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id="toc-Asuka_and_Nara_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asuka_and_Nara_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Asuka and Nara period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asuka_and_Nara_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heian_to_Edo_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heian_to_Edo_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Heian to Edo period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heian_to_Edo_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meiji_to_Heisei_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meiji_to_Heisei_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Meiji to Heisei period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meiji_to_Heisei_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>21st century to present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cityscape</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cityscape subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neighborhoods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neighborhoods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Neighborhoods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neighborhoods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_wards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_wards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>List of wards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_wards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dialect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Dialect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Energy policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nuclear_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Nuclear power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Keihanshin_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keihanshin_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Keihanshin region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keihanshin_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_lifestyle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_lifestyle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Culture and lifestyle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_lifestyle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture and lifestyle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_lifestyle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shopping_and_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shopping_and_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Shopping and food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shopping_and_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entertainment_and_performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entertainment_and_performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Entertainment and performing arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entertainment_and_performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annual_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annual_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Annual festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annual_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums_and_galleries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums_and_galleries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Museums and galleries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums_and_galleries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6.1</span> <span>Newspapers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Broadcasting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broadcasting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6.2</span> <span>Broadcasting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broadcasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publishing_companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publishing_companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6.3</span> <span>Publishing companies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publishing_companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Libraries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Learned_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Learned_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Learned society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Learned_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Facilities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Facilities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Facilities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leisure_facilities_and_high-rise_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leisure_facilities_and_high-rise_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Leisure facilities and high-rise buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leisure_facilities_and_high-rise_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_site" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_site"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Historical site</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks_and_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Parks and gardens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Ancient architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.5</span> <span>Modern architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theaters_and_halls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theaters_and_halls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.6</span> <span>Theaters and halls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theaters_and_halls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport_venues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport_venues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.7</span> <span>Sport venues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport_venues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.8</span> <span>Religious facilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Friendship_cooperation_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Friendship_cooperation_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Friendship cooperation cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Friendship_cooperation_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_partner_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_partner_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Business partner cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_partner_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sister_ports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sister_ports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.4</span> <span>Sister ports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sister_ports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Osaka</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 164 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-164" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">164 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Осака – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Осака" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A6%E1%88%B3%E1%8A%AB" title="ኦሳካ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኦሳካ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Csaca" title="Ōsaca – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ōsaca" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7" title="أوساكا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوساكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="اوساکا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوساکا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="ওসাকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওসাকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81i-p%C3%A1n-chh%C4%AB" title="Tāi-pán-chhī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tāi-pán-chhī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Осака – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Осака" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Осака – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Осака" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Осака – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Осака" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Осака – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Осака" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Осака – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Осака" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Осака – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Осака" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Csaka-shi_(kapital_sa_prepektura)" title="Ōsaka-shi (kapital sa prepektura) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ōsaka-shi (kapital sa prepektura)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93saka" title="Ósaka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ósaka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="ओसाका – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="ओसाका" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Csaka" title="Ōsaka – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ōsaka" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%83%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Οσάκα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οσάκα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%9B%C3%A0ka" title="Uśàka – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Uśàka" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Осака – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Осака" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osako" title="Osako – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Osako" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="اوساکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اوساکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93saca" title="Ósaca – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ósaca" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaca" title="Osaca – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Osaca" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌺𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌺𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai-f%C3%A1n-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Thai-fán-sṳ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thai-fán-sṳ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%82%AC%EC%B9%B4%EC%8B%9C" title="오사카시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오사카시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Օսակա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օսակա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="ओसाका – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ओसाका" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%86%E1%93%B4%E1%91%B2" title="ᐆᓴᑲ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐆᓴᑲ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Осакæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Осакæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%94" title="אוסקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוסקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%92%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE" title="ಒಸಾಕಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಒಸಾಕಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ოსაკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოსაკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0)" title="Осака (қала) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Осака (қала)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Осака – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Осака" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozaca" title="Ozaca – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ozaca" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oszaka" title="Oszaka – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oszaka" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Осака – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Осака" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%95" title="ഓസക – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓസക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="ओसाका – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ओसाका" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7" title="اوساكا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوساكا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="اوساکا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اوساکا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Осака – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Осака" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Осака – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Осака" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%86%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="အိုဆာကာမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အိုဆာကာမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka_(stad)" title="Osaka (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Osaka (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E5%B8%82" title="大阪市 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大阪市" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Осака – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Осака" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Осака – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Осака" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="ਓਸਾਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਓਸਾਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="اوساکا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اوساکا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="اوساکا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اوساکا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%83%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Οσάκα – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Οσάκα" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Csaka" title="Ōsaka – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ōsaka" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Осака – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Осака" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Осака – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Осака" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Осака – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Осака" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱳᱥᱟᱠᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱳᱥᱟᱠᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Csaka" title="Ōsaka – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ōsaka" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%95%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F" title="ඕසකා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඕසකා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%AA%D8%A7" title="اوساڪا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اوساڪا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka_(mesto)" title="Osaka (mesto) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Osaka (mesto)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ئۆساکا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆساکا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Осака – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Осака" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Csaka" title="Ōsaka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ōsaka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="ஒசாக்கா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒசாக்கா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B0" title="โอซากะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โอซากะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Осака – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Осака" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Осака – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Осака" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Осака – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Осака" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="اوساکا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اوساکا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7" title="ئوساكا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئوساكا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osak" title="Osak – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Osak" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Csaka_(th%C3%A0nh_ph%E1%BB%91)" title="Ōsaka (thành phố) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ōsaka (thành phố)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E5%B8%82" title="大阪市 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="大阪市" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E5%B8%82" title="大阪市 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="大阪市" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA" title="大阪 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大阪" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E5%B8%82" title="大阪市 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大阪市" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yerwa Kanuri</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Osaka" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35765#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Osaka&params=34_41_38_N_135_30_8_E_type:city(2668586)_region:JP-27"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°41′38″N</span> <span class="longitude">135°30′8″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.69389°N 135.50222°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.69389; 135.50222</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Designated city in Kansai, Japan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city in Japan. For the prefecture with the same name where this city is located, see <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Prefecture" title="Osaka Prefecture">Osaka Prefecture</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Osaka_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Osaka (disambiguation)">Osaka (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Designated city in Kansai, Japan</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Osaka</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">大阪市</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Cities_designated_by_government_ordinance_of_Japan" title="Cities designated by government ordinance of Japan">Designated city</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Osaka City</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:282px;max-width:282px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:280px;max-width:280px"><div style="height:185px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osaka_Castle_03bs3200.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Osaka Castle and Osaka Business Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Osaka_Castle_03bs3200.jpg/278px-Osaka_Castle_03bs3200.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Osaka_Castle_03bs3200.jpg/417px-Osaka_Castle_03bs3200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Osaka_Castle_03bs3200.jpg/556px-Osaka_Castle_03bs3200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2133" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shin-Sekai%EF%BC%9A%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shinsekai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Shin-Sekai%EF%BC%9A%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C_-_panoramio.jpg/137px-Shin-Sekai%EF%BC%9A%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Shin-Sekai%EF%BC%9A%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C_-_panoramio.jpg/206px-Shin-Sekai%EF%BC%9A%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Shin-Sekai%EF%BC%9A%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C_-_panoramio.jpg/274px-Shin-Sekai%EF%BC%9A%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osaka_Dotonbori_Ebisu_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dotonbori at night" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Osaka_Dotonbori_Ebisu_Bridge.jpg/137px-Osaka_Dotonbori_Ebisu_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Osaka_Dotonbori_Ebisu_Bridge.jpg/206px-Osaka_Dotonbori_Ebisu_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Osaka_Dotonbori_Ebisu_Bridge.jpg/274px-Osaka_Dotonbori_Ebisu_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2997" data-file-height="1993" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:92px;max-width:92px"><div style="height:59px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumiyoshi-taisha,_hongu-2_honden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sumiyoshi-taisha Hongu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sumiyoshi-taisha%2C_hongu-2_honden.jpg/90px-Sumiyoshi-taisha%2C_hongu-2_honden.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sumiyoshi-taisha%2C_hongu-2_honden.jpg/135px-Sumiyoshi-taisha%2C_hongu-2_honden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sumiyoshi-taisha%2C_hongu-2_honden.jpg/180px-Sumiyoshi-taisha%2C_hongu-2_honden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5990" data-file-height="3960" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:92px;max-width:92px"><div style="height:59px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumiyoshi-taisha,_Sorihashi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sumiyoshi-taisha Sorihashi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Sumiyoshi-taisha%2C_Sorihashi.jpg/90px-Sumiyoshi-taisha%2C_Sorihashi.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Sumiyoshi-taisha%2C_Sorihashi.jpg/135px-Sumiyoshi-taisha%2C_Sorihashi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Sumiyoshi-taisha%2C_Sorihashi.jpg/180px-Sumiyoshi-taisha%2C_Sorihashi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5728" data-file-height="3796" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:91px;max-width:91px"><div style="height:59px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shitennoji_%26_Abeno_Harukas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shitennoji and Abeno Harukas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Shitennoji_%26_Abeno_Harukas.jpg/89px-Shitennoji_%26_Abeno_Harukas.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Shitennoji_%26_Abeno_Harukas.jpg/134px-Shitennoji_%26_Abeno_Harukas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Shitennoji_%26_Abeno_Harukas.jpg/178px-Shitennoji_%26_Abeno_Harukas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Autumn_in_Mido-suji_Osaka02n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Midōsuji" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Autumn_in_Mido-suji_Osaka02n.jpg/133px-Autumn_in_Mido-suji_Osaka02n.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Autumn_in_Mido-suji_Osaka02n.jpg/200px-Autumn_in_Mido-suji_Osaka02n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Autumn_in_Mido-suji_Osaka02n.jpg/266px-Autumn_in_Mido-suji_Osaka02n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nakanoshima_Skyscrapers_in_201407_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Nakanoshima" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nakanoshima_Skyscrapers_in_201407_001.jpg/141px-Nakanoshima_Skyscrapers_in_201407_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nakanoshima_Skyscrapers_in_201407_001.jpg/212px-Nakanoshima_Skyscrapers_in_201407_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nakanoshima_Skyscrapers_in_201407_001.jpg/282px-Nakanoshima_Skyscrapers_in_201407_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption">From top, left to right: <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Castle" title="Osaka Castle">Osaka Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Business_Park" title="Osaka Business Park">Osaka Business Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ts%C5%ABtenkaku" title="Tsūtenkaku">Tsūtenkaku</a> tower in <a href="/wiki/Shinsekai" title="Shinsekai">Shinsekai</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dtonbori" title="Dōtonbori">Dōtonbori</a>, The Dainihongu (second sanctuary) and Sorihashi bridge of <a href="/wiki/Sumiyoshi-taisha" title="Sumiyoshi-taisha">Sumiyoshi Taisha</a> shrine, <a href="/wiki/Shitenn%C5%8D-ji" title="Shitennō-ji">Shitennō-ji</a> within <a href="/wiki/Abeno_Harukas" title="Abeno Harukas">Abeno Harukas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mid%C5%8Dsuji" title="Midōsuji">Midōsuji</a> Avenue and <a href="/wiki/Nakanoshima" title="Nakanoshima">Nakanoshima</a> island</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Osaka,_Osaka.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Osaka"><img alt="Flag of Osaka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Osaka%2C_Osaka.svg/100px-Flag_of_Osaka%2C_Osaka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Osaka%2C_Osaka.svg/150px-Flag_of_Osaka%2C_Osaka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Osaka%2C_Osaka.svg/200px-Flag_of_Osaka%2C_Osaka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Osaka,_Osaka.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Osaka"><img alt="Official seal of Osaka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Emblem_of_Osaka%2C_Osaka.svg/100px-Emblem_of_Osaka%2C_Osaka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Emblem_of_Osaka%2C_Osaka.svg/150px-Emblem_of_Osaka%2C_Osaka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Emblem_of_Osaka%2C_Osaka.svg/200px-Emblem_of_Osaka%2C_Osaka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 300px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="300" data-height="200" data-zoom="9" data-overlays="["_b3a773cca984ca5a8a095dc37ef1270ca0e03102"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,300x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Osaka&groups=_b3a773cca984ca5a8a095dc37ef1270ca0e03102" width="300" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,300x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Osaka&groups=_b3a773cca984ca5a8a095dc37ef1270ca0e03102 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osaka_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Osaka in Osaka Prefecture"><img alt="Location of Osaka in Osaka Prefecture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Osaka_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg/250px-Osaka_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Osaka_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg/375px-Osaka_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Osaka_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg/500px-Osaka_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="690" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Osaka in <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Prefecture" title="Osaka Prefecture">Osaka Prefecture</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japan_location_map_zoom_Tokai,_Hokuriku,_and_Kansai.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Osaka is located in Kansai region"><img alt="Osaka is located in Kansai region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Japan_location_map_zoom_Tokai%2C_Hokuriku%2C_and_Kansai.png/250px-Japan_location_map_zoom_Tokai%2C_Hokuriku%2C_and_Kansai.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Japan_location_map_zoom_Tokai%2C_Hokuriku%2C_and_Kansai.png/375px-Japan_location_map_zoom_Tokai%2C_Hokuriku%2C_and_Kansai.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Japan_location_map_zoom_Tokai%2C_Hokuriku%2C_and_Kansai.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="684" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:69.101%;left:35.17%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Osaka"><img alt="Osaka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Osaka</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in the <a href="/wiki/Kansai_region" title="Kansai region">Kansai region</a></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Kansai region</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japan_location_map_with_side_map_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Osaka is located in Japan"><img alt="Osaka is located in Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Japan_location_map_with_side_map_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands.svg/250px-Japan_location_map_with_side_map_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Japan_location_map_with_side_map_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands.svg/375px-Japan_location_map_with_side_map_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Japan_location_map_with_side_map_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands.svg/500px-Japan_location_map_with_side_map_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="373" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:70.493%;left:34.533%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Osaka"><img alt="Osaka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Osaka</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Japan</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_laea_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Osaka is located in Asia"><img alt="Osaka is located in Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Asia_laea_location_map.svg/250px-Asia_laea_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Asia_laea_location_map.svg/375px-Asia_laea_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Asia_laea_location_map.svg/500px-Asia_laea_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:47.622%;left:79.465%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Osaka"><img alt="Osaka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Osaka</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Asia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_location_map_(equirectangular_180).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Osaka is located in Earth"><img alt="Osaka is located in Earth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/250px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/375px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/500px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2521" data-file-height="1260" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:30.726%;left:87.64%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Osaka"><img alt="Osaka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Osaka</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Earth</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Osaka&params=34_41_38_N_135_30_8_E_type:city(2668586)_region:JP-27"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°41′38″N</span> <span class="longitude">135°30′8″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.69389°N 135.50222°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.69389; 135.50222</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Japan" title="List of regions of Japan">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kansai_region" title="Kansai region">Kansai</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">Prefecture</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Osaka_Prefecture" title="Osaka Prefecture">Osaka Prefecture</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Japan" title="List of islands of Japan">Island</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Honshu" title="Honshu">Honshu</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Osaka_City_Council" title="Osaka City Council">Osaka City Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Osaka_City" title="Politics of Osaka City">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hideyuki_Yokoyama" title="Hideyuki Yokoyama">Hideyuki Yokoyama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Osaka_Restoration_Association" title="Osaka Restoration Association">ORA</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Cities_designated_by_government_ordinance_of_Japan" title="Cities designated by government ordinance of Japan">Designated city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">225.21 km<sup>2</sup> (86.95 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (March 2021)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(March 1, 2021)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Cities_designated_by_government_ordinance_of_Japan" title="Cities designated by government ordinance of Japan">Designated city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,753,862</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Japan" title="List of cities in Japan">3rd in Japan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">12,214/km<sup>2</sup> (31,630/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-japan2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japan2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Japan_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of metropolitan areas in Japan by population">2nd</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">19,303,000 (2019, <a href="/wiki/Keihanshin" title="Keihanshin">Keihanshin</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B9" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+9">UTC+9</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japan_Standard_Time" title="Japan Standard Time">Japan Standard Time</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">- Tree</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prunus_serrulata" title="Prunus serrulata">Cherry</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">- Flower</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pansy" title="Pansy">Pansy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Address</th><td class="infobox-data">Osaka City Hall: 1-3-20 Nakanoshima, Kita-ku, Osaka-shi, Osaka-fu<br />530-8201</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Phone number</th><td class="infobox-data">06-6208-8181</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://city.osaka.lg.jp">city<wbr />.osaka<wbr />.lg<wbr />.jp</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Osaka</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Osaka_(Chinese_characters).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Osaka_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/90px-Osaka_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Osaka_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/135px-Osaka_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Osaka_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/180px-Osaka_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="165" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>Ōsaka</i> in <i><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a></i></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div title="Japanese-language text"><div lang="ja"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>大阪</li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">(obsolete)</span> 大坂</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Revised Hepburn</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ja-Latn">Ōsaka</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">Kunrei-shiki</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ja-Latn">Ôsaka</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Osaka</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">大阪市</span>, <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a>: <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ōsaka-shi</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[oːsakaɕi]</a></span>; commonly just <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">大阪</span></span></span>, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Ōsaka</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[oːsaka]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b4\/Ja-Osaka.ogg\/Ja-Osaka.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ja-Osaka.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/Ja-Osaka.ogg/Ja-Osaka.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ja-Osaka.ogg" title="File:Ja-Osaka.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>)</span> is a <a href="/wiki/Cities_designated_by_government_ordinance_of_Japan" title="Cities designated by government ordinance of Japan">designated city</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kansai_region" title="Kansai region">Kansai region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Honshu" title="Honshu">Honshu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. It is the capital of and most populous city in <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Prefecture" title="Osaka Prefecture">Osaka Prefecture</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Japan" title="List of cities in Japan">third-most populous city</a> in Japan, following the <a href="/wiki/Special_wards_of_Tokyo" title="Special wards of Tokyo">special wards of Tokyo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a>. With a population of 2.7 million in the 2020 census, it is also the largest component of the <a href="/wiki/Keihanshin" title="Keihanshin">Keihanshin Metropolitan Area</a>, which is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Japan" title="List of metropolitan areas in Japan">second-largest metropolitan area in Japan</a><sup id="cite_ref-stats-boj_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stats-boj-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 10th-<a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of urban areas by population">largest urban area</a> in the world with more than 19 million inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-japan2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japan2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ōsaka was traditionally considered Japan's economic hub. By the <a href="/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun period</a> (300–538) it had developed into an important regional port, and in the 7th and 8th centuries, it served briefly as the imperial capital. Osaka continued to flourish during the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> (1603–1867) and became known as a center of Japanese culture. Following the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>, Osaka greatly expanded in size and underwent rapid industrialization. In 1889, Osaka was officially established as a municipality. The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades, and by the 1900s, Osaka was the industrial hub in the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_(era)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji (era)">Meiji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Taishō">Taishō</a> periods. Osaka made noted contributions to redevelopment, urban planning and zoning standards in the postwar period, and the city developed rapidly as one of the major financial centers in the Keihanshin Metropolitan Area. </p><p>Osaka is a major financial center of Japan, and it is recognized as one of the most <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multicultural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">cosmopolitan</a> cities in Japan. The city is home to the <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Exchange" title="Osaka Exchange">Osaka Exchange</a> as well as the headquarters of multinational <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a> corporations such as <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sharp_Corporation" title="Sharp Corporation">Sharp</a>. Osaka is an international center of research and development and is represented by several major universities, notably <a href="/wiki/Osaka_University" title="Osaka University">Osaka University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Metropolitan_University" title="Osaka Metropolitan University">Osaka Metropolitan University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kansai_University" title="Kansai University">Kansai University</a>. Famous landmarks in the city include <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Castle" title="Osaka Castle">Osaka Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Aquarium_Kaiyukan" title="Osaka Aquarium Kaiyukan">Osaka Aquarium Kaiyukan</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dtonbori" title="Dōtonbori">Dōtonbori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ts%C5%ABtenkaku" title="Tsūtenkaku">Tsūtenkaku</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shinsekai" title="Shinsekai">Shinsekai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenn%C5%8Dji_Park" title="Tennōji Park">Tennōji Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abenobashi_Terminal_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Abenobashi Terminal Building">Abeno Harukas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumiyoshi_Taisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumiyoshi Taisha">Sumiyoshi Taisha Grand Shrine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shitenn%C5%8D-ji" title="Shitennō-ji">Shitennō-ji</a>, one of the oldest Buddhist temples in Japan. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Ōsaka</i> means "large hill" or "large slope". It is unclear when this name gained prominence over Naniwa, but the oldest written evidence for the name dates back to 1496.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>, <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">大坂</span></span></span> (<i>Ōsaka</i>) and <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">大阪</span></span></span> (<i>Ōsaka</i>) were mixed use, and the writer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamamatsu_Utakuni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamamatsu Utakuni (page does not exist)">Hamamatsu Utakuni</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%9C%E6%9D%BE%E6%AD%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="ja:浜松歌国">ja</a>]</span>, in his book <i>Setsuyo Ochiboshu</i> published in 1808, states that the <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a> <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">坂</span></span></span> was abhorred because it means "returns to the earth," and thus <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">阪</span></span></span> was used. The kanji <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">土</span></span></span> (earth) is also similar to the word <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">士</span></span></span> (knight), and <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">反</span></span></span> means against, so <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">坂</span></span></span> can be understood as "samurai rebellion." <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">阪</span></span></span> was the official name in 1868 after the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>. The older kanji (坂) is still in very limited use, usually only in historical contexts. As an abbreviation, the modern kanji <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">阪</span></span></span> <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">han</i></span> refers to Osaka City or <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Prefecture" title="Osaka Prefecture">Osaka Prefecture</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Osaka" title="Timeline of Osaka">Timeline of Osaka</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins:_Jōmon_and_Yayoi_period"><span id="Origins:_J.C5.8Dmon_and_Yayoi_period"></span>Origins: Jōmon and Yayoi period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins: Jōmon and Yayoi period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon period</a> (7,000 BCE), present-day Osaka was mostly submerged, and the <a href="/wiki/Uemachi_Plateau" title="Uemachi Plateau">Uemachi Plateau</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">上町台地</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Uemachi Daichi</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> formed a 12 km long and 2.5 km wide peninsula separating <a href="/wiki/Kawachi_Bay" title="Kawachi Bay">Kawachi Bay</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Seto_Inland_Sea" title="Seto Inland Sea">Seto Inland Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Uemachidaichi_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uemachidaichi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-plain_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plain-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is considered one of the first places where inhabitants of Japan settled, both for the favorable geological conditions, rich in fresh water and lush vegetation, and because its position was defensible against military attack.<sup id="cite_ref-Uemachidaichi_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uemachidaichi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corbicula_sandai_-_Osaka_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_DSC07755.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Corbicula_sandai_-_Osaka_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_DSC07755.JPG/170px-Corbicula_sandai_-_Osaka_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_DSC07755.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Corbicula_sandai_-_Osaka_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_DSC07755.JPG/255px-Corbicula_sandai_-_Osaka_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_DSC07755.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Corbicula_sandai_-_Osaka_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_DSC07755.JPG/340px-Corbicula_sandai_-_Osaka_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_DSC07755.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption>Ancient shells found in the Morinomiya kaizuka (<a href="/wiki/Jomon_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Jomon period">Jomon period</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest evidence of settlements in the Osaka area are the Morinomiya ruins<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">森ノ宮遺跡</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Morinomiya iseki</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> which is located in the central <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D-ku,_Osaka" title="Chūō-ku, Osaka">Chuo-ku</a> district.<sup id="cite_ref-Uemachidaichi_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uemachidaichi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buried human skeletons and a kaizuka (a mound containing remains), were found as well as shell mounds, oysters, and other interesting archeological discoveries from the Jomon period.<sup id="cite_ref-Uemachidaichi_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uemachidaichi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the remains of consumed food, there were arrow heads, stone tools, fishing hooks and crockery with remains from rice processing. It is estimated that the ruins contain 2,000-year-old debris between the <a href="/wiki/Jomon_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Jomon period">Jomon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi period</a>. The findings of the archeological sites are exhibited in an adjacent building.<sup id="cite_ref-osakahist_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osakahist-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Uemachidaichi_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uemachidaichi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the years between the end of the Jōmon period and the beginning of the Yayoi period, the sediments that were deposited north of the Uemachi peninsula / plateau transformed Kawachi Bay into a lagoon.<sup id="cite_ref-plain_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plain-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi period</a> (300 BCE-250 CE), permanent habitation on the plains grew as rice farming became popular.<sup id="cite_ref-osakahist_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osakahist-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of the third century CE the grand shrine of <a href="/wiki/Sumiyoshi-taisha" title="Sumiyoshi-taisha">Sumiyoshi-taisha</a> was inaugurated near the harbor, commissioned by consort <a href="/wiki/Empress_Jing%C5%AB" title="Empress Jingū">Empress Jingū</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> shrine structure survived historical events,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which inaugurated a new style in the construction of Shinto shrines, called <a href="/wiki/Sumiyoshi-zukuri" title="Sumiyoshi-zukuri">Sumiyoshi-zukuri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The maritime panorama enjoyed from the shrine gardens inspired several artists, and nowadays the representations of that type of landscape are called <i>Sumiyoshi drawings</i>. </p><p>Towards the end of the Yayoi period the Uemachi plateau-peninsula expanded further, transforming the Kawachi Lagoon into a lake (河内湖) connected to the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Yodo_River" title="Yodo River">Yodo River</a>, which had widened to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-plain_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plain-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kofun_period">Kofun period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kofun period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the <a href="/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun period</a>, Osaka developed into a hub port connecting the region to the western part of Japan. The port of Naniwa-tsu was established and became the most important in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-sumiyoshi_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sumiyoshi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trade with other areas of the country and the <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asian continent</a> intensified.<sup id="cite_ref-sumiyoshi_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sumiyoshi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large numbers of increasingly larger keyhole-shaped <a href="/wiki/Kofun" title="Kofun">Kofun</a> mounds found in the plains of Osaka are evidence of political-power concentration, leading to the formation of a state.<sup id="cite_ref-osakahist_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osakahist-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The findings in the neighboring plains, including the mausoleum of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Nintoku" title="Emperor Nintoku">Emperor Nintoku</a> was discovered nearby in <a href="/wiki/Sakai" title="Sakai">Sakai</a> testify to the status of imperial city that Osaka had reached. Four of these mounds can be seen in Osaka, in which important members of the nobility are buried. They are located in the southern districts of the city and date back to the 5th century.<sup id="cite_ref-sumiyoshi_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sumiyoshi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A group of megalithic tombs called <a href="/wiki/Mozu_Tombs" title="Mozu Tombs">Mozu Tombs</a> are located in <a href="/wiki/Sakai" title="Sakai">Sakai</a>, Osaka Prefecture.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Important works of the Kofun period is the excavation that diverted the course of the <a href="/wiki/Yamato_River" title="Yamato River">Yamato River</a>, whose floods caused extensive damage, and the construction of important roads in the direction of <a href="/wiki/Sakai" title="Sakai">Sakai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nara_Prefecture" title="Nara Prefecture">Nara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-osakahist_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osakahist-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maritime traffic connected to the port of Naniwa-tsu increased in such a way that huge warehouses were built to stow material arriving and departing.<sup id="cite_ref-osakahist_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osakahist-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asuka_and_Nara_period">Asuka and Nara period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Asuka and Nara period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kojiki" title="Kojiki">Kojiki</a> records that during 390–430 CE, there was an imperial palace located at Osumi, in what is present day <a href="/wiki/Higashiyodogawa-ku,_Osaka" title="Higashiyodogawa-ku, Osaka">Higashiyodogawa ward</a>, but it may have been a secondary imperial residence rather than a capital.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 645, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dtoku" title="Emperor Kōtoku">Emperor Kōtoku</a> built his <a href="/wiki/Naniwa_Nagara-Toyosaki_Palace" title="Naniwa Nagara-Toyosaki Palace">Naniwa Nagara-Toyosaki Palace</a> in what is now Osaka,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it the capital of Japan. The city now known as Osaka was at this time referred to as Naniwa (written as <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">浪華</span></span></span> or <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">浪花</span></span></span>) and this name and derivations of it are still in use for districts in central Osaka such as <a href="/wiki/Naniwa-ku,_Osaka" title="Naniwa-ku, Osaka">Naniwa</a> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">浪速</span></span></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Namba" title="Namba">Namba</a> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">難波</span></span></span>). Although the capital was moved to <a href="/wiki/Asuka,_Yamato" title="Asuka, Yamato">Asuka</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Nara_Prefecture" title="Nara Prefecture">Nara Prefecture</a> today) in 655, Naniwa remained a vital connection, by land and sea, between <a href="/wiki/Yamato_Province" title="Yamato Province">Yamato</a> (modern day <a href="/wiki/Nara_Prefecture" title="Nara Prefecture">Nara Prefecture</a>), <a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Korea" title="Naval history of Korea">Korea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_China" title="Naval history of China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-osakahist_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osakahist-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Naniwa was declared the capital again in 744 by order of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dmu" title="Emperor Shōmu">Emperor Shōmu</a>, and remained so until 745, when the Imperial Court moved back to <a href="/wiki/Heij%C5%8D-ky%C5%8D" title="Heijō-kyō">Heijō-kyō</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Nara_(city)" title="Nara (city)">Nara</a>). By the end of the Nara period, Naniwa's seaport roles had been gradually taken over by neighboring areas, but it remained a lively center of river, channel, and land transportation between <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Heian-kyō</a> (Kyoto today) and other destinations. <a href="/wiki/Sumiyoshi_Taisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumiyoshi Taisha">Sumiyoshi Taisha</a> Grand Shrine was founded by Tamomi no Sukune in 211 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shitenn%C5%8D-ji" title="Shitennō-ji">Shitennō-ji</a> was first built in 593 CE and is the oldest <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> temple in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align: center;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Gallery</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumiyoshi-taisha,_keidai-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sumiyoshi Taisha Grand Shrine"><img alt="Sumiyoshi Taisha Grand Shrine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sumiyoshi-taisha%2C_keidai-2.jpg/294px-Sumiyoshi-taisha%2C_keidai-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sumiyoshi-taisha%2C_keidai-2.jpg/442px-Sumiyoshi-taisha%2C_keidai-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sumiyoshi-taisha%2C_keidai-2.jpg/589px-Sumiyoshi-taisha%2C_keidai-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6004" data-file-height="3980" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sumiyoshi_Taisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumiyoshi Taisha">Sumiyoshi Taisha</a> Grand Shrine</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 197.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shitennoji07s3200.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shitennō-ji"><img alt="Shitennō-ji" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Shitennoji07s3200.jpg/293px-Shitennoji07s3200.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Shitennoji07s3200.jpg/440px-Shitennoji07s3200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Shitennoji07s3200.jpg/585px-Shitennoji07s3200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3750" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Shitenn%C5%8D-ji" title="Shitennō-ji">Shitennō-ji</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naniwa-no-miya-ato,_zenkei-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Remains of Naniwa-no-Miya Palace (2017)"><img alt="Remains of Naniwa-no-Miya Palace (2017)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Naniwa-no-miya-ato%2C_zenkei-2.jpg/294px-Naniwa-no-miya-ato%2C_zenkei-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Naniwa-no-miya-ato%2C_zenkei-2.jpg/441px-Naniwa-no-miya-ato%2C_zenkei-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Naniwa-no-miya-ato%2C_zenkei-2.jpg/587px-Naniwa-no-miya-ato%2C_zenkei-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Remains of Naniwa-no-Miya Palace (2017)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heian_to_Edo_period">Heian to Edo period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Heian to Edo period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1496, <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo_Shinsh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo Shinshū">Jōdo Shinshū</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a> established their headquarters in the heavily fortified <a href="/wiki/Ishiyama_Hongan-ji" title="Ishiyama Hongan-ji">Ishiyama Hongan-ji</a>, located directly on the site of the old Naniwa Imperial Palace. <a href="/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga" title="Oda Nobunaga">Oda Nobunaga</a> began a decade-long siege campaign on the temple in 1570 which ultimately resulted in the surrender of the monks and subsequent razing of the temple. <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a> constructed <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Castle" title="Osaka Castle">Osaka Castle</a> in its place in 1583.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Osaka Castle played a pivotal role in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Osaka" title="Siege of Osaka">Siege of Osaka</a> (1614–1615). </p><p>Osaka was long considered Japan's primary economic center,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a large percentage of the population belonging to the merchant class (see <a href="/wiki/Four_divisions_of_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Four divisions of society">Four divisions of society</a>). Over the course of the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> (1603–1867), Osaka grew into one of Japan's major cities and returned to its ancient role as a lively and important port. <i><a href="/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimyō">Daimyōs</a></i> (feudal lords) received most of their income in the form of <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chonin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chonin">Merchants</a> in Osaka thus began to organize <a href="/wiki/Warehouse" title="Warehouse">storehouses</a> where they would store a <i>daimyō</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s rice in exchange for a fee, trading it for either coin or a form of receipt; essentially a precursor to <a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">paper money</a>. Many if not all of these <a href="/wiki/Rice_brokers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice brokers">rice brokers</a> also made loans, and would actually become quite wealthy and powerful. Osaka merchants coalesced their shops around <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Djima" class="mw-redirect" title="Dōjima">Dōjima</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Djima_Rice_Exchange" title="Dōjima Rice Exchange">Rice Exchange</a> was established in 1697 and where the world's first <a href="/wiki/Futures_exchange" title="Futures exchange">futures</a> market would come to exist to sell rice that was not yet harvested.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The popular culture of Osaka<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was closely related to <i><a href="/wiki/Ukiyo-e" title="Ukiyo-e">ukiyo-e</a></i> depictions of life in <a href="/wiki/Edo_(Tokyo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edo (Tokyo)">Edo</a>. By 1780, Osaka had cultivated a vibrant arts culture, as typified by its famous <a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">Kabuki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bunraku" title="Bunraku">Bunraku</a> theaters.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1837, <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cshio_Heihachir%C5%8D" title="Ōshio Heihachirō">Ōshio Heihachirō</a>, a low-ranking <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a>, led a peasant insurrection in response to the city's unwillingness to support the many poor and suffering families in the area. Approximately one-quarter of the city was razed before shogunal officials put down the rebellion, after which Ōshio killed himself.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Osaka was opened to foreign trade by the government of the <a href="/wiki/Bakufu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakufu">Bakufu</a> at the same time as <a href="/wiki/Hy%C5%8Dgo_Prefecture" title="Hyōgo Prefecture">Hyogo Town</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe">Kobe</a>) on January 1, 1868, just before the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kawaguchi_foreign_settlement" title="Kawaguchi foreign settlement">Kawaguchi foreign settlement</a>, now the Kawaguchi subdistrict, is a legacy of the foreign presence in Osaka. </p><p>Osaka residents were stereotyped in Edo literature from at least the 18th century. <a href="/wiki/Jippensha_Ikku" title="Jippensha Ikku">Jippensha Ikku</a> in 1802 depicted Osakans as stingy almost beyond belief. In 1809, the derogatory term "Kamigata zeeroku" was used by Edo residents to characterize inhabitants of the Osaka region in terms of calculation, shrewdness, lack of civic spirit, and the vulgarity of Osaka dialect. Edo writers aspired to samurai culture, and saw themselves as poor but generous, chaste, and public spirited. Edo writers by contrast saw "zeeroku" as obsequious apprentices, stingy, greedy, gluttonous, and lewd. To some degree, Osaka residents are still stigmatized by Tokyo observers in the same way today, especially in terms of gluttony, evidenced in the phrase, "Residents of Osaka devour their food until they collapse"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">大阪は食倒れ</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">"Ōsaka wa kuidaore"</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align: center;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Gallery</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osaka_Castle_02bs3200.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Osaka Castle (first built in 1583)"><img alt="Osaka Castle (first built in 1583)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Osaka_Castle_02bs3200.jpg/298px-Osaka_Castle_02bs3200.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Osaka_Castle_02bs3200.jpg/448px-Osaka_Castle_02bs3200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Osaka_Castle_02bs3200.jpg/596px-Osaka_Castle_02bs3200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4167" data-file-height="2728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Osaka_Castle" title="Osaka Castle">Osaka Castle</a> (first built in 1583)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 344px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 342px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osaka-zu_byobu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Sumiyoshi-matsuri in the 16th century"><img alt="The Sumiyoshi-matsuri in the 16th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Osaka-zu_byobu.jpg/513px-Osaka-zu_byobu.jpg" decoding="async" width="342" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Osaka-zu_byobu.jpg/771px-Osaka-zu_byobu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Osaka-zu_byobu.jpg/1026px-Osaka-zu_byobu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2953" data-file-height="1123" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Sumiyoshi-matsuri in the 16th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 294px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 292px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Siege_of_Osaka_Castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japanese painting of the Siege of Osaka (1615)"><img alt="Japanese painting of the Siege of Osaka (1615)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Siege_of_Osaka_Castle.jpg/438px-The_Siege_of_Osaka_Castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="292" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Siege_of_Osaka_Castle.jpg/658px-The_Siege_of_Osaka_Castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Siege_of_Osaka_Castle.jpg/876px-The_Siege_of_Osaka_Castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12583" data-file-height="5608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Japanese painting of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Osaka" title="Siege of Osaka">Siege of Osaka</a> (1615)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 119.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 117.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Newly_compiled_and_enlarged_plan_of_%C5%8Csaka_(14042582876).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Osaka, 1686"><img alt="Map of Osaka, 1686" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Newly_compiled_and_enlarged_plan_of_%C5%8Csaka_%2814042582876%29.jpg/176px-Newly_compiled_and_enlarged_plan_of_%C5%8Csaka_%2814042582876%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Newly_compiled_and_enlarged_plan_of_%C5%8Csaka_%2814042582876%29.jpg/264px-Newly_compiled_and_enlarged_plan_of_%C5%8Csaka_%2814042582876%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Newly_compiled_and_enlarged_plan_of_%C5%8Csaka_%2814042582876%29.jpg/351px-Newly_compiled_and_enlarged_plan_of_%C5%8Csaka_%2814042582876%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1802" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of Osaka, 1686</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dojima-Rice-Exchange-Osaka-by-Yoshimitsu-Sasaki.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Dōjima Rice Exchange ukiyo-e by Yoshimitsu Sasaki"><img alt="Dōjima Rice Exchange ukiyo-e by Yoshimitsu Sasaki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Dojima-Rice-Exchange-Osaka-by-Yoshimitsu-Sasaki.png/451px-Dojima-Rice-Exchange-Osaka-by-Yoshimitsu-Sasaki.png" decoding="async" width="301" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Dojima-Rice-Exchange-Osaka-by-Yoshimitsu-Sasaki.png/677px-Dojima-Rice-Exchange-Osaka-by-Yoshimitsu-Sasaki.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Dojima-Rice-Exchange-Osaka-by-Yoshimitsu-Sasaki.png/902px-Dojima-Rice-Exchange-Osaka-by-Yoshimitsu-Sasaki.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1082" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dōjima Rice Exchange ukiyo-e by Yoshimitsu Sasaki</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meiji_to_Heisei_period">Meiji to Heisei period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Meiji to Heisei period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the enormous changes that characterized the country after the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> (1868), and the relocation of the capital from <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, Osaka entered a period of decline. From being the capital of the economy and finance, it became a predominantly industrial center.<sup id="cite_ref-osaka-info.jp_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osaka-info.jp-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern municipality was established<sup id="cite_ref-osaka-info.jp_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osaka-info.jp-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1889 by <a href="/wiki/City_designated_by_government_ordinance" class="mw-redirect" title="City designated by government ordinance">government ordinance</a>, with an initial area of 15 square kilometres (6 sq mi), overlapping today's <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D-ku,_Osaka" title="Chūō-ku, Osaka">Chuo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nishi-ku,_Osaka" title="Nishi-ku, Osaka">Nishi</a> wards. Later, the city went through three major expansions to reach its current size of 223 square kilometres (86 sq mi). Osaka was the industrial center most clearly defined in the development of capitalism in Japan. It became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> of the Orient".<sup id="cite_ref-osaka-info.jp_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osaka-info.jp-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1925, it was the largest and most populous city in Japan and sixth in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-osaka-info.jp_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osaka-info.jp-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rapid industrialization attracted many Asian immigrants (Indians, Chinese, and Koreans), who set up a life apart for themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The political system was pluralistic, with a strong emphasis on promoting industrialization and modernization.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Literacy was high and the educational system expanded rapidly, producing a middle class with a taste for literature and a willingness to support the arts.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1927, <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> operated a factory called <a href="/wiki/List_of_General_Motors_factories" title="List of General Motors factories">Osaka Assembly</a> until 1941, manufacturing <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet" title="Chevrolet">Chevrolet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadillac" title="Cadillac">Cadillac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontiac_(automobile)" title="Pontiac (automobile)">Pontiac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oldsmobile" title="Oldsmobile">Oldsmobile</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buick" title="Buick">Buick</a> vehicles, operated and staffed by Japanese workers and managers.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the nearby city of <a href="/wiki/Ikeda,_Osaka" title="Ikeda, Osaka">Ikeda</a> in Osaka Prefecture is the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Daihatsu" title="Daihatsu">Daihatsu</a>, one of Japan's oldest automobile manufacturers. </p><p>Like its European and American counterparts, Osaka displayed slums, unemployment, and poverty. In Japan it was here that municipal government first introduced a comprehensive system of poverty relief, copied in part from British models. Osaka policymakers stressed the importance of family formation and mutual assistance as the best way to combat poverty. This minimized the cost of welfare programs.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Osaka" title="Bombing of Osaka">Osaka came under air raids</a> in 1945 by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan" title="Air raids on Japan">air raids on Japan</a>. On March 13, 1945, a total of 329 <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">Boeing B-29 Superfortress</a> <a href="/wiki/Heavy_bombers" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy bombers">heavy bombers</a> took part in the raid against Osaka. According to an American <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a> who was held in the city, the air raid took almost the entire night and destroyed 25 square miles (65 km<sup>2</sup>) of the city. The U.S. bombed the city again twice in June 1945 and again on August 14, a day before <a href="/wiki/Japan%27s_surrender" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan's surrender">Japan's surrender</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the decades after World War II, the reconstruction plan and the industriousness of its inhabitants ensured Osaka even greater prosperity than it had before the war. Osaka's population regrew to more than three million in the 1960s when large-scale prefectural suburbanization began and doubled to six million by the 1990s. The factories were rebuilt and trade revived, the city were developed rapidly it became a major multicultural and financial center in the postwar period <a href="/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle" title="Japanese economic miracle">between the 1950s and the 1980s</a>, it is known as the "<a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> of the Orient".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (November 2022)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> Osaka Prefecture was chosen as the venue for the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Expo_%2770" title="Expo '70">Expo '70</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/World%27s_fair" title="World's fair">world's fair</a> ever held in an Asian country. Since then, numerous international events have been held in Osaka, including the 1995 <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">APEC Summit</a>. </p><p>The modern municipality, which when it was established in 1889 occupied an area of just 15 km<sup>2</sup> including the districts of Chūō and Nishi, following three successive expansions has reached an area of 222 km<sup>2</sup>. It was one of the first cities in Japan to obtain <a href="/wiki/Cities_designated_by_government_ordinance_of_Japan" title="Cities designated by government ordinance of Japan">designated city</a> status in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century_to_present">21st century to present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 21st century to present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The plan to reorganize Osaka and its province into a metropolis like Tokyo met with stiff opposition in some municipalities, particularly the highly populated <a href="/wiki/Sakai" title="Sakai">Sakai</a>. He<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2024)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> then fell back on a project that included the suppression of the 24 wards of Osaka, thus dividing the city into 5 new special districts with a status similar to that of the 23 <a href="/wiki/Special_wards_of_Tokyo" title="Special wards of Tokyo">Special wards of Tokyo</a>. It was introduced by former mayor <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dru_Hashimoto" title="Tōru Hashimoto">Tōru Hashimoto</a>, leader of the reform party <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Restoration_Association" title="Osaka Restoration Association">Osaka Restoration Association</a> which he founded. The referendum of May 17, 2015 called in Osaka for the approval of this project saw the narrow victory of no, and consequently Hashimoto announced his withdrawal from politics.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second referendum for a merger into 4 semi-autonomous wards was narrowly voted down by 692,996 (50.6%).<sup id="cite_ref-metropolis-2020_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metropolis-2020-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> list of <i>The World's Most Expensive Places To Live 2009</i>, Osaka was the second most expensive in the world after <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2020 it slipped to 5th rank of most expensive cities.<sup id="cite_ref-forbes-2020_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbes-2020-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 March 2014, the 300-metre tall <a href="/wiki/Abeno_Harukas" title="Abeno Harukas">Abeno Harukas</a> opened, which became the tallest building in Japan (surpassing the <a href="/wiki/Yokohama_Landmark_Tower" title="Yokohama Landmark Tower">Yokohama Landmark Tower</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a>), until it was in turn surpassed by the 330-metre tall <a href="/wiki/Azabudai_Hills" title="Azabudai Hills">Azabudai Hills Main Tower</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> following its completion in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-Tallest_high-rise_nears_completion_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tallest_high-rise_nears_completion-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Expo_2025" title="Expo 2025">Expo 2025</a> will be held at <a href="/wiki/Yumeshima" title="Yumeshima">Yumeshima</a> Island, <a href="/wiki/Konohana-ku,_Osaka" title="Konohana-ku, Osaka">Konohana-ku</a>, it became the third city since hosted <a href="/wiki/Expo_%2770" title="Expo '70">Expo 1970</a> and <a href="/wiki/Expo_%2790" title="Expo '90">1990</a>; the third in Japan since Expo '70 and <a href="/wiki/Expo_2005" title="Expo 2005">Expo 2005</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aichi_Prefecture" title="Aichi Prefecture">Aichi Prefecture</a>. The event will return to its traditional 5-year scheduling cycle after the <a href="/wiki/Expo_2020" title="Expo 2020">Expo 2020</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> was delayed to 2021 due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The projected visitor count is approximately 28 million.<sup id="cite_ref-about_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align: center;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Gallery</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osaka_Umeda_Sky_Building_Panoramablick_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skyscrapers in Umeda district"><img alt="Skyscrapers in Umeda district" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Osaka_Umeda_Sky_Building_Panoramablick_05.jpg/320px-Osaka_Umeda_Sky_Building_Panoramablick_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Osaka_Umeda_Sky_Building_Panoramablick_05.jpg/481px-Osaka_Umeda_Sky_Building_Panoramablick_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Osaka_Umeda_Sky_Building_Panoramablick_05.jpg/640px-Osaka_Umeda_Sky_Building_Panoramablick_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4554" data-file-height="2778" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Skyscrapers in <a href="/wiki/Umeda" title="Umeda">Umeda</a> district</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 214px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 212px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sennichimae_Osaka_ca1916.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sennichimae area in 1916"><img alt="Sennichimae area in 1916" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sennichimae_Osaka_ca1916.JPG/318px-Sennichimae_Osaka_ca1916.JPG" decoding="async" width="212" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sennichimae_Osaka_ca1916.JPG/478px-Sennichimae_Osaka_ca1916.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sennichimae_Osaka_ca1916.JPG/636px-Sennichimae_Osaka_ca1916.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1638" data-file-height="1005" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sennichimae area in 1916</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osaka_after_the_1945_air_raid.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="View of Osaka after the bombing in 1945"><img alt="View of Osaka after the bombing in 1945" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Osaka_after_the_1945_air_raid.JPG/260px-Osaka_after_the_1945_air_raid.JPG" decoding="async" width="174" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Osaka_after_the_1945_air_raid.JPG/390px-Osaka_after_the_1945_air_raid.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Osaka_after_the_1945_air_raid.JPG 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="381" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of Osaka after the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Osaka" title="Bombing of Osaka">bombing</a> in 1945</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 69.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 67.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abeno_Harukas_20140507-002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abeno Harukas, second-tallest building in Japan"><img alt="Abeno Harukas, second-tallest building in Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Abeno_Harukas_20140507-002.jpg/101px-Abeno_Harukas_20140507-002.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Abeno_Harukas_20140507-002.jpg/151px-Abeno_Harukas_20140507-002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Abeno_Harukas_20140507-002.jpg/201px-Abeno_Harukas_20140507-002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2375" data-file-height="4596" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Abeno_Harukas" title="Abeno Harukas">Abeno Harukas</a>, second-tallest building in Japan</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osaka_by_Sentinel-2,_2020-10-27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Osaka_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-10-27.jpg/260px-Osaka_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-10-27.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Osaka_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-10-27.jpg/390px-Osaka_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-10-27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Osaka_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-10-27.jpg/520px-Osaka_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-10-27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3147" data-file-height="2698" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of Osaka</figcaption></figure> <p>The city's west side is open to <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Bay" title="Osaka Bay">Osaka Bay</a>, and is otherwise completely surrounded by more than ten satellite cities, all of them in <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Prefecture" title="Osaka Prefecture">Osaka Prefecture</a>, with one exception: the city of <a href="/wiki/Amagasaki" title="Amagasaki">Amagasaki</a>, belonging to <a href="/wiki/Hy%C5%8Dgo_Prefecture" title="Hyōgo Prefecture">Hyōgo Prefecture</a>, in the northwest. The city occupies a larger area (about 13%) than any other city or village within Osaka Prefecture. When the city was established in 1889, it occupied roughly the area known today as the Chuo and Nishi wards, only 15.27 square kilometres (6 sq mi) that would eventually grow into today's 222.30 square kilometres (86 sq mi) via incremental expansions, the largest of which being a single 126.01-square-kilometre (49 sq mi) expansion in 1925. Osaka's highest point is 37.5 metres (123.0 ft) Tokyo Peil in <a href="/wiki/Tsurumi-ku,_Osaka" title="Tsurumi-ku, Osaka">Tsurumi-ku</a>, and the lowest point is in <a href="/wiki/Nishiyodogawa-ku,_Osaka" title="Nishiyodogawa-ku, Osaka">Nishiyodogawa-ku</a> at −2.2 metres (−7.2 ft) Tokyo Peil.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Osaka has a <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> of 34.67 (near the <a href="/wiki/35th_parallel_north" title="35th parallel north">35th parallel north</a>), which makes it more southern than <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> (41.90), <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> (40.41), <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> (37.77) and <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a> (37.53).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Osaka is located in the <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> zone (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> <i>Cfa</i>), with four distinct seasons. Its winters are generally mild, with January being the coldest month having an average high of 9.7 °C (49 °F). The city rarely sees snowfall during the winter. Spring in Osaka starts off mild, but ends up being hot and humid. It also tends to be Osaka's wettest season, with the <i><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_rainy_season" title="East Asian rainy season">tsuyu</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">梅雨</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">tsuyu</i></span>, "plum rain")</span>—the rainy season—occurring between early June and late July. The average starting and ending dates of the rainy season are June 7 and July 21 respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Summers are very hot and humid. In August, the hottest month, the average daily high temperature reaches 33.7 °C (93 °F), while average nighttime low temperatures typically hover around 25.8 °C (78 °F). Fall in Osaka sees a cooling trend, with the early part of the season resembling summer while the latter part of fall resembles winter. Precipitation is abundant, with winter being the driest season, while monthly rainfall peaks in June with the "tsuyu" rainy season, which typically ends in mid to late July. From late July through the end of August, summer's heat and humidity peaks, and rainfall decreases somewhat. Osaka experiences a second rainy period in September and early October, when tropical weather systems, including typhoons, coming from the south or southwest are possible. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Osaka (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1883−present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1<br />(66.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7<br />(74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2<br />(75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7<br />(87.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.7<br />(90.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.1<br />(97.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1500; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.4<br />(101.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.1<br />(102.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.4<br />(97.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.1<br />(91.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.2<br />(81.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5<br />(76.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">39.1<br />(102.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7<br />(49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5<br />(50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2<br />(57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9<br />(67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9<br />(76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0<br />(82.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.8<br />(89.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.7<br />(92.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.5<br />(85.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7<br />(74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8<br />(64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3<br />(54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B17; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">21.3<br />(70.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2<br />(43.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6<br />(43.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9<br />(49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2<br />(59.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1<br />(68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.7<br />(81.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.0<br />(84.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2<br />(77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5<br />(67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8<br />(56.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7<br />(47.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">17.1<br />(62.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0<br />(37.4) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2<br />(37.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0<br />(42.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9<br />(51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0<br />(60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.3<br />(68.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6<br />(76.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.8<br />(78.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9<br />(71.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0<br />(60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2<br />(50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3<br />(41.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.6<br />(56.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.5<br />(18.5) </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.5<br />(20.3) </td> <td style="background: #CACAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.2<br />(22.6) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.6<br />(27.3) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5<br />(38.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9<br />(48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8<br />(58.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6<br />(56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4<br />(50.7) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0<br />(37.4) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.2<br />(28.0) </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.5<br />(23.9) </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−7.5<br />(18.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #B8FFB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.0<br />(1.85) </td> <td style="background: #9CFF9C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.5<br />(2.38) </td> <td style="background: #65FF65; color:#000000;" class="notheme">103.1<br />(4.06) </td> <td style="background: #62FF62; color:#000000;" class="notheme">101.9<br />(4.01) </td> <td style="background: #33FF33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">136.5<br />(5.37) </td> <td style="background: #00E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">185.1<br />(7.29) </td> <td style="background: #00FA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">174.4<br />(6.87) </td> <td style="background: #56FF56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">113.0<br />(4.45) </td> <td style="background: #13FF13; color:#000000;" class="notheme">152.8<br />(6.02) </td> <td style="background: #34FF34; color:#000000;" class="notheme">136.0<br />(5.35) </td> <td style="background: #8FFF8F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.5<br />(2.85) </td> <td style="background: #ACFFAC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.5<br />(2.19) </td> <td style="background: #55FF55; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,338.3<br />(52.69) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1<br />(0.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1<br />(0.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.5 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 </td> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.3 </td> <td style="background: #7373FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3 </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">109.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #1515FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">61 </td> <td style="background: #1919FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60 </td> <td style="background: #1D1DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #2121FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58 </td> <td style="background: #1515FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">61 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67 </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #0A0AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #1111FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62 </td> <td style="background: #0E0EFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">63 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #C2C217; color:#000000;" class="notheme">146.5 </td> <td style="background: #C6C601; color:#000000;" class="notheme">140.6 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">172.2 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">192.6 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">203.7 </td> <td style="background: #C8C800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">154.3 </td> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">184.0 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">222.4 </td> <td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">161.6 </td> <td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">166.1 </td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">152.6 </td> <td style="background: #C5C507; color:#000000;" class="notheme">152.1 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,048.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Japan Meteorological Agency<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Weather Atlas<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cityscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Osaka's sprawling cityscape has been described as "only surpassed by Tokyo as a showcase of the Japanese urban phenomenon".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align: center;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Osaka.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Central Osaka looking north from the Abeno Harukas observation deck (2014)"><img alt="Central Osaka looking north from the Abeno Harukas observation deck (2014)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Central_Osaka.jpg/295px-Central_Osaka.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Central_Osaka.jpg/443px-Central_Osaka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Central_Osaka.jpg/589px-Central_Osaka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4692" data-file-height="3108" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Central Osaka looking north from the Abeno Harukas observation deck (2014)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 262px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ufoto-wiki-01_Osaka-Skyline_May2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Osaka skyline towards Umeda (2014)"><img alt="Osaka skyline towards Umeda (2014)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ufoto-wiki-01_Osaka-Skyline_May2014.jpg/390px-Ufoto-wiki-01_Osaka-Skyline_May2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ufoto-wiki-01_Osaka-Skyline_May2014.jpg/586px-Ufoto-wiki-01_Osaka-Skyline_May2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ufoto-wiki-01_Osaka-Skyline_May2014.jpg/780px-Ufoto-wiki-01_Osaka-Skyline_May2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Osaka skyline towards Umeda (2014)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osaka_Dusk_Skyline.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Osaka skyline at night from Umeda Sky Building (2016)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Osaka_Dusk_Skyline.png/800px-Osaka_Dusk_Skyline.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Osaka_Dusk_Skyline.png/1200px-Osaka_Dusk_Skyline.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Osaka_Dusk_Skyline.png/1600px-Osaka_Dusk_Skyline.png 2x" data-file-width="15250" data-file-height="4255" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Osaka_Dusk_Skyline.png" title="File:Osaka Dusk Skyline.png"> </a></div>Osaka skyline at night from <a href="/wiki/Umeda_Sky_Building" title="Umeda Sky Building">Umeda Sky Building</a> (2016)</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Neighborhoods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Central Osaka is roughly divided into downtown and uptown areas known as <b>Kita</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%82%BF" class="extiw" title="ja:キタ">キタ</a></span></span>, "north")</span> and <b>Minami</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8A%E3%83%9F" class="extiw" title="ja:ミナミ">ミナミ</a></span></span>, "south")</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-japan-guide.com_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japan-guide.com-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-japan-guide.com1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japan-guide.com1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kita is home to the <a href="/wiki/Umeda" title="Umeda">Umeda</a> district and its immediate surrounding neighborhoods, a major business and retail hub that plays host to <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Csaka_Station" title="Ōsaka Station">Osaka Station City</a> and a large subterranean network of shopping arcades.<sup id="cite_ref-japan-guide.com_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japan-guide.com-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kita and nearby <a href="/wiki/Nakanoshima" title="Nakanoshima">Nakanoshima</a> contain a prominent portion of the city's skyscrapers and are often featured in photographs of Osaka's skyline. </p><p>Minami, though meaning "south", is essentially in Chūō Ward<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">中央区</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Chūō-ku</i></span>)</span> and geographically central within the city.<sup id="cite_ref-japan-guide.com1_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japan-guide.com1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Well known districts here include <a href="/wiki/Namba" title="Namba">Namba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shinsaibashi" title="Shinsaibashi">Shinsaibashi</a> shopping areas, the <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dtonbori" title="Dōtonbori">Dōtonbori</a> canal entertainment area, <a href="/wiki/Nipponbashi" title="Nipponbashi">Nipponbashi</a> Den Den Town, as well as arts and fashion culture-oriented areas such as <a href="/wiki/Amerikamura" title="Amerikamura">Amerikamura</a> and Horie. The 300-meter tall <a href="/wiki/Abenobashi_Terminal_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Abenobashi Terminal Building">Abeno Harukas</a> was the tallest skyscraper in the country from 2014 until 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-Tallest_high-rise_nears_completion_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tallest_high-rise_nears_completion-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The business districts between Kita and Minami such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Honmachi_(Osaka)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Honmachi (Osaka) (page does not exist)">Honmachi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E7%94%BA_(%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E5%B8%82)" class="extiw" title="ja:本町 (大阪市)">ja</a>]</span> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yodoyabashi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yodoyabashi (page does not exist)">Yodoyabashi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B7%80%E5%B1%8B%E6%A9%8B" class="extiw" title="ja:淀屋橋">ja</a>]</span>, called <b>Semba</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%B9%E5%A0%B4_(%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E5%B8%82)" class="extiw" title="ja:船場 (大阪市)">船場</a></span></span>)</span>, house the regional headquarters of many large-scale banks and corporations. The <a href="/wiki/Mid%C5%8Dsuji" title="Midōsuji">Midōsuji</a> boulevard runs through Semba and connects Kita and Minami. </p><p>Further south of Minami are neighborhoods such as <a href="/wiki/Shinsekai" title="Shinsekai">Shinsekai</a> (with its <a href="/wiki/Tsutenkaku" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsutenkaku">Tsūtenkaku</a> tower), <a href="/wiki/Tenn%C5%8Dji-ku,_Osaka" title="Tennōji-ku, Osaka">Tennoji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abeno-ku,_Osaka" title="Abeno-ku, Osaka">Abeno</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Tenn%C5%8Dji_Zoo" title="Tennōji Zoo">Tennoji Zoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shitenn%C5%8D-ji" title="Shitennō-ji">Shitennō-ji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abenobashi_Terminal_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Abenobashi Terminal Building">Abeno Harukas</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Kamagasaki" title="Kamagasaki">Kamagasaki</a> slums, the largest slum in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city's west side is a prominent <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Bay" title="Osaka Bay">bay area</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which serves as its main port as well as a tourist destination with attractions such as <a href="/wiki/Kyocera_Dome" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyocera Dome">Kyocera Dome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_Studios_Japan" title="Universal Studios Japan">Universal Studios Japan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tenp%C5%8D" title="Mount Tenpō">Tempozan Harbor Village</a>. <a href="/wiki/Higashi%C5%8Dsaka,_Osaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Higashiōsaka, Osaka">Higashiosaka</a> is zoned as a separate city, although the east side of Osaka city proper contains numerous residential neighborhoods including <a href="/wiki/Tsuruhashi_Station" title="Tsuruhashi Station">Tsuruhashi</a> KoreaTown, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Castle_Park" title="Osaka Castle Park">Osaka Castle Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Business_Park" title="Osaka Business Park">Osaka Business Park</a> and the hub <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dbashi_Station_(Osaka)" title="Kyōbashi Station (Osaka)">Kyōbashi Station</a>. </p><p>Osaka contains numerous urban canals and bridges, many of which serve as the namesake for their surrounding neighborhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-Eiichi_Watanabe-2004_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eiichi_Watanabe-2004-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phrase "808 bridges of Naniwa" was an expression in old Japan used to indicate impressiveness and the "uncountable". Osaka numbered roughly 200 bridges by the Edo period<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1,629 bridges by 1925. As many of the city's canals were gradually filled in, the number dropped to 872, of which 760 are currently managed by Osaka City.<sup id="cite_ref-Eiichi_Watanabe-2004_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eiichi_Watanabe-2004-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align: center;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Gallery</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 208px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nakanoshima_Skyscrapers_in_201504_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nakanoshima, a boundary of Kita (right) and Semba (left)"><img alt="Nakanoshima, a boundary of Kita (right) and Semba (left)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Nakanoshima_Skyscrapers_in_201504_001.jpg/312px-Nakanoshima_Skyscrapers_in_201504_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Nakanoshima_Skyscrapers_in_201504_001.jpg/469px-Nakanoshima_Skyscrapers_in_201504_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Nakanoshima_Skyscrapers_in_201504_001.jpg/624px-Nakanoshima_Skyscrapers_in_201504_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nakanoshima" title="Nakanoshima">Nakanoshima</a>, a boundary of Kita (right) and Semba (left)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_photo_of_Umeda_14-Aug-2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Umeda district (2019)"><img alt="Umeda district (2019)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Aerial_photo_of_Umeda_14-Aug-2019.jpg/267px-Aerial_photo_of_Umeda_14-Aug-2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Aerial_photo_of_Umeda_14-Aug-2019.jpg/401px-Aerial_photo_of_Umeda_14-Aug-2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Aerial_photo_of_Umeda_14-Aug-2019.jpg/534px-Aerial_photo_of_Umeda_14-Aug-2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4559" data-file-height="3332" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Umeda" title="Umeda">Umeda</a> district (2019)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 197.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osaka_Dotonbori_Ebisu_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dōtonbori bridge"><img alt="Dōtonbori bridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Osaka_Dotonbori_Ebisu_Bridge.jpg/293px-Osaka_Dotonbori_Ebisu_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Osaka_Dotonbori_Ebisu_Bridge.jpg/441px-Osaka_Dotonbori_Ebisu_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Osaka_Dotonbori_Ebisu_Bridge.jpg/587px-Osaka_Dotonbori_Ebisu_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2997" data-file-height="1993" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dtonbori" title="Dōtonbori">Dōtonbori</a> bridge</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 197.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Namba_20150531.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Namba (2015)"><img alt="Namba (2015)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Namba_20150531.JPG/293px-Namba_20150531.JPG" decoding="async" width="196" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Namba_20150531.JPG/441px-Namba_20150531.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Namba_20150531.JPG/587px-Namba_20150531.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3037" data-file-height="2020" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Namba" title="Namba">Namba</a> (2015)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_wards">List of wards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: List of wards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are currently 24 <a href="/wiki/Wards_of_Japan" title="Wards of Japan">wards</a> in Osaka: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th style="width: 190px;">Name </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a> </th> <th>Population </th> <th><i>Land area in km<sup>2</sup></i> </th> <th>Pop. density <p><i>per km<sup>2</sup></i> </p> </th> <th>Map of Osaka </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abeno-ku,_Osaka" title="Abeno-ku, Osaka">Abeno-ku</a> </td> <td><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">阿倍野区</span></span></span> </td> <td>107,000 </td> <td>5.99 </td> <td>18,440 </td> <td rowspan="24"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osaka_Wards.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A map of Osaka's Wards"><img alt="A map of Osaka's Wards" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Osaka_Wards.png/400px-Osaka_Wards.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Osaka_Wards.png/600px-Osaka_Wards.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Osaka_Wards.png/800px-Osaka_Wards.png 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption>A map of Osaka's Wards</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asahi-ku,_Osaka" title="Asahi-ku, Osaka">Asahi-ku</a> </td> <td><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">旭区</span></span></span> </td> <td>90,854 </td> <td>6.32 </td> <td>14,376 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D-ku,_Osaka" title="Chūō-ku, Osaka">Chūō-ku</a> </td> <td><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">中央区</span></span></span> </td> <td>100,998 </td> <td>8.87 </td> <td>11,386 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fukushima-ku,_Osaka" title="Fukushima-ku, Osaka">Fukushima-ku</a> </td> <td><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">福島区</span></span></span> </td> <td>78,348 </td> <td>4.67 </td> <td>16,777 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Higashinari-ku,_Osaka" title="Higashinari-ku, Osaka">Higashinari-ku</a> </td> <td><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">東成区</span></span></span> </td> <td>83,684 </td> <td>4.54 </td> <td>18,433 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Higashisumiyoshi-ku,_Osaka" title="Higashisumiyoshi-ku, Osaka">Higashisumiyoshi-ku</a> </td> <td><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">東住吉区</span></span></span> </td> <td>126,704 </td> <td>9.75 </td> <td>12,995 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Higashiyodogawa-ku,_Osaka" title="Higashiyodogawa-ku, Osaka">Higashiyodogawa-ku</a> </td> <td><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">東淀川区</span></span></span> </td> <td>176,943 </td> <td>13.27 </td> <td>13,334 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hirano-ku,_Osaka" title="Hirano-ku, Osaka">Hirano-ku</a> </td> <td><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">平野区</span></span></span> </td> <td>193,282 </td> <td>15.28 </td> <td>12,649 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ikuno-ku,_Osaka" title="Ikuno-ku, Osaka">Ikuno-ku</a> </td> <td><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">生野区</span></span></span> </td> <td>129,641 </td> <td>8.37 </td> <td>15,489 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dt%C5%8D-ku,_Osaka" title="Jōtō-ku, Osaka">Jōtō-ku</a> </td> <td><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">城東区</span></span></span> </td> <td>167,925 </td> <td>8.38 </td> <td>20,039 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kita-ku,_Osaka" title="Kita-ku, Osaka">Kita-ku</a> <small>(administrative center)</small> </td> <td><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">北区</span></span></span> </td> <td>136,602 </td> <td>10.34 </td> <td>13,211 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Konohana-ku,_Osaka" title="Konohana-ku, Osaka">Konohana-ku</a> </td> <td><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">此花区</span></span></span> </td> <td>65,086 </td> <td>19.25 </td> <td>3,381 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Minato-ku,_Osaka" title="Minato-ku, Osaka">Minato-ku</a> </td> <td><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">港区</span></span></span> </td> <td>80,759 </td> <td>7.86 </td> <td>10,275 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miyakojima-ku,_Osaka" title="Miyakojima-ku, Osaka">Miyakojima-ku</a> </td> <td><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">都島区</span></span></span> </td> <td>107,555 </td> <td>6.08 </td> <td>17,690 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Naniwa-ku,_Osaka" title="Naniwa-ku, Osaka">Naniwa-ku</a> </td> <td><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">浪速区</span></span></span> </td> <td>74,992 </td> <td>4.39 </td> <td>17,082 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">16 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nishi-ku,_Osaka" title="Nishi-ku, Osaka">Nishi-ku</a> </td> <td><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">西区</span></span></span> </td> <td>103,089 </td> <td>5.21 </td> <td>19,787 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nishinari-ku,_Osaka" title="Nishinari-ku, Osaka">Nishinari-ku</a> </td> <td><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">西成区</span></span></span> </td> <td>108,654 </td> <td>7.37 </td> <td>14,743 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">18 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nishiyodogawa-ku,_Osaka" title="Nishiyodogawa-ku, Osaka">Nishiyodogawa-ku</a> </td> <td><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">西淀川区</span></span></span> </td> <td>95,960 </td> <td>14.22 </td> <td>6,748 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">19 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Suminoe-ku,_Osaka" title="Suminoe-ku, Osaka">Suminoe-ku</a> </td> <td><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">住之江区</span></span></span> </td> <td>120,629 </td> <td>20.61 </td> <td>5,853 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sumiyoshi-ku,_Osaka" title="Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka">Sumiyoshi-ku</a> </td> <td><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">住吉区</span></span></span> </td> <td>153,425 </td> <td>9.40 </td> <td>16,322 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">21 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D-ku,_Osaka" title="Taishō-ku, Osaka">Taishō-ku</a> </td> <td><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">大正区</span></span></span> </td> <td>62,872 </td> <td>9.43 </td> <td>6,667 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">22 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenn%C5%8Dji-ku,_Osaka" title="Tennōji-ku, Osaka">Tennōji-ku</a> </td> <td><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">天王寺区</span></span></span> </td> <td>80,830 </td> <td>4.84 </td> <td>16,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">23 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tsurumi-ku,_Osaka" title="Tsurumi-ku, Osaka">Tsurumi-ku</a> </td> <td><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">鶴見区</span></span></span> </td> <td>111,501 </td> <td>8.17 </td> <td>13,648 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">24 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yodogawa-ku,_Osaka" title="Yodogawa-ku, Osaka">Yodogawa-ku</a> </td> <td><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">淀川区</span></span></span> </td> <td>182,254 </td> <td>12.64 </td> <td>14,419 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1870</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">271,992</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1880</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">292,636</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1890</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">483,609</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+65.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1900</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">881,344</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+82.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1910</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,239,373</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+40.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1920</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,798,295</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+45.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1925</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,135,248</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+18.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1930</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,477,959</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+16.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1935</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,022,425</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+22.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1940</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">3,300,714</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+9.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1945</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,614,632</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−51.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1950</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,015,350</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+24.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1955</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,547,316</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+26.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1960</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,011,563</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+18.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1965</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">3,156,222</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+4.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,980,487</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−5.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1975</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,778,987</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−6.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1980</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,648,180</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−4.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1985</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,636,249</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1990</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2,623,801</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−0.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1995</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,602,421</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2000</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,598,774</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2005</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,628,811</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,666,371</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2015</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2,691,185</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2020</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,752,024</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.3%</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Population numbers have been recorded in Osaka since as early as 1873, in the early <a href="/wiki/Meiji_(era)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji (era)">Meiji era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the census in 2005, there were 2,628,811 residents in Osaka, an increase of 30,037 or 1.2% from 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were 1,280,325 households with approximately 2.1 persons per household. The population density was 11,836 persons per km<sup>2</sup>. The <a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">Great Kantō earthquake</a> caused a mass migration to Osaka between 1920 and 1930, and the city became Japan's largest city in 1930 with 2,453,573 people, outnumbering even Tokyo, which had a population of 2,070,913. The population peaked at 3,252,340 in 1940, and had a post-war peak of 3,156,222 in 1965, but has declined since, as the residents moved out to the suburbs.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were 144,123 registered foreigners, the two largest groups being Korean (60,110) and Chinese (39,551).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ikuno-ku,_Osaka" title="Ikuno-ku, Osaka">Ikuno</a>, with its Tsuruhashi district, is the home to one of the largest population of Korean residents in Japan, with 20,397 registered <a href="/wiki/Zainichi_Koreans" class="mw-redirect" title="Zainichi Koreans">Zainichi Koreans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialect">Dialect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Dialect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kansai_dialect" title="Kansai dialect">Kansai dialect</a></div> <p>The commonly spoken dialect of this area is <i>Osaka-ben</i>, a typical sub-dialect of <i>Kansai-ben</i>. Of the many other particularities that characterize Osaka-ben, examples include using the copula <i>ya</i> instead of <i>da</i>, and the suffix <i>-hen</i> instead of <i>-nai</i> in negative verb forms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Local_Autonomy_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Autonomy Law">Local Autonomy Law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Japan" title="Municipalities of Japan">Municipalities of Japan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Osaka_City" title="Politics of Osaka City">Politics of Osaka City</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightgrey">Local administration</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">The Mayor and the Council</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osaka_City_Hall_-_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Osaka_City_Hall_-_01.JPG/200px-Osaka_City_Hall_-_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Osaka_City_Hall_-_01.JPG/300px-Osaka_City_Hall_-_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Osaka_City_Hall_-_01.JPG/400px-Osaka_City_Hall_-_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1338" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Osaka City Hall</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mayor:</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ichiro_Matsui" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichiro Matsui">Ichiro Matsui</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Vice Mayors:</th><td class="infobox-data">Toru Takahashi,<br />Shin Asakawa, <br />Tsuyoshi Yamamoto</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lightgrey">City Council</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">President:</th><td class="infobox-data">Toshifumi Tagaya <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)">(LDP)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Members:</th><td class="infobox-data">83 councilors (7 vacant)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Factions:</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Osaka_Restoration_Association" title="Osaka Restoration Association">Osaka Restoration Association</a> (36),<br /><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)">Liberal Democratic Party</a><br /> and Citizen's Club (20),<br /> <a href="/wiki/New_Komeito_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="New Komeito Party">Komei Party</a> (19),<br /> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Communist_Party" title="Japanese Communist Party">Japanese Communist Party</a> (9),<br />Go OSAKA (1)<br />Osaka Abe (1)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Seats by districts:</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Ward (no. of seats)</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Abeno-ku,_Osaka" title="Abeno-ku, Osaka">Abeno-ku</a> (4),</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Asahi-ku,_Osaka" title="Asahi-ku, Osaka">Asahi-ku</a> (4),</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D-ku,_Osaka" title="Chūō-ku, Osaka">Chūō-ku</a> (2),</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Fukushima-ku,_Osaka" title="Fukushima-ku, Osaka">Fukushima-ku</a> (2),</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Higashinari-ku,_Osaka" title="Higashinari-ku, Osaka">Higashinari-ku</a> (3),</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Higashisumiyoshi-ku,_Osaka" title="Higashisumiyoshi-ku, Osaka">Higashisumiyoshi-ku</a> (5),</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Higashiyodogawa-ku,_Osaka" title="Higashiyodogawa-ku, Osaka">Higashiyodogawa-ku</a> (6),</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Hirano-ku,_Osaka" title="Hirano-ku, Osaka">Hirano-ku</a> (6),</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ikuno-ku,_Osaka" title="Ikuno-ku, Osaka">Ikuno-ku</a> (5),</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dt%C5%8D-ku,_Osaka" title="Jōtō-ku, Osaka">Jōtō-ku</a> (5),</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kita-ku,_Osaka" title="Kita-ku, Osaka">Kita-ku</a> (3),</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Konohana-ku,_Osaka" title="Konohana-ku, Osaka">Konohana-ku</a> (3),</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Minato-ku,_Osaka" title="Minato-ku, Osaka">Minato-ku</a> (3),</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Miyakojima-ku,_Osaka" title="Miyakojima-ku, Osaka">Miyakojima-ku</a> (3),</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Naniwa-ku,_Osaka" title="Naniwa-ku, Osaka">Naniwa-ku</a> (2),</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Nishi-ku,_Osaka" title="Nishi-ku, Osaka">Nishi-ku</a> (2),</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Nishinari-ku,_Osaka" title="Nishinari-ku, Osaka">Nishinari-ku</a> (5),</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Nishiyodogawa-ku,_Osaka" title="Nishiyodogawa-ku, Osaka">Nishiyodogawa-ku</a> (3),</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Suminoe-ku,_Osaka" title="Suminoe-ku, Osaka">Suminoe-ku</a> (4),</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sumiyoshi-ku,_Osaka" title="Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka">Sumiyoshi-ku</a> (6),</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D-ku,_Osaka" title="Taishō-ku, Osaka">Taishō-ku</a> (3),</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Tenn%C5%8Dji-ku,_Osaka" title="Tennōji-ku, Osaka">Tennōji-ku</a> (2),</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Tsurumi-ku,_Osaka" title="Tsurumi-ku, Osaka">Tsurumi-ku</a> (3),</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Yodogawa-ku,_Osaka" title="Yodogawa-ku, Osaka">Yodogawa-ku</a> (5)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/contents/wdu020/shikai/english/">Osaka City Council</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><small>Note: As of October 27, 2017</small></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Osaka_City_Council" title="Osaka City Council">Osaka City Council</a> is the city's local government formed under the <a href="/wiki/Local_Autonomy_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Autonomy Law">Local Autonomy Law</a>. The council has eighty-nine seats, allocated to the twenty-four wards proportional to their population and re-elected by the citizens every four years. The council elects its president and Vice President. Toshifumi Tagaya (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)">LDP</a>) is the current and 104th president since May 2008. The mayor of the city is directly elected by the citizens every four years as well, in accordance with the Local Autonomy Law. <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dru_Hashimoto" title="Tōru Hashimoto">Tōru Hashimoto</a>, former governor of <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Prefecture" title="Osaka Prefecture">Osaka Prefecture</a> is the 19th mayor of Osaka since 2011. The mayor is supported by two vice mayors, currently Akira Morishita and Takashi Kashiwagi, who are appointed by him in accordance with the city bylaw.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Osaka also houses several agencies of the Japanese government. Below is a list of governmental offices housed in Osaka. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Coast_Guard" title="Japan Coast Guard">Japan Coast Guard</a>, Fifth Regional Headquarters</li> <li>Japan Fair Trade Commission; Kinki, Chugoku, Shikoku Office</li> <li>Kinki Regional Finance Bureau</li> <li>Kinki Regional Economy, Trade and Industry Bureau</li> <li>Kinki Regional Transportation Bureau</li> <li>Kinki Communications Bureau</li> <li>Kinki Regional Development Bureau</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_Agency_(Japan)" title="National Police Agency (Japan)">Kinki Regional Police Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Osaka Office</a></li> <li>Osaka Customs</li> <li>Osaka District Court</li> <li>Osaka Family Court</li> <li>Osaka High Court</li> <li>Osaka Immigration</li> <li>Osaka Labour Bureau</li> <li>Osaka Meteorological Observatory</li> <li>Osaka Public Prosecutors Office</li> <li>Osaka Regional Aerospace Bureau</li> <li>Osaka Regional Law Bureau</li> <li>Osaka Regional Taxation Bureau</li> <li>Osaka Summary Court</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developments">Developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 2012, a joint multi-party bill was submitted to the Diet that would allow for implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Metropolis_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Osaka Metropolis plan">Osaka Metropolis plan</a> as pursued by the mayor of Osaka city, the governor of Osaka and <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Restoration_Association_(1st)" class="mw-redirect" title="Osaka Restoration Association (1st)">their party</a>. If implemented, Osaka City, neighboring <a href="/wiki/Sakai,_Osaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakai, Osaka">Sakai</a> City and possibly other surrounding municipalities would dissolve and be reorganized as four <a href="/wiki/Special_wards_of_Tokyo" title="Special wards of Tokyo">special wards</a> of Osaka prefecture – similar to former <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_City" title="Tokyo City">Tokyo City</a>'s successor wards within Tokyo prefecture. Special wards are municipal-level administrative units that leave some otherwise municipal administrative responsibilities and <a href="/wiki/Revenues" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenues">revenues</a> to the prefectural administration.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2018, the city of Osaka officially ended<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its sister city relationship with <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> in the United States after the latter permitted a monument memorializing "comfort women" to remain on a city-owned property, circulating in the process a 10-page, 3,800-word letter in English addressed to San Francisco mayor <a href="/wiki/London_Breed" title="London Breed">London Breed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 1, 2020, a second referendum to merge Osaka's 24 wards into 4 semi-autonomous wards was narrowly voted down. There were 692,996 (50.6%) votes against and 675,829 (49.4%) votes supported it.<sup id="cite_ref-metropolis-2020_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metropolis-2020-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Osaka mayor and Osaka Ishin co-leader <a href="/wiki/Ichiro_Matsui" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichiro Matsui">Ichiro Matsui</a> said he would resign when his term ended in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-metropolis-2020_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metropolis-2020-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_policies">Energy policies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Energy policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nuclear_power">Nuclear power</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Nuclear power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On February 27, 2012, three Kansai cities, <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, Osaka, and <a href="/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe">Kobe</a>, jointly asked <a href="/wiki/Kansai_Electric_Power_Company" title="Kansai Electric Power Company">Kansai Electric Power Company</a> to break its dependence on nuclear power. In a letter to KEPCO they also requested to disclose information on the demand and supply of electricity, and for lower and stable prices. The three cities were stockholders of the plant: Osaka owned 9% of the shares, while Kobe had 3% and Kyoto 0.45%. Toru Hashimoto, the mayor of Osaka, announced a proposal to minimize the dependence on nuclear power for the shareholders meeting in June 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 18, 2012, the city of Osaka decided as largest shareholder of Kansai Electric Power Co, that at the next shareholders-meeting in June 2012 it would demand a series of changes: </p> <ul><li>that Kansai Electric would be split into two companies, separating power generation from power transmission.</li> <li>a reduction of the number of the utility's executives and employees.</li> <li>the implementation of absolutely secure measurements to ensuring the safety of the nuclear facilities.</li> <li>the disposing of spent fuel.</li> <li>the installation of new kind of thermal power generation to secure non-nuclear supply of energy.</li> <li>selling all unnecessary assets including the stock holdings of KEPCO.</li></ul> <p>In this action, Osaka had secured the support of two other cities and shareholders: <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe">Kobe</a>, but with their combined voting-rights of 12.5 percent they were not certain of the ultimate outcome, because for this two-thirds of the shareholders would be needed to agree to revise the corporate charter.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At a meeting held on April 10, 2012, by the "energy strategy council", formed by the city of Osaka and the governments of the prefectures, it became clear that at the end of the fiscal year 2011 some 69 employees of Kansai Electric Power Company were former public servants. "<a href="/wiki/Amakudari" class="mw-redirect" title="Amakudari">Amakudari</a>" was the Japanese name for this practice of rewarding by hiring officials that formerly controlled and supervised the firm. Such people included the following: </p> <ul><li>13 ex-officials of the: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism</li> <li>3 ex-officials of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry,</li> <li>2 ex-officials of the Ministry of the Environment,</li> <li>16 former policemen,</li> <li>10 former fire-fighters,</li> <li>13 former civil engineers.</li></ul> <p>Besides this, it became known that Kansai Electric had done about 600 external financial donations, to a total sum of about 1.695 billion yen: </p> <ul><li>70 donations were paid to local governments: to a total of 699 million yen</li> <li>100 donations to public-service organizations: 443 million yen,</li> <li>430 donations to various organizations and foundations: a total of 553 million yen</li></ul> <p>During this meeting some 8 conditions were compiled, that needed to be fulfilled before a restart of the No.3 and No.4 reactors Oi Nuclear Power Plant: </p> <ul><li>the consent of the local people and government within 100 kilometer from the plant</li> <li>the installation of a new independent regulatory agency</li> <li>a nuclear safety agreement</li> <li>the establishment of new nuclear safety standards</li> <li>stress tests and evaluations based on these new safety rules<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hanshin_Industrial_Region" title="Hanshin Industrial Region">Hanshin Industrial Region</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keihanshin_industrial_region" title="Keihanshin industrial region">Keihanshin industrial region</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osaka_umeda06s3200.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Osaka_umeda06s3200.jpg/170px-Osaka_umeda06s3200.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Osaka_umeda06s3200.jpg/255px-Osaka_umeda06s3200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Osaka_umeda06s3200.jpg/340px-Osaka_umeda06s3200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2142" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>A street in Umeda, Osaka</figcaption></figure> <p>The gross city product of Osaka in fiscal year 2004 was ¥21.3 trillion, an increase of 1.2% over the previous year. The figure accounts for about 55% of the total output in the Osaka Prefecture and 26.5% in the Kinki region. In 2004, commerce, services, and manufacturing have been the three major industries, accounting for 30%, 26%, and 11% of the total, respectively. The per capita income in the city was about ¥3.3 million, 10% higher than that of the Osaka Prefecture.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/MasterCard" class="mw-redirect" title="MasterCard">MasterCard</a> Worldwide reported that Osaka ranks 19th among the world's leading cities and plays an important role in the global economy.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Osaka's GDP per capita (Nominal) was $59,958.($1=\120.13)<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by 2020, Osaka ranked as the 5th most expensive city due to flatlining consumer prices and government subsidies of public transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-forbes-2020_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbes-2020-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osaka-Securities-Exchange-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Osaka-Securities-Exchange-01.jpg/170px-Osaka-Securities-Exchange-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Osaka-Securities-Exchange-01.jpg/255px-Osaka-Securities-Exchange-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Osaka-Securities-Exchange-01.jpg/340px-Osaka-Securities-Exchange-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1881" data-file-height="2822" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Osaka_Exchange" title="Osaka Exchange">Osaka Exchange</a> in the Kitahama district of Osaka</figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, Osaka was the center of commerce in Japan, especially in the middle and pre-modern ages. <a href="/wiki/Nomura_Securities" title="Nomura Securities">Nomura Securities</a>, the first brokerage firm in Japan, was founded in the city in 1925, and Osaka still houses a leading futures exchange. Many major companies have since moved their main offices to Tokyo. However, several major companies, such as <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharp_Corporation" title="Sharp Corporation">Sharp</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sanyo" title="Sanyo">Sanyo</a>, are still headquartered in Osaka. Recently, the city began a program, headed by mayor Junichi Seki, to attract domestic and foreign investment.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2017 <a href="/wiki/Global_Financial_Centres_Index" title="Global Financial Centres Index">Global Financial Centres Index</a>, Osaka was ranked as having the 15th most competitive financial center in the world and fifth most competitive in Asia (after <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Singapore#Banking" title="Economy of Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong#Financial_centre" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo#Economy" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shanghai#Economy" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Securities_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Osaka Securities Exchange">Osaka Securities Exchange</a>, specializing in derivatives such as <a href="/wiki/Nikkei_225" title="Nikkei 225">Nikkei 225</a> futures, is based in Osaka. The merger with <a href="/wiki/JASDAQ" title="JASDAQ">JASDAQ</a> will help the Osaka Securities Exchange become the largest exchange in Japan for start-up companies.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to global consulting firm Mercer, Osaka was the second <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_cities_for_expatriate_employees" title="List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees">most expensive city for expatriate employees</a> in the world in 2009. It jumped up nine places from 11th place in 2008 and was the eighth most expensive city in 2007. However, it was not ranked in the top ten places of the list in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a> (EIU) ranked Osaka as the second most expensive city in the world in its 2013 Cost of Living study.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keihanshin_region">Keihanshin region</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Keihanshin region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Osaka is part of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan region">metropolitan region</a> called <a href="/wiki/Keihanshin" title="Keihanshin">Keihanshin</a> (also known as Greater Osaka) in the <a href="/wiki/Kansai_region" title="Kansai region">Kansai region</a>. The Keihanshin region includes the prefectures of <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Prefecture" title="Osaka Prefecture">Osaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Prefecture" title="Kyoto Prefecture">Kyoto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hy%C5%8Dgo_Prefecture" title="Hyōgo Prefecture">Hyōgo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe">Kobe</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nara_Prefecture" title="Nara Prefecture">Nara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiga_Prefecture" title="Shiga Prefecture">Shiga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wakayama_Prefecture" title="Wakayama Prefecture">Wakayama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sakai,_Osaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakai, Osaka">Sakai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stats-boj_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stats-boj-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Keihanshin region has a population (as of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>) of 19,303,000 (15% of Japan's population) which covers 13,228 km<sup>2</sup> (5,107 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-japan2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japan2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is ranked the second most <a href="/wiki/Largest_Japanese_metropolitan_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest Japanese metropolitan areas">urban region in Japan</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Tokyo_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Tokyo area">Greater Tokyo area</a> and 10th <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of urban areas by population">largest urban area in the world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-japan2_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japan2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keihanshin has a GDP of approximately $953.9 billion in 2012 (16th largest in the world).<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Osaka-Kobe has a <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> of $681 billion (2015), which is a bit more than <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> or <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osaka_Metropolitan_Employment_Area_2015.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Greater Osaka (without Kyoto) Metropolitan Employment Area"><img alt="Greater Osaka (without Kyoto) Metropolitan Employment Area" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Osaka_Metropolitan_Employment_Area_2015.png/220px-Osaka_Metropolitan_Employment_Area_2015.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Osaka_Metropolitan_Employment_Area_2015.png/330px-Osaka_Metropolitan_Employment_Area_2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Osaka_Metropolitan_Employment_Area_2015.png/440px-Osaka_Metropolitan_Employment_Area_2015.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Greater Osaka (without Kyoto) <a href="/wiki/Urban_Employment_Area" title="Urban Employment Area">Metropolitan Employment Area</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Keihanshin_MEAs_2015.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Keihanshin with Osaka (red), Kobe (green), and Kyoto (blue)"><img alt="Keihanshin with Osaka (red), Kobe (green), and Kyoto (blue)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Keihanshin_MEAs_2015.png/220px-Keihanshin_MEAs_2015.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Keihanshin_MEAs_2015.png/330px-Keihanshin_MEAs_2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Keihanshin_MEAs_2015.png/440px-Keihanshin_MEAs_2015.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Keihanshin with <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Prefecture" title="Osaka Prefecture">Osaka</a> (red), <a href="/wiki/Kobe_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobe Prefecture">Kobe</a> (green), and <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Prefecture" title="Kyoto Prefecture">Kyoto</a> (blue)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Keihanshin" title="Transport in Keihanshin">Transport in Keihanshin</a></div><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 302px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 300px; height: 333px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -59px; left: -25px; width: 500px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osaka_Urban_Railway_network.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Osaka_Urban_Railway_network.svg/500px-Osaka_Urban_Railway_network.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="392" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Osaka_Urban_Railway_network.svg/750px-Osaka_Urban_Railway_network.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Osaka_Urban_Railway_network.svg/1000px-Osaka_Urban_Railway_network.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="401" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Osaka_Urban_Railway_network.svg" title="File:Osaka Urban Railway network.svg"> </a></div>The black lines represent the <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">commuter rail</a> network serving the Osaka metropolitan area. The pink lines represent the <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Metro" title="Osaka Metro">Osaka Metro</a> system. The blue lines represent three rail extension projects: the <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Monorail_Main_Line" title="Osaka Monorail Main Line">Osaka Monorail Main Line</a> (right), the <a href="/wiki/Naniwasuji_Line" title="Naniwasuji Line">Naniwasuji Line</a> (center), and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka_Port_Transport_System_Hokk%C5%8D_Line&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osaka Port Transport System Hokkō Line (page does not exist)">Osaka Port Transport System Hokkō Line</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E6%B8%AF%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A0%E5%8C%97%E6%B8%AF%E3%83%86%E3%82%AF%E3%83%8E%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E7%B7%9A" class="extiw" title="ja:大阪港トランスポートシステム北港テクノポート線">ja</a>]</span> (left). </div> </div> </div><p>Greater Osaka has an extensive network of railway lines, comparable to that of Greater Tokyo. Major stations within the city include <a href="/wiki/Umeda_Station" title="Umeda Station">Umeda</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">梅田</span></span>)</span>, <a href="/wiki/Namba_Station" title="Namba Station">Namba</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">難波</span></span>)</span>, <a href="/wiki/Shinsaibashi_Station" title="Shinsaibashi Station">Shinsaibashi</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">心斎橋</span></span>)</span>, <a href="/wiki/Tenn%C5%8Dji_Station" title="Tennōji Station">Tennōji</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">天王寺</span></span>)</span>, <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dbashi_Station_(Osaka)" title="Kyōbashi Station (Osaka)">Kyōbashi</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">京橋</span></span>)</span>, and <a href="/wiki/Yodoyabashi_Station" title="Yodoyabashi Station">Yodoyabashi</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">淀屋橋</span></span>)</span>. </p><p>Osaka connects to its surrounding cities and suburbs via the <a href="/wiki/JR_West" class="mw-redirect" title="JR West">JR West</a> <a href="/wiki/Urban_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban Network">Urban Network</a> as well as numerous private lines such as <a href="/wiki/Keihan_Electric_Railway" title="Keihan Electric Railway">Keihan Electric Railway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hankyu_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Hankyu Railway">Hankyu Railway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanshin_Electric_Railway" title="Hanshin Electric Railway">Hanshin Electric Railway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kintetsu_Railway" title="Kintetsu Railway">Kintetsu Railway</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nankai_Electric_Railway" title="Nankai Electric Railway">Nankai Electric Railway</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Metro" title="Osaka Metro">Osaka Metro</a> system alone ranks 8th in the world by annual passenger ridership, serving over 912 million people annually (a quarter of Greater Osaka Rail System's 4 billion annual riders), despite being only 8 of more than 70 lines in the metro area. </p><p>All <a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">Shinkansen</a> trains including <i><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(train)" title="Nozomi (train)">Nozomi</a></i> stop at <a href="/wiki/Shin-%C5%8Csaka_Station" title="Shin-Ōsaka Station">Shin-Osaka Station</a> and provide access to other major cities in Japan, such as Kobe, Kyoto, Nagoya, Yokohama, and Tokyo. </p><p>Regular bus services are provided by <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Municipal_Transportation_Bureau" title="Osaka Municipal Transportation Bureau">Osaka City Bus</a>, as well Hankyu, Hanshin and Kintetsu, providing a dense network covering most parts of the city. </p><p>Osaka is served by two airports situated just outside of the city, <a href="/wiki/Kansai_International_Airport" title="Kansai International Airport">Kansai International Airport</a> (<a href="/wiki/IATA" class="mw-redirect" title="IATA">IATA</a>: <b>KIX</b>) which handles primarily international passenger flights and <a href="/wiki/Osaka_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Osaka International Airport">Osaka International Airport</a> (<a href="/wiki/IATA" class="mw-redirect" title="IATA">IATA</a>: <b>ITM</b>) which handles mostly domestic services and some international cargo flights. </p><p>Due to its geographical position, Osaka's international ferry connections are far greater than that of Tokyo, with international service to Shanghai, <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a> along with domestic routes to <a href="/wiki/Kitakyushu" title="Kitakyushu">Kitakyushu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kagoshima" title="Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miyazaki,_Miyazaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Miyazaki, Miyazaki">Miyazaki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_lifestyle">Culture and lifestyle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Culture and lifestyle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osaka_Hanyku_Grand.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Osaka_Hanyku_Grand.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Osaka_Hanyku_Grand.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Osaka_Hanyku_Grand.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Osaka_Hanyku_Grand.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Osaka_Hanyku_Grand.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Osaka_Hanyku_Grand.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2023" data-file-height="1345" /></a><figcaption>A chef prepares for the evening rush in Umeda.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Takoyaki-osk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Takoyaki-osk.jpg/220px-Takoyaki-osk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Takoyaki-osk.jpg/330px-Takoyaki-osk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Takoyaki-osk.jpg/440px-Takoyaki-osk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Takoyaki" title="Takoyaki">Takoyaki</a> (たこ焼き)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dotonbori_19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Dotonbori_19.jpg/220px-Dotonbori_19.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Dotonbori_19.jpg/330px-Dotonbori_19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Dotonbori_19.jpg/440px-Dotonbori_19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="895" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ezaki_Glico" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezaki Glico">Glico Man</a> among numerous signboards at <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dtonbori" title="Dōtonbori">Dōtonbori</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Front_Osaka_and_Yodobashi_Umeda_in_201504_001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Grand_Front_Osaka_and_Yodobashi_Umeda_in_201504_001.JPG/220px-Grand_Front_Osaka_and_Yodobashi_Umeda_in_201504_001.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Grand_Front_Osaka_and_Yodobashi_Umeda_in_201504_001.JPG/330px-Grand_Front_Osaka_and_Yodobashi_Umeda_in_201504_001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Grand_Front_Osaka_and_Yodobashi_Umeda_in_201504_001.JPG/440px-Grand_Front_Osaka_and_Yodobashi_Umeda_in_201504_001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Grand Front Osaka</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chayamachi_Osaka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Chayamachi_Osaka.jpg/220px-Chayamachi_Osaka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Chayamachi_Osaka.jpg/330px-Chayamachi_Osaka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Chayamachi_Osaka.jpg/440px-Chayamachi_Osaka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="1634" /></a><figcaption>Chayamachi district in Kita-ku</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amerikamura_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Amerikamura_2014.jpg/220px-Amerikamura_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Amerikamura_2014.jpg/330px-Amerikamura_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Amerikamura_2014.jpg/440px-Amerikamura_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amerikamura" title="Amerikamura">Amerikamura</a> in Chuo-ku</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nipponbashi_Osaka_Japan01-r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Nipponbashi_Osaka_Japan01-r.jpg/220px-Nipponbashi_Osaka_Japan01-r.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Nipponbashi_Osaka_Japan01-r.jpg/330px-Nipponbashi_Osaka_Japan01-r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Nipponbashi_Osaka_Japan01-r.jpg/440px-Nipponbashi_Osaka_Japan01-r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2672" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nipponbashi" title="Nipponbashi">Nipponbashi</a> in Naniwa-ku</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shopping_and_food">Shopping and food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Shopping and food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Osaka has a large number of wholesalers and retail shops: 25,228 and 34,707 respectively in 2004, according to the city statistics.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of them are concentrated in the wards of Chuō (10,468 shops) and Kita (6,335 shops). Types of shops vary from malls to conventional <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dtengai" title="Shōtengai">shōtengai</a> shopping arcades, built both above- and underground.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shōtengai are seen across Japan, and Osaka has the longest one in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tenjinbashi-suji arcade stretches from the road approaching the <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Csaka_Tenman-g%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ōsaka Tenman-gū">Tenmangū shrine</a> and continues for 2.6 km (1.6 miles) going north to south. The stores along the arcade include commodities, clothing, and catering outlets. </p><p>Other shopping areas include <a href="/wiki/Nipponbashi" title="Nipponbashi">Den Den Town</a>, the electronic and manga/anime district, which is comparable to Akihabara; the <a href="/wiki/Umeda" title="Umeda">Umeda</a> district, which has the Hankyu Sanbangai shopping mall and <a href="/wiki/Yodobashi_Camera" title="Yodobashi Camera">Yodobashi Camera</a>, a huge electrical appliance store that offers a vast range of fashion stores, restaurants, and a Shonen Jump store. Osaka is known for its food, in Japan and abroad. Author <a href="/wiki/Michael_Booth" title="Michael Booth">Michael Booth</a> and food critic <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Simon_(food_critic)" title="François Simon (food critic)">François Simon</a> of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a></i></span> have suggested that Osaka is the food capital of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Osakans' love for the culinary is made apparent in the old saying "Kyotoites are financially ruined by overspending on clothing, Osakans are ruined by spending on food."<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regional cuisine includes <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><i><a href="/wiki/Okonomiyaki" title="Okonomiyaki">okonomiyaki</a></i></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">お好み焼き</span></span>, pan-fried batter cake)</span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><i><a href="/wiki/Takoyaki" title="Takoyaki">takoyaki</a></i></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">たこ焼き</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Octopus_as_food" title="Octopus as food">octopus</a> in fried batter)</span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><i><a href="/wiki/Udon" title="Udon">udon</a></i></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">うどん</span></span>, a noodle dish)</span>, as well as the traditional <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><i><a href="/wiki/Oshizushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Oshizushi">oshizushi</a></i></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">押し寿司</span></span>, pressed sushi)</span>, particularly <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">battera</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">バッテラ</span></span>, pressed mackerel sushi)</span>. Osaka is known for its fine sake, which is made with fresh water from the prefecture's mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Osaka's culinary prevalence is the result of a location that has provided access to high-quality ingredients, a high population of merchants, and proximity to the ocean and waterway trade.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, Osaka has started to garner more attention from foreigners with the increased popularity of cooking and dining in popular culture.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other shopping districts include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerikamura" title="Amerikamura">American Village (Amerika-mura or "Ame-mura")</a> – fashion for young people</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dtonbori" title="Dōtonbori">Dōtonbori</a> – part of Namba district and considered heart of the city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namba" title="Namba">Namba</a> – main shopping, sightseeing, and restaurant area</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinsaibashi" title="Shinsaibashi">Shinsaibashi</a> – luxury goods and department stores</li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osaka_market.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Osaka_market.jpg/220px-Osaka_market.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Osaka_market.jpg/330px-Osaka_market.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Osaka_market.jpg/440px-Osaka_market.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Osaka market</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Umeda" title="Umeda">Umeda</a> – theaters, boutiques, and department stores near the train station</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entertainment_and_performing_arts">Entertainment and performing arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Entertainment and performing arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kamigata" title="Kamigata">Kamigata</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Museum_of_Art,_Osaka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/National_Museum_of_Art%2C_Osaka.jpg/170px-National_Museum_of_Art%2C_Osaka.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/National_Museum_of_Art%2C_Osaka.jpg/255px-National_Museum_of_Art%2C_Osaka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/National_Museum_of_Art%2C_Osaka.jpg/340px-National_Museum_of_Art%2C_Osaka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1333" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Art,_Osaka" title="National Museum of Art, Osaka">National Museum of Art</a>, a subterranean museum of Japanese and international art</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Osaka is home to the <a href="/wiki/National_Bunraku_Theatre" title="National Bunraku Theatre">National Bunraku Theater</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where traditional puppet plays, <a href="/wiki/Bunraku" title="Bunraku">bunraku</a>, are performed.</li> <li>At Osaka Shochiku-za, close to Namba station, <a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">kabuki</a> can be enjoyed as well as <a href="/wiki/Manzai" title="Manzai">manzai</a>.</li> <li>At Shin Kabuki-za, formerly near Namba and now near <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Csaka_Uehommachi_Station" title="Ōsaka Uehommachi Station">Uehommachi</a> area, <a href="/wiki/Enka" title="Enka">enka</a> concerts and Japanese dramas are performed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshimoto_Kogyo" title="Yoshimoto Kogyo">Yoshimoto Kogyo</a>, a Japanese entertainment conglomerate operates a hall in the city for manzai and other comedy shows: the Namba Grand Kagetsu hall.</li> <li>The Hanjō-tei opened in 2006, dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Rakugo" title="Rakugo">rakugo</a>. The theater is in the <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Csaka_Tenman-g%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ōsaka Tenman-gū">Ōsaka Tenman-gū</a> area.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umeda_Arts_Theater" title="Umeda Arts Theater">Umeda Arts Theater</a> opened in 2005 after relocating from its former 46-year-old Umeda Koma Theater. The theater has a main hall with 1,905 seats and a smaller theater-drama hall with 898 seats. Umeda Arts Theater stages various type of performances including musicals, music concerts, dramas, rakugo, and others.</li> <li>The Symphony Hall, built in 1982, is the first hall in Japan designed specially for classical music concerts. The Hall was opened with a concert by the <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Osaka Philharmonic Orchestra">Osaka Philharmonic Orchestra</a>, which is based in the city. Orchestras such as the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Philharmonic" title="Berlin Philharmonic">Berlin Philharmonic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Philharmonic" title="Vienna Philharmonic">Vienna Philharmonic</a> have played here during their world tours as well.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaka-j%C5%8D_Hall" title="Osaka-jō Hall">Osaka-jō Hall</a> is a multi-purpose arena in <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Castle_Park" title="Osaka Castle Park">Osaka-jō park</a> with a capacity for up to 16,000 people. The hall has hosted numerous events and concerts including both Japanese and international artists.</li> <li>Nearby City Hall in <a href="/wiki/Nakanoshima_Park" title="Nakanoshima Park">Nakanoshima Park</a>, is Osaka Central Public Hall, a <a href="/wiki/Neo-Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Renaissance">Neo-Renaissance</a>-style building first opened in 1918. Re-opened in 2002 after major renovation, it serves as a multi-purpose rental facility for citizen events.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Shiki_Theatre_Company" title="Shiki Theatre Company">Osaka Shiki Theater</a><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is one of the nine private halls operated nationwide by the <a href="/wiki/Shiki_Theatre_Company" title="Shiki Theatre Company">Shiki Theater</a>, staging straight plays and musicals.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Hall,_Osaka" title="Festival Hall, Osaka">Festival Hall</a> was a hall hosting various performances including <a href="/wiki/Noh" title="Noh">noh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dgen" title="Kyōgen">kyōgen</a>, kabuki, ballets as well as classic concerts. The Bolshoi Ballet and the <a href="/wiki/Philharmonia_Orchestra" title="Philharmonia Orchestra">Philharmonia</a> are among the many that were welcomed on stage in the past. The hall has closed at the end of 2008, planned to re-open in 2013 in a new facility.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annual_festivals">Annual festivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Annual festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tenjinmatsuri.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tenjinmatsuri.JPG/220px-Tenjinmatsuri.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tenjinmatsuri.JPG/330px-Tenjinmatsuri.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tenjinmatsuri.JPG/440px-Tenjinmatsuri.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Tenjin Matsuri</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the most famous festivals held in Osaka, the <a href="/wiki/Tenjin_Matsuri" title="Tenjin Matsuri">Tenjin Matsuri</a>, is held on July 24 and 25 (<a href="/wiki/Osaka_Tenmang%C5%AB" title="Osaka Tenmangū">Osaka Tenmangū</a>). Other festivals in Osaka include the Aizen Matsuri (June 30–July 2, Shōman-in Temple), the Sumiyoshi Matsuri (July 30–August 1, <a href="/wiki/Sumiyoshi_Taisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumiyoshi Taisha">Sumiyoshi Taisha</a>), Shōryō-e (April 22, <a href="/wiki/Shitenn%C5%8D-ji" title="Shitennō-ji">Shitennō-ji</a>) and Tōka-Ebisu (January 9–10, Imamiya Ebisu Jinja). The annual <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Asian_Film_Festival" title="Osaka Asian Film Festival">Osaka Asian Film Festival</a> takes place in Osaka every March while the Midosuji Parade takes place in October.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums_and_galleries">Museums and galleries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Museums and galleries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Museums_in_Osaka" title="Category:Museums in Osaka">Museums in Osaka</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Art,_Osaka" title="National Museum of Art, Osaka">National Museum of Art</a> (NMAO) is a subterranean Japanese and international art museum, housing mainly collections from the post-war era and regularly welcoming temporary exhibitions. <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Science_Museum" title="Osaka Science Museum">Osaka Science Museum</a> is in a five storied building next to the National Museum of Art, with a planetarium and an <a href="/wiki/OMNIMAX" class="mw-redirect" title="OMNIMAX">OMNIMAX</a> theater. The <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Oriental_Ceramics,_Osaka" title="Museum of Oriental Ceramics, Osaka">Museum of Oriental Ceramics</a> holds more than 2,000 pieces of ceramics, from China, Korea, Japan and Vietnam, featuring displays of some of their Korean <a href="/wiki/Celadon" title="Celadon">celadon</a> under natural light. <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Municipal_Museum_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Osaka Municipal Museum of Art">Osaka Municipal Museum of Art</a> is inside <a href="/wiki/Tenn%C5%8Dji_Park" title="Tennōji Park">Tennōji park</a>, housing over 8,000 pieces of Japanese and Chinese paintings and sculptures. The <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Museum_of_History" title="Osaka Museum of History">Osaka Museum of History</a>, opened in 2001, is located in a 13-story modern building providing a view of <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Castle" title="Osaka Castle">Osaka Castle</a>. Its exhibits cover the history of Osaka from pre-history to the present day. Osaka Museum of Natural History houses a collection related to natural history and life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kyocera_Dome_Osaka1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Kyocera_Dome_Osaka1.jpg/220px-Kyocera_Dome_Osaka1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Kyocera_Dome_Osaka1.jpg/330px-Kyocera_Dome_Osaka1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Kyocera_Dome_Osaka1.jpg/440px-Kyocera_Dome_Osaka1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Dome" class="mw-redirect" title="Osaka Dome">Osaka Dome</a>, home to the Orix Buffaloes and Hanshin Tigers</figcaption></figure> <p>Osaka hosts four professional sport teams: one of them is the <a href="/wiki/Orix_Buffaloes" title="Orix Buffaloes">Orix Buffaloes</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Professional_Baseball" title="Nippon Professional Baseball">Nippon Professional Baseball</a> team, playing its home games at <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Dome" class="mw-redirect" title="Osaka Dome">Kyocera Dome Osaka</a>. Another baseball team, the <a href="/wiki/Hanshin_Tigers" title="Hanshin Tigers">Hanshin Tigers</a>, although based in <a href="/wiki/Nishinomiya,_Hy%C5%8Dgo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nishinomiya, Hyōgo">Nishinomiya, Hyōgo</a>, plays a part of its home games in <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Dome" class="mw-redirect" title="Osaka Dome">Kyocera Dome Osaka</a> as well, when their homeground <a href="/wiki/Koshien_Stadium" title="Koshien Stadium">Koshien Stadium</a> is occupied with the annual <a href="/wiki/Japanese_High_School_Baseball_Championship" title="Japanese High School Baseball Championship">National High School Baseball Championship</a> games during summer season. </p><p>There are two <a href="/wiki/J.League" title="J.League">J.League</a> clubs, <a href="/wiki/Gamba_Osaka" title="Gamba Osaka">Gamba Osaka</a>, plays its home games at <a href="/wiki/Suita_City_Football_Stadium" title="Suita City Football Stadium">Suita City Football Stadium</a>. Another club <a href="/wiki/Cerezo_Osaka" title="Cerezo Osaka">Cerezo Osaka</a>, plays its home games at <a href="/wiki/Yanmar_Stadium_Nagai" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanmar Stadium Nagai">Yanmar Stadium Nagai</a>. The city is home to <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Evessa" title="Osaka Evessa">Osaka Evessa</a>, a basketball team that plays in the <a href="/wiki/B.League" title="B.League">B.League</a>. Evessa has won the first three championships of the league since its establishment. <a href="/wiki/Kintetsu_Liners" class="mw-redirect" title="Kintetsu Liners">Kintetsu Liners</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> team, play in the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Rugby_League_One" title="Japan Rugby League One">Top League</a>. After winning promotion in 2008–09, they will again remain in the competition for the 2009–10 season. Their base is the <a href="/wiki/Kintetsu_Hanazono_Rugby_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Kintetsu Hanazono Rugby Stadium">Hanazono Rugby Stadium</a>. </p><p>The <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><i>Haru Basho</i></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">春場所</span></span>, "Spring Tournament")</span>, one of the six regular tournaments of professional <a href="/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo">sumo</a>, is held annually in Osaka at <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Prefectural_Gymnasium" title="Osaka Prefectural Gymnasium">Osaka Prefectural Gymnasium</a>. </p><p>Another major annual sporting event that takes place in Osaka is <a href="/wiki/Osaka_International_Ladies_Marathon" class="mw-redirect" title="Osaka International Ladies Marathon">Osaka International Ladies Marathon</a>. Held usually at the end of January every year, the 42.195 km (26.219-mile) race starts from Nagai Stadium, runs through <a href="/wiki/Nakanoshima" title="Nakanoshima">Nakanoshima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mid%C5%8Dsuji" title="Midōsuji">Midōsuji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Castle" title="Osaka Castle">Osaka castle</a> park, and returns to the stadium. Another yearly event held at Nagai Stadium is the Osaka Gran Prix Athletics games operated by the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Athletics_Federations" class="mw-redirect" title="International Association of Athletics Federations">International Association of Athletics Federations</a> (IAAF) in May. The Osaka GP is the only IAAF games annually held in Japan. </p><p>Osaka made the bid for the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Paralympics" title="2008 Summer Paralympics">2008 Summer Paralympics</a> but was eliminated in the first round of the vote on July 13, 2001, which awarded the game to Beijing. </p><p>Osaka was one of the host cities of the official <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Volleyball_World_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Volleyball World Championship">Women's Volleyball World Championship</a> for its <a href="/wiki/1998_FIVB_Volleyball_Women%27s_World_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="1998 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship">1998</a>, <a href="/wiki/2006_FIVB_Volleyball_Women%27s_World_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship">2006</a> and <a href="/wiki/2010_FIVB_Volleyball_Women%27s_World_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship">2010</a> editions. </p><p>Osaka is the home of the 2011 created <a href="/wiki/Japan_Bandy_Federation" title="Japan Bandy Federation">Japan Bandy Federation</a> and the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Bandy" title="Bandy">bandy</a>, in the form of <a href="/wiki/Rink_bandy" title="Rink bandy">rink bandy</a>, was made in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2012 the first Japan Bandy Festival was organized.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NHK_Osaka_Broadcasting_Station_Bldg_20060604-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/NHK_Osaka_Broadcasting_Station_Bldg_20060604-001.jpg/170px-NHK_Osaka_Broadcasting_Station_Bldg_20060604-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/NHK_Osaka_Broadcasting_Station_Bldg_20060604-001.jpg/255px-NHK_Osaka_Broadcasting_Station_Bldg_20060604-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/NHK_Osaka_Broadcasting_Station_Bldg_20060604-001.jpg/340px-NHK_Osaka_Broadcasting_Station_Bldg_20060604-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1482" data-file-height="2229" /></a><figcaption>NHK Osaka</figcaption></figure> <p>Osaka serves as one of the media hubs for Japan, housing headquarters of many media-related companies. Abundant television production takes place in the city and every nationwide TV network (with the exception of TXN network) registers its secondary-key station in Osaka. All five nationwide newspaper majors also house their regional headquarters, and most local newspapers nationwide have branches in Osaka. However major film productions are uncommon in the city. Most major films are produced in nearby <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> or in Tokyo. The <a href="/wiki/Ad_Council_Japan" title="Ad Council Japan">Ad Council Japan</a> was founded in 1971 is based in Osaka, now it is the Osaka branch. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Newspapers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All five major national newspapers of Japan, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Asahi_Shimbun" title="The Asahi Shimbun">The Asahi Shimbun</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mainichi_Shimbun" title="Mainichi Shimbun">Mainichi Shimbun</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nihon_Keizai_Shimbun" class="mw-redirect" title="Nihon Keizai Shimbun">Nihon Keizai Shimbun</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sankei_Shimbun" title="Sankei Shimbun">Sankei Shimbun</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Yomiuri_Shimbun" title="Yomiuri Shimbun">Yomiuri Shimbun</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have their regional headquarters in Osaka and issue their regional editions. Furthermore, Osaka houses Osaka Nichi-nichi Shimbun, its newspaper press. Other newspaper-related companies located in Osaka include the regional headquarters of FujiSankei Business i.;Houchi Shimbunsha; <a href="/wiki/Nikkan_Sports" title="Nikkan Sports">Nikkan Sports</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sports_Nippon" title="Sports Nippon">Sports Nippon</a>, and offices of <a href="/wiki/Kyodo_News" title="Kyodo News">Kyodo News</a> <a href="/wiki/Jiji_Press" title="Jiji Press">Jiji Press</a>; <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg L.P.</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Broadcasting">Broadcasting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Broadcasting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The five TV networks are represented by <a href="/wiki/Asahi_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Asahi Broadcasting Corporation">Asahi Broadcasting Corporation</a> (<a href="/wiki/All-Nippon_News_Network" title="All-Nippon News Network">ANN</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kansai_Telecasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansai Telecasting Corporation">Kansai Telecasting Corporation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fuji_News_Network" title="Fuji News Network">FNN</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mainichi_Broadcasting_System" title="Mainichi Broadcasting System">Mainichi Broadcasting System</a>, Inc. (<a href="/wiki/Japan_News_Network" title="Japan News Network">JNN</a>), <a href="/wiki/Television_Osaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Television Osaka">Television Osaka</a>, Inc. (<a href="/wiki/TX_Network" title="TX Network">TXN</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Yomiuri_Telecasting_Corporation" title="Yomiuri Telecasting Corporation">Yomiuri Telecasting Corporation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nippon_News_Network" title="Nippon News Network">NNN</a>), headquartered in Osaka. <a href="/wiki/NHK" title="NHK">NHK</a> has also its regional station based in the city. AM Radio services are provided by NHK as well as the ABC Radio (Asahi Broadcasting Corporation), MBS Radio (Mainichi Broadcasting System, Inc.) and Radio Osaka (<a href="/wiki/Osaka_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Osaka Broadcasting Corporation">Osaka Broadcasting Corporation</a>) and headquartered in the city. FM services are available from NHK, <a href="/wiki/FM_OSAKA" class="mw-redirect" title="FM OSAKA">FM OSAKA</a>, <a href="/wiki/FM802" title="FM802">FM802</a> and <a href="/wiki/FM_Cocolo" title="FM Cocolo">FM Cocolo</a>, the last providing programs in multiple languages including English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Publishing_companies">Publishing companies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Publishing companies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Osaka is home to many publishing companies, including Examina, Izumi Shoin, Kaihou Shuppansha, Keihanshin Elmagazine, Seibundo Shuppan, Sougensha, and Toho Shuppan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KansaiUV1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/KansaiUV1.JPG/220px-KansaiUV1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/KansaiUV1.JPG/330px-KansaiUV1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/KansaiUV1.JPG/440px-KansaiUV1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2079" data-file-height="1318" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kansai_University" title="Kansai University">Kansai University</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osaka_City_University_Main_Building_20190818.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Osaka_City_University_Main_Building_20190818.jpg/220px-Osaka_City_University_Main_Building_20190818.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Osaka_City_University_Main_Building_20190818.jpg/330px-Osaka_City_University_Main_Building_20190818.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Osaka_City_University_Main_Building_20190818.jpg/440px-Osaka_City_University_Main_Building_20190818.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3913" data-file-height="2609" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Osaka_Metropolitan_University" title="Osaka Metropolitan University">Osaka Metropolitan University</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Public elementary and junior high schools in Osaka are operated by the city of Osaka. Its supervisory organization on educational matters is Osaka City Board of Education.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, public high schools are operated by the <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Prefectural_Board_of_Education" title="Osaka Prefectural Board of Education">Osaka Prefectural Board of Education</a>. </p><p>Osaka once had a large number of universities and high schools, but because of growing campuses and the need for larger area, many chose to move to the suburbs, including <a href="/wiki/Osaka_University" title="Osaka University">Osaka University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically foreign expatriates in the Kansai region preferred to live in <a href="/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe">Kobe</a> rather than Osaka. As a result, until 1991 the Osaka area had no schools catering to expatriate children.<sup id="cite_ref-Stewartp43_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewartp43-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Osaka_International_School_of_Kwansei_Gakuin" class="mw-redirect" title="Osaka International School of Kwansei Gakuin">Osaka International School of Kwansei Gakuin</a>, founded in 1991, is located in nearby <a href="/wiki/Minoh,_Osaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoh, Osaka">Minoh</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was the first international school in the Osaka area.<sup id="cite_ref-Stewartp43_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewartp43-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Hanshin_earthquake" title="Great Hanshin earthquake">Great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake</a> of 1995 caused a decline in demand for international schools, as there were about 2,500 U.S. nationals resident in Osaka after the earthquake while the pre-earthquake number was about 5,000. <a href="/wiki/American_Chamber_of_Commerce_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="American Chamber of Commerce in Japan">American Chamber of Commerce in Japan</a> (ACCJ) Kansai chapter president Norman Solberg stated that since 2002 the numbers of expatriates in Kansai were recovering "but the fact is there is still a persistent exodus to Tokyo."<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001 the city of Osaka and <a href="/wiki/YMCA" title="YMCA">YMCA</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Osaka_YMCA_International_School" title="Osaka YMCA International School">Osaka YMCA International School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stewartp43_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewartp43-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Colleges and universities include: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kansai_University" title="Kansai University">Kansai University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morinomiya_University_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences">Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaka_Metropolitan_University" title="Osaka Metropolitan University">Osaka Metropolitan University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaka_University_of_Economics" title="Osaka University of Economics">Osaka University of Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaka_Institute_of_Technology" title="Osaka Institute of Technology">Osaka Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaka_Jogakuin_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Osaka Jogakuin College">Osaka Jogakuin College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaka_Seikei_University" title="Osaka Seikei University">Osaka Seikei University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaka_University_of_Arts" title="Osaka University of Arts">Osaka University of Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minamikawachi_District,_Osaka" title="Minamikawachi District, Osaka">Minamikawachi District, Osaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaka_University_of_Comprehensive_Children_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Osaka University of Comprehensive Children education">Osaka University of Comprehensive Children education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaka_University_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Osaka University of Education">Osaka University of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soai_University" title="Soai University">Soai University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokiwakai_Gakuen_University" title="Tokiwakai Gakuen University">Tokiwakai Gakuen University</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries">Libraries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Libraries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>International Institute for Children's Literature, Osaka<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Osaka Municipal Central Library</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaka_Prefectural_Nakanoshima_Library" title="Osaka Prefectural Nakanoshima Library">Osaka Prefectural Nakanoshima Library</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Learned_society">Learned society</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Learned society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Japanese Academy of <a href="/wiki/Family_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Family Medicine">Family Medicine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Facilities">Facilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Facilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Important cultural property" (重要文化財) after the name of a facility indicates an important cultural property designated by the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leisure_facilities_and_high-rise_buildings">Leisure facilities and high-rise buildings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Leisure facilities and high-rise buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USJ_5years.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/USJ_5years.JPG/220px-USJ_5years.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/USJ_5years.JPG/330px-USJ_5years.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/USJ_5years.JPG/440px-USJ_5years.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Universal_Studios_Japan" title="Universal Studios Japan">Universal Studios Japan</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abeno_Harukas" title="Abeno Harukas">Abeno Harukas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asia_Pacific_Trade_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asia Pacific Trade Center (page does not exist)">Asia Pacific Trade Center</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E3%83%88%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" class="extiw" title="ja:アジア太平洋トレードセンター">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festivalgate" title="Festivalgate">Festivalgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intex_Osaka" title="Intex Osaka">Intex Osaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namba_Parks" title="Namba Parks">Namba Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OAP_Tower" title="OAP Tower">OAP Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaka_Business_Park" title="Osaka Business Park">Osaka Business Park</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka_Garden_City&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osaka Garden City (page does not exist)">Osaka Garden City</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B5%E3%82%AB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3" class="extiw" title="ja:オオサカガーデンシティ">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaka_Prefectural_Government_Sakishima_Building" title="Osaka Prefectural Government Sakishima Building">Osaka Prefectural Government Sakishima Building</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tempozan_Harbor_Village&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tempozan Harbor Village (page does not exist)">Tempozan Harbor Village</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BF%9D%E5%B1%B1%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%93%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%82%B8" class="extiw" title="ja:天保山ハーバービレッジ">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ts%C5%ABtenkaku" title="Tsūtenkaku">Tsūtenkaku</a> (Registered Tangible Cultural Property)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umeda_Sky_Building" title="Umeda Sky Building">Umeda Sky Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Studios_Japan" title="Universal Studios Japan">Universal Studios Japan</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_site">Historical site</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Historical site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirano_(Osaka)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hirano (Osaka) (page does not exist)">Hirano</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E9%87%8E_(%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E5%B8%82)" class="extiw" title="ja:平野 (大阪市)">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horijo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horijo (page does not exist)">Horijo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A0%80%E5%9F%8E" class="extiw" title="ja:堀城">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaguchi_foreign_settlement" title="Kawaguchi foreign settlement">Kawaguchi foreign settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruins_of_Naniwanomiya_Palace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruins of Naniwanomiya Palace (page does not exist)">Ruins of Naniwanomiya Palace</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%A3%E6%B3%A2%E5%AE%AE" class="extiw" title="ja:難波宮">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaka_Castle" title="Osaka Castle">Osaka Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekijuku" title="Tekijuku">Tekijuku</a> (important cultural property)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks_and_gardens">Parks and gardens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Parks and gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hakubo_Memorial_Park_Tsurumi_Ryokuchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hakubo Memorial Park Tsurumi Ryokuchi (page does not exist)">Hakubo Memorial Park Tsurumi Ryokuchi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%8D%9A%E8%A8%98%E5%BF%B5%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92%E9%B6%B4%E8%A6%8B%E7%B7%91%E5%9C%B0" class="extiw" title="ja:花博記念公園鶴見緑地">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keitaku_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keitaku Garden (page does not exist)">Keitaku Garden</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%85%B6%E6%B2%A2%E5%9C%92" class="extiw" title="ja:慶沢園">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagai_Park" title="Nagai Park">Nagai Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakanoshima_Park" title="Nakanoshima Park">Nakanoshima Park</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogimachi_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogimachi Park (page does not exist)">Ogimachi Park</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%87%E7%94%BA%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92" class="extiw" title="ja:扇町公園">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaka_Castle_Park" title="Osaka Castle Park">Osaka Castle Park</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka_Nanko_Bird_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osaka Nanko Bird Sanctuary (page does not exist)">Osaka Nanko Bird Sanctuary</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E5%8D%97%E6%B8%AF%E9%87%8E%E9%B3%A5%E5%9C%92" class="extiw" title="ja:大阪南港野鳥園">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sakuranomiya_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sakuranomiya Park (page does not exist)">Sakuranomiya Park</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A1%9C%E4%B9%8B%E5%AE%AE%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92" class="extiw" title="ja:桜之宮公園">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirokita_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shirokita Park (page does not exist)">Shirokita Park</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%8C%97%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92" class="extiw" title="ja:城北公園">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suminoe_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suminoe Park (page does not exist)">Suminoe Park</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%8F%E4%B9%8B%E6%B1%9F%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92" class="extiw" title="ja:住之江公園">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumiyoshi_Park" title="Sumiyoshi Park">Sumiyoshi Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennoji_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennoji Park">Tennoji Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsubo_Park" title="Utsubo Park">Utsubo Park</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yodogawa_River_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yodogawa River Park (page does not exist)">Yodogawa River Park</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B7%80%E5%B7%9D%E6%B2%B3%E5%B7%9D%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92" class="extiw" title="ja:淀川河川公園">ja</a>]</span></li></ul> </div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align: center;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Gallery</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UtsuboPark-RoseGarden02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Utsubo Park"><img alt="Utsubo Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/UtsuboPark-RoseGarden02.jpg/294px-UtsuboPark-RoseGarden02.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/UtsuboPark-RoseGarden02.jpg/441px-UtsuboPark-RoseGarden02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/UtsuboPark-RoseGarden02.jpg/588px-UtsuboPark-RoseGarden02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="425" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Utsubo_Park" title="Utsubo Park">Utsubo Park</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 233.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 231.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osaka_Castle_Park_20071230.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Osaka Castle Park"><img alt="Osaka Castle Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Osaka_Castle_Park_20071230.jpg/347px-Osaka_Castle_Park_20071230.jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Osaka_Castle_Park_20071230.jpg/521px-Osaka_Castle_Park_20071230.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Osaka_Castle_Park_20071230.jpg/694px-Osaka_Castle_Park_20071230.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1125" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Osaka_Castle_Park" title="Osaka Castle Park">Osaka Castle Park</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 197.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sakuranomiya-Park_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sakuranomiya Park [ja]"><img alt="Sakuranomiya Park [ja]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sakuranomiya-Park_02.jpg/293px-Sakuranomiya-Park_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sakuranomiya-Park_02.jpg/440px-Sakuranomiya-Park_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sakuranomiya-Park_02.jpg/585px-Sakuranomiya-Park_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sakuranomiya_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sakuranomiya Park (page does not exist)">Sakuranomiya Park</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A1%9C%E4%B9%8B%E5%AE%AE%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92" class="extiw" title="ja:桜之宮公園">ja</a>]</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 197.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yodogawa_Kasen_Park_Juso_area_IMG_5195-2_20190114.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yodogawa Riverside Park"><img alt="Yodogawa Riverside Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Yodogawa_Kasen_Park_Juso_area_IMG_5195-2_20190114.jpg/293px-Yodogawa_Kasen_Park_Juso_area_IMG_5195-2_20190114.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Yodogawa_Kasen_Park_Juso_area_IMG_5195-2_20190114.jpg/440px-Yodogawa_Kasen_Park_Juso_area_IMG_5195-2_20190114.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Yodogawa_Kasen_Park_Juso_area_IMG_5195-2_20190114.jpg/585px-Yodogawa_Kasen_Park_Juso_area_IMG_5195-2_20190114.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Yodogawa Riverside Park</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_architecture">Ancient architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Ancient architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sumiyoshi_Taisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumiyoshi Taisha">Sumiyoshi Taisha</a> main shrine (national treasure)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_architecture">Modern architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Modern architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Around Umeda</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka_Central_Post_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osaka Central Post Office (page does not exist)">Osaka Central Post Office</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%83%B5%E4%BE%BF%E5%B1%80" class="extiw" title="ja:大阪中央郵便局">ja</a>]</span> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Electric_Club&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Electric Club (page does not exist)">Central Electric Club</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%9B%BB%E6%B0%97%E5%80%B6%E6%A5%BD%E9%83%A8" class="extiw" title="ja:中央電気倶楽部">ja</a>]</span> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oe_Building&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oe Building (page does not exist)">Oe Building</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B1%9F%E3%83%93%E3%83%AB%E3%83%82%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" class="extiw" title="ja:大江ビルヂング">ja</a>]</span></li> <li>Nakanoshima</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaka_City_Central_Public_Hall" title="Osaka City Central Public Hall">Osaka City Central Public Hall</a> (Important Cultural Property) – <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Prefectural_Nakanoshima_Library" title="Osaka Prefectural Nakanoshima Library">Osaka Prefectural Nakanoshima Library</a> (Important Cultural Property) – <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Bank of Japan</a> Osaka Branch Old Building</li> <li>Around Osaka Castle</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Mint_Foundry_Front_Entrance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old Mint Foundry Front Entrance (page does not exist)">Old Mint Foundry Front Entrance</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A7%E9%80%A0%E5%B9%A3%E5%AF%AE%E9%8B%B3%E9%80%A0%E6%89%80%E6%AD%A3%E9%9D%A2%E7%8E%84%E9%96%A2" class="extiw" title="ja:旧造幣寮鋳造所正面玄関">ja</a>]</span> (Former Youth Art Gallery) (Important Cultural Property) – <a href="/wiki/Senpukan" title="Senpukan">Senpukan</a> (Important Cultural Property) – <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Castle" title="Osaka Castle">Osaka Castle</a> (registered tangible cultural property) – former <a href="/wiki/Osaka_City_Museum" title="Osaka City Museum">Osaka City Museum</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka_Prefectural_Government_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osaka Prefectural Government Office (page does not exist)">Osaka Prefectural Government Office</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E5%BA%9C%E5%BA%81%E8%88%8E" class="extiw" title="ja:大阪府庁舎">ja</a>]</span></li> <li>Kitasenba, Minamisenba</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kitahama_Retro_Building&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kitahama Retro Building (page does not exist)">Kitahama Retro Building</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%9C%E3%83%AC%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%93%E3%83%AB%E3%83%82%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" class="extiw" title="ja:北浜レトロビルヂング">ja</a>]</span> (Registered Tangible Cultural Property) – <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Securities_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Osaka Securities Exchange">Osaka Securities Exchange</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Mitsui_Banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumitomo Mitsui Banking">Sumitomo Mitsui Banking</a> Osaka (Sumitomo Building) – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arai_Building&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arai Building (page does not exist)">Arai Building</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%95%E3%83%93%E3%83%AB" class="extiw" title="ja:新井ビル">ja</a>]</span> (Registration Tangible Cultural Property) – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka_Municipal_Aizuku_Kindergarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osaka Municipal Aizuku Kindergarten (page does not exist)">Osaka Municipal Aizuku Kindergarten</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E5%B8%82%E7%AB%8B%E6%84%9B%E7%8F%A0%E5%B9%BC%E7%A8%9A%E5%9C%92" class="extiw" title="ja:大阪市立愛珠幼稚園">ja</a>]</span> (Important Cultural Property) – <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Life" title="Nippon Life">Nippon Life</a> Insurance Head Office Building – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka_Club&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osaka Club (page does not exist)">Osaka Club</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E5%80%B6%E6%A5%BD%E9%83%A8" class="extiw" title="ja:大阪倶楽部">ja</a>]</span> (registered tangible cultural property) – <a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Mitsui_Banking_Corporation" title="Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation">Sumitomo Mitsui Bank Osaka Central Branch</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koraibashi_Nomura_Building&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koraibashi Nomura Building (page does not exist)">Koraibashi Nomura Building</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E9%BA%97%E6%A9%8B%E9%87%8E%E6%9D%91%E3%83%93%E3%83%AB" class="extiw" title="ja:高麗橋野村ビル">ja</a>]</span> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippon_Christian_Church_Naniwa_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nippon Christian Church Naniwa Church (page does not exist)">Nippon Christian Church Naniwa Church</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%9B%A3%E6%B5%AA%E8%8A%B1%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" class="extiw" title="ja:日本基督教団浪花教会">ja</a>]</span> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aoyama_Building&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aoyama Building (page does not exist)">Aoyama Building</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E5%B1%B1%E3%83%93%E3%83%AB" class="extiw" title="ja:青山ビル">ja</a>]</span> (Registered Tangible Cultural property) – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fushimi_Building&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fushimi Building (page does not exist)">Fushimi Building</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E8%A6%8B%E3%83%93%E3%83%AB" class="extiw" title="ja:伏見ビル">ja</a>]</span> (registered tangible cultural property) – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Former_Konishi_Gisuke_store_building&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Former Konishi Gisuke store building (page does not exist)">former Konishi Gisuke store building</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B7" class="extiw" title="ja:コニシ">ja</a>]</span> (important cultural property) – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka_Gas_Building&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osaka Gas Building (page does not exist)">Osaka Gas Building</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF%E3%83%93%E3%83%AB%E3%83%82%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" class="extiw" title="ja:大阪瓦斯ビルヂング">ja</a>]</span> (registered tangible cultural property) – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikoma_Building&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikoma Building (page does not exist)">Ikoma Building</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E9%A7%92%E3%83%93%E3%83%AB%E3%83%82%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" class="extiw" title="ja:生駒ビルヂング">ja</a>]</span> (registered tangible cultural property) – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cotton_Industry_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cotton Industry Hall (page does not exist)">Cotton Industry Hall</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%BF%E6%A5%AD%E4%BC%9A%E9%A4%A8" class="extiw" title="ja:綿業会館">ja</a>]</span> (Important Cultural Property) – <a href="/wiki/Meidi-Ya" title="Meidi-Ya">Meidi-Ya</a> building – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miki_Musical_Instrument_Headquarters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miki Musical Instrument Headquarters (page does not exist)">Miki Musical Instrument Headquarters</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%9C%A8%E6%A5%BD%E5%99%A8" class="extiw" title="ja:三木楽器">ja</a>]</span> (Registered Tangible Cultural Properties) – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harada_Industry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harada Industry (page does not exist)">Harada Industry</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%B0%E7%94%A3%E6%A5%AD" class="extiw" title="ja:原田産業">ja</a>]</span></li> <li>Shimojoba (Nishisenba)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Christian_Church_Osaka_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese Christian Church Osaka Church (page does not exist)">Japanese Christian Church Osaka Church</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%9B%A3%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" class="extiw" title="ja:日本基督教団大阪教会">ja</a>]</span> (registered tangible cultural property) – Yamauchi Building (registered tangible cultural property) – Edobori Kodama Building (registered tangible cultural property)</li> <li>Shinsaibashi/Namba <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daimaru" title="Daimaru">Daimaru</a> Shinsaibashi – <a href="/wiki/Takashimaya" title="Takashimaya">Takashimaya</a> Osaka (Nankai Namba) – <a href="/wiki/Takashimaya" title="Takashimaya">Takashimaya</a> East Annex – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miki_Instruments_Main_Store_Kaiseikan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miki Instruments Main Store Kaiseikan (page does not exist)">Miki Instruments Main Store Kaiseikan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%9C%A8%E6%A5%BD%E5%99%A8" class="extiw" title="ja:三木楽器">ja</a>]</span> (registered tangible cultural property)</li></ul></li> <li>Osaka Port/Kawaguchi</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsuki_Port_Red_Brick_Warehouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsuki Port Red Brick Warehouse (page does not exist)">Tsuki Port Red Brick Warehouse</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AF%89%E6%B8%AF%E8%B5%A4%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E5%80%89%E5%BA%AB" class="extiw" title="ja:築港赤レンガ倉庫">ja</a>]</span> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumitomo_Warehouse_Tsuki_Port&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumitomo Warehouse Tsuki Port (page does not exist)">Sumitomo Warehouse Tsuki Port</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%8F%E5%8F%8B%E5%80%89%E5%BA%AB" class="extiw" title="ja:住友倉庫">ja</a>]</span> – MOL Mitsui Tsuki Port Building (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka_Merchant_Ship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osaka Merchant Ship (page does not exist)">Osaka Merchant Ship</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E5%95%86%E8%88%B9" class="extiw" title="ja:大阪商船">ja</a>]</span>) – Japan Anglican Church Kawaguchi Christian Church (Registered Tangible Cultural Property) – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitsui_Warehouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitsui Warehouse (page does not exist)">Mitsui Warehouse</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%BA%95%E5%80%89%E5%BA%AB%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B9" class="extiw" title="ja:三井倉庫ホールディングス">ja</a>]</span> – <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Municipal_Transportation_Bureau" title="Osaka Municipal Transportation Bureau">Osaka Municipal Transportation Bureau</a> (Osaka City Electricity Bureau)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theaters_and_halls">Theaters and halls</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Theaters and halls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izumi_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izumi Hall (page does not exist)">Izumi Hall</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%84%E3%81%9A%E3%81%BF%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" class="extiw" title="ja:いずみホール">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umeda_Arts_Theater" title="Umeda Arts Theater">Umeda Arts Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morinomiya_Piloti_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morinomiya Piloti Hall (page does not exist)">Morinomiya Piloti Hall</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A3%AE%E3%83%8E%E5%AE%AE%E3%83%94%E3%83%AD%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" class="extiw" title="ja:森ノ宮ピロティホール">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHK_Osaka_Hall" title="NHK Osaka Hall">NHK Osaka Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaka_International_Convention_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Osaka International Convention Center">Osaka International Convention Center</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka_Shiki_Theater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osaka Shiki Theater (page does not exist)">Osaka Shiki Theater</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E5%9B%9B%E5%AD%A3%E5%8A%87%E5%A0%B4" class="extiw" title="ja:大阪四季劇場">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka_Castle_Music_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osaka Castle Music Hall (page does not exist)">Osaka Castle Music Hall</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E5%9F%8E%E9%9F%B3%E6%A5%BD%E5%A0%82" class="extiw" title="ja:大阪城音楽堂">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaka-j%C5%8D_Hall" title="Osaka-jō Hall">Osaka-jō Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orix_Theater" title="Orix Theater">Orix Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bunraku_Theatre" title="National Bunraku Theatre">National Bunraku Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Symphony_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Symphony Hall (page does not exist)">The Symphony Hall</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B6%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" class="extiw" title="ja:ザ・シンフォニーホール">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theater_BRAVA!&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theater BRAVA! (page does not exist)">Theater BRAVA!</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BCBRAVA!" class="extiw" title="ja:シアターBRAVA!">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Kabukiza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Kabukiza (page does not exist)">New Kabukiza</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%AD%8C%E8%88%9E%E4%BC%8E%E5%BA%A7_(%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA)" class="extiw" title="ja:新歌舞伎座 (大阪)">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zepp_Osaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Zepp Osaka">Zepp Osaka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenma_Tenjin_Hanjotei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tenma Tenjin Hanjotei (page does not exist)">Tenma Tenjin Hanjotei</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%BA%80%E5%A4%A9%E7%A5%9E%E7%B9%81%E6%98%8C%E4%BA%AD" class="extiw" title="ja:天満天神繁昌亭">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namba_Grand_Kagetsu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namba Grand Kagetsu (page does not exist)">Namba Grand Kagetsu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%AA%E3%82%93%E3%81%B0%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E8%8A%B1%E6%9C%88" class="extiw" title="ja:なんばグランド花月">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Hall,_Osaka" title="Festival Hall, Osaka">Festival Hall, Osaka</a></li></ul> </div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align: center;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Gallery</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 197.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Izumi_Hall_Osaka01n3200.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Izumi Hall [ja]"><img alt="Izumi Hall [ja]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Izumi_Hall_Osaka01n3200.jpg/293px-Izumi_Hall_Osaka01n3200.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Izumi_Hall_Osaka01n3200.jpg/440px-Izumi_Hall_Osaka01n3200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Izumi_Hall_Osaka01n3200.jpg/585px-Izumi_Hall_Osaka01n3200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2133" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izumi_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izumi Hall (page does not exist)">Izumi Hall</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%84%E3%81%9A%E3%81%BF%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" class="extiw" title="ja:いずみホール">ja</a>]</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 233.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 231.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osaka-jo_Hall_in_201408.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Osaka-jō Hall"><img alt="Osaka-jō Hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Osaka-jo_Hall_in_201408.JPG/347px-Osaka-jo_Hall_in_201408.JPG" decoding="async" width="232" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Osaka-jo_Hall_in_201408.JPG/521px-Osaka-jo_Hall_in_201408.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Osaka-jo_Hall_in_201408.JPG/694px-Osaka-jo_Hall_in_201408.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Osaka-j%C5%8D_Hall" title="Osaka-jō Hall">Osaka-jō Hall</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 191.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 189.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Bunraku_Theatre_in_201408.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="National Bunraku Theater"><img alt="National Bunraku Theater" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/National_Bunraku_Theatre_in_201408.JPG/284px-National_Bunraku_Theatre_in_201408.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/National_Bunraku_Theatre_in_201408.JPG/426px-National_Bunraku_Theatre_in_201408.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/National_Bunraku_Theatre_in_201408.JPG/567px-National_Bunraku_Theatre_in_201408.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/National_Bunraku_Theatre" title="National Bunraku Theatre">National Bunraku Theater</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 233.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 231.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Temma-Tenjin_Hanjo-tei_in_201407.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tenma Tenjin Hanjotei [ja]"><img alt="Tenma Tenjin Hanjotei [ja]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Temma-Tenjin_Hanjo-tei_in_201407.JPG/347px-Temma-Tenjin_Hanjo-tei_in_201407.JPG" decoding="async" width="232" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Temma-Tenjin_Hanjo-tei_in_201407.JPG/521px-Temma-Tenjin_Hanjo-tei_in_201407.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Temma-Tenjin_Hanjo-tei_in_201407.JPG/694px-Temma-Tenjin_Hanjo-tei_in_201407.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenma_Tenjin_Hanjotei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tenma Tenjin Hanjotei (page does not exist)">Tenma Tenjin Hanjotei</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%BA%80%E5%A4%A9%E7%A5%9E%E7%B9%81%E6%98%8C%E4%BA%AD" class="extiw" title="ja:天満天神繁昌亭">ja</a>]</span></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport_venues">Sport venues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Sport venues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Views_from_Abeno_Harukas_in_201512_008.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Views_from_Abeno_Harukas_in_201512_008.JPG/260px-Views_from_Abeno_Harukas_in_201512_008.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Views_from_Abeno_Harukas_in_201512_008.JPG/390px-Views_from_Abeno_Harukas_in_201512_008.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Views_from_Abeno_Harukas_in_201512_008.JPG/520px-Views_from_Abeno_Harukas_in_201512_008.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nagai_Park" title="Nagai Park">Nagai Park</a> is visible at center.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogimachi_Pool&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogimachi Pool (page does not exist)">Ogimachi Pool</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%87%E7%94%BA%E3%83%97%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" class="extiw" title="ja:扇町プール">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaka_Municipal_Central_Gymnasium" title="Osaka Municipal Central Gymnasium">Osaka Municipal Central Gymnasium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaka_Prefectural_Gymnasium" title="Osaka Prefectural Gymnasium">Osaka Prefectural Gymnasium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maruzen_Intec_Osaka_Pool" title="Maruzen Intec Osaka Pool">Maruzen Intec Osaka Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyocera_Dome_Osaka" title="Kyocera Dome Osaka">Kyocera Dome Osaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagai_Park" title="Nagai Park">Nagai Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanmar_Stadium_Nagai" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanmar Stadium Nagai">Yanmar Stadium Nagai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanmar_Field_Nagai" title="Yanmar Field Nagai">Yanmar Field Nagai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodoko_Sakura_Stadium" title="Yodoko Sakura Stadium">Yodoko Sakura Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maishima_Sports_Island" title="Maishima Sports Island">Maishima Sports Island</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_facilities">Religious facilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Religious facilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Shrines</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sumiyoshi_Taisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumiyoshi Taisha">Sumiyoshi Taisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaka_Tenmangu" class="mw-redirect" title="Osaka Tenmangu">Osaka Tenmangu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goryo_Shrine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goryo Shrine (page does not exist)">Goryo Shrine</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%A1%E9%9C%8A%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE_(%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E5%B8%82)" class="extiw" title="ja:御霊神社 (大阪市)">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zama_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Zama Shrine">Zama Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namba_Shrine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namba Shrine (page does not exist)">Namba Shrine</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%A3%E6%B3%A2%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE" class="extiw" title="ja:難波神社">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikukunitama_Shrine" title="Ikukunitama Shrine">Ikukunitama Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamatsukuri_Inari_Shrine" title="Tamatsukuri Inari Shrine">Tamatsukuri Inari Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dzu-g%C5%AB" title="Kōzu-gū">Kōzu-gū</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitsu_Hachimangu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitsu Hachimangu (page does not exist)">Mitsu Hachimangu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%A1%E6%B4%A5%E5%AE%AE" class="extiw" title="ja:御津宮">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namba_Yasaka_Shrine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namba Yasaka Shrine (page does not exist)">Namba Yasaka Shrine</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%A3%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%AB%E9%98%AA%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE" class="extiw" title="ja:難波八阪神社">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinmei_Shrine_(Osaka)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shinmei Shrine (Osaka) (page does not exist)">Shinmei Shrine</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E6%98%8E%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE_(%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E5%B8%82)" class="extiw" title="ja:神明神社 (大阪市)">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamiya_Shrine" title="Imamiya Shrine">Imamiya Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abe_Seimei_Shrine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abe Seimei Shrine (page does not exist)">Abe Seimei Shrine</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%80%8D%E7%8E%8B%E5%AD%90%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE" class="extiw" title="ja:阿倍王子神社">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumata_Shrine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kumata Shrine (page does not exist)">Kumata Shrine</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%AD%E5%85%A8%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE" class="extiw" title="ja:杭全神社">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsuyunoten_Shrine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsuyunoten Shrine (page does not exist)">Tsuyunoten Shrine</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%B2%E5%A4%A9%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE" class="extiw" title="ja:露天神社">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsunashiki_Tenjin_Shrine" title="Tsunashiki Tenjin Shrine">Tsunashiki Tenjin Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asahi_Shinmeisha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asahi Shinmeisha (page does not exist)">Asahi Shinmeisha</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E6%97%A5%E7%A5%9E%E6%98%8E%E7%A4%BE" class="extiw" title="ja:朝日神明社">ja</a>]</span></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Temples</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shitenn%C5%8D-ji" title="Shitennō-ji">Shitennō-ji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shitennoji_Honbo_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shitennoji Honbo Garden (page does not exist)">Shitennoji Honbo Garden</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A9%E7%8E%8B%E5%AF%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%9D%8A%E5%BA%AD%E5%9C%92" class="extiw" title="ja:四天王寺本坊庭園">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shomanin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shomanin (page does not exist)">Shomanin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%9D%E9%AC%98%E9%99%A2" class="extiw" title="ja:勝鬘院">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dainenbutsu-ji" title="Dainenbutsu-ji">Dainenbutsu-ji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taishokannonji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taishokannonji (page does not exist)">Taishokannonji</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%81%96%E8%A6%B3%E9%9F%B3%E5%AF%BA" class="extiw" title="ja:大聖観音寺">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isshin-ji" title="Isshin-ji">Isshin-ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiy%C5%AB-ji" title="Taiyū-ji">Taiyū-ji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hozenji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hozenji (page does not exist)">Hozenji</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%96%84%E5%AF%BA" class="extiw" title="ja:法善寺">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Honganji_Tsumura_Betsuin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Honganji Tsumura Betsuin (page does not exist)">Honganji Tsumura Betsuin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E9%A1%98%E5%AF%BA%E6%B4%A5%E6%9D%91%E5%88%A5%E9%99%A2" class="extiw" title="ja:本願寺津村別院">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinshu_Buddhist_Otani-ha_Sect_Namba_Betsuin_Temple&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shinshu Buddhist Otani-ha Sect Namba Betsuin Temple (page does not exist)">Shinshu Buddhist Otani-ha Sect Namba Betsuin Temple</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%AE%97%E5%A4%A7%E8%B0%B7%E6%B4%BE%E9%9B%A3%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A5%E9%99%A2" class="extiw" title="ja:真宗大谷派難波別院">ja</a>]</span></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Churches</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Church_of_Christ_in_Japan_(UCCJ)_Naniwa_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Church of Christ in Japan (UCCJ) Naniwa Church (page does not exist)">United Church of Christ in Japan (UCCJ) Naniwa Church</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%9B%A3%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" class="extiw" title="ja:日本基督教団大阪教会">ja</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Cathedral_of_the_Virgin_Mary_of_Osaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grand Cathedral of the Virgin Mary of Osaka (page does not exist)">Grand Cathedral of the Virgin Mary of Osaka</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E3%82%AB%E3%83%86%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AB%E8%81%96%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E5%A4%A7%E8%81%96%E5%A0%82" class="extiw" title="ja:大阪カテドラル聖マリア大聖堂">ja</a>]</span></li> <li>Japan Anglican Church</li> <li>Japan Christian Church Osaka Fukushima Church</li> <li>Japan Evangelical Lutheran Osaka Church</li></ul> </div> <dl><dt></dt></dl> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Japan" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Japan">List of twin towns and sister cities in Japan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osakatowernight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Osakatowernight.jpg/170px-Osakatowernight.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="428" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Osakatowernight.jpg/255px-Osakatowernight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Osakatowernight.jpg/340px-Osakatowernight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="2266" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ts%C5%ABtenkaku" title="Tsūtenkaku">Tsūtenkaku</a>, a symbol of Osaka's postwar reconstruction</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sister_cities">Sister cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Osaka is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-sisters_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sisters-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Aksaray" title="Aksaray">Aksaray</a>, Turkey</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, United States (since November 1973)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, Germany (since May 1989)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes" title="Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</a>, France (since May 1984)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, Australia (since April 1978)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>, Italy (since June 1981)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Russia (since August 1979)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, United States (former partnership, October 1957–October 2018)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, Brazil (since October 1969)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, China (since April 1974)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada (since June 1994)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Friendship_cooperation_cities">Friendship cooperation cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Friendship cooperation cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Osaka also cooperates with:<sup id="cite_ref-sisters_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sisters-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, Hungary (1998)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a>, South Korea (2008)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, Argentina (1998)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dnipro" title="Dnipro">Dnipro</a>, Ukraine (2022)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, United States</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_partner_cities">Business partner cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Business partner cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Osaka's business partner cities, mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Pacific">Asia-Pacific</a> region, are:<sup id="cite_ref-sisters_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sisters-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>, New Zealand</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, Thailand</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, Australia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, Germany</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a>, Vietnam</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong"><img alt="Hong Kong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, China</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, Indonesia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, Malaysia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, United States</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, Philippines</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, Australia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, India</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, South Korea</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, China</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore"><img alt="Singapore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>, China</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sister_ports">Sister ports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Sister ports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Osaka's sister ports are:<sup id="cite_ref-sisters_102-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sisters-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Busan" title="Port of Busan">Port of Busan</a>, South Korea</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Le_Havre" title="Port of Le Havre">Port of Le Havre</a>, France</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Melbourne" title="Port of Melbourne">Port of Melbourne</a>, Australia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saigon_Port" title="Saigon Port">Saigon Port</a>, Vietnam</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Port_of_San_Francisco" title="Port of San Francisco">Port of San Francisco</a>, United States</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Shanghai" title="Port of Shanghai">Port of Shanghai</a> (friendship port treaty)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Valencia" title="Port of Valencia">Port of Valencia</a>, Spain</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Valparaiso" class="mw-redirect" title="Valparaiso">Port of Valparaiso</a>, Chile</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expo_%2770" title="Expo '70">Expo '70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expo_2025" title="Expo 2025">Expo 2025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of metropolitan areas by population">List of metropolitan areas by population</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2019" class="citation web cs1">Johnston, Eric (April 8, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/04/08/national/politics-diplomacy/osaka-leaders-projected-win-elections-swap-roles/">"Osaka leaders win in elections to swap roles, but merger prospects unclear"</a> – via Japan Times Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Osaka+leaders+win+in+elections+to+swap+roles%2C+but+merger+prospects+unclear&rft.date=2019-04-08&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2019%2F04%2F08%2Fnational%2Fpolitics-diplomacy%2Fosaka-leaders-projected-win-elections-swap-roles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">with undecided boundary, see Japanese wiki <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E5%B8%82" class="extiw" title="ja:大阪市">ja:大阪市</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-japan2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-japan2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-japan2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-japan2_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-japan2_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/handbook/pdf/2019all.pdf">"Table 2.10 Population of Three Major Metropolitan Areas"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Statistics Bureau of Japan. p. 21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+2.10+Population+of+Three+Major+Metropolitan+Areas&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Statistics+Bureau+of+Japan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.go.jp%2Fenglish%2Fdata%2Fhandbook%2Fpdf%2F2019all.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stats-boj-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stats-boj_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stats-boj_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-stat.go.jp/stat-search/files?page=1&layout=datalist&toukei=00200521&tstat=000001080615&cycle=0&tclass1=000001110216&second=1&second2=1&">"2015 Census Final Data"</a>. Statistics Bureau of Japan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2015+Census+Final+Data&rft.pub=Statistics+Bureau+of+Japan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-stat.go.jp%2Fstat-search%2Ffiles%3Fpage%3D1%26layout%3Ddatalist%26toukei%3D00200521%26tstat%3D000001080615%26cycle%3D0%26tclass1%3D000001110216%26second%3D1%26second2%3D1%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGyūichi2011" class="citation book cs1">Gyūichi, Ōta (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pJHArhRVYEoC&pg=PA154"><i>The Chronicle of Lord Nobunaga</i></a>. Brill Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">153–</span>154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20162-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20162-0"><bdi>978-90-04-20162-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronicle+of+Lord+Nobunaga&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E153-%3C%2Fspan%3E154&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-20162-0&rft.aulast=Gy%C5%ABichi&rft.aufirst=%C5%8Cta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpJHArhRVYEoC%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRingWatsonSchellinger1996" class="citation book cs1">Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul, eds. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=voerPYsAB5wC&pg=PA650"><i>Asia & Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places</i></a>. Routledge. p. 650. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884964-04-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-884964-04-4"><bdi>1-884964-04-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia+%26+Oceania%3A+International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places&rft.pages=650&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-884964-04-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvoerPYsAB5wC%26pg%3DPA650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uemachidaichi-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Uemachidaichi_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uemachidaichi_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uemachidaichi_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uemachidaichi_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uemachidaichi_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121228011113/http://www.osaka-info.jp/en/culture/2007may/01.html">"Uemachidaichi - A journey to ancient osaka"</a>. <i>www.osaka-info.jp</i>. May 1, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osaka-info.jp/en/culture/2007may/01.html">the original</a> on December 28, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.osaka-info.jp&rft.atitle=Uemachidaichi+-+A+journey+to+ancient+osaka&rft.date=2007-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osaka-info.jp%2Fen%2Fculture%2F2007may%2F01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plain-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-plain_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-plain_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-plain_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHikotaroMinoru1972" class="citation journal cs1">Hikotaro, Kajiyama; Minoru, Itihara (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201030528/https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110003025552">"The Developmental History of the Osaka Plain"</a>. <i>地質学論集</i> (7): <span class="nowrap">101–</span>112. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110003025552">the original</a> on December 1, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%A6%E8%AB%96%E9%9B%86&rft.atitle=The+Developmental+History+of+the+Osaka+Plain&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Hikotaro&rft.aufirst=Kajiyama&rft.au=Minoru%2C+Itihara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fci.nii.ac.jp%2Fnaid%2F110003025552&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-osakahist-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-osakahist_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osakahist_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osakahist_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osakahist_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osakahist_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osakahist_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090322141953/http://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/contents/wdu020/english/for_tourists/c_historical_overview.html">"Historical Overview, the City of Osaka official homepage"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/contents/wdu020/english/for_tourists/c_historical_overview.html">the original</a> on March 22, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Overview%2C+the+City+of+Osaka+official+homepage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.city.osaka.lg.jp%2Fcontents%2Fwdu020%2Fenglish%2Ffor_tourists%2Fc_historical_overview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span> Navigate to the equivalent Japanese page (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">大阪市の歴史タイムトリップ20,000年</span></span></span> [History of Osaka, A timetrip back 20,000 years])<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.city.osaka.jp/city/history/history.html/">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090226221108/http://www.city.osaka.jp/city/history/history.html">Archived</a> February 26, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> for additional information.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/tempio/">templi</a> www.treccani.it</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201030241/https://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/contents/wdu020/sumiyoshi/english/view/view.html">"Sumiyoshi Ward"</a>. <i>www.city.osaka.lg.jp</i>. April 21, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/contents/wdu020/sumiyoshi/english/view/view.html">the original</a> on December 1, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.city.osaka.lg.jp&rft.atitle=Sumiyoshi+Ward&rft.date=2011-04-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.city.osaka.lg.jp%2Fcontents%2Fwdu020%2Fsumiyoshi%2Fenglish%2Fview%2Fview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sumiyoshi-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sumiyoshi_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sumiyoshi_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sumiyoshi_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032332/https://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/contents/wdu020/sumiyoshi/english/attract/attrac01.html">"Tezukayama Ancient Burial Mound"</a>. <i>www.city.osaka.lg.jp</i>. April 15, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/contents/wdu020/sumiyoshi/english/attract/attrac01.html">the original</a> on December 1, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.city.osaka.lg.jp&rft.atitle=Tezukayama+Ancient+Burial+Mound&rft.date=2014-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.city.osaka.lg.jp%2Fcontents%2Fwdu020%2Fsumiyoshi%2Fenglish%2Fattract%2Fattrac01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWada,_Stephanie2003" class="citation book cs1">Wada, Stephanie (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zMC4RMXQkn0C&q=osaka+kofun+period&pg=RA2-PA30"><i>Tsuneko S. Sadao, Stephanie Wada, Discovering the Arts of Japan: A Historical Overview</i></a>. Kodansha International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-7700-2939-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-7700-2939-3"><bdi>978-4-7700-2939-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tsuneko+S.+Sadao%2C+Stephanie+Wada%2C+Discovering+the+Arts+of+Japan%3A+A+Historical+Overview&rft.pub=Kodansha+International&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-4-7700-2939-3&rft.au=Wada%2C+Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzMC4RMXQkn0C%26q%3Dosaka%2Bkofun%2Bperiod%26pg%3DRA2-PA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722214046/http://www.city.sakai.lg.jp/foreigner_en/spot/spot1.html">"Enjoying Sakai - Kofun Tombs (Tumuli)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sakai,_Osaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakai, Osaka">Sakai City</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.city.sakai.lg.jp/foreigner_en/spot/spot1.html">the original</a> on July 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Enjoying+Sakai+-+Kofun+Tombs+%28Tumuli%29&rft.pub=Sakai+City&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.city.sakai.lg.jp%2Fforeigner_en%2Fspot%2Fspot1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephanie_Wada2003" class="citation book cs1">Stephanie Wada (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zMC4RMXQkn0C&q=osaka+kofun+period&pg=RA2-PA30"><i>Discovering the Arts of Japan: A Historical Overview</i></a>. Kodansha International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-7700-2939-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-7700-2939-3"><bdi>978-4-7700-2939-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 4,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovering+the+Arts+of+Japan%3A+A+Historical+Overview&rft.pub=Kodansha+International&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-4-7700-2939-3&rft.au=Stephanie+Wada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzMC4RMXQkn0C%26q%3Dosaka%2Bkofun%2Bperiod%26pg%3DRA2-PA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">大石慎三郎「日本の遷都の系譜」、『學習院大學經濟論集』第28巻第3号、学習院大学、1991年10月、 31–41頁</span></span></span>、 NAID 110007523974。P.31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070502002124/http://www.osaka-cpa.or.jp/html/bunka/rekisi/naniwa1.html"><bdi lang="ja">史跡難波宮跡, 財団法人大阪都市協会</bdi></a> [Naniwa Palace Site, by Osaka Toshi Kyokai] (in Japanese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osaka-cpa.or.jp/html/bunka/rekisi/naniwa1.html">the original</a> on May 2, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%B2%E8%B7%A1+%E9%9B%A3%E6%B3%A2%E5%AE%AE%E8%B7%A1%2C+%E8%B2%A1%E5%9B%A3%E6%B3%95%E4%BA%BA+%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%8D%94%E4%BC%9A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osaka-cpa.or.jp%2Fhtml%2Fbunka%2Frekisi%2Fnaniwa1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_G._Stone_and_Philippe_G._Planel1999" class="citation book cs1">Peter G. Stone and Philippe G. Planel (1999). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constructedpast00plan"><i>The constructed past: experimental archaeology, education, and the public</i></a></span>. London: Routledge in association with English Heritage. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constructedpast00plan/page/n88">68</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-11768-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-11768-5"><bdi>978-0-415-11768-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+constructed+past%3A+experimental+archaeology%2C+education%2C+and+the+public&rft.place=London&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Routledge+in+association+with+English+Heritage&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-11768-5&rft.au=Peter+G.+Stone+and+Philippe+G.+Planel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconstructedpast00plan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924111551/http://www.sumiyoshitaisha.net/outline/history.html">"歴史年表 (History of Sumiyoshi-taisha)"</a>. <i>sumiyoshitaisha.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sumiyoshitaisha.net/outline/history.html">the original</a> on September 24, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sumiyoshitaisha.net&rft.atitle=%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8+%28History+of+Sumiyoshi-taisha%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sumiyoshitaisha.net%2Foutline%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheid,_Bernhard" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Scheid" title="Bernhard Scheid">Scheid, Bernhard</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.univie.ac.at/rel_jap/bauten/anm_torii.htm#aussershinto">"Religion in Japan"</a>. <i>Torii</i> (in German). University of Vienna<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Torii&rft.atitle=Religion+in+Japan&rft.au=Scheid%2C+Bernhard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.univie.ac.at%2Frel_jap%2Fbauten%2Fanm_torii.htm%23aussershinto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160923040308/http://www.osaka-info.jp/en/discover/learn/historical_overview.html">"HISTORICAL OVERVIEW – DISCOVER – OSAKA INFO -Osaka Visitors' Guide"</a>. January 29, 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osaka-info.jp/en/discover/learn/historical_overview.html">the original</a> on September 23, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HISTORICAL+OVERVIEW+%E2%80%93+DISCOVER+%E2%80%93+OSAKA+INFO+-Osaka+Visitors%27+Guide&rft.date=2018-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osaka-info.jp%2Fen%2Fdiscover%2Flearn%2Fhistorical_overview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090322141953/http://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/contents/wdu020/english/for_tourists/c_historical_overview.html">"-Osaka City-"</a>. Archived from the original on March 22, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Lonely Planet. 2010. pp. 146–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74179-996-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74179-996-5"><bdi>978-1-74179-996-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discover+Japan&rft.pages=146-&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-74179-996-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4BS9G2TBGhQC%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-japan-guide.com-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-japan-guide.com_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-japan-guide.com_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e4009.html">"Osaka Travel: Kita (Umeda)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Osaka+Travel%3A+Kita+%28Umeda%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japan-guide.com%2Fe%2Fe4009.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-japan-guide.com1-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-japan-guide.com1_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-japan-guide.com1_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e4001.html">"Osaka Travel: Minami (Namba)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Osaka+Travel%3A+Minami+%28Namba%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japan-guide.com%2Fe%2Fe4001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714183354/http://www.wordpress.tokyotimes.org/kamagasaki-japans-biggest-slum/">"Kamagasaki: Japan's biggest slum"</a>. April 8, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wordpress.tokyotimes.org/kamagasaki-japans-biggest-slum/">the original</a> on July 14, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Géographie et histoire du Japon</i></a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Japon+%C3%A0+l%27exposition+universelle+de+1878.+G%C3%A9ographie+et+histoire+du+Japon&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1878&rft.au=Japanese+Imperial+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6210871s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-stat.go.jp/SG1/estat/NewListE.do?tid=000001007251">"2005 Population Census"</a>. 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University Press of Kentucky. pp. <span class="nowrap">79–</span>81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2035-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2035-5"><bdi>978-0-8131-2035-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+City&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-2035-5&rft.aulast=Prasad+Karan&rft.aufirst=Pradyumna&rft.au=Kristin+Eileen+Stapleton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeKdMdyZzjyQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531131852/https://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/shimin/cmsfiles/contents/0000431/431477/202112kubetukokusekibetu.pdf">"大阪市外国人住民国籍別区別人員数"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Osaka City</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/shimin/cmsfiles/contents/0000431/431477/202112kubetukokusekibetu.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 31, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Osaka+City&rft.atitle=%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E5%B8%82%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E7%B1%8D%E5%88%A5%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%A5%E4%BA%BA%E5%93%A1%E6%95%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.city.osaka.lg.jp%2Fshimin%2Fcmsfiles%2Fcontents%2F0000431%2F431477%2F202112kubetukokusekibetu.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210724193926/https://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/ikuno/page/0000427171.html">"住民基本台帳人口・外国人人口（令和3年3月末日現在）"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/ikuno/page/0000427171.html">the original</a> on July 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%8F%B0%E5%B8%B3%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E3%83%BB%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%EF%BC%88%E4%BB%A4%E5%92%8C3%E5%B9%B43%E6%9C%88%E6%9C%AB%E6%97%A5%E7%8F%BE%E5%9C%A8%EF%BC%89&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.city.osaka.lg.jp%2Fikuno%2Fpage%2F0000427171.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJOHNSTON2002" class="citation news cs1">JOHNSTON, ERIC (June 29, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20020629b3.html">"Tsuruhashi, home of 'exotic' Korea in Osaka"</a>. <i>The Japan Times Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429073450/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20020629b3.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times+Online&rft.atitle=Tsuruhashi%2C+home+of+%27exotic%27+Korea+in+Osaka&rft.date=2002-06-29&rft.aulast=JOHNSTON&rft.aufirst=ERIC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.japantimes.co.jp%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnn20020629b3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaranKristin_Eileen_Stapleton1997" class="citation book cs1">Karan, Pradyumna Prasad; Kristin Eileen Stapleton (1997). <i>The Japanese City</i>. University Press of Kentucky. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2035-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2035-5"><bdi>978-0-8131-2035-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+City&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-2035-5&rft.aulast=Karan&rft.aufirst=Pradyumna+Prasad&rft.au=Kristin+Eileen+Stapleton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/contents/wdu020/shikai/english/index.html">"Osaka City Council homepage"</a>. City.osaka.lg.jp<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Osaka+City+Council+homepage&rft.pub=City.osaka.lg.jp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.city.osaka.lg.jp%2Fcontents%2Fwdu020%2Fshikai%2Fenglish%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a>, July 31, 2012: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120730221419/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20120731a2.html">Bill to transform Osaka government jointly submitted to Diet</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalvoices.org/2018/10/06/osaka-cuts-sister-city-ties-with-san-francisco-over-comfort-women-statue/">"Osaka cuts sister city ties with San Francisco over "comfort women" statue · Global Voices"</a>. <i>Global Voices</i>. October 6, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Voices&rft.atitle=Osaka+cuts+sister+city+ties+with+San+Francisco+over+%22comfort+women%22+statue+%C2%B7+Global+Voices&rft.date=2018-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalvoices.org%2F2018%2F10%2F06%2Fosaka-cuts-sister-city-ties-with-san-francisco-over-comfort-women-statue%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoshimura2018" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Yoshimura, Hirofumi (October 2, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181003000128/http://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/hodoshiryo/cmsfiles/contents/0000448/448185/letter.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Letter to London Breed, Mayor of San Francisco. City of Osaka. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/hodoshiryo/cmsfiles/contents/0000448/448185/letter.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 3, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft.pub=City+of+Osaka&rft.date=2018-10-02&rft.aulast=Yoshimura&rft.aufirst=Hirofumi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.city.osaka.lg.jp%2Fhodoshiryo%2Fcmsfiles%2Fcontents%2F0000448%2F448185%2Fletter.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_press_release" title="Template:Cite press release">cite press release</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Mainichi Shimbun (February 27, 2012)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20120227p2g00m0dm044000c.html">3 major Kansai cities aim to break dependence on nuclear power</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120710025044/http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20120227p2g00m0dm044000c.html">Archived</a> July 10, 2012, at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Mainichi Shimbun (March 19, 2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20120319p2g00m0dm011000c.html">Osaka aims to end Kansai Electric's nuclear power ops as shareholder</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120319172039/http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20120319p2g00m0dm011000c.html">Archived</a> March 19, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Mainichi Shimbun (April 10, 2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mainichi.jp/english/english/newsselect/news/20120410p2a00m0na014000c.html">Kansai Electric, affiliates had 69 ex-bureaucrats employed as execs as of end of fiscal 2011</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120414140532/http://mainichi.jp/english/english/newsselect/news/20120410p2a00m0na014000c.html">Archived</a> April 14, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061207175629/http://www.city.osaka.jp/keikakuchousei/toukei/E000/Ea00/Ea00.html"><bdi lang="ja">大阪市データネット市民経済計算</bdi></a> [Osaka City Datanet: Osaka City Economy] (in Japanese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.city.osaka.jp/keikakuchousei/toukei/E000/Ea00/Ea00.html">the original</a> on December 7, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E5%B8%82%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8D%E3%83%83%E3%83%88+%E5%B8%82%E6%B0%91%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.city.osaka.jp%2Fkeikakuchousei%2Ftoukei%2FE000%2FEa00%2FEa00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/insights/pdfs/2008/MCWW_WCoC-Report_2008.pdf">"Mastercard - Global Leading Company in Payment Solutions Offering Credit, Debit, Prepaid Cards & More"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080624211344/http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/insights/pdfs/2008/MCWW_WCoC-Report_2008.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on June 24, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mastercard+-+Global+Leading+Company+in+Payment+Solutions+Offering+Credit%2C+Debit%2C+Prepaid+Cards+%26+More&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mastercard.com%2Fus%2Fcompany%2Fen%2Finsights%2Fpdfs%2F2008%2FMCWW_WCoC-Report_2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180822145454/http://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/toshikeikaku/cmsfiles/contents/0000410/410210/gaiyou2016-6.pdf">"Osaka GDP"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/toshikeikaku/cmsfiles/contents/0000410/410210/gaiyou2016-6.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on August 22, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Osaka+GDP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.city.osaka.lg.jp%2Ftoshikeikaku%2Fcmsfiles%2Fcontents%2F0000410%2F410210%2Fgaiyou2016-6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/toshikeikaku/page/0000379310.html">"Osaka 2015 Population"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Osaka+2015+Population&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.city.osaka.lg.jp%2Ftoshikeikaku%2Fpage%2F0000379310.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070103015657/http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/business/20061228TDY16003.htm">"Osaka aims to stem exodus of firms to Tokyo"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/business/20061228TDY16003.htm">the original</a> on January 3, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Osaka+aims+to+stem+exodus+of+firms+to+Tokyo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yomiuri.co.jp%2Fdy%2Fbusiness%2F20061228TDY16003.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170611000617/http://www.longfinance.net/images/gfci/gfci_21.pdf">"The Global Financial Centres Index 21"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Long Finance. March 2017. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbandy.com/news.asp?newsid=50&title=Bandy%20came%20to%20Japan!">the original</a> on May 2, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bandy+came+to+Japan%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbandy.com%2Fnews.asp%3Fnewsid%3D50%26title%3DBandy%2520came%2520to%2520Japan%21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121016043725/http://www.worldbandy.com/news.asp?newsid=138&title=BANDY%20Festival%202012%20in%20OSAKA">"BANDY Festival 2012 in OSAKA"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbandy.com/news.asp?newsid=138&title=BANDY%20Festival%202012%20in%20OSAKA">the original</a> on October 16, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BANDY+Festival+2012+in+OSAKA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbandy.com%2Fnews.asp%3Fnewsid%3D138%26title%3DBANDY%2520Festival%25202012%2520in%2520OSAKA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The five largest newspapers by number of circulation in Japan in alphabetical order. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooneyebrary,_Inc2000" class="citation book cs1">Mooney, Sean; ebrary, Inc (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fkt8CkTejUAC"><i>5,110 Days in Tokyo and Everything's Hunky-dory</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. <span class="nowrap">99–</span>104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56720-361-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56720-361-5"><bdi>978-1-56720-361-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=5%2C110+Days+in+Tokyo+and+Everything%27s+Hunky-dory&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-56720-361-5&rft.aulast=Mooney&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft.au=ebrary%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFkt8CkTejUAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/contents/wdu020/english/more_about_osaka/administrative.html">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100310133632/http://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/contents/wdu020/english/more_about_osaka/administrative.html">Archived</a> March 10, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090406021719/http://www.geocities.jp/kyouiku_hiroba/02/osaka-city-education-history.html"><bdi lang="ja">大阪市の教育史</bdi></a> [History of Education in Osaka] (in Japanese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.jp/kyouiku_hiroba/02/osaka-city-education-history.html">the original</a> on April 6, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E5%B8%82%E3%81%AE%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%8F%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.jp%2Fkyouiku_hiroba%2F02%2Fosaka-city-education-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stewartp43-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stewartp43_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stewartp43_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stewartp43_98-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stewart, Alex. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040921130423/http://www.accj.or.jp/document_library/Journal/1070851088.pdf">educating kansai</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20040921130423/http://www.accj.or.jp/document_library/Journal/1070851088.pdf">Archive</a>). <i>The Journal of the American Chamber of Commerce in Japan</i> (<i>Jānaru</i>), Volume 40, Issues 7–12. <a href="/wiki/The_American_Chamber_of_Commerce_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Chamber of Commerce in Japan">The American Chamber of Commerce in Japan</a> (ACCJ), 2003. p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yayoi.senri.ed.jp/downloads/1409_School%20profile%202014-2015.pdf">School Profile 2014–2015</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306100142/http://yayoi.senri.ed.jp/downloads/1409_School%20profile%202014-2015.pdf">Archived</a> March 6, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). <a href="/wiki/Osaka_International_School_of_Kwansei_Gakuin" class="mw-redirect" title="Osaka International School of Kwansei Gakuin">Osaka International School of Kwansei Gakuin</a>. Retrieved on November 1, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stewart, Alex. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040921130423/http://www.accj.or.jp/document_library/Journal/1070851088.pdf">education kansai</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040921130423/http://www.accj.or.jp/document_library/Journal/1070851088.pdf">Archive</a>). <i>The Journal of the American Chamber of Commerce in Japan</i> (<i>Jānaru</i>), Volume 40, Issues 7–12. <a href="/wiki/The_American_Chamber_of_Commerce_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Chamber of Commerce in Japan">The American Chamber of Commerce in Japan</a> (ACCJ), 2003. p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.iiclo.or.jp/english/english.htm">[4]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080214043955/http://www.iiclo.or.jp/english/english.htm">Archived</a> February 14, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sisters-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sisters_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sisters_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sisters_102-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sisters_102-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415203553/https://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/contents/wdu020/keizaisenryaku/english/international_network.html">"The City of Osaka's International Network"</a>. <i>city.osaka.lg.jp</i>. Osaka. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/contents/wdu020/keizaisenryaku/english/international_network.html">the original</a> on April 15, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=city.osaka.lg.jp&rft.atitle=The+City+of+Osaka%27s+International+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.city.osaka.lg.jp%2Fcontents%2Fwdu020%2Fkeizaisenryaku%2Fenglish%2Finternational_network.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Osaka#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Osaka">Bibliography of the history of Osaka</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenesch2018" class="citation journal cs1">Benesch, Oleg (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181120055147/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/133333/1/Benesch_Castles_and_the_Militarisation_of_Urban_Society_in_Imperial_Japan_TRHS_Accepted_Manuscript.pdf">"Castles and the Militarisation of Urban Society in Imperial Japan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Transactions of the Royal Historical Society</i>. <b>28</b>: <span class="nowrap">107–</span>134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0080440118000063">10.1017/S0080440118000063</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158403519">158403519</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/133333/1/Benesch_Castles_and_the_Militarisation_of_Urban_Society_in_Imperial_Japan_TRHS_Accepted_Manuscript.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 20, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Castles+and+the+Militarisation+of+Urban+Society+in+Imperial+Japan&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E134&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0080440118000063&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158403519%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Benesch&rft.aufirst=Oleg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.whiterose.ac.uk%2F133333%2F1%2FBenesch_Castles_and_the_Militarisation_of_Urban_Society_in_Imperial_Japan_TRHS_Accepted_Manuscript.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Lange2021" class="citation book cs1">De Lange, William (2021). <i>An Encyclopedia of Japanese Castles</i>. Groningen: Toyo Press. pp. 600 pages. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-92722-30-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-92722-30-0"><bdi>978-94-92722-30-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopedia+of+Japanese+Castles&rft.place=Groningen&rft.pages=600+pages&rft.pub=Toyo+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-94-92722-30-0&rft.aulast=De+Lange&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>De Lange, William. (2022). <i>The Siege of Osaka Castle: The Winter and Summer Campaigns</i>. Groningen: Toyo Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-949-2722-386" title="Special:BookSources/978-949-2722-386">978-949-2722-386</a></li> <li>Gerstle, C. Andrew. <i>Kabuki Heroes on the Osaka Stage 1780–1830</i> (2005).</li> <li>Hanes, Jeffrey. <i>The City as Subject: Seki Hajime and the Reinvention of Modern Osaka</i> (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/105859766?title=The%20City%20as%20Subject%3a%20%20Seki%20Hajime%20and%20the%20Reinvention%20of%20Modern%20Osaka">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120513171856/http://www.questia.com/read/105859766?title=The%20City%20as%20Subject%3A%20%20Seki%20Hajime%20and%20the%20Reinvention%20of%20Modern%20Osaka">Archived</a> May 13, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Hauser, William B. "Osaka: a Commercial City in Tokugawa Japan." <i>Urbanism past and Present</i> 1977–1978 (5): 23–36.</li> <li>Hein, Carola, et al. <i>Rebuilding Urban Japan after 1945.</i> (2003). 274 pp.</li> <li>Hotta, Chisato. "The Construction of the Korean Community in Osaka between 1920 and 1945: A Cross-Cultural Perspective." PhD dissertation U. of Chicago 2005. 498 pp. DAI 2005 65(12): 4680-A. DA3158708 Fulltext: <a href="/wiki/ProQuest_Dissertations_%26_Theses" class="mw-redirect" title="ProQuest Dissertations & Theses">ProQuest Dissertations & Theses</a></li> <li>Lockyer, Angus. "The Logic of Spectacle C. 1970", <i>Art History,</i> Sept 2007, Vol. 30 Issue 4, p571-589, on the international exposition held in 1970</li> <li>McClain, James L. and Wakita, Osamu, eds. <i>Osaka: The Merchants' Capital of Early Modern Japan.</i> (1999). 295 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/103760551?title=Osaka%2c%20the%20Merchant's%20Capital%20of%20Early%20Modern%20Japan">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120513031100/http://www.questia.com/read/103760551?title=Osaka%2C%20the%20Merchant%27s%20Capital%20of%20Early%20Modern%20Japan">Archived</a> May 13, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><i>Michelin Red Guide Kyoto Osaka Kobe 2011</i> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najita,_Tetsuo" class="mw-redirect" title="Najita, Tetsuo">Najita, Tetsuo</a>. <i>Visions of Virtue in Tokugawa Japan: The Kaitokudo Merchant Academy of Osaka.</i> (1987). 334 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120513171901/http://www.questia.com/read/34221399?title=Visions%20of%20Virtue%20in%20Tokugawa%20Japan%3a%20The%20Kaitokudo%20Merchant%20Academy%20of%20Osaka">online edition</a></li> <li>Rimmer, Peter J. "Japan's World Cities: Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya or Tokaido Megalopolis?" <i>Development and Change</i> 1986 17(1): 121–157. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0012-155X">0012-155X</a></li> <li>Ropke, Ian Martin. Historical Dictionary of Osaka and Kyoto. 273pp Scarecrow Press (July 22, 1999) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-3622-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-3622-8">978-0-8108-3622-8</a>.</li> <li>Ruble, Blair A. <i>Second Metropolis: Pragmatic Pluralism in Gilded Age Chicago, Silver Age Moscow, and Meiji Osaka.</i> (2001). 464 pp.</li> <li>Torrance, Richard. "Literacy and Literature in Osaka, 1890–1940," <i>The Journal of Japanese Studies</i> 31#1 (Winter 2005), pp. 27–60 in <a href="/wiki/Project_MUSE" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MUSE">Project MUSE</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osaka&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:大阪">大阪</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C5%8Csaka" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Ōsaka">Ōsaka</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/contents/wdu020/enjoy/en/index.html">Osaka City official website</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://osaka-info.jp/en/">Official Osaka Tourist Guide</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/Osaka"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Osaka">"Osaka" </a></span>. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work"><i>The New Student's Reference Work</i> </a></span>. 1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Osaka&rft.btitle=The+New+Student%27s+Reference+Work&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsaka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/358674">Osaka</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <style 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E5%B8%82" class="extiw" title="c:大阪市">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/File:Shadow_picture_of_Osaka_prefecture.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Shadow_picture_of_Osaka_prefecture.png/14px-Shadow_picture_of_Osaka_prefecture.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Shadow_picture_of_Osaka_prefecture.png/22px-Shadow_picture_of_Osaka_prefecture.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Shadow_picture_of_Osaka_prefecture.png/29px-Shadow_picture_of_Osaka_prefecture.png 2x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="390" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Prefecture" title="Osaka Prefecture">Osaka Prefecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Osaka</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_Japan" title="List of capitals in Japan">capital</a>)</small></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Osaka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Wards24" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wards_of_Japan" title="Wards of Japan">Wards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abeno-ku,_Osaka" title="Abeno-ku, Osaka">Abeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asahi-ku,_Osaka" title="Asahi-ku, Osaka">Asahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D-ku,_Osaka" title="Chūō-ku, Osaka">Chūō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukushima-ku,_Osaka" title="Fukushima-ku, Osaka">Fukushima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higashinari-ku,_Osaka" title="Higashinari-ku, Osaka">Higashinari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higashisumiyoshi-ku,_Osaka" title="Higashisumiyoshi-ku, Osaka">Higashisumiyoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higashiyodogawa-ku,_Osaka" title="Higashiyodogawa-ku, Osaka">Higashiyodogawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirano-ku,_Osaka" title="Hirano-ku, Osaka">Hirano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikuno-ku,_Osaka" title="Ikuno-ku, Osaka">Ikuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dt%C5%8D-ku,_Osaka" title="Jōtō-ku, Osaka">Jōtō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kita-ku,_Osaka" title="Kita-ku, Osaka">Kita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konohana-ku,_Osaka" title="Konohana-ku, Osaka">Konohana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minato-ku,_Osaka" title="Minato-ku, Osaka">Minato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyakojima-ku,_Osaka" title="Miyakojima-ku, Osaka">Miyakojima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naniwa-ku,_Osaka" title="Naniwa-ku, Osaka">Naniwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishi-ku,_Osaka" title="Nishi-ku, Osaka">Nishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishinari-ku,_Osaka" title="Nishinari-ku, Osaka">Nishinari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishiyodogawa-ku,_Osaka" title="Nishiyodogawa-ku, Osaka">Nishiyodogawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suminoe-ku,_Osaka" title="Suminoe-ku, Osaka">Suminoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumiyoshi-ku,_Osaka" title="Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka">Sumiyoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D-ku,_Osaka" title="Taishō-ku, Osaka">Taishō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenn%C5%8Dji-ku,_Osaka" title="Tennōji-ku, Osaka">Tennōji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsurumi-ku,_Osaka" title="Tsurumi-ku, Osaka">Tsurumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodogawa-ku,_Osaka" title="Yodogawa-ku, Osaka">Yodogawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Osaka_Prefecture.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Osaka Prefecture"><img alt="Flag of Osaka Prefecture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Osaka_Prefecture.svg/60px-Flag_of_Osaka_Prefecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Osaka_Prefecture.svg/90px-Flag_of_Osaka_Prefecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Osaka_Prefecture.svg/120px-Flag_of_Osaka_Prefecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sakai" title="Sakai">Sakai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Wards5" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higashi-ku,_Sakai" title="Higashi-ku, Sakai">Higashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kita-ku,_Sakai" title="Kita-ku, Sakai">Kita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naka-ku,_Sakai" title="Naka-ku, Sakai">Naka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishi-ku,_Sakai" title="Nishi-ku, Sakai">Nishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihara-ku,_Sakai" title="Mihara-ku, Sakai">Mihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minami-ku,_Sakai" title="Minami-ku, Sakai">Minami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakai-ku,_Sakai" title="Sakai-ku, Sakai">Sakai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Core_cities_of_Japan" title="Core cities of Japan">Core cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higashi%C5%8Dsaka" title="Higashiōsaka">Higashiōsaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirakata" title="Hirakata">Hirakata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyagawa,_Osaka" title="Neyagawa, Osaka">Neyagawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suita" title="Suita">Suita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takatsuki" title="Takatsuki">Takatsuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyonaka" title="Toyonaka">Toyonaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao,_Osaka" title="Yao, Osaka">Yao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special_cities_of_Japan" title="Special cities of Japan">Special cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibaraki,_Osaka" title="Ibaraki, Osaka">Ibaraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishiwada,_Osaka" title="Kishiwada, Osaka">Kishiwada</a><sup>☆</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dait%C5%8D,_Osaka" title="Daitō, Osaka">Daitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujiidera,_Osaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Fujiidera, Osaka">Fujiidera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habikino" title="Habikino">Habikino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannan,_Osaka" title="Hannan, Osaka">Hannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikeda,_Osaka" title="Ikeda, Osaka">Ikeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izumi,_Osaka" title="Izumi, Osaka">Izumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izumi%C5%8Dtsu" title="Izumiōtsu">Izumiōtsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izumisano" title="Izumisano">Izumisano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadoma,_Osaka" title="Kadoma, Osaka">Kadoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaizuka,_Osaka" title="Kaizuka, Osaka">Kaizuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashiwara" title="Kashiwara">Kashiwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katano" title="Katano">Katano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawachinagano" title="Kawachinagano">Kawachinagano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsubara" title="Matsubara">Matsubara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoh" title="Minoh">Minoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriguchi,_Osaka" title="Moriguchi, Osaka">Moriguchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Csakasayama" title="Ōsakasayama">Ōsakasayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sennan,_Osaka" title="Sennan, Osaka">Sennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settsu,_Osaka" title="Settsu, Osaka">Settsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shij%C5%8Dnawate" title="Shijōnawate">Shijōnawate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takaishi,_Osaka" title="Takaishi, Osaka">Takaishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondabayashi" title="Tondabayashi">Tondabayashi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minamikawachi_District,_Osaka" title="Minamikawachi District, Osaka">Minamikawachi District</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chihayaakasaka" title="Chihayaakasaka">Chihayaakasaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanan,_Osaka" title="Kanan, Osaka">Kanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taishi,_Osaka" title="Taishi, Osaka">Taishi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishima_District,_Osaka" title="Mishima District, Osaka">Mishima District</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shimamoto,_Osaka" title="Shimamoto, Osaka">Shimamoto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senboku_District,_Osaka" title="Senboku District, Osaka">Senboku District</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tadaoka,_Osaka" title="Tadaoka, Osaka">Tadaoka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sennan_District,_Osaka" title="Sennan District, Osaka">Sennan District</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumatori,_Osaka" title="Kumatori, Osaka">Kumatori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misaki,_Osaka" title="Misaki, Osaka">Misaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajiri,_Osaka" title="Tajiri, Osaka">Tajiri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyono_District,_Osaka" title="Toyono District, Osaka">Toyono District</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nose,_Osaka" title="Nose, Osaka">Nose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyono,_Osaka" title="Toyono, Osaka">Toyono</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_mergers_in_Osaka_Prefecture" title="List of mergers in Osaka Prefecture">List of mergers in Osaka Prefecture</a>; Note: ☆ - Cities to become core cities</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metropolitan_cities_of_Japan237" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metropolitan_cities_of_Japan" title="Template:Metropolitan cities of Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metropolitan_cities_of_Japan" title="Template talk:Metropolitan cities of Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metropolitan_cities_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metropolitan cities of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metropolitan_cities_of_Japan237" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Japan" title="List of cities in Japan">Metropolitan cities</a> of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo Metropolis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_wards_of_Tokyo" title="Special wards of Tokyo">Special wards of Tokyo</a><sup>※</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adachi,_Tokyo" title="Adachi, Tokyo">Adachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arakawa,_Tokyo" title="Arakawa, Tokyo">Arakawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunky%C5%8D" title="Bunkyō">Bunkyō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiyoda,_Tokyo" title="Chiyoda, Tokyo">Chiyoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%AB%C5%8D,_Tokyo" title="Chūō, Tokyo">Chūō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edogawa,_Tokyo" title="Edogawa, Tokyo">Edogawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itabashi" title="Itabashi">Itabashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katsushika" title="Katsushika">Katsushika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kita,_Tokyo" title="Kita, Tokyo">Kita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Kōtō">Kōtō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meguro" title="Meguro">Meguro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minato,_Tokyo" title="Minato, Tokyo">Minato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakano,_Tokyo" title="Nakano, Tokyo">Nakano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerima" title="Nerima">Nerima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cta,_Tokyo" title="Ōta, Tokyo">Ōta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setagaya" title="Setagaya">Setagaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibuya" title="Shibuya">Shibuya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinagawa" title="Shinagawa">Shinagawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinjuku" title="Shinjuku">Shinjuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suginami" title="Suginami">Suginami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumida,_Tokyo" title="Sumida, Tokyo">Sumida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshima" title="Toshima">Toshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tait%C5%8D" title="Taitō">Taitō</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cities_designated_by_government_ordinance_of_Japan" title="Cities designated by government ordinance of Japan">Designated cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiba_(city)" title="Chiba (city)">Chiba</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukuoka" title="Fukuoka">Fukuoka</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamamatsu" title="Hamamatsu">Hamamatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki,_Kanagawa" title="Kawasaki, Kanagawa">Kawasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitakyushu" title="Kitakyushu">Kitakyushu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe">Kobe</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumamoto" title="Kumamoto">Kumamoto</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niigata_(city)" title="Niigata (city)">Niigata</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okayama" title="Okayama">Okayama</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Osaka</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagamihara" title="Sagamihara">Sagamihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saitama_(city)" title="Saitama (city)">Saitama</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakai" title="Sakai">Sakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapporo" title="Sapporo">Sapporo</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sendai" title="Sendai">Sendai</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shizuoka_(city)" title="Shizuoka (city)">Shizuoka</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a><sup>※</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Core_cities_of_Japan" title="Core cities of Japan">Core cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akashi,_Hy%C5%8Dgo" title="Akashi, Hyōgo">Akashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akita_(city)" title="Akita (city)">Akita</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amagasaki" title="Amagasaki">Amagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aomori" title="Aomori">Aomori</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asahikawa" title="Asahikawa">Asahikawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukui_(city)" title="Fukui (city)">Fukui</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukushima_(city)" title="Fukushima (city)">Fukushima</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukuyama,_Hiroshima" title="Fukuyama, Hiroshima">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funabashi" title="Funabashi">Funabashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gifu" title="Gifu">Gifu</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachinohe" title="Hachinohe">Hachinohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachi%C5%8Dji" title="Hachiōji">Hachiōji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakodate" title="Hakodate">Hakodate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higashi%C5%8Dsaka" title="Higashiōsaka">Higashiōsaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himeji" title="Himeji">Himeji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirakata" title="Hirakata">Hirakata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichinomiya,_Aichi" title="Ichinomiya, Aichi">Ichinomiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaki,_Fukushima" title="Iwaki, Fukushima">Iwaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagoshima" title="Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanazawa" title="Kanazawa">Kanazawa</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashiwa" title="Kashiwa">Kashiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawagoe,_Saitama" title="Kawagoe, Saitama">Kawagoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaguchi,_Saitama" title="Kawaguchi, Saitama">Kawaguchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dchi,_K%C5%8Dchi" title="Kōchi, Kōchi">Kōchi</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dfu" title="Kōfu">Kōfu</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Driyama" title="Kōriyama">Kōriyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshigaya" title="Koshigaya">Koshigaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurashiki" title="Kurashiki">Kurashiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kure,_Hiroshima" title="Kure, Hiroshima">Kure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurume" title="Kurume">Kurume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maebashi" title="Maebashi">Maebashi</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsue" title="Matsue">Matsue</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsumoto,_Nagano" title="Matsumoto, Nagano">Matsumoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsuyama" title="Matsuyama">Matsuyama</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyazaki_(city)" title="Miyazaki (city)">Miyazaki</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mito,_Ibaraki" title="Mito, Ibaraki">Mito</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morioka" title="Morioka">Morioka</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naha" title="Naha">Naha</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagano_(city)" title="Nagano (city)">Nagano</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara_(city)" title="Nara (city)">Nara</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyagawa,_Osaka" title="Neyagawa, Osaka">Neyagawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishinomiya" title="Nishinomiya">Nishinomiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cita_(city)" title="Ōita (city)">Ōita</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okazaki,_Aichi" title="Okazaki, Aichi">Okazaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ctsu" title="Ōtsu">Ōtsu</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasebo" title="Sasebo">Sasebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki" title="Shimonoseki">Shimonoseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suita" title="Suita">Suita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takamatsu" title="Takamatsu">Takamatsu</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takasaki" title="Takasaki">Takasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takatsuki" title="Takatsuki">Takatsuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tottori_(city)" title="Tottori (city)">Tottori</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyama_(city)" title="Toyama (city)">Toyama</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyohashi" title="Toyohashi">Toyohashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyonaka" title="Toyonaka">Toyonaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota,_Aichi" title="Toyota, Aichi">Toyota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsunomiya" title="Utsunomiya">Utsunomiya</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakayama_(city)" title="Wakayama (city)">Wakayama</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao,_Osaka" title="Yao, Osaka">Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamagata_(city)" title="Yamagata (city)">Yamagata</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka" title="Yokosuka">Yokosuka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special_cities_of_Japan" title="Special cities of Japan">Special cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atsugi" title="Atsugi">Atsugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigasaki,_Kanagawa" title="Chigasaki, Kanagawa">Chigasaki</a><sup>☆</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuji,_Shizuoka" title="Fuji, Shizuoka">Fuji</a><sup>☆</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiratsuka" title="Hiratsuka">Hiratsuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibaraki,_Osaka" title="Ibaraki, Osaka">Ibaraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isesaki" title="Isesaki">Isesaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Detsu,_Niigata" title="Jōetsu, Niigata">Jōetsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakogawa,_Hy%C5%8Dgo" title="Kakogawa, Hyōgo">Kakogawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasugai,_Aichi" title="Kasugai, Aichi">Kasugai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasukabe,_Saitama" title="Kasukabe, Saitama">Kasukabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishiwada,_Osaka" title="Kishiwada, Osaka">Kishiwada</a><sup>☆</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumagaya" title="Kumagaya">Kumagaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaoka,_Niigata" title="Nagaoka, Niigata">Nagaoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numazu" title="Numazu">Numazu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odawara" title="Odawara">Odawara</a><sup>☆</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cta,_Gunma" title="Ōta, Gunma">Ōta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga_(city)" title="Saga (city)">Saga</a><sup>※</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dka" title="Sōka">Sōka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takarazuka,_Hy%C5%8Dgo" title="Takarazuka, Hyōgo">Takarazuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokorozawa,_Saitama" title="Tokorozawa, Saitama">Tokorozawa</a><sup>☆</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukuba" title="Tsukuba">Tsukuba</a><sup>☆</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato,_Kanagawa" title="Yamato, Kanagawa">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokkaichi" title="Yokkaichi">Yokkaichi</a><sup>☆</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_Japan" title="List of capitals in Japan">Prefectural capitals</a><br /> <small>without designation</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsu,_Mie" title="Tsu, Mie">Tsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokushima_(city)" title="Tokushima (city)">Tokushima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamaguchi_(city)" title="Yamaguchi (city)">Yamaguchi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>※</sup> also a <a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_Japan" title="List of capitals in Japan">prefectural capital</a>; <sup>†</sup> eligible for core city status but not yet nominated; <sup>☆</sup> to become core cities</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World&#039;s_50_most-populous_urban_areas63" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World%27s_most_populous_urban_areas" title="Template:World's most populous urban areas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World%27s_most_populous_urban_areas" title="Template talk:World's most populous urban areas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World%27s_most_populous_urban_areas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World's most populous urban areas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World&#039;s_50_most-populous_urban_areas63" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">World's 50 <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">most-populous urban areas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Tokyo_Area" title="Greater Tokyo Area">Tokyo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_metropolitan_area" title="Jakarta metropolitan area">Jakarta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Region_(India)" title="National Capital Region (India)">Delhi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>–<a href="/wiki/Foshan" title="Foshan">Foshan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Metropolitan_Region" title="Mumbai Metropolitan Region">Mumbai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manila_Area" title="Greater Manila Area">Manila</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Metropolitan_Area" title="Seoul Metropolitan Area">Seoul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Cairo" title="Greater Cairo">Cairo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Mexico_City" title="Greater Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol start="11"><li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata metropolitan area">Kolkata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Greater São Paulo">São Paulo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Dhaka" title="Greater Dhaka">Dhaka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Metropolitan_Region" title="Bangkok Metropolitan Region">Bangkok</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_metropolitan_area" title="Moscow metropolitan area">Moscow</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Buenos_Aires" title="Greater Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol start="21"><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles" title="Greater Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>-<a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_metropolitan_area" title="Ho Chi Minh City metropolitan area">Ho Chi Minh City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Keihanshin" title="Keihanshin">Osaka–Kobe–Kyoto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>–<a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a></li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol start="31"><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Tehran" title="Greater Tehran">Tehran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Greater Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_metropolitan_area" title="Chennai metropolitan area">Chennai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_metropolitan_area" title="Paris metropolitan area">Paris</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Built-up_Area" title="Greater London Built-up Area">London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dongguan" title="Dongguan">Dongguan</a></li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol start="41"><li><a href="/wiki/Lima_metropolitan_area" title="Lima metropolitan area">Lima</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Area_of_Bogot%C3%A1" title="Metropolitan Area of Bogotá">Bogotá</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Metropolitan_Region" title="Hyderabad Metropolitan Region">Hyderabad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Taipei%E2%80%93Keelung_metropolitan_area" title="Taipei–Keelung metropolitan area">Taipei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABky%C5%8D_metropolitan_area" title="Chūkyō metropolitan area">Nagoya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Surabaya_metropolitan_area" title="Surabaya metropolitan area">Surabaya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_metropolitan_area" title="Bandung metropolitan area">Bandung</a></li></ol></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Host_cities_of_the_World_Athletics_Championships52" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Athletics_Championships_host_cities" title="Template:World Athletics Championships host cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Athletics_Championships_host_cities" title="Template talk:World Athletics Championships host cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Athletics_Championships_host_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Athletics Championships host cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Host_cities_of_the_World_Athletics_Championships52" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Host cities of the <a href="/wiki/World_Athletics_Championships" title="World Athletics Championships">World Athletics Championships</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1983_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="1983 World Championships in Athletics">1983</a>: <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1987_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="1987 World Championships in Athletics">1987</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1991_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="1991 World Championships in Athletics">1991</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1993_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="1993 World Championships in Athletics">1993</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1995_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="1995 World Championships in Athletics">1995</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1997_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="1997 World Championships in Athletics">1997</a>: <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1999_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="1999 World Championships in Athletics">1999</a>: <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2001_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="2001 World Championships in Athletics">2001</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2003_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="2003 World Championships in Athletics">2003</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis,_Seine-Saint-Denis" title="Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis">Saint-Denis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2005_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="2005 World Championships in Athletics">2005</a>: <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2007_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="2007 World Championships in Athletics">2007</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Osaka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2009_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="2009 World Championships in Athletics">2009</a>: <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="2011 World Championships in Athletics">2011</a>: <a href="/wiki/Daegu" title="Daegu">Daegu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="2013 World Championships in Athletics">2013</a>: <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="2015 World Championships in Athletics">2015</a>: <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="2017 World Championships in Athletics">2017</a>: <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_World_Athletics_Championships" title="2019 World Athletics Championships">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_World_Athletics_Championships" title="2022 World Athletics Championships">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eugene,_Oregon" title="Eugene, Oregon">Eugene</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_World_Athletics_Championships" title="2023 World Athletics Championships">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2025_World_Athletics_Championships" title="2025 World Athletics Championships">2025</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2027_World_Athletics_Championships" title="2027 World Athletics Championships">2027</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Japan&#124;link=Japan_Cities_in_Japan_with_a_population_of_200,000+240" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Most_populous_cities_in_Japan" title="Template:Most populous cities in Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Most_populous_cities_in_Japan" title="Template talk:Most populous cities in Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Most_populous_cities_in_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Most populous cities in Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Japan&#124;link=Japan_Cities_in_Japan_with_a_population_of_200,000+240" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Japan" title="List of cities in Japan">Cities in Japan with a population of 200,000+</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2,000,000 and more</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> (capital)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Osaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000–1,999,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sapporo" title="Sapporo">Sapporo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukuoka" title="Fukuoka">Fukuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe">Kobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki,_Kanagawa" title="Kawasaki, Kanagawa">Kawasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saitama_(city)" title="Saitama (city)">Saitama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sendai" title="Sendai">Sendai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">500,000–999,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitakyushu" title="Kitakyushu">Kitakyushu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiba_(city)" title="Chiba (city)">Chiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setagaya" title="Setagaya">Setagaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakai" title="Sakai">Sakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niigata_(city)" title="Niigata (city)">Niigata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamamatsu" title="Hamamatsu">Hamamatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shizuoka_(city)" title="Shizuoka (city)">Shizuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagamihara" title="Sagamihara">Sagamihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerima" title="Nerima">Nerima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okayama" title="Okayama">Okayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cta,_Tokyo" title="Ōta, Tokyo">Ōta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumamoto" title="Kumamoto">Kumamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edogawa,_Tokyo" title="Edogawa, Tokyo">Edogawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adachi,_Tokyo" title="Adachi, Tokyo">Adachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagoshima" title="Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funabashi" title="Funabashi">Funabashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachi%C5%8Dji" title="Hachiōji">Hachiōji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaguchi,_Saitama" title="Kawaguchi, Saitama">Kawaguchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himeji" title="Himeji">Himeji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suginami" title="Suginami">Suginami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itabashi" title="Itabashi">Itabashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsuyama" title="Matsuyama">Matsuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higashi%C5%8Dsaka" title="Higashiōsaka">Higashiōsaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsunomiya" title="Utsunomiya">Utsunomiya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200,000–499,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matsudo" title="Matsudo">Matsudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishinomiya" title="Nishinomiya">Nishinomiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurashiki" title="Kurashiki">Kurashiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichikawa,_Chiba" title="Ichikawa, Chiba">Ichikawa, Chiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cita_(city)" title="Ōita (city)">Oita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukuyama,_Hiroshima" title="Fukuyama, Hiroshima">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amagasaki" title="Amagasaki">Amagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanazawa" title="Kanazawa">Kanazawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Kōtō">Kōtō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katsushika" title="Katsushika">Katsushika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka" title="Yokosuka">Yokosuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyama_(city)" title="Toyama (city)">Toyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota,_Aichi" title="Toyota, Aichi">Toyota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takamatsu,_Kagawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Takamatsu, Kagawa">Takamatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machida,_Tokyo" title="Machida, Tokyo">Machida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gifu" title="Gifu">Gifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirakata" title="Hirakata">Hirakata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujisawa,_Kanagawa" title="Fujisawa, Kanagawa">Fujisawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashiwa" title="Kashiwa">Kashiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyonaka" title="Toyonaka">Toyonaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagano_(city)" title="Nagano (city)">Nagano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyohashi" title="Toyohashi">Toyohashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichinomiya,_Aichi" title="Ichinomiya, Aichi">Ichinomiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakayama_(city)" title="Wakayama (city)">Wakayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okazaki,_Aichi" title="Okazaki, Aichi">Okazaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyazaki_(city)" title="Miyazaki (city)">Miyazaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara_(city)" title="Nara (city)">Nara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suita" title="Suita">Suita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takatsuki" title="Takatsuki">Takatsuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinagawa" title="Shinagawa">Shinagawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asahikawa" title="Asahikawa">Asahikawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaki,_Fukushima" title="Iwaki, Fukushima">Iwaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dchi_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kōchi (city)">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takasaki" title="Takasaki">Takasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Driyama" title="Kōriyama">Kōriyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokorozawa,_Saitama" title="Tokorozawa, Saitama">Tokorozawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawagoe,_Saitama" title="Kawagoe, Saitama">Kawagoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kita,_Tokyo" title="Kita, Tokyo">Kita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akita_(city)" title="Akita (city)">Akita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ctsu" title="Ōtsu">Ōtsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshigaya" title="Koshigaya">Koshigaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maebashi" title="Maebashi">Maebashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naha" title="Naha">Naha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakano,_Tokyo" title="Nakano, Tokyo">Nakano, Tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinjuku" title="Shinjuku">Shinjuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokkaichi" title="Yokkaichi">Yokkaichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aomori" title="Aomori">Aomori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurume" title="Kurume">Kurume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasugai,_Aichi" title="Kasugai, Aichi">Kasugai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morioka" title="Morioka">Morioka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akashi,_Hy%C5%8Dgo" title="Akashi, Hyōgo">Akashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukushima_(city)" title="Fukushima (city)">Fukushima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsu,_Mie" title="Tsu, Mie">Tsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki" title="Shimonoseki">Shimonoseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaoka,_Niigata" title="Nagaoka, Niigata">Nagaoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichihara,_Chiba" title="Ichihara, Chiba">Ichihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakodate" title="Hakodate">Hakodate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao,_Osaka" title="Yao, Osaka">Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibaraki,_Osaka" title="Ibaraki, Osaka">Ibaraki, Osaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukui_(city)" title="Fukui (city)">Fukui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meguro" title="Meguro">Meguro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakogawa,_Hy%C5%8Dgo" title="Kakogawa, Hyōgo">Kakogawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokushima_(city)" title="Tokushima (city)">Tokushima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mito,_Ibaraki" title="Mito, Ibaraki">Mito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiratsuka" title="Hiratsuka">Hiratsuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshima" title="Toshima">Toshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamagata_(city)" title="Yamagata (city)">Yamagata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasebo" title="Sasebo">Sasebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuch%C5%AB,_Tokyo" title="Fuchū, Tokyo">Fuchū, Tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kure,_Hiroshima" title="Kure, Hiroshima">Kure, Hiroshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachinohe" title="Hachinohe">Hachinohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga_(city)" title="Saga (city)">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyagawa,_Osaka" title="Neyagawa, Osaka">Neyagawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dka" title="Sōka">Sōka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumida,_Tokyo" title="Sumida, Tokyo">Sumida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuji,_Shizuoka" title="Fuji, Shizuoka">Fuji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasukabe,_Saitama" title="Kasukabe, Saitama">Kasukabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigasaki,_Kanagawa" title="Chigasaki, Kanagawa">Chigasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsumoto,_Nagano" title="Matsumoto, Nagano">Matsumoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atsugi" title="Atsugi">Atsugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato,_Kanagawa" title="Yamato, Kanagawa">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ageo" title="Ageo">Ageo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takarazuka,_Hy%C5%8Dgo" title="Takarazuka, Hyōgo">Takarazuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dfu" title="Chōfu">Chōfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cta,_Gunma" title="Ōta, Gunma">Ōta, Gunma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukuba" title="Tsukuba">Tsukuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numazu" title="Numazu">Numazu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Detsu,_Niigata" title="Jōetsu, Niigata">Joetsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibuya" title="Shibuya">Shibuya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minato,_Tokyo" title="Minato, Tokyo">Minato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumagaya" title="Kumagaya">Kumagaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isesaki" title="Isesaki">Isesaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishitokyo" title="Nishitokyo">Nishitokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishiwada,_Osaka" title="Kishiwada, Osaka">Kishiwada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tottori_(city)" title="Tottori (city)">Tottori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35765#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2419" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35765#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2419" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35765#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000406162721">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/122548794">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1207884/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcR9vvdQ33GvqwCyTjQv3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4043961-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80022951">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15283394k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15283394k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00257146">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ósaka (Japonsko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge283684&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5747781">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/164430">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000646694&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=223272">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/97mpnl6t3rp3vj6">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007561931405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/30bcaa92-9870-4798-be1a-4e0036755316">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00489840?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027238202">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044805">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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