group</a></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">(United States)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/EMI_Records" title="EMI Records">Motown UK/EMI</a></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Island_Def_Jam_Music_Group" title="The Island Def Jam Music Group">Island Def Jam</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Enterprises" title="Universal Music Enterprises">UMe</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(reissues)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category">Various</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-Capital_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capital-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://motownrecords.com">motownrecords<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Periods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_history" title="Timeline of African-American history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Slavery in the colonial history of the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_Revolutionary_War" title="African Americans in the Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Antebellum period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_during_the_American_Civil_War" title="Slavery during the American Civil War">Slavery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">military history</a> during the Civil War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_officeholders_during_Reconstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American officeholders during Reconstruction">Politicians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement (1865–1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Jim Crow era (1896–1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement (1954–1968)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Black power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history">Post–civil rights era</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Aspects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American history of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_in_the_American_South" title="Black Belt in the American South">Black Belt in the American South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_businesses" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American businesses">Business history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Treatment of the enslaved</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Migrations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second Great Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New Great Migration</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lifeways</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_family_structure" title="African-American family structure">Family structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American cinema">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_folktales" title="African-American folktales">Folktales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_musical_theater" title="African-American musical theater">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Schools</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_during_the_slave_period_in_the_United_States" title="Education during the slave period in the United States">Education during the slave period in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_of_freed_people_during_the_Civil_War" title="Education of freed people during the Civil War">Education of freed people during the Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African-American_education" title="History of African-American education">History of African-American education</a>, after the Civil War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_fraternities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American fraternities">Fraternities</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Academic study</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">Literature</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Celebrations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_History_Month" title="Black History Month">Black History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Economic class</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_businesses" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American businesses">African-American businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Upper class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_billionaires" title="Black billionaires">Billionaires</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Symbols and ideas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_beauty" title="African-American beauty">African-American beauty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_is_beautiful" title="Black is beautiful">Black is beautiful</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pride" title="Black pride">Black pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_hair" title="African-American hair">African-American hair</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Good hair">Good hair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepping_(African-American)" title="Stepping (African-American)">Stepping</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Lift Every Voice and Sing</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination">Self-determination</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Black_Americans" title="Religion of Black Americans">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Institutions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Theologies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Non-Christian groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">African-American Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Louisiana Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">African Diaspora Religions</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Center_for_Political_and_Economic_Studies" title="Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies">Joint Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Caucus_of_State_Legislators" title="National Black Caucus of State Legislators">National Black Caucus of State Legislators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Black_Mayors" title="National Conference of Black Mayors">National Conference of Black Mayors</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Ideologies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_liberalism" title="Black liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_patriotism" title="African-American patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Civic/economic groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History">Association for the Study of African<br />American Life and History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conductors" title="Black conductors">Black conductors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="National Black Chamber of Commerce">National Black Chamber of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TransAfrica" title="TransAfrica">TransAfrica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">UNCF</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Sports</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league baseball</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Athletic associations and conferences</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Central (CIAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBCU_Athletic_Conference" title="HBCU Athletic Conference">HBCU (HBCUAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference">Mid-Eastern (MEAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Southern (SIAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern (SWAC)</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Sub-communities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Multiethnic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Puerto_Ricans" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Puerto Ricans">Afro-Puerto Ricans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mascogos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_Ankles" title="Brass Ankles">Brass Ankles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">Creoles of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominickers" title="Dominickers">Dominickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen_(ethnic_group)" title="Freedmen (ethnic group)">Freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carmel_Indians" title="Carmel Indians">Carmel Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbone_(ethnicity)" title="Redbone (ethnicity)">Redbone</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Specific ancestries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Americo-Liberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek Freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Merikins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Nova Scotians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Samaná Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone Creole</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Sexual orientation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American LGBT community">LGBT community</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Dialects and languages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> English dialects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_English" title="Samaná English">Samaná English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutnese" title="Tutnese">Tutnese</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Languages and other dialects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey Dutch">Negro Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Population</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> US states</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Arkansas" title="African Americans in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_California" title="African Americans in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Florida" title="African Americans in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Illinois" title="African Americans in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland" title="African Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Mississippi" title="African Americans in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_history_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_North_Carolina" title="African Americans in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio" title="African Americans in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oklahoma" title="African Americans in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oregon" title="African Americans in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Carolina" title="African Americans in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Dakota" title="African Americans in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee" title="African Americans in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of African Americans in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Utah" title="History of African Americans in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Virginia" title="African Americans in Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> US cities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">Black mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">List of neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of African Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of African Americans in Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Chicago" title="History of African Americans in Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Dallas-Fort_Worth" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Dallas-Fort Worth">Dallas-Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Davenport,_Iowa" title="African Americans in Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Detroit" title="History of African Americans in Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of African Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Jacksonville,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kentucky" title="History of African Americans in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhoods_in_Lexington,_Kentucky" title="African-American neighborhoods in Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of African Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="African Americans in New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of African Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_San_Antonio" title="History of African Americans in San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="African Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places" title="List of African-American historic places">Historic places</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_the_District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American historic places in the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Florida" title="List of African-American historic places in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Georgia" title="List of African-American historic places in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Mississippi" title="List of African-American historic places in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Missouri" title="List of African-American historic places in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="List of African-American historic places in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_North_Carolina" title="List of African-American historic places in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_South_Carolina" title="List of African-American historic places in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Texas" title="List of African-American historic places in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_West_Virginia" title="List of African-American historic places in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Population count</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population">US states and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_large_African-American_populations" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations">US metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_African-American_populations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. cities with large African-American populations">US cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations">US communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States_with_African-American_plurality_populations" title="List of populated places in the United States with African-American plurality populations">Places by plurality of population</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/African-American_diaspora" title="African-American diaspora">Diaspora</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Canada" title="African Americans in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Prejudice</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics_sidebar" title="Template:African American topics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics_sidebar" title="Template talk:African American topics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_American_topics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African American topics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Motown</b> is an American <a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">record label</a> owned by the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group</a>. Founded by <a href="/wiki/Berry_Gordy" title="Berry Gordy">Berry Gordy Jr.</a> as Tamla Records on January 12, 1959,<sup id="cite_ref-A_Brief_History_of_Motown_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Brief_History_of_Motown-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was incorporated as Motown Record Corporation on April 14, 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its name, a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of <i>motor</i> and <i>town</i>, has become a nickname for <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, where the label was originally headquartered. </p><p>Motown played a vital role in the <a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">racial integration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> as an <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a>-owned label that achieved <a href="/wiki/Crossover_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover (music)">crossover</a> success with white audiences. In the 1960s, Motown and its subsidiary labels (including <b>Tamla-Motown</b>, the brand used outside the US) were the most prominent exponents of what became known as the <a href="#Motown_sound">Motown sound</a>, a style of <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul music</a> with a mainstream <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a> appeal. Motown was the most successful soul music label, with a net worth of $61 million. During the 1960s, Motown achieved 79 records in the top-ten of the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Hot 100</a> between 1960 and 1969. </p><p>Following the events of the <a href="/wiki/1967_Detroit_riot" title="1967 Detroit riot">Detroit Riots of 1967</a>, and the loss of key songwriting/production team <a href="/wiki/Holland%E2%80%93Dozier%E2%80%93Holland" title="Holland–Dozier–Holland">Holland–Dozier–Holland</a> that year over royalty disputes, Gordy moved Motown to Los Angeles, California. Motown expanded into film and television production. It was an independent company until <a href="/wiki/MCA_Records" title="MCA Records">MCA Records</a> bought it in 1988. <a href="/wiki/PolyGram" title="PolyGram">PolyGram</a> purchased the label from MCA in 1993, followed by MCA successor Universal Music Group, which acquired PolyGram in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Brief_History_of_Motown_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Brief_History_of_Motown-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Motown spent much of the 2000s headquartered in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> as a part of the UMG subsidiaries <a href="/wiki/Universal_Motown" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Motown">Universal Motown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universal_Motown_Republic_Group" title="Universal Motown Republic Group">Universal Motown Republic Group</a>. From 2011 to 2014, it was a part of <a href="/wiki/The_Island_Def_Jam_Music_Group" title="The Island Def Jam Music Group">The Island Def Jam Music Group</a> division of Universal Music.<sup id="cite_ref-billboard1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-billboard1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sisario1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sisario1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-universalmusic1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-universalmusic1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, however, UMG announced the dissolution of Island Def Jam, and Motown relocated back to Los Angeles to operate under the <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Music_Group" title="Capitol Music Group">Capitol Music Group</a>, now operating out of the <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitol Tower">Capitol Tower</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Capital_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capital-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, Motown was inducted into <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_Blues_Music_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame">Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame</a> in a ceremony held at the <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Wright_Museum_of_African_American_History" title="Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History">Charles H. Wright Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, Motown separated from the <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Music_Group" title="Capitol Music Group">Capitol Music Group</a> to become a standalone label once again.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 29, 2022, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia_Habtemariam" title="Ethiopia Habtemariam">Ethiopia Habtemariam</a> announced that she would be stepping down as chairwoman/CEO of Motown.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2023, the label has many acts signed such as <a href="/wiki/City_Girls" title="City Girls">City Girls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sean_Combs" title="Sean Combs">Diddy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Migos" title="Migos">Migos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lil_Baby" title="Lil Baby">Lil Baby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lil_Yachty" title="Lil Yachty">Lil Yachty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smino" title="Smino">Smino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vince_Staples" title="Vince Staples">Vince Staples</a>, <a href="/wiki/YoungBoy_Never_Broke_Again" title="YoungBoy Never Broke Again">YoungBoy Never Broke Again</a>, and several other artists in the hip-hop and R&B genres. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginnings_of_Motown">Beginnings of Motown</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Beginnings of Motown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Berry_Gordy" title="Berry Gordy">Berry Gordy</a>'s interest in the record business began when he opened a record store called the 3D Record Mart, a shop where he hoped to "educate customers about the beauty of jazz", in <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>. Although the shop did not last very long, Gordy's interest in the music business did not fade. He frequented Detroit's downtown nightclubs, and in the Flame Show Bar he met bar manager Al Green (not the <a href="/wiki/Al_Green" title="Al Green">famed singer</a>), who owned a music publishing company called Pearl Music and represented Detroit-based musician <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Wilson" title="Jackie Wilson">Jackie Wilson</a>. Gordy soon became part of a group of songwriters—with his sister <a href="/wiki/Gwen_Gordy_Fuqua" title="Gwen Gordy Fuqua">Gwen Gordy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Billy_Davis_(songwriter)" title="Billy Davis (songwriter)">Billy Davis</a>—who wrote songs for Wilson. "<a href="/wiki/Reet_Petite" title="Reet Petite">Reet Petite</a>" was their first major hit which appeared in November 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the next eighteen months, Gordy helped to write six more Wilson A-sides, including "<a href="/wiki/Lonely_Teardrops" title="Lonely Teardrops">Lonely Teardrops</a>", a peak-popular hit of 1958. Between 1957 and 1958, Gordy wrote or produced over a hundred sides for various artists, with his siblings Anna, Gwen and Robert, and other collaborators in varying combinations.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hitsville_USA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hitsville_USA.jpg/250px-Hitsville_USA.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hitsville_USA.jpg/375px-Hitsville_USA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hitsville_USA.jpg/500px-Hitsville_USA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hitsville_U.S.A." title="Hitsville U.S.A.">Hitsville U.S.A.</a> Motown building, at 2648 West Grand Boulevard in Detroit, Motown's headquarters from 1959 to 1968, which became the Motown Historical Museum in 1985<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1957, Gordy met <a href="/wiki/Smokey_Robinson" title="Smokey Robinson">Smokey Robinson</a>, a local seventeen-year-old singer fronting a vocal harmony group called the Matadors. Gordy was interested in the <a href="/wiki/Doo-wop" title="Doo-wop">doo-wop</a> style that Robinson sang. In 1958, Gordy recorded the group's song "Got a Job" (an answer song to "<a href="/wiki/Get_a_Job_(song)" title="Get a Job (song)">Get a Job</a>" by <a href="/wiki/The_Silhouettes" title="The Silhouettes">the Silhouettes</a>), and released it as a single by leasing the record to a larger company outside Detroit called <a href="/wiki/End_Records" title="End Records">End Records</a>, based in New York. The practice was common at the time for a small-time producer. "Got a Job" was the first single by Robinson's group, now called <a href="/wiki/The_Miracles" title="The Miracles">the Miracles</a>. Gordy recorded a number of other records by forging a similar arrangement, most significantly with <a href="/wiki/United_Artists_Records" title="United Artists Records">United Artists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Flory_26_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flory_26-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1958, Gordy wrote and produced "<a href="/wiki/Come_to_Me_(Marv_Johnson_song)" title="Come to Me (Marv Johnson song)">Come to Me</a>" for <a href="/wiki/Marv_Johnson" title="Marv Johnson">Marv Johnson</a>. Seeing that the song had great crossover potential, Gordy leased it to United Artists for national distribution but also released it locally on his own startup imprint.<sup id="cite_ref-Flory_26_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flory_26-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Needing $800 to cover his end of the deal, Gordy asked his family to borrow money from a cooperative family savings account.<sup id="cite_ref-Larkin_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larkin-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After some debate, his family agreed, and in January 1959 "Come to Me" was released regionally on Gordy's new Tamla label.<sup id="cite_ref-Flory_27_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flory_27-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gordy originally wanted to name the label Tammy Records, after the hit <a href="/wiki/Tammy_(song)" title="Tammy (song)">song</a> popularized by <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Reynolds" title="Debbie Reynolds">Debbie Reynolds</a> from the 1957 film <i><a href="/wiki/Tammy_and_the_Bachelor" title="Tammy and the Bachelor">Tammy and the Bachelor</a></i>, in which Reynolds also starred. When he found the name was already in use, Berry decided on Tamla instead.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In April 1959, Gordy and his sister Gwen founded Anna Records which released about two dozen singles between 1959 and 1960. The most popular was Barrett Strong's "<a href="/wiki/Money_(That%27s_What_I_Want)" title="Money (That's What I Want)">Money (That's What I Want)</a>", written by Gordy and a secretary named <a href="/wiki/Janie_Bradford" title="Janie Bradford">Janie Bradford</a>, and produced by Gordy.<sup id="cite_ref-Flory_27_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flory_27-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the songs distributed locally by Anna and Tamla Records were nationally distributed by <a href="/wiki/Chess_Records" title="Chess Records">Chess Records</a> (sometimes with Anna and Tamla imprints). Gordy's relationship with Chess fostered closer dealings with <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Fuqua" title="Harvey Fuqua">Harvey Fuqua</a>, nephew of Charlie Fuqua of <a href="/wiki/The_Ink_Spots" title="The Ink Spots">the Ink Spots</a>. Harvey Fuqua later married Gwen Gordy in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gordy looked toward creative self-sufficiency and established the publishing firm Jobete in June 1959 (incorporated in Michigan). He applied for copyrights on more than seventy songs before the end of 1959, including material used for the Miracles and Frances Burnett records, which were leased to Chess and <a href="/wiki/Coral_Records" title="Coral Records">Coral Records</a>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Chronicle" title="Michigan Chronicle">Michigan Chronicle</a></i> of Detroit called Gordy an "independent producer of records", as his contributions to the city were beginning to attract notice. By that time, he was the president of Jobete, Tamla, and the music writing company Rayber.<sup id="cite_ref-Flory_29_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flory_29-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gordy worked in various Detroit-based studios during this period to produce recordings and demos, but most prominently with <a href="/wiki/United_Sound_Systems" title="United Sound Systems">United Sound Systems</a> which was considered the best studio in town. However, producing at United Sound Systems was financially taxing and not appropriate for every job, so Gordy decided it would be more cost effective to maintain his own facility.<sup id="cite_ref-Flory_29_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flory_29-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid-1959, he purchased a photography studio at 2648 West Grand Boulevard and converted the main floor into a recording studio and office space. Now, rather than shopping his songs to other artists or leasing his recordings to outside companies, Gordy began using the Tamla and Motown imprints to release songs that he wrote and produced. He incorporated Motown Records in April 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smokey Robinson became the vice president of the company (and later named his daughter "Tamla" and his son "Berry"). Several of <a href="/wiki/Gordy_family" title="Gordy family">Gordy's family members</a>, including his father Berry Sr., brothers Robert and George, and sister Esther, were given key roles in the company. By the middle of the decade, Gwen and Anna Gordy had joined the label in administrative positions as well. Gordy's partner at the time (and wife from 1960 to 1964), <a href="/wiki/Ray_Singleton" title="Ray Singleton">Raynoma Liles</a>, also played a key role in the early days of Motown, leading the company's first session group, The Rayber Voices, and overseeing Jobete.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Grand_Boulevard">West Grand Boulevard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: West Grand Boulevard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The studio that Gordy purchased in 1959 would become Motown's <a href="/wiki/Hitsville_U.S.A." title="Hitsville U.S.A.">Hitsville U.S.A.</a> studio. The photography studio located in the back of the property was modified into a small recording studio, and the Gordys moved into the second-floor living quarters. Within seven years, Motown would occupy seven additional neighboring houses: </p> <ul><li>Hitsville U.S.A., 1959 – (ground floor) administrative office, tape library, control room, Studio A; (upper floor) Gordy living quarters (1959–62), artists and repertoire (1962–72)</li> <li>Jobete Publishing office, 1961 – sales, billing, collections, shipping, and public relations</li> <li>Berry Gordy Jr. Enterprise, 1962 – offices for Berry Gordy Jr. and <a href="/wiki/Esther_Gordy_Edwards" title="Esther Gordy Edwards">Esther Gordy Edwards</a></li> <li>Finance department, 1965 – royalties and payroll</li> <li>Artist personal development, 1966 – <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Fuqua" title="Harvey Fuqua">Harvey Fuqua</a> (head of artist development and producer of stage performances), <a href="/wiki/Maxine_Powell" title="Maxine Powell">Maxine Powell</a> (instructor in grooming, poise, and social graces for Motown artists), Maurice King (vocal coach, musical director and arranger), <a href="/wiki/Cholly_Atkins" title="Cholly Atkins">Cholly Atkins</a> (house choreography), and rehearsal studios</li> <li>Two houses for administrative offices, 1966 – sales and marketing, traveling and traffic, and mixing and mastering</li> <li>ITMI (International Talent Management Inc.) office, 1966 – management</li></ul> <p>Motown had hired over 450 employees and had a gross income of $20 million by the end of 1966. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detroit:_1959–1972"><span id="Detroit:_1959.E2.80.931972"></span>Detroit: 1959–1972</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Detroit: 1959–1972"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early Tamla/Motown artists included <a href="/wiki/Mable_John" title="Mable John">Mable John</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Holland" title="Eddie Holland">Eddie Holland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wells" title="Mary Wells">Mary Wells</a>. "<a href="/wiki/Shop_Around" title="Shop Around">Shop Around</a>", the Miracles' first number 1 R&B hit, peaked at number two on the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)"><i>Billboard</i> Hot 100</a> in 1960. It was Tamla's first million-selling record. On April 14, 1960, Motown and Tamla Records merged into a new company called Motown Record Corporation. A year later, <a href="/wiki/The_Marvelettes" title="The Marvelettes">the Marvelettes</a> scored Tamla's first US number-one pop hit, "<a href="/wiki/Please_Mr._Postman" title="Please Mr. Postman">Please Mr. Postman</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Larkin_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larkin-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-1960s, the company, with the help of songwriters and producers such as Robinson, <a href="/wiki/A%26R" class="mw-redirect" title="A&R">A&R</a> chief <a href="/wiki/William_%22Mickey%22_Stevenson" class="mw-redirect" title="William "Mickey" Stevenson">William "Mickey" Stevenson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Holland" title="Brian Holland">Brian Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamont_Dozier" title="Lamont Dozier">Lamont Dozier</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Whitfield" title="Norman Whitfield">Norman Whitfield</a>, had become a major force in the music industry. </p><p>From 1961 to 1971, Motown had 110 <a href="/wiki/Record_chart" title="Record chart">top 10</a> hits. Top artists on the Motown label during that period included <a href="/wiki/The_Supremes" title="The Supremes">the Supremes</a> (initially including <a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross" title="Diana Ross">Diana Ross</a>), <a href="/wiki/Four_Tops" title="Four Tops">the Four Tops</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5" title="The Jackson 5">the Jackson 5</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Gaye" title="Marvin Gaye">Marvin Gaye</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Marvelettes" title="The Marvelettes">the Marvelettes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Miracles" title="The Miracles">the Miracles</a> had hits on the Tamla label. The company operated several labels in addition to the Tamla and Motown imprints. A third label, which <b>Gordy</b> named after himself (though it was originally called "Miracle") featured <a href="/wiki/The_Temptations" title="The Temptations">the Temptations</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Contours" title="The Contours">the Contours</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Starr" title="Edwin Starr">Edwin Starr</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Martha_and_the_Vandellas" title="Martha and the Vandellas">Martha and the Vandellas</a>. A fourth, <b>V.I.P.</b>, released recordings by <a href="/wiki/The_Velvelettes" title="The Velvelettes">the Velvelettes</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Spinners_(American_group)" title="The Spinners (American group)">the Spinners</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Monitors_(American_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Monitors (American band)">the Monitors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chris_Clark_(singer)" title="Chris Clark (singer)">Chris Clark</a>. </p><p>A fifth label, <b>Soul</b>, featured <a href="/wiki/Jr._Walker_%26_the_All_Stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Jr. Walker & the All Stars">Jr. Walker & the All Stars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Ruffin" title="Jimmy Ruffin">Jimmy Ruffin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shorty_Long" title="Shorty Long">Shorty Long</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Originals_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Originals (band)">the Originals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gladys_Knight_%26_the_Pips" title="Gladys Knight & the Pips">Gladys Knight & the Pips</a> (who had found success before joining Motown, as "The Pips" on <a href="/wiki/Vee-Jay_Records" title="Vee-Jay Records">Vee-Jay</a>). Many more Motown-owned labels released recordings in other genres, including <b>Workshop Jazz</b> (jazz) <a href="/wiki/Earl_Washington_(musician)" title="Earl Washington (musician)">Earl Washington</a> Reflections and Earl Washington's All Stars, <b>Mel-o-dy</b> (country, although it was originally an R&B label), and <b>Rare Earth</b>, whose acts, including <a href="/wiki/Rare_Earth_(band)" title="Rare Earth (band)">the eponymous band</a>, explored blues-oriented and <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a> styles.<sup id="cite_ref-Flory_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flory-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the slogan "The Sound of Young America", Motown's acts were enjoying widespread popularity among black and white audiences alike. </p><p>Smokey Robinson said of Motown's cultural impact: </p> <blockquote><p>Into the 1960s, I was still not of a frame of mind that we were not only making music, we were making history. But I did recognize the impact because acts were going all over the world at that time. I recognized the bridges that we crossed, the racial problems and the barriers that we broke down with music. I recognized that because I lived it. I would come to the South in the early days of Motown and the audiences would be segregated. Then they started to get the Motown music and we would go back and the audiences were integrated and the kids were dancing together and holding hands.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berry_Gordy_House_Boston_Edison_Detroit.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Berry_Gordy_House_Boston_Edison_Detroit.JPG/220px-Berry_Gordy_House_Boston_Edison_Detroit.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Berry_Gordy_House_Boston_Edison_Detroit.JPG/330px-Berry_Gordy_House_Boston_Edison_Detroit.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Berry_Gordy_House_Boston_Edison_Detroit.JPG/440px-Berry_Gordy_House_Boston_Edison_Detroit.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2916" data-file-height="1456" /></a><figcaption>Berry Gordy House, known as <i>Motown Mansion</i> in <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Boston-Edison_Historic_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston-Edison Historic District">Boston-Edison Historic District</a><sup id="cite_ref-MotownMansion_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MotownMansion-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1967, Berry Gordy purchased what is now known as <i>Motown Mansion</i> in Detroit's <a href="/wiki/Boston-Edison_Historic_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston-Edison Historic District">Boston-Edison Historic District</a> as his home, leaving his previous home to his sister Anna and then-husband Marvin Gaye (where photos for the cover of his album <i><a href="/wiki/What%27s_Going_On_(Marvin_Gaye_album)" class="mw-redirect" title="What's Going On (Marvin Gaye album)">What's Going On</a></i> were taken).<sup id="cite_ref-MotownMansion_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MotownMansion-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1968, Gordy purchased the Donovan building on the corner of <a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_located_along_Woodward_Avenue,_Detroit" class="mw-redirect" title="List of buildings located along Woodward Avenue, Detroit">Woodward Avenue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interstate_75_in_Michigan" title="Interstate 75 in Michigan">Interstate 75</a>, and moved Motown's Detroit offices there (the Donovan building was demolished in January 2006 to provide parking spaces for <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XL" title="Super Bowl XL">Super Bowl XL</a>). In the same year, Gordy purchased <a href="/wiki/Golden_World_Records" title="Golden World Records">Golden World Records</a>, and its recording studio became "Studio B" to Hitsville's "Studio A". </p><p>In the United Kingdom, Motown's records were released on various labels: at first <a href="/wiki/London_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="London Records"><b>London</b></a> (only the Miracles' "Shop Around"/"<a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Lovin%27_You" title="Who's Lovin' You">Who's Lovin' You</a>" and "Ain't It Baby"), then <a href="/wiki/Fontana_Records" title="Fontana Records"><b>Fontana</b></a> ("Please Mr. Postman" by the Marvelettes was one of four) and then <a href="/wiki/Oriole_Records_(UK)" title="Oriole Records (UK)"><b>Oriole American</b></a> ("<a href="/wiki/Fingertips_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fingertips (song)">Fingertips</a>" by Little Stevie Wonder was one of many). In 1963, Motown signed with EMI's <a href="/wiki/Stateside_Records" title="Stateside Records"><b>Stateside</b></a> label ("<a href="/wiki/Where_Did_Our_Love_Go" title="Where Did Our Love Go">Where Did Our Love Go</a>" by the Supremes and "<a href="/wiki/My_Guy" title="My Guy">My Guy</a>" by Mary Wells were Motown's first British top-20 hits). Eventually, EMI created the <b>Tamla Motown</b> label ("<a href="/wiki/Stop!_In_the_Name_of_Love" title="Stop! In the Name of Love">Stop! In the Name of Love</a>" by the Supremes was the first Tamla Motown release in March 1965). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Los_Angeles:_1972–1998"><span id="Los_Angeles:_1972.E2.80.931998"></span>Los Angeles: 1972–1998</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Los Angeles: 1972–1998"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the songwriting trio <a href="/wiki/Holland%E2%80%93Dozier%E2%80%93Holland" title="Holland–Dozier–Holland">Holland–Dozier–Holland</a> left the label in 1967 over royalty-payment disputes, Norman Whitfield became the company's top producer, turning out hits for the Temptations, Marvin Gaye, Gladys Knight & the Pips and Rare Earth. In the meantime Berry Gordy established Motown Productions, a television subsidiary which produced TV specials for the Motown artists, including <i><a href="/wiki/TCB_(TV_program)" title="TCB (TV program)">TCB</a></i>, with Diana Ross & the Supremes and the Temptations, <i><a href="/wiki/Diana!" title="Diana!">Diana!</a></i> with Diana Ross, and <i><a href="/wiki/Goin%27_Back_to_Indiana" title="Goin' Back to Indiana">Goin' Back to Indiana</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5" title="The Jackson 5">the Jackson 5</a>. The company loosened its production rules, allowing some of its longtime artists the opportunity to write and produce more of their own material. This resulted in the recordings of successful and critically acclaimed albums such as <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Gaye" title="Marvin Gaye">Marvin Gaye</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/What%27s_Going_On_(Marvin_Gaye_album)" class="mw-redirect" title="What's Going On (Marvin Gaye album)">What's Going On</a></i> (1971) and <i><a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Get_it_On" class="mw-redirect" title="Let's Get it On">Let's Get it On</a></i> (1973), and <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Music_of_My_Mind" title="Music of My Mind">Music of My Mind</a></i> (1972), <i><a href="/wiki/Talking_Book" title="Talking Book">Talking Book</a></i> (1972), and <i><a href="/wiki/Innervisions" title="Innervisions">Innervisions</a></i> (1973). </p><p>Motown had established branch offices in both New York City and Los Angeles during the mid-1960s, and by 1969 had begun gradually moving more of its operations to Los Angeles. The company moved all of its operations to Los Angeles in June 1972, with a number of artists, among them <a href="/wiki/Martha_Reeves" title="Martha Reeves">Martha Reeves</a>, the Four Tops, Gladys Knight & the Pips, and many of the <a href="/wiki/Funk_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Funk Brothers">Funk Brothers</a> studio band, either staying behind in Detroit or leaving the company for other reasons. By re-locating, Motown aimed chiefly to branch out into the motion-picture industry, and Motown Productions got its start in film by turning out two hit-vehicles for <a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross" title="Diana Ross">Diana Ross</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Billie_Holiday" title="Billie Holiday">Billie Holiday</a> biographical film <i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Sings_the_Blues_(film)" title="Lady Sings the Blues (film)">Lady Sings the Blues</a></i> (1972), and <i><a href="/wiki/Mahogany_(film)" title="Mahogany (film)">Mahogany</a></i> (1975). Other Motown films would include <i><a href="/wiki/Scott_Joplin_(film)" title="Scott Joplin (film)">Scott Joplin</a></i> (1977), <i><a href="/wiki/Thank_God_It%27s_Friday_(film)" title="Thank God It's Friday (film)">Thank God It's Friday</a></i> (1978), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wiz_(film)" title="The Wiz (film)">The Wiz</a></i> (1978) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Dragon" title="The Last Dragon">The Last Dragon</a></i> (1985). <a href="/wiki/Ewart_Abner" title="Ewart Abner">Ewart Abner</a>, who had been associated with Motown since the 1960s, became its president in 1973. </p><p>John McClain, an <a href="/wiki/A%26M_Records" title="A&M Records">A&M Records</a> executive, opined that Motown leaving its birth city marked a decline in the label's quality. "Something happened when [Motown] left Detroit and came to [Los Angeles]," he said. "They quit being innovators and started following trends. Before, Berry had a much more hands-on approach. And maybe you lose some of your desire after you get to a certain level financially."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1970s, the Motown "hit factory" had become a target of a backlash from some fans of rock music. Record producer <a href="/wiki/Pete_Waterman" title="Pete Waterman">Pete Waterman</a> recalls of this period: "I was a DJ for years and I worked for Motown – the press at the time, papers like <i><a href="/wiki/NME" title="NME">NME</a></i>, used to call it Toytown. When I DJ'd on the <a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_(United_Kingdom)" title="Polytechnic (United Kingdom)">Poly</a> circuit, the students wanted me to play <a href="/wiki/Spooky_Tooth" title="Spooky Tooth">Spooky Tooth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Velvet_Underground" class="mw-redirect" title="Velvet Underground">Velvet Underground</a>. Things don't change. Nowadays, of course, Motown is hip."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite losing Holland–Dozier–Holland, Norman Whitfield, and some of its other hitmakers by 1975, Motown still had a number of successful artists during the 1970s and 1980s, including <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Richie" title="Lionel Richie">Lionel Richie</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Commodores" title="Commodores">Commodores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rick_James" title="Rick James">Rick James</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teena_Marie" title="Teena Marie">Teena Marie</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dazz_Band" title="Dazz Band">Dazz Band</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jose_Feliciano" class="mw-redirect" title="Jose Feliciano">Jose Feliciano</a> and <a href="/wiki/DeBarge" title="DeBarge">DeBarge</a>. By the mid-1980s, Motown had started losing money, and Berry Gordy sold his ownership in Motown to <a href="/wiki/MCA_Records" title="MCA Records">MCA Records</a> (which began a North American distribution deal with the label in 1983) and Boston Ventures in June 1988 for $61 million. In 1989, Gordy sold the Motown Productions TV/film operations to Motown executive <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_de_Passe" title="Suzanne de Passe">Suzanne de Passe</a>, who renamed the company <a href="/wiki/De_Passe_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="De Passe Entertainment">de Passe Entertainment</a> and continues to run it as of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gordy continued to retain the Jobete music publishing catalog, selling it separately to <a href="/wiki/EMI_Music_Publishing" title="EMI Music Publishing">EMI Music Publishing</a> in parts between 1997 and 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is currently owned by <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Publishing" title="Sony Music Publishing">Sony Music Publishing</a> (Sony/ATV until 2021) through the acquisition of EMI Music Publishing in 2012 (as a leader of the consortium and eventually assigned full ownership in 2018). </p><p>During the 1990s, Motown was home to successful recording artists such as <a href="/wiki/Boyz_II_Men" title="Boyz II Men">Boyz II Men</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Gill" title="Johnny Gill">Johnny Gill</a>, although the company itself remained in a state of turmoil. MCA appointed a series of executives to run the company, beginning with Berry Gordy's immediate successor, <a href="/wiki/Jheryl_Busby" title="Jheryl Busby">Jheryl Busby</a>. Busby quarreled with MCA, alleging that the company did not give Motown's product adequate attention or promotion. In 1991, Motown sued MCA to have its distribution deal with the company terminated, and began releasing its product through <a href="/wiki/PolyGram" title="PolyGram">PolyGram</a>. PolyGram purchased Motown from Boston Ventures three years later. </p><p>In 1994, Busby was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Andre_Harrell" title="Andre Harrell">Andre Harrell</a>, the entrepreneur behind <a href="/wiki/Uptown_Records" title="Uptown Records">Uptown Records</a>. Harrell served as Motown's CEO for just under two years, leaving the company after receiving bad publicity for being inefficient. Danny Goldberg, who ran PolyGram's Mercury Records group, assumed control of Motown, and <a href="/wiki/George_Jackson_(producer)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Jackson (producer)">George Jackson</a> served as president. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_years_of_the_Motown_label:_1999–2005"><span id="Final_years_of_the_Motown_label:_1999.E2.80.932005"></span>Final years of the Motown label: 1999–2005</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Final years of the Motown label: 1999–2005"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1998, Motown had added stars such as <a href="/wiki/702_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="702 (band)">702</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_McKnight" title="Brian McKnight">Brian McKnight</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Erykah_Badu" title="Erykah Badu">Erykah Badu</a> to its roster. In December 1998, <a href="/wiki/PolyGram" title="PolyGram">PolyGram</a> was acquired by <a href="/wiki/Seagram" title="Seagram">Seagram</a>, and Motown was absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group</a>. Seagram had purchased Motown's former parent MCA in 1995, and Motown was in effect reunited with many of its MCA corporate siblings (Seagram had hoped to build a media empire around Universal, and started by purchasing PolyGram). Universal briefly considered shuttering the label, but instead decided to restructure it. <a href="/wiki/Kedar_Massenburg" title="Kedar Massenburg">Kedar Massenburg</a>, a producer for Erykah Badu, became the head of the label, and oversaw successful recordings from Badu, McKnight, <a href="/wiki/Michael_McDonald_(singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael McDonald (singer)">Michael McDonald</a>, and new Motown artist <a href="/wiki/India.Arie" class="mw-redirect" title="India.Arie">India.Arie</a>. </p><p>Diana Ross, Smokey Robinson, Stevie Wonder, and the Temptations had remained with the label since its early days, although all except Wonder recorded for other labels for several years. Ross left Motown for <a href="/wiki/RCA_Records" title="RCA Records">RCA Records</a> from 1981 to 1988, but returned in 1989 and stayed until 2002, while Robinson left Motown in 1991 (although he did return to release <a href="/wiki/Intimate_(Smokey_Robinson_album)" title="Intimate (Smokey Robinson album)">one more album for the label</a> in 1999). The Temptations left for <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Records" title="Atlantic Records">Atlantic Records</a> in 1977, but returned in 1980 and eventually left again in 2004. Wonder finally left the label in 2020. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universal_Motown:_2005–2011"><span id="Universal_Motown:_2005.E2.80.932011"></span>Universal Motown: 2005–2011</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Universal Motown: 2005–2011"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Universal_Motown_Records" title="Universal Motown Records">Universal Motown Records</a></div> <p>In 2005, Massenburg was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Rhone" title="Sylvia Rhone">Sylvia Rhone</a>, former CEO of <a href="/wiki/Elektra_Records" title="Elektra Records">Elektra Records</a>. Motown was merged with <a href="/wiki/Universal_Records_(defunct_record_label)" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Records (defunct record label)">Universal Records</a> to create the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Motown_Records" title="Universal Motown Records">Universal Motown Records</a> and placed under the newly created umbrella division of <a href="/wiki/Universal_Motown_Republic_Group" title="Universal Motown Republic Group">Universal Motown Republic Group</a>. Notable artists on Universal Motown included <a href="/wiki/Drake_Bell" title="Drake Bell">Drake Bell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Leslie" title="Ryan Leslie">Ryan Leslie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melanie_Fiona" title="Melanie Fiona">Melanie Fiona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelly_Rowland" title="Kelly Rowland">Kelly Rowland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forever_the_Sickest_Kids" title="Forever the Sickest Kids">Forever the Sickest Kids</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Veer_Union" title="The Veer Union">The Veer Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Four_Year_Strong" title="Four Year Strong">Four Year Strong</a>. Motown celebrated its 50th anniversary on January 12, 2009, and celebrated it in Detroit on November 20, 2009, in a black-tie Gala titled "Live It Again!" The event was hosted by <a href="/wiki/Sinbad_(comedian)" title="Sinbad (comedian)">Sinbad</a> and included <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smokey_Robinson" title="Smokey Robinson">Smokey Robinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Temptations" title="The Temptations">the Temptations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kid_Rock" title="Kid Rock">Kid Rock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relaunch:_2011–present"><span id="Relaunch:_2011.E2.80.93present"></span>Relaunch: 2011–present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Relaunch: 2011–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In mid-2011, Universal Motown reverted to the Motown brand after having been separated from Universal Motown Republic Group, hired <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia_Habtemariam" title="Ethiopia Habtemariam">Ethiopia Habtemariam</a> as its Senior Vice President, and operated under <a href="/wiki/The_Island_Def_Jam_Music_Group" title="The Island Def Jam Music Group">The Island Def Jam Music Group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-billboard1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-billboard1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-universalmusic1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-universalmusic1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artists from Universal Motown were transferred to the newly revitalized Motown label.<sup id="cite_ref-sisario1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sisario1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 25, 2012, it was announced that <a href="/wiki/Ne-Yo" title="Ne-Yo">Ne-Yo</a> would join the Motown label both as an artist as well as the new Senior Vice President of A&R.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 1, 2014, it was announced that Island Def Jam would no longer be running following the resignation of CEO Barry Weiss. A press release sent out by Universal Music Group announced that the label would now be reorganizing Def Jam Recordings, Island Records and Motown Records all as separate entities.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Motown would then begin serving as a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records" title="Capitol Records">Capitol Records</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 2018, Motown began celebrating its 60th anniversary by reissuing numerous albums from their catalog. </p><p>Motown UK launched in September 2020 under Universal UK's <a href="/wiki/EMI_Records" title="EMI Records">EMI Records</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Virgin_EMI_Records" title="Virgin EMI Records">Virgin EMI Records</a>) division.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Motown Records joined Interscope Capitol Labels Group in 2024. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roster">Roster</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Roster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Motown_artists" title="List of Motown artists">List of Motown artists</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current">Current</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Current"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Artists </th> <th>Year signed </th> <th>Releases (under the label) </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Erykah_Badu" title="Erykah Badu">Erykah Badu</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">2000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Kem_(singer)" title="Kem (singer)">Kem</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;">2003 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ne-Yo" title="Ne-Yo">Ne-Yo</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;">2012 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5 </td> <td rowspan="1">Jointly with Compound </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lil_Yachty" title="Lil Yachty">Lil Yachty</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;">2016 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">8 </td> <td rowspan="1">Jointly with <a href="/wiki/Quality_Control_Music" title="Quality Control Music">Quality Control Music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records" title="Capitol Records">Capitol Records</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Offset_(rapper)" title="Offset (rapper)">Offset</a> </th> <td rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;">2017 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td> <td rowspan="1">Jointly with YRN The Label (formerly with Quality Control Music and Capitol Records) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Quavo" title="Quavo">Quavo</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">3 </td> <td rowspan="3">Jointly with YRN The Label, Quality Control Music (formerly with Capitol Records) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Takeoff_(rapper)" title="Takeoff (rapper)">Takeoff</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Migos" title="Migos">Migos</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/City_Girls" title="City Girls">City Girls</a> </th> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;">2018 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td> <td rowspan="2">Jointly with Quality Control Music and Capitol Records </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lil_Baby" title="Lil Baby">Lil Baby</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">4 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bree_Runway" title="Bree Runway">Bree Runway</a> </th> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;">2019 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td>Jointly with Motown UK and <a href="/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">EMI</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Layton_Greene" title="Layton Greene">Layton Greene</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td>Jointly with Quality Control </td></tr> <tr> <th>Emanuel<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;">2020 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td>Jointly with Universal Music Canada </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Joy_Denalane" title="Joy Denalane">Joy Denalane</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>TheHxliday<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ted When<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td> <td>Jointly with Blacksmith Entertainment </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tiana_Major9" title="Tiana Major9">Tiana Major9</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">3 </td> <td>Jointly with Zero Point Nine </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tiwa_Savage" title="Tiwa Savage">Tiwa Savage</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td>Jointly with Universal Music South Africa </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bankroll_Freddie" title="Bankroll Freddie">Bankroll Freddie</a> </th> <td rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;">2021 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td> <td rowspan="2">Jointly with Quality Control </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Duke_Deuce" title="Duke Deuce">Duke Deuce</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">3 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vince_Staples" title="Vince Staples">Vince Staples</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td> <td>Jointly with Blacksmith </td></tr> <tr> <th>Hd4president<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td> <td>Jointly with The Affiliate Nation </td></tr> <tr> <th>Malachiii<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td>Jointly with You'll Find Out </td></tr> <tr> <th>DQ </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td>Jointly with Puzzlepiece and Zoe Boi </td></tr> <tr> <th>Meechy Baby<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td> <td>Jointly with <a href="/wiki/Never_Broke_Again" title="Never Broke Again">Never Broke Again</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Brandy_Norwood" title="Brandy Norwood">Brandy</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;">2022 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1 (singles) </td> <td>Jointly with Brand Nu </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sean_Combs" title="Sean Combs">Diddy</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">2 (singles) </td> <td>Jointly with Love Records </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lakeyah" title="Lakeyah">Lakeyah</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td> <td>Jointly with Quality Control </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Leon_Thomas_III" title="Leon Thomas III">Leon Thomas III</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">3 (singles) </td> <td>Jointly with EZMNY Records </td></tr> <tr> <th>P Yungin<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td> <td>Jointly with Never Broke Again </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Smino" title="Smino">Smino</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">2 </td> <td>Jointly with <a href="/wiki/Zero_Fatigue" title="Zero Fatigue">Zero Fatigue</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/YoungBoy_Never_Broke_Again" title="YoungBoy Never Broke Again">YoungBoy Never Broke Again</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;">2023 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3 </td> <td>Jointly with Never Broke Again </td></tr> <tr> <th>NOBY<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1 (singles) </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motown_sound">Motown sound</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Motown sound"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Motown sound</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">Pop</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">1960s, <a href="/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit, Michigan">Detroit, Michigan</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Subgenres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist">Soul metal,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pop-soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop-soul">pop-soul</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other topics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/Northern_soul" title="Northern soul">Northern soul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rare_groove" title="Rare groove">rare groove</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Motown specialized in a type of soul music it referred to with the <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a> "The Motown sound". Crafted with an ear towards pop appeal, the Motown sound typically used <a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">tambourines</a> to accent the <a href="/wiki/Back_beat" class="mw-redirect" title="Back beat">back beat</a>, prominent and often melodic electric bass-guitar lines, distinctive <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melodic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chord_(music)" title="Chord (music)">chord</a> structures, and a <a href="/wiki/Call_and_response_(music)" title="Call and response (music)">call-and-response</a> singing style that originated in <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel music</a>. In 1971, <a href="/wiki/Jon_Landau" title="Jon Landau">Jon Landau</a> wrote in <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i> that the sound consisted of songs with simple structures but sophisticated melodies, along with a four-beat drum pattern, regular use of horns and strings, and "a trebly style of mixing that relied heavily on electronic limiting and equalizing (boosting the high range frequencies) to give the overall product a distinctive sound, particularly effective for broadcast over AM radio".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pop production techniques such as the use of orchestral string sections, charted horn sections, and carefully arranged background vocals were also used. Complex arrangements and elaborate, <a href="/wiki/Melisma" title="Melisma">melismatic</a> vocal riffs were avoided.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Motown producers believed steadfastly in the "<a href="/wiki/KISS_principle" title="KISS principle">KISS principle</a>" (keep it simple, stupid).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Motown production process has been described as factory-like. The Hitsville studios remained open and active 22 hours a day, and artists would often go on tour for weeks, come back to Detroit to record as many songs as possible, and then promptly go on tour again. Berry Gordy held quality control meetings every Friday morning, and used veto power to ensure that only the very best material and performances would be released. The test was that every new release needed to fit into a sequence of the top five selling pop singles of the week. Several tracks that later became critical and commercial favorites were initially rejected by Gordy, the two most notable being the Marvin Gaye songs "<a href="/wiki/I_Heard_It_Through_the_Grapevine" title="I Heard It Through the Grapevine">I Heard It Through the Grapevine</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/What%27s_Going_On_(song)" title="What's Going On (song)">What's Going On</a>". In several cases, producers would rework tracks in hopes of eventually getting them approved at a later Friday morning meeting, as producer <a href="/wiki/Norman_Whitfield" title="Norman Whitfield">Norman Whitfield</a> did with "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" and the Temptations' "<a href="/wiki/Ain%27t_Too_Proud_to_Beg" title="Ain't Too Proud to Beg">Ain't Too Proud to Beg</a>". </p><p>Many of Motown's best-known songs, including all the early hits for <a href="/wiki/The_Supremes" title="The Supremes">the Supremes</a>, were written by the songwriting trio of <a href="/wiki/Holland%E2%80%93Dozier%E2%80%93Holland" title="Holland–Dozier–Holland">Holland–Dozier–Holland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lamont_Dozier" title="Lamont Dozier">Lamont Dozier</a> and brothers <a href="/wiki/Brian_Holland" title="Brian Holland">Brian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Holland" title="Eddie Holland">Eddie Holland</a>). Other important Motown producers and songwriters included <a href="/wiki/Norman_Whitfield" title="Norman Whitfield">Norman Whitfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_%22Mickey%22_Stevenson" class="mw-redirect" title="William "Mickey" Stevenson">William "Mickey" Stevenson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smokey_Robinson" title="Smokey Robinson">Smokey Robinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barrett_Strong" title="Barrett Strong">Barrett Strong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashford_%26_Simpson" title="Ashford & Simpson">Nickolas Ashford & Valerie Simpson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilson_(musician)" title="Frank Wilson (musician)">Frank Wilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pam_Sawyer" title="Pam Sawyer">Pamela Sawyer</a> & <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Jones" title="Gloria Jones">Gloria Jones</a>, James Dean & <a href="/wiki/William_Weatherspoon" title="William Weatherspoon">William Weatherspoon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Bristol" title="Johnny Bristol">Johnny Bristol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Fuqua" title="Harvey Fuqua">Harvey Fuqua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gil_Askey" title="Gil Askey">Gil Askey</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Washington_Times_May_2006_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Washington_Times_May_2006-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a>, and Gordy himself. </p><p>The style created by the Motown musicians was a major influence on several non-Motown artists of the mid-1960s, such as <a href="/wiki/Dusty_Springfield" title="Dusty Springfield">Dusty Springfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Foundations" title="The Foundations">the Foundations</a>. In the United Kingdom, the Motown sound became the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_soul" title="Northern soul">northern soul</a> movement. Smokey Robinson said the Motown sound had little to do with Detroit: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>People would listen to it, and they'd say, 'Aha, they use more bass. Or they use more drums.' Bullshit. When we were first successful with it, people were coming from Germany, France, Italy, Mobile, Alabama. From New York, Chicago, California. From <i>everywhere</i>. Just to record in Detroit. They figured it was in the air, that if they came to Detroit and recorded on the freeway, they'd get the Motown sound. Listen, the Motown sound to me is <i>not</i> an audible sound. It's spiritual, and it comes from the people that make it happen. What other people didn't realize is that we just had one studio there, but we recorded in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a>, New York, L.A.—almost every big city. And we still got the sound.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Funk_Brothers">The Funk Brothers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Funk Brothers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Funk_Brothers" title="The Funk Brothers">The Funk Brothers</a></div> <p>In addition to the songwriting process of the writers and producers, one of the major factors in the widespread appeal of Motown's music was Gordy's practice of using a highly-select and tight-knit group of studio musicians, collectively known as <a href="/wiki/The_Funk_Brothers" title="The Funk Brothers">the Funk Brothers</a>, to record the instrumental or "band" tracks of a majority of Motown recordings. Among the studio musicians responsible for the "Motown sound" were keyboardists <a href="/wiki/Earl_Van_Dyke" title="Earl Van Dyke">Earl Van Dyke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Griffith_(musician)" title="Johnny Griffith (musician)">Johnny Griffith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Hunter_(musician)" title="Joe Hunter (musician)">Joe Hunter</a>; guitarists <a href="/wiki/Ray_Monette" title="Ray Monette">Ray Monette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Messina" title="Joe Messina">Joe Messina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_White_(guitarist)" title="Robert White (guitarist)">Robert White</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Willis" title="Eddie Willis">Eddie Willis</a>; percussionists <a href="/wiki/Eddie_%22Bongo%22_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Eddie "Bongo" Brown">Eddie "Bongo" Brown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Ashford" title="Jack Ashford">Jack Ashford</a>; drummers <a href="/wiki/Benny_Benjamin" title="Benny Benjamin">Benny Benjamin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uriel_Jones" title="Uriel Jones">Uriel Jones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_%22Pistol%22_Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard "Pistol" Allen">Richard "Pistol" Allen</a>; and bassists <a href="/wiki/James_Jamerson" title="James Jamerson">James Jamerson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Babbitt" title="Bob Babbitt">Bob Babbitt</a>. The band's career and work is chronicled in the 2002 <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary film</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Standing_in_the_Shadows_of_Motown_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing in the Shadows of Motown (film)">Standing in the Shadows of Motown</a></i>, which publicised the fact that these musicians "played on more number-one records than The Beatles, Elvis, The Rolling Stones, and The Beach Boys combined".<sup id="cite_ref-standing_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-standing-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ashford later played on <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Saadiq" title="Raphael Saadiq">Raphael Saadiq</a>'s 2008 album <i><a href="/wiki/The_Way_I_See_It" title="The Way I See It">The Way I See It</a></i>, whose recording and production were modelled after the Motown sound.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of the Motown sound came from the use of overdubbed and duplicated instrumentation. Motown songs regularly featured two drummers instead of one (either overdubbed or in unison), as well as three or four guitar lines.<sup id="cite_ref-standing_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-standing-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bassist <a href="/wiki/James_Jamerson" title="James Jamerson">James Jamerson</a> often played his instrument with only the <a href="/wiki/Index_finger" title="Index finger">index finger</a> of his right hand, and created many of the basslines apparent on Motown songs such as "<a href="/wiki/Up_the_Ladder_to_the_Roof" title="Up the Ladder to the Roof">Up the Ladder to the Roof</a>" by the Supremes.<sup id="cite_ref-standing_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-standing-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artist_development">Artist development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Artist development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Artist development was a major part of Motown's operations instituted by Berry Gordy. The acts on the Motown label were fastidiously groomed, dressed and choreographed for live performances. Motown artists were advised that their breakthrough into the white popular music market made them ambassadors for other African-American artists seeking broad market acceptance, and that they should think, act, walk and talk like royalty, so as to alter the less-than-dignified image commonly held of black musicians by white Americans in that era.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given that many of the talented young artists had been raised in housing projects and lacked the necessary social and dress experience, this Motown department was not only necessary, it created an elegant style of presentation long associated with the label.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The artist development department specialized primarily in working with younger, less-experienced acts; experienced performers such as <a href="/wiki/Jr._Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Jr. Walker">Jr. Walker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Gaye" title="Marvin Gaye">Marvin Gaye</a> were exempt from artist-development classes. </p><p>Many of the young artists participated in an annual package tour called the "<a href="/wiki/Motortown_Revue" title="Motortown Revue">Motortown Revue</a>", which was popular, first, on the "<a href="/wiki/Chitlin%27_Circuit" title="Chitlin' Circuit">Chitlin' Circuit</a>", and, later, around the world. The tours gave the younger artists a chance to hone their performance and social skills and learn from the more experienced artists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motown_subsidiary_labels">Motown subsidiary labels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Motown subsidiary labels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to avoid accusations of <a href="/wiki/Payola" title="Payola">payola</a> should DJs play too many records from the original Tamla label, Gordy formed Motown Records as a second label in 1960. The two labels featured the same writers, producers and artists. </p><p>Many more subsidiary labels were established later under the umbrella of the Motown parent company, including Gordy Records, Soul Records and VIP Records; in reality the Motown Record Corporation controlled all of these labels. Most of the distinctions between Motown labels were largely arbitrary, with the same writers, producers and musicians working on all the major subsidiaries, and artists were often shuffled between labels for internal marketing reasons. All of these records are usually considered to be "Motown" records, regardless of whether they actually appeared on the Motown Records label itself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_divisions">Major divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Major divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Tamla Records: Established 1959, Tamla was a primary subsidiary for mainstream R&B/soul music. Tamla is the company's original label: Gordy founded Tamla Records several months before establishing the Motown Record Corporation. The label's numbering system was combined with those of Motown and Gordy in 1982, and the label was merged with Motown in 1988. Notable Tamla artists included <a href="/wiki/The_Miracles" title="The Miracles">Smokey Robinson & the Miracles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Gaye" title="Marvin Gaye">Marvin Gaye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Marvelettes" title="The Marvelettes">the Marvelettes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Kendricks" title="Eddie Kendricks">Eddie Kendricks</a>. Tamla was briefly re-activated in 1996 as a reggae label, but only released a 12" single by <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_Tea" title="Cocoa Tea">Cocoa Tea</a> called "New Immigration Law". Tamla also had a sub-label called Penny Records in 1959; artists on that label included Bryan Brent And The Cut Outs, who recorded a single for the label entitled "Vacation Time" b/w "For Eternity" (2201). In 2023, it was announced that Tamla would be re-activated again for the first time in nearly 30 years. This time around, it will be relaunched under <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Christian_Music_Group" title="Capitol Christian Music Group">Capitol Christian Music Group</a> as an imprint devoted solely to positive R&B and hip hop.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamla Records slogan: <i>"The Sound that Makes the World Go 'Round"</i>.</li> <li>Motown Records: Established 1960, Motown was and remains the company's main label for mainstream R&B/soul music (and, today, <a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip-hop music">hip-hop music</a> as well). The label's numbering system was combined with those of Tamla and Gordy in 1982, and the label (and company) was purchased by <a href="/wiki/Music_Corporation_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Music Corporation of America">MCA</a> in 1988. Notable Motown artists have included <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wells" title="Mary Wells">Mary Wells</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Supremes" title="The Supremes">the Supremes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Four_Tops" title="Four Tops">Four Tops</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5" title="The Jackson 5">the Jackson 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jermaine_Jackson" title="Jermaine Jackson">Jermaine Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boyz_II_Men" title="Boyz II Men">Boyz II Men</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commodores" title="Commodores">Commodores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Richie" title="Lionel Richie">Lionel Richie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dazz_Band" title="Dazz Band">Dazz Band</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_McKnight" title="Brian McKnight">Brian McKnight</a>, <a href="/wiki/98_Degrees" title="98 Degrees">98 Degrees</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Erykah_Badu" title="Erykah Badu">Erykah Badu</a>. Motown Records slogan: <i>"The Sound of Young America"</i>.</li> <li>Gordy Records: Established 1962, Gordy was also a primary subsidiary for mainstream R&B/soul music. Originally known as <i>Miracle Records</i> (slogan: <i>"If It's a Hit, It's a Miracle"</i>), the name was changed in 1962 to avoid confusion with the Miracles singing group. The label's numbering system was combined with those of Motown and Tamla in 1982, and the label was merged with Motown in 1988. Notable Gordy artists included <a href="/wiki/The_Temptations" title="The Temptations">the Temptations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martha_and_the_Vandellas" title="Martha and the Vandellas">Martha and the Vandellas</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Contours" title="The Contours">the Contours</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Starr" title="Edwin Starr">Edwin Starr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rick_James" title="Rick James">Rick James</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Mary_Jane_Girls" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mary Jane Girls">The Mary Jane Girls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teena_Marie" title="Teena Marie">Teena Marie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switch_(band)" title="Switch (band)">Switch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/DeBarge" title="DeBarge">DeBarge</a>. Gordy Records slogan: <i>"It's What's in the Grooves that Counts"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamla_Motown_logo_variant_A.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5a/Tamla_Motown_logo_variant_A.webp/220px-Tamla_Motown_logo_variant_A.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5a/Tamla_Motown_logo_variant_A.webp/300px-Tamla_Motown_logo_variant_A.webp.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="174" /></a><figcaption>One of Tamla Motown logos</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Tamla Motown Records: Motown's non-<a href="/wiki/US" class="mw-redirect" title="US">US</a> label, established in March 1965 and folded into the regular Motown label in 1976. Distributed by <a href="/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">EMI</a>, Tamla Motown issued the releases on the American Motown labels, using its own numbering system. In some cases, Tamla Motown would issue singles and albums not released in the United States (for example, the singles "<a href="/wiki/I_Second_That_Emotion" title="I Second That Emotion">I Second That Emotion</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Why_(Must_We_Fall_in_Love)" title="Why (Must We Fall in Love)">Why (Must We Fall in Love)</a>" by Diana Ross & the Supremes with the Temptations, as well as the successful <i><a href="/wiki/Motown_Chartbusters" title="Motown Chartbusters">Motown Chartbusters</a></i> series of albums).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_R&B_labels"><span id="Secondary_R.26B_labels"></span>Secondary R&B labels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Secondary R&B labels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Check-Mate Records: Short-lived (1961–1962) R&B/soul subsidiary, purchased from <a href="/wiki/Chess_Records" title="Chess Records">Chess Records</a>. Notable artists included <a href="/wiki/David_Ruffin" title="David Ruffin">David Ruffin</a> and The Del-Phis (later <a href="/wiki/Martha_and_the_Vandellas" title="Martha and the Vandellas">Martha and the Vandellas</a>).</li> <li>Miracle Records: Short-lived (1961) R&B/soul subsidiary that lasted less than a year. Some pressings featured the infamous tagline, "If it's a hit, it's a Miracle." Renamed <b>Gordy Records</b> in 1962. Notable releases included early recordings by <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Ruffin" title="Jimmy Ruffin">Jimmy Ruffin</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Temptations" title="The Temptations">the Temptations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>MoWest Records: MoWest was a short-lived (1971–1973; 1976 in UK) subsidiary for R&B/soul artists based on the West Coast. Shut down when the main Motown office moved to Los Angeles. Notable artists included <a href="/wiki/Lesley_Gore" title="Lesley Gore">Lesley Gore</a>, <a href="/wiki/G._C._Cameron" title="G. C. Cameron">G. C. Cameron</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Sisters_Love" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sisters Love">the Sisters Love</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syreeta_Wright" title="Syreeta Wright">Syreeta Wright</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Four_Seasons_(band)" title="The Four Seasons (band)">the Four Seasons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commodores" title="Commodores">Commodores</a> (their first two singles in 1972 and 1973), <a href="/wiki/Live_at_Caesars_Palace#The_Devastating_Affair" title="Live at Caesars Palace">The Devastating Affair</a>, and Los Angeles DJ <a href="/wiki/Tom_Clay" title="Tom Clay">Tom Clay</a>. Unlike other Motown releases in the UK that were released by Tamla Motown, MoWest retained its US label design and logo for its UK releases as well. In fact, MoWest lasted longer in the UK up until 1976.</li> <li>Motown Yesteryear: a label created in late 1970s and used through the 1980s for the reissues of 7-inch singles from all eras of the company's history, after printing in the initial label has ceased.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One Motown Yesteryear single made <i>Billboard'</i>s Top 40 – <a href="/wiki/The_Contours" title="The Contours">the Contours</a>' "Do You Love Me", in 1988, when its inclusion in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Dirty_Dancing" title="Dirty Dancing">Dirty Dancing</a></i> revived interest.</li> <li>Soul Records: Established in 1964, Soul was a R&B/soul subsidiary for releases with less of a <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> feel and/or more of a <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a> feel. Notable Soul artists included <a href="/wiki/Jr._Walker_%26_the_All-Stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Jr. Walker & the All-Stars">Jr. Walker & the All-Stars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shorty_Long" title="Shorty Long">Shorty Long</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gladys_Knight_%26_the_Pips" title="Gladys Knight & the Pips">Gladys Knight & the Pips</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Originals_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Originals (band)">the Originals</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Fantastic_Four_(R%26B_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fantastic Four (R&B group)">the Fantastic Four</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Ruffin" title="Jimmy Ruffin">Jimmy Ruffin</a>. The label was dissolved in 1978. This label has no affiliation with the short-lived S.O.U.L. Records, an early 1990s imprint that was founded by the production team <a href="/wiki/The_Bomb_Squad" title="The Bomb Squad">the Bomb Squad</a>.</li> <li>V.I.P. Records: Established in 1964, V.I.P. was an R&B/soul subsidiary. Notable artists included <a href="/wiki/The_Velvelettes" title="The Velvelettes">the Velvelettes</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Spinners_(American_group)" title="The Spinners (American group)">the Spinners</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Monitors_(American_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Monitors (American band)">the Monitors</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Elgins" title="The Elgins">the Elgins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chris_Clark_(singer)" title="Chris Clark (singer)">Chris Clark</a>. V.I.P. also was the outlet for pop records that were leased to Motown by EMI (the distributor of Tamla-Motown in Europe). The label was dissolved in 1974.</li> <li>Weed Records: A very short-lived subsidiary. Only one release, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Clark_(singer)" title="Chris Clark (singer)">Chris Clark</a>'s 1969 <i><a href="/wiki/CC_Rides_Again" title="CC Rides Again">CC Rides Again</a></i> album, was issued. This release featured the tongue-in-cheek tagline: "Your Favorite Artists Are On Weed". The logo was a parody of the "Snapping Fingers" logo for <a href="/wiki/Stax_Records" title="Stax Records">Stax Records</a>, but the hand in this case is holding up a peace sign.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name "Weed Records" is now owned by the Tokyo/New York-based <i>Weed Records</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_genre_labels">Additional genre labels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Additional genre labels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Country">Country</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Mel-o-dy Records.: Established in 1962 as a secondary R&B/soul music subsidiary, Mel-o-dy later focused on white <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a> artists. Notable Mel-o-dy artists include <a href="/wiki/Dorsey_Burnette" title="Dorsey Burnette">Dorsey Burnette</a>. The label was dissolved in 1965.</li> <li>Hitsville Records.: Founded as <i>Melodyland Records</i> in 1974. After the <a href="/wiki/Melodyland_Christian_Center" title="Melodyland Christian Center">Melodyland Christian Center</a> threatened legal action, the name was changed to Hitsville in 1976. Like Mel-o-dy before it, Hitsville focused on country music. Run by <a href="/wiki/Mike_Curb" title="Mike Curb">Mike Curb</a> and Ray Ruff, Hitsville's notable artists included <a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Dove" title="Ronnie Dove">Ronnie Dove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pat_Boone" title="Pat Boone">Pat Boone</a>, <a href="/wiki/T._G._Sheppard" title="T. G. Sheppard">T. G. Sheppard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jud_Strunk" title="Jud Strunk">Jud Strunk</a>. The label was dissolved in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the UK, Melodyland/Hitsville material was released on MoWest.</li> <li>M.C. Records: Operated 1977 to 1978 as a continuation of the Hitsville label. A joint venture between Gordy and <a href="/wiki/Mike_Curb" title="Mike Curb">Mike Curb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mel-o-dy, Hitsville, and M.C. catalogs are now managed by <a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group_Nashville" title="Universal Music Group Nashville">Mercury Nashville Records</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hip_hop/rap"><span id="Hip_hop.2Frap"></span>Hip hop/rap</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Hip hop/rap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Wondirection Records.: A record label owned by <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a>, it had one 12-inch dance release in 1983, the ten-minute rap track "The Crown" by <a href="/wiki/Gary_Byrd_and_the_GB_Experience" title="Gary Byrd and the GB Experience">Gary Byrd and the GB Experience</a>.</li> <li>Mad Sounds Recordings.: Short-lived hip-hop/rap subsidiary label, released five albums in the mid-1990s- including <i><a href="/wiki/Zig_Zag_(Tha_Mexakinz_album)" title="Zig Zag (Tha Mexakinz album)">Zig Zag</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Tha_Mexakinz" title="Tha Mexakinz">Tha Mexakinz</a>,<i>Trendz</i> by Trendz of Culture and <i><a href="/wiki/Rottin_ta_da_Core" title="Rottin ta da Core">Rottin ta da Core</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Rottin_Razkals" title="Rottin Razkals">Rottin Razkals</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jazz">Jazz</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Jazz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Workshop Jazz Records.: Motown's <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> subsidiary, active from 1962 to 1964. Notable Workshop Jazz artists included the George Bohannon Trio, <a href="/wiki/Earl_Washington_(musician)" title="Earl Washington (musician)">Earl Washington</a> All Stars, and <a href="/wiki/Four_Tops" title="Four Tops">Four Tops</a> (whose recordings for the label went unissued for 30 years). The Workshop Jazz catalog is currently managed by <a href="/wiki/Verve_Records" title="Verve Records">Verve Records</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Records" title="Blaze Records">Blaze Records</a>.: A short-lived label featuring a <a href="/wiki/Jack_Ashford" title="Jack Ashford">Jack Ashford</a> instrumental released in September 1969, "Do The Choo-Choo" with b-side "Do The Choo-Choo Pt II" written by L. Chandler, E. Willis, J. Ashford, with label number 1107.</li> <li>Mo Jazz Records.: Another jazz label created in the 1990s, this was Motown's most successful jazz imprint. Notable artists included <a href="/wiki/Norman_Brown_(guitarist)" title="Norman Brown (guitarist)">Norman Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foley_(musician)" title="Foley (musician)">Foley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Connors" title="Norman Connors">Norman Connors</a>, and J. Spencer. It also reissued instrumental albums like <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a>'s 1968 album <i><a href="/wiki/Eivets_Rednow" title="Eivets Rednow">Eivets Rednow</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Grover_Washington_Jr." title="Grover Washington Jr.">Grover Washington Jr.</a>'s CTI/Kudu albums under the Classic Mo Jazz subsidiary. This label (including its roster and catalog) was folded into Verve Records after the PolyGram/Universal merger.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rock">Rock</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Rock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Rare Earth Records.: Established in 1969 after the signing of <a href="/wiki/Rare_Earth_(band)" title="Rare Earth (band)">Rare Earth</a> (after whom the label was named), Rare Earth Records was a subsidiary focusing on blues-oriented and progressive rock styles.<sup id="cite_ref-Flory_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flory-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable acts included Rare Earth, <a href="/wiki/R._Dean_Taylor" title="R. Dean Taylor">R. Dean Taylor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pretty_Things" title="Pretty Things">Pretty Things</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toe_Fat" title="Toe Fat">Toe Fat</a>, <a href="/wiki/XIT_(band)" title="XIT (band)">XIT</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stoney_%26_Meatloaf_(band)" title="Stoney & Meatloaf (band)">Stoney & Meatloaf</a>. The label also was the subsidiary to house the first white band signed to Motown, <a href="/wiki/The_Rustix" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rustix">the Rustix</a>.</li> <li>Prodigal Records.: Purchased by Motown in 1976, Motown used Prodigal Records as a second rock music subsidiary; a successor label to Rare Earth Records.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rare Earth band moved over to the label following the Rare Earth label's demise. Pop singer <a href="/wiki/Charlene_(singer)" title="Charlene (singer)">Charlene</a>'s #3 pop single for Motown <i><a href="/wiki/I%27ve_Never_Been_To_Me" class="mw-redirect" title="I've Never Been To Me">I've Never Been To Me</a></i> was originally released and charted on this label in 1977 (#97). Prodigal was dissolved in 1978.</li> <li>Morocco Records.: Acronym for "<b>MO</b>town <b>ROC</b>k <b>CO</b>mpany". As the name suggests, Morocco was a rock music subsidiary. Active from 1983 to 1984, it was a short-lived attempt to revive the Rare Earth Records concept. Only seven albums were released on the label. Its two most promising acts, <a href="/wiki/Duke_Jupiter" title="Duke Jupiter">Duke Jupiter</a> and the <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">black</a> <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave</a> trio <a href="/wiki/Fizzy_Qwick" title="Fizzy Qwick">Tiggi Clay</a> (via their lead singer, <a href="/wiki/Fizzy_Qwick" title="Fizzy Qwick">Fizzy Qwick</a>) eventually moved to the parent label.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Divinity Records.: Short-lived (1962–1963) gospel subsidiary. With five releases by artists- Wright Specials, Gospel Stars, Bernadettes, and <a href="/wiki/Liz_Lands" title="Liz Lands">Liz Lands</a>. Label sequence starts at 99004 to 99008, the final recording being "<a href="/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome" title="We Shall Overcome">We Shall Overcome</a>" (for label number 99008) that was recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Graystone_Ballroom" title="Graystone Ballroom">Graystone Ballroom</a>, was withdrawn and transferred to GORDY 7023B as the "<a href="/wiki/I_Have_A_Dream" class="mw-redirect" title="I Have A Dream">I Have A Dream</a>" speech by Rev. Dr. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li>Black Forum Records.: Short-lived (1970–1973) <a href="/wiki/Spoken-word" class="mw-redirect" title="Spoken-word">spoken-word</a> subsidiary that focused mainly on albums featuring progressive political and pro-civil rights speeches/poetry. Black Forum issued recordings by the Rev. Dr. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Brown" title="Elaine Brown">Elaine Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes">Langston Hughes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Danner" title="Margaret Danner">Margaret Danner</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Natural Resources: This label was active from 1972 to 1973 and in 1976 as a minor subsidiary for white artists and instrumental bands. It later served as a label for Motown, Tamla and Gordy reissues and Motown compilation albums in 1978 and 1979.</li> <li>Motown Latino Records.: Short-lived (1982) subsidiary for <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish-language</a> <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American music">Latin American music</a>. Its only artist was <a href="/wiki/Jose_Feliciano" class="mw-redirect" title="Jose Feliciano">Jose Feliciano</a>.</li> <li>Gaiee Records.: Only one single was released on this label, in 1975; Valentino's gay/lesbian anthem "<a href="/wiki/I_Was_Born_This_Way" title="I Was Born This Way">I Was Born This Way</a>", which was later covered by fellow Motown artist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bean" title="Carl Bean">Carl Bean</a> in 1977.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_labels_distributed_by_Motown">Independent labels distributed by Motown</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Independent labels distributed by Motown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biv_10_Records" title="Biv 10 Records">Biv 10 Records</a>: A hip-hop/R&B label that was founded by <a href="/wiki/Bell_Biv_Devoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Biv Devoe">Bell Biv Devoe</a>/<a href="/wiki/New_Edition" title="New Edition">New Edition</a> member <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bivins" title="Michael Bivins">Michael Bivins</a>. The label operated throughout most of the 1990s. Its roster included <a href="/wiki/Another_Bad_Creation" title="Another Bad Creation">Another Bad Creation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boyz_II_Men" title="Boyz II Men">Boyz II Men</a>, and <a href="/wiki/702_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="702 (band)">702</a>.</li> <li>Chisa Records: Motown released output for Chisa, a label owned by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Masekela" title="Hugh Masekela">Hugh Masekela</a>, from 1969 to 1972 (prior to that, the label was distributed by Vault Records).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTI_Records" title="CTI Records">CTI Records</a>: Motown distributed output for CTI Records, a jazz label owned by <a href="/wiki/Creed_Taylor" title="Creed Taylor">Creed Taylor</a>, from 1974 to 1975. CTI subsidiaries distributed by Motown included Kudu Records, Three Brothers Records, and Salvation Records. With a few exceptions, the bulk of CTI's recordings is now owned by <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Music Entertainment">Sony Music Entertainment</a>.</li> <li>Ecology Records: A very short-lived label owned by <a href="/wiki/Sammy_Davis_Jr." title="Sammy Davis Jr.">Sammy Davis Jr.</a> and distributed by Motown. Only release: single "In My Own Lifetime"/"I'll Begin Again", by Davis in 1971.</li> <li>Gull Records: A UK-based label still in operation, Motown released Gull's output in the US in 1975. Gull had <a href="/wiki/Judas_Priest" title="Judas Priest">Judas Priest</a> on its roster in 1975, but their LP <i><a href="/wiki/Sad_Wings_of_Destiny" title="Sad Wings of Destiny">Sad Wings of Destiny</a></i>, intended for release by Motown in the US, was issued after the Motown/Gull Deal had fallen through.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manticore_Records" title="Manticore Records">Manticore Records</a>: A record label created by the members of the rock group <a href="/wiki/Emerson,_Lake_%26_Palmer" title="Emerson, Lake & Palmer">Emerson, Lake & Palmer</a>. Manticore released albums by ELP and various other <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">Progressive rock</a> artists. Manticore was originally distributed in the U.S. by <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Records" title="Atlantic Records">Atlantic Records</a> from 1973 to 1975 but switched to Motown distribution until the label folded in 1977.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Never_Broke_Again" title="Never Broke Again">Never Broke Again</a>: A record label founded by <a href="/wiki/YoungBoy_Never_Broke_Again" title="YoungBoy Never Broke Again">YoungBoy Never Broke Again</a>. The label releases compilation albums and has its own artists signed to the Motown/NBA imprint.</li> <li>EZMNY Records, <a href="/wiki/Ty_Dolla_Sign" title="Ty Dolla Sign">Ty Dolla Sign</a>'s record label that signed <a href="/wiki/Leon_Thomas_III" title="Leon Thomas III">Leon Thomas III</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellaneous_labels_associated_with_Motown">Miscellaneous labels associated with Motown</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous labels associated with Motown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Groovesville Records</li> <li>Inferno Records</li> <li>IPG Records</li> <li>Rayber Records</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ric-Tic_Records" title="Ric-Tic Records">Ric-Tic Records</a></li> <li>Rich Records</li> <li>Summer Camp Records</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabu_Records" title="Tabu Records">Tabu Records</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_(pre-Tamla_Motown)_labels"><span id="British_.28pre-Tamla_Motown.29_labels"></span>British (pre-Tamla Motown) labels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: British (pre-Tamla Motown) labels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="London Records">London American Records</a> issued the releases for Motown from 1960 to 1961.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_Records" title="Fontana Records">Fontana Records</a> issued the releases for Motown from 1961 to 1962.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriole_Records_(UK)" title="Oriole Records (UK)">Oriole American Records</a> issued the releases for Motown from 1962 to 1963.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateside_Records" title="Stateside Records">Stateside Records</a> issued the releases for Motown from 1963 to 1965, when the Tamla Motown label was created.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Album_era" title="Album era">Album era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitsville_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitsville USA">Hitsville USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motown_discography_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Motown discography (disambiguation)">Motown discography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Detroit" title="Music of Detroit">Music of Detroit</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Capital-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Capital_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Capital_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a 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February 3, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150203145403/http://www.latimes.com/business/la-et-ct-capitol-records-steve-barnett-sam-smith-5-seconds-summer-20150203-story.html#page=1">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=A+revitalized+Capitol+Records+forges+a+new+path+forward&rft.date=2015-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fla-et-ct-capitol-records-steve-barnett-sam-smith-5-seconds-summer-20150203-story.html%23page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Brief_History_of_Motown-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_Brief_History_of_Motown_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Brief_History_of_Motown_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruz2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Cruz, Gilbert (January 12, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1870975,00.html">"A Brief History of Motown"</a>. <i>Time</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205035858/http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1870975,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Motown&rft.date=2009-01-12&rft.aulast=Cruz&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Farts%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1870975%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170111215256/http://classic.motown.com/history/">"History – Classic Motown"</a>. Motown Records. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/08/10/a-young-music-executive-takes-over-at-motown/">the original</a> on January 17, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Young+Music+Executive+Takes+Over+at+Motown&rft.date=2011-08-10&rft.aulast=Sisario&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F08%2F10%2Fa-young-music-executive-takes-over-at-motown%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-universalmusic1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-universalmusic1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-universalmusic1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universalmusic.com/corporate/universal-republic-and-island-def-jam-motown-expand-creative-teams-with-appointment-of-art">"Brandon Creed Joins Universal Republic And Island Def Jam Motown"</a>. Universal Music. August 15, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111113160524/http://www.universalmusic.com/corporate/universal-republic-and-island-def-jam-motown-expand-creative-teams-with-appointment-of-art">Archived</a> from the original on November 13, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brandon+Creed+Joins+Universal+Republic+And+Island+Def+Jam+Motown&rft.pub=Universal+Music&rft.date=2011-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universalmusic.com%2Fcorporate%2Funiversal-republic-and-island-def-jam-motown-expand-creative-teams-with-appointment-of-art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soultracks.com/story-rb-hall-2018-class">"Motown Records Leads the 2018 Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Class of Inductees"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/SoulTracks" title="SoulTracks">SoulTracks</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804080346/https://www.soultracks.com/story-rb-hall-2018-class">Archived</a> from the original on August 4, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SoulTracks&rft.atitle=Motown+Records+Leads+the+2018+Rhythm+%26+Blues+Hall+of+Fame+Class+of+Inductees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.soultracks.com%2Fstory-rb-hall-2018-class&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillman2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Millman, Ethan (March 8, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/pro/features/ethiopia-habtemariam-motown-ceo-interview-1137831/amp/">"Ethiopia Habtemariam, Motown Records' New CEO, on Recentering Black Music in Culture"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+Habtemariam%2C+Motown+Records%27+New+CEO%2C+on+Recentering+Black+Music+in+Culture&rft.date=2021-03-08&rft.aulast=Millman&rft.aufirst=Ethan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fpro%2Ffeatures%2Fethiopia-habtemariam-motown-ceo-interview-1137831%2Famp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAswad2022" class="citation web cs1">Aswad, Jem (November 29, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2022/music/news/ethiopia-habtemariam-step-down-motown-records-1235444815/amp/">"Ethiopia Habtemariam to Step Down From Motown Records"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(Magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Variety (Magazine)">Variety</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+Habtemariam+to+Step+Down+From+Motown+Records&rft.date=2022-11-29&rft.aulast=Aswad&rft.aufirst=Jem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2022%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2Fethiopia-habtemariam-step-down-motown-records-1235444815%2Famp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flory, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flory, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.motownmuseum.com">"Motown Museum"</a>. Motown Museum. August 24, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121018222835/http://www.motownmuseum.com/">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Motown+Museum&rft.pub=Motown+Museum&rft.date=2011-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.motownmuseum.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flory_26-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flory_26_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flory_26_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Flory, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Larkin-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Larkin_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Larkin_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColin_Larkin1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Larkin_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colin Larkin (writer)">Colin Larkin</a>, ed. (1997). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Popular Music">The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music</a></i> (Concise ed.). <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Books" title="Virgin Books">Virgin Books</a>. p. 879/80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85227-745-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85227-745-9"><bdi>1-85227-745-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Virgin+Encyclopedia+of+Popular+Music&rft.pages=879%2F80&rft.edition=Concise&rft.pub=Virgin+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-85227-745-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flory_27-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flory_27_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flory_27_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Flory, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flory, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flory_29-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flory_29_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flory_29_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Flory, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flory, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flory-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flory_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flory_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlory2017" class="citation book cs1">Flory, Andrew (May 30, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LEc_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA155"><i>I Hear a Symphony: Motown and Crossover R&B</i></a>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472036868" title="Special:BookSources/9780472036868"><bdi>9780472036868</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2023</span>. <q>Many of Rare Earth's groups, including a popular band called Rare Earth, explored heavy blues-oriented and progressive rock styles.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Hear+a+Symphony%3A+Motown+and+Crossover+R%26B&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2017-05-30&rft.isbn=9780472036868&rft.aulast=Flory&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLEc_DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ron Thibodeaux, "My Smokey Valentine", <i>The Times-Picayune</i> (New Orleans, La.), February 14, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MotownMansion-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MotownMansion_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MotownMansion_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://motownmansion.com/">"The Motown Mansion!"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=The+End+of+an+Era%3A+Expected+Sale+of+the+Legendary+Motown+Label+Stirs+Some+Bittersweet+Emotions&rft.date=1988-06-11&rft.aulast=Grein&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1988-06-11-ca-4214-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobb2010" class="citation book cs1">Robb, John (October 31, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s49QgtwybqUC&q=motown+toytown&pg=PT138"><i>The Nineties: What the F**ck Was That All About?</i></a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781409034421" title="Special:BookSources/9781409034421"><bdi>9781409034421</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211214225942/https://books.google.com/books?id=s49QgtwybqUC&q=motown+toytown&pg=PT138">Archived</a> from the original on December 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2019</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nineties%3A+What+the+F%2A%2Ack+Was+That+All+About%3F&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2010-10-31&rft.isbn=9781409034421&rft.aulast=Robb&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds49QgtwybqUC%26q%3Dmotown%2Btoytown%26pg%3DPT138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.depassejones.com/company">"Company – De Passe Jones Entertainment"</a>. <i>Home – De Passe Jones Entertainment</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190508193537/https://www.depassejones.com/company">Archived</a> from the original on May 8, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Home+%E2%80%93+De+Passe+Jones+Entertainment&rft.atitle=Company+%E2%80%93+De+Passe+Jones+Entertainment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.depassejones.com%2Fcompany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandle2004" class="citation magazine cs1">Brandle, Lars (March 31, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/1440901/emi-completes-acquisition-of-jobete-catalog">"EMI Completes Acquisition of Jobete Catalog"</a>. <i>Billboard</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128085829/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/1440901/emi-completes-acquisition-of-jobete-catalog">Archived</a> from the original on January 28, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=EMI+Completes+Acquisition+of+Jobete+Catalog&rft.date=2004-03-31&rft.aulast=Brandle&rft.aufirst=Lars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fbusiness%2F1440901%2Femi-completes-acquisition-of-jobete-catalog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://michiganchronicle.com/2009/11/18/motown-celebrates-50th-anniversary-in-grand-style/">"Motown Celebrates 50th Anniversary in Grand Style"</a>. <i>michiganchronicle.com</i>. November 18, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210811122633/https://michiganchronicle.com/2009/11/18/motown-celebrates-50th-anniversary-in-grand-style/">Archived</a> from the original on August 11, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 11,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=michiganchronicle.com&rft.atitle=Motown+Celebrates+50th+Anniversary+in+Grand+Style&rft.date=2009-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmichiganchronicle.com%2F2009%2F11%2F18%2Fmotown-celebrates-50th-anniversary-in-grand-style%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/motown-celebrates-its-50th-anniversary-with-stevie-wonder-temptations-performance-1819618.html">"Motown celebrates its 50th anniversary with Stevie Wonder, Temptations performance"</a>. <i>independent.co.uk</i>. November 12, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210811122627/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/motown-celebrates-its-50th-anniversary-with-stevie-wonder-temptations-performance-1819618.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 11, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 11,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=independent.co.uk&rft.atitle=Motown+celebrates+its+50th+anniversary+with+Stevie+Wonder%2C+Temptations+performance&rft.date=2009-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2Fmotown-celebrates-its-50th-anniversary-with-stevie-wonder-temptations-performance-1819618.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2012" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Brennan (January 25, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/25/ne-yo-leaves-def-jam-motown-records_n_1231889.html">"Ne-Yo Leaves Def Jam For Motown Records"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207075428/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/25/ne-yo-leaves-def-jam-motown-records_n_1231889.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 7, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Ne-Yo+Leaves+Def+Jam+For+Motown+Records&rft.date=2012-01-25&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Brennan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2012%2F01%2F25%2Fne-yo-leaves-def-jam-motown-records_n_1231889.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120420022245/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1677870/ne-yo-motown-def-jam.jhtml">"Rob Markham, "Ne-Yo Leaves Def Jam To Become Motown Exec", MTV News, January 25, 2012"</a>. <i>MTV News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1677870/ne-yo-motown-def-jam.jhtml">the original</a> on April 20, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MTV+News&rft.atitle=Rob+Markham%2C+%22Ne-Yo+Leaves+Def+Jam+To+Become+Motown+Exec%22%2C+MTV+News%2C+January+25%2C+2012.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtv.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F1677870%2Fne-yo-motown-def-jam.jhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2014/04/island-def-jam-will-longer-exist/">"Island Def Jam Is Over"</a>. <i>XXL</i>. April 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140406081128/http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2014/04/island-def-jam-will-longer-exist/">Archived</a> from the original on April 6, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frequencynews.com/flippagefreq/flip-freq-may-2014/index.html#p=27">the original</a> on May 8, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequency+Magazine&rft.pub=Frequencynews.com&rft.date=2014-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frequencynews.com%2Fflippagefreq%2Fflip-freq-may-2014%2Findex.html%23p%3D27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngermiller2020" class="citation web cs1">Angermiller, Michele (September 14, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2020/music/news/motown-records-uk-launch-1234768723/">"Motown Records Launches UK Outpost"</a>. <i>Variety</i>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Drip+Harder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmusic.apple.com%2Fus%2Falbum%2Fdrip-harder%2F1437955279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://music.apple.com/us/album/need-you-single/1506099908">"Need You"</a> – via music.apple.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Need+You&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmusic.apple.com%2Fus%2Falbum%2Fneed-you-single%2F1506099908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://music.apple.com/us/album/broken-halls/1531943567">"Broken Halls"</a> – via music.apple.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Broken+Halls&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmusic.apple.com%2Fus%2Falbum%2Fbroken-halls%2F1531943567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://music.apple.com/us/album/edge-off-single/1509589948">"Edge 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class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://music.apple.com/us/album/to-da-max/1589003166">"To Da Max"</a> – via music.apple.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=To+Da+Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmusic.apple.com%2Fus%2Falbum%2Fto-da-max%2F1589003166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cutlass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmusic.apple.com%2Fgb%2Falbum%2Fcutlass-single%2F1584568318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://music.apple.com/us/album/rather-be-a-colors-show-single/1631445914">"Rather Be – A COLORS SHOW"</a> – via music.apple.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rather+Be+%E2%80%93+A+COLORS+SHOW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmusic.apple.com%2Fus%2Falbum%2Frather-be-a-colors-show-single%2F1631445914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://music.apple.com/us/album/gotta-move-on-single/1649886042">"Gotta Move On"</a> – via music.apple.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gotta+Move+On&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmusic.apple.com%2Fus%2Falbum%2Fgotta-move-on-single%2F1649886042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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Album Discography"</a>. <i>article</i>. bsnpubs.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141012205740/http://www.bsnpubs.com/motown/mc/mc.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 12, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 16,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=article&rft.atitle=M.C.+Album+Discography&rft.aulast=Mike+Callahan&rft.aufirst=David+Edwards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsnpubs.com%2Fmotown%2Fmc%2Fmc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMike_Callahan" class="citation web cs1">Mike Callahan, David Edwards. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsnpubs.com/motown/prodigal/prodigal.html">"Prodigal Album Discography"</a>. <i>article</i>. bsnpubs.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141012205812/http://www.bsnpubs.com/motown/prodigal/prodigal.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 12, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 16,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=article&rft.atitle=Prodigal+Album+Discography&rft.aulast=Mike+Callahan&rft.aufirst=David+Edwards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsnpubs.com%2Fmotown%2Fprodigal%2Fprodigal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/louder-than-a-bomb-on-the-sounds-of-black-power/">Rickey Vincent, "Louder Than a Bomb: On The Sounds of Black Power" (review of Pat Thomas, <i>Listen, Whitey!: the Sights and Sounds of Black Power 1965–1975</i>)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130419034943/http://lareviewofbooks.org/article.php?type=&id=999&fulltext=1&media=">Archived</a> April 19, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Los Angeles Review of Books</i>, October 17, 2012.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Print_sources">Print sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Print sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlory,_Andrew2017" class="citation book cs1">Flory, Andrew (2017). <i>I Hear a Symphony: Motown and Crossover R&B</i>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-12287-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-12287-5"><bdi>978-0-472-12287-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Hear+a+Symphony%3A+Motown+and+Crossover+R%26B&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-472-12287-5&rft.au=Flory%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotown" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJon_Fitzgerald1995" class="citation journal cs1">Jon Fitzgerald (January 1995). "Motown Crossover Hits 1963–1966 and the Creative Process". <i>Popular Music</i>. <b>14</b> (1). Cambridge University Press: 1–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0261143000007601">10.1017/s0261143000007601</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/853340">853340</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161468204">161468204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Music&rft.atitle=Motown+Crossover+Hits+1963%E2%80%931966+and+the+Creative+Process&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=1995-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161468204%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F853340%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0261143000007601&rft.au=Jon+Fitzgerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotown" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson_George2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nelson_George" title="Nelson George">Nelson George</a> (2007) [first published 1985]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6jzaAAAAMAAJ"><i>Where Did Our Love Go?: The Rise & Fall of the Motown Sound</i></a>. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252074981" title="Special:BookSources/9780252074981"><bdi>9780252074981</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+Did+Our+Love+Go%3F%3A+The+Rise+%26+Fall+of+the+Motown+Sound&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780252074981&rft.au=Nelson+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6jzaAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotown" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Flory2017" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Flory (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LEc_DwAAQBAJ"><i>I Hear a Symphony: Motown and Crossover R&B</i></a>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472036868" title="Special:BookSources/9780472036868"><bdi>9780472036868</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Hear+a+Symphony%3A+Motown+and+Crossover+R%26B&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780472036868&rft.au=Andrew+Flory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLEc_DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotown" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Niles2007" class="citation thesis cs1">Richard Niles (2007). "The Motown Sound". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/7914"><i>The Invisible Artist: Arrangers in Popular Music (1950 - 2000): Their Contribution and Techniques</i></a> (PhD thesis). <a href="/wiki/Brunel_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunel University">Brunel University</a>. pp. 102–114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Invisible+Artist%3A+Arrangers+in+Popular+Music+%281950+-+2000%29%3A+Their+Contribution+and+Techniques&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=Brunel+University&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Richard+Niles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbura.brunel.ac.uk%2Fhandle%2F2438%2F7914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotown" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seabear.se/detroit1.htm">Complete discography of pre-1986 Motown singles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsnpubs.com/motown/motownstory.html">Complete discography of pre-1986 Motown albums</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/label/Motown">Motown</a> discography at <a href="/wiki/Discogs" title="Discogs">Discogs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/search/?fq=str_title_serial%3A%22The+Pop+Chronicles+%28John+Gilliland+Collection%29%22&sort=date_a&start=24">Motown artists</a> interviewed on the <i><a href="/wiki/Pop_Chronicles" title="Pop Chronicles">Pop Chronicles</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reverb.com/news/video-what-makes-motown-sound-like-motown">What Makes Motown Sound Like Motown?</a> at Reverb.com, <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191003212555/https://reverb.com/news/video-what-makes-motown-sound-like-motown">Archive</a></small></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W_8bHh93yUc">The Motown Invasion</a>, 2009 BBC Documentary, at YouTube</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Motown" title="Template:Motown"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Motown" title="Template talk:Motown"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Motown" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Motown"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Motown" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Motown</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parent labels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Motown_Records" title="Universal Motown Records">Universal Motown Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Island_Def_Jam_Music_Group" title="The Island Def Jam Music Group">The Island Def Jam Music Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholly_Atkins" title="Cholly Atkins">Cholly Atkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Funk_Brothers" title="The Funk Brothers">The Funk Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Fuqua" title="Harvey Fuqua">Harvey Fuqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland%E2%80%93Dozier%E2%80%93Holland" title="Holland–Dozier–Holland">Holland–Dozier–Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_Gordy" title="Berry Gordy">Berry Gordy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Gordy_Edwards" title="Esther Gordy Edwards">Esther Gordy Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Harrell" title="Andre Harrell">Andre Harrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Jackson_(producer)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Jackson (producer)">George Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedar_Massenburg" title="Kedar Massenburg">Kedar Massenburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Blaze Records</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biv_10_Records" title="Biv 10 Records">Biv 10 Records</a></li> <li>Black Forum Records</li> <li>Check-Mate Records</li> <li>Chisa Records</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTI_Records" title="CTI Records">CTI Records</a></li> <li>Divinity Records</li> <li>Ecology Records</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_Records" title="Fontana Records">Fontana Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordy_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordy Records">Gordy Records</a></li> <li>Gull Records</li> <li>Hitsville Records</li> <li>Inferno Records</li> <li>IPG Records</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="London Records">London American Records</a></li> <li>Mad Sounds Recordings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manticore_Records" title="Manticore Records">Manticore Records</a></li> <li>Mel-o-dy Records</li> <li>Miracle Records</li> <li>Mo Jazz Records</li> <li>Morocco Records</li> <li>Motown Latino Records</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motown_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Motown Records">Motown Records</a></li> <li>Motown Yesteryear</li> <li>MoWest Records</li> <li>Natural Resources Records</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Never_Broke_Again" title="Never Broke Again">Never Broke Again</a></li> <li>Ocean Front Records</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriole_Records_(UK)" title="Oriole Records (UK)">Oriole Records</a></li> <li>Prodigal Records</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_Earth_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Rare Earth Records">Rare Earth Records</a></li> <li>Rayber Records</li> <li>Rich Records</li> <li>Soul Records</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateside_Records" title="Stateside Records">Stateside Records</a></li> <li>Summer Camp Records</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamla_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamla Records">Tamla Records</a></li> <li>Tamla-Motown Records</li> <li>Three Brothers Records</li> <li>V.I.P. Records</li> <li>Weed Records</li> <li>Wondirection Records</li> <li>Workshop Jazz Records</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hitsville_U.S.A." title="Hitsville U.S.A.">Hitsville U.S.A.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motortown_Revue" title="Motortown Revue">Motortown Revue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motown_piano" class="mw-redirect" title="Motown piano">Motown piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motown_albums_discography" title="Motown albums discography">Motown albums discography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motown_singles_discography" title="Motown singles discography">Motown singles discography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Motown" title="Category:Motown">Category:Motown</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Universal_Music_Group" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Universal_Music_Group" title="Template:Universal Music Group"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Universal_Music_Group" title="Template talk:Universal Music Group"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Universal_Music_Group" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Universal Music Group"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Universal_Music_Group" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Grainge" title="Lucian Grainge">Lucian Grainge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherry_Lansing" title="Sherry Lansing">Sherry Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Mitchell_(businessman)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Mitchell (businessman) (page does not exist)">James Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manning_Doherty_(businessman)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manning Doherty (businessman) (page does not exist)">Manning Doherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Ackman" title="Bill Ackman">Bill Ackman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippe_Flageul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philippe Flageul (page does not exist)">Philippe Flageul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jody_Gerson" title="Jody Gerson">Jody Gerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd_Muir" title="Boyd Muir">Boyd Muir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interscope_Capitol_Labels_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Interscope Capitol Labels Group">Interscope Capitol Labels Group</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Music_Group" title="Capitol Music Group">Capitol Music Group</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records" title="Capitol Records">Capitol Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Note_Records" title="Blue Note Records">Blue Note Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astralwerks" title="Astralwerks">Astralwerks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvest_Records" title="Harvest Records">Harvest Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Christian_Music_Group" title="Capitol Christian Music Group">Capitol Christian Music Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ForeFront_Records" title="ForeFront Records">ForeFront Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Christian_Music_Group" title="Capitol Christian Music Group">Motown Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparrow_Records" title="Sparrow Records">Sparrow Records</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priority_Records" title="Priority Records">Priority Records</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Motown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quality_Control_Music" title="Quality Control Music">Quality Control Music</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interscope_Geffen_A%26M" class="mw-redirect" title="Interscope Geffen A&M">Interscope Geffen A&M</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interscope_Records" title="Interscope Records">Interscope Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geffen_Records" title="Geffen Records">Geffen Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%26M_Records" title="A&M Records">A&M Records</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interscope_Films&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interscope Films (page does not exist)">Interscope Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_Entertainment" title="Aftermath Entertainment">Aftermath Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Darkroom_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darkroom (company) (page does not exist)">Darkroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamville_Records" title="Dreamville Records">Dreamville Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidinakorner" title="Kidinakorner">Kidinakorner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_Renaissance" title="Love Renaissance">LVRN Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Blanco" title="Benny Blanco">Mad Love and Friends Keep Secrets Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shady_Records" title="Shady Records">Shady Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinematic_Music_Group" title="Cinematic Music Group">Cinematic Music Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Records" title="Downtown Records">Downtown Records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Verve_Label_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Verve Label Group">Verve Label Group</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Grammophon" title="Deutsche Grammophon">Deutsche Grammophon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decca_Records" title="Decca Records">Decca Records</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decca_Classics" class="mw-redirect" title="Decca Classics">Decca Classics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_KX" title="Mercury KX">Mercury KX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impulse!_Records" title="Impulse! Records">Impulse! Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verve_Records" title="Verve Records">Verve Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verve_Forecast_Records" title="Verve Forecast Records">Verve Forecast Records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republic Corps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_Records" title="Republic Records">Republic Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Records" title="Mercury Records">Mercury Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_Money_Records" title="Cash Money Records">Cash Money Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Money_Entertainment" title="Young Money Entertainment">Young Money Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Recordings_(record_label)" title="American Recordings (record label)">American Recordings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boominati_Worldwide" class="mw-redirect" title="Boominati Worldwide">Boominati Worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brushfire_Records" title="Brushfire Records">Brushfire Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Records" title="Casablanca Records">Casablanca Records</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Films&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federal Films (page does not exist)">Federal Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_Records" title="Lava Records">Lava Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Arabic_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Arabic Music">Universal Arabic Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XO_(record_label)" title="XO (record label)">XO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Def_Jam_Recordings" title="Def Jam Recordings">Def Jam Recordings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_Records" title="Island Records">Island Records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Music_Group" title="Virgin Music Group">Virgin Music Group</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Records" title="Virgin Records">Virgin Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Records" title="Caroline Records">Caroline Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_Records" title="Fontana Records">Fontana Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V2_Records" title="V2 Records">V2 Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PIAS_Group" title="PIAS Group">PIAS Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Latin_Entertainment" title="Universal Music Latin Entertainment">UM Latin Entertainment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Latin" title="Capitol Latin">Capitol Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disa_Records" title="Disa Records">Disa Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonovisa_Records" title="Fonovisa Records">Fonovisa Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machete_Music" title="Machete Music">Machete Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Latino" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Music Latino">Universal Music Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_M%C3%A9xico" title="Universal Music México">Universal Music México</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group_Nashville" title="Universal Music Group Nashville">UMG Nashville</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group_Nashville#MCA_Nashville" title="Universal Music Group Nashville">MCA Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group_Nashville#Mercury_Nashville" title="Universal Music Group Nashville">Mercury Nashville Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group_Nashville#Lost_Highway_Records" title="Universal Music Group Nashville">Lost Highway Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records_Nashville" title="Capitol Records Nashville">Capitol Records Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group_Nashville#EMI_Records_Nashville" title="Universal Music Group Nashville">EMI Records Nashville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Australia" title="Universal Music Australia">UM Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_Records_Australia" title="Island Records Australia">Island Records Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Era_Records" title="Golden Era Records">Golden Era Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_Recordings" title="Modular Recordings">Modular Recordings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Records" title="Mercury Records">Mercury Records Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMI_Music_Australia" title="EMI Music Australia">EMI Music Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Japan" title="Universal Music Japan">UM Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polydor_Records" title="Polydor Records">Polydor Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMI_Records" title="EMI Records">EMI Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_D" title="Universal D">Universal D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Records" title="Virgin Records">Virgin Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Def_Jam_Recordings" title="Def Jam Recordings">Def Jam Recordings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Records" title="Mercury Records">Mercury Tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Classics_and_Jazz" title="Universal Classics and Jazz">Universal Classics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Music UK">UM UK</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EMI_Records" title="EMI Records">EMI Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records" title="Capitol Records">Capitol UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_Records" title="Island Records">Island UK</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Motown UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polydor_Records" title="Polydor Records">Polydor Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Def_Jam_Recordings" title="Def Jam Recordings">0207 Def Jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_TV" title="Universal Music TV">Universal Music On Demand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_Music_Greater_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universal Music Greater China (page does not exist)">UM Greater China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records" title="Capitol Records">Capitol Records China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMI_Records" title="EMI Records">EMI China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Music Hong Kong">PolyGram Records China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_Records" title="Republic Records">Republic Records China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_Music_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universal Music China (page does not exist)">Universal Music China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Music Hong Kong">Universal Music Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Music Taiwan">Universal Music Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Music France">UM France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records" title="Capitol Records">Capitol Music France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decca_Records" title="Decca Records">Decca Records France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Island_Def_Jam_Record&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Island Def Jam Record (page does not exist)">Island Def Jam France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MCA_Records" title="MCA Records">MCA France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polydor_Records" title="Polydor Records">Polydor France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romance_Musique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romance Musique (page does not exist)">Romance Musique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PIAS_Group" title="PIAS Group">PIAS France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Records" title="Virgin Records">Virgin Records France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/UMG_Philippines" title="UMG Philippines">UM Philippines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Def_Jam_Recordings" title="Def Jam Recordings">Def Jam Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMI_Records" title="EMI Records">EMI Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_Records" title="Island Records">Island Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_Records" title="Republic Records">Republic Records Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UMG_Philippines" title="UMG Philippines">UMG Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Africa" title="Universal Music Africa">Universal Music Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-Live_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U-Live Africa (page does not exist)">U-Live Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motown_Gospel_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motown Gospel Africa (page does not exist)">Motown Gospel Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Def_Jam_Africa" title="Def Jam Africa">Def Jam Recordings Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group_Nigeria" title="Universal Music Group Nigeria">Universal Music Group Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_South_Africa" title="Universal Music South Africa">Universal Music South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_Note_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blue Note Africa (page does not exist)">Blue Note Records Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgin_Music_Label_%26_Artist_Services_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virgin Music Label & Artist Services Africa (page does not exist)">Virgin Music Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Universal_Music_Group_labels" title="List of Universal Music Group labels">Other UMG labels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Enterprises" title="Universal Music Enterprises">Universal Music Enterprises</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip-O_Records" title="Hip-O Records">Hip-O Records</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Indonesia" title="Universal Music Indonesia">Universal Music Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_Music_Malaysia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universal Music Malaysia (page does not exist)">Universal Music Malaysia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publishing division</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Publishing_Group" title="Universal Music Publishing Group">Universal Music Publishing Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Production_Music" title="Universal Production Music">Universal Production Music</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film/TV units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Rock_Entertainment" title="Eagle Rock Entertainment">Eagle Rock Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PolyGram_Entertainment" title="PolyGram Entertainment">PolyGram Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vevo" title="Vevo">Vevo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-UMG distributed labels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Machine_Label_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Machine Label Group">Big Machine Label Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Music_Group" title="Disney Music Group">Disney Music Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Records" title="Hollywood Records">Hollywood Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-Curve_Records" title="S-Curve Records">S-Curve Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Records" title="Walt Disney Records">Walt Disney Records</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roc_Nation" title="Roc Nation">Roc Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECM_Records" title="ECM Records">ECM Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dew_Process" title="Dew Process">Dew Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_Records" title="Nickelodeon Records">Nickelodeon Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Bull_Records" title="Red Bull Records">Red Bull Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Because_Music" title="Because Music">Because Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Recordings" title="London Recordings">London Recordings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Banger_Records" title="Ed Banger Records">Ed Banger Records</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="International_third-party_licensees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Universal_Music_Group_labels#Third-party_national_licensees" title="List of Universal Music Group labels">International third-party licensees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dreamus" title="Dreamus">Dreamus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(South Korea (JYP Entertainment))</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicon_(record_label)" title="Helicon (record label)">Helicon</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Israel)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuff_Gong" title="Tuff Gong">Tuff Gong</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Caribbean)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YG_Plus" title="YG Plus">YG Plus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(South Korea (HYBE Labels))</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musica_Studios" title="Musica Studios">Musica Studios</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Indonesia)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_Black_American_music_(timeline)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:BlackMusicHistory" title="Template:BlackMusicHistory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:BlackMusicHistory" title="Template talk:BlackMusicHistory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:BlackMusicHistory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:BlackMusicHistory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_Black_American_music_(timeline)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Black American music</a> (timeline)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><a href="/wiki/American_folk_music" title="American folk music">American folk music</a></i> series</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Early 20th century</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Call_and_response" title="Call and response">Call and response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_holler" title="Field holler">Field holler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituals" title="Spirituals">Spirituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogie-woogie" title="Boogie-woogie">Boogie-woogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">Ragtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">Rapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">Swing</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1940s</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">Bebop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doo-wop" title="Doo-wop">Doo-wop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1950s</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">Rock and roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">Soul</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1960s</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Motown_(music_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motown (music style)">Motown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_soul" title="Psychedelic soul">Psychedelic soul</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1970s</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">Disco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-go" title="Go-go">Go-go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">Hip-hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_house" title="Garage house">Garage house</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1980s</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro_(music)" title="Electro (music)">Electro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">Techno</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1990s</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/New_jack_swing" title="New jack swing">New jack swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopped_and_screwed" title="Chopped and screwed">Chopped and screwed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_soul" title="Neo soul">Neo soul</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>2000s</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunk" title="Crunk">Crunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_music" title="Snap music">Snap music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphy" title="Hyphy">Hyphy</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>2010s</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Trap_music" title="Trap music">Trap music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_music" title="Drill music">Drill music</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: white;">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">Contemporary R&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_contemporary" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban contemporary">Urban (industry term)</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Elsewhere</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chillwave" title="Chillwave">Chillwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-pop" title="Dance-pop">Dance-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synth-pop" title="Synth-pop">Synth-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-pop" title="K-pop">K-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporwave" title="Vaporwave">Vaporwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_garage" title="UK garage">UK garage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:94%; font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_music" title="Category:African-American music"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg/28px-Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg/42px-Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg/56px-Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Rhythm_and_blues" title="Portal:Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43327#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43327#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43327#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/127412586">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/6132990-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84181417">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Motown Record Corporation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2017959512&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/138490465">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/label/8e479e57-ef44-490c-b75d-cd28df89bf1b">MusicBrainz label</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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