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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>The <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:genocide of Indigenous peoples">genocide of Indigenous peoples</a></b>, <b>colonial genocide</b>, or <b>settler genocide</b> is the intentional elimination of Indigenous peoples as a part of the process of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>. The expansion of various Western European colonial powers such as the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire" class="extiw" title="w:Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> empires and the subsequent establishment of <a href="/wiki/Colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonies">colonies</a> on Indigenous territories frequently involved acts of genocidal violence against Indigenous groups in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Americas</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Africa" class="extiw" title="w:Indigenous peoples of Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_indigenous_peoples_of_Asia" class="extiw" title="w:List of indigenous peoples of Asia">Asia</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Oceania" class="extiw" title="w:Indigenous peoples of Oceania">Oceania</a>. The designation of specific events as genocidal is frequently controversial. </p> <table role="presentation" class="metadata plainlinks stub" style="background: transparent; font-style: italic;"><tbody><tr> <td class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:History_hourglass.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stub icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/History_hourglass.svg/30px-History_hourglass.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/History_hourglass.svg/45px-History_hourglass.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/History_hourglass.svg/60px-History_hourglass.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></td> <td>This <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> article is a <a href="/wiki/Wikiquote:Stub" title="Wikiquote:Stub">stub</a>. You can help out with Wikiquote by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikiquote.org/w/index.php?title=Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples&action=edit">expanding</a> it!</td> </tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quotes">Quotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Quotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The physical and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">cultural</a> genocide of American Indian tribes is and was mostly about <a href="/wiki/Patriarchal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchal">patriarchal</a> fear of gynocracy. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puritans" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Puritans">Puritans</a> particularly, but also the <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a>, and other <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_missionaries" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Christian missionaries">Christian missionaries</a>, like their secular counterparts, could not tolerate peoples who allowed <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_women_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous women of the Americas">women</a> to occupy prominent positions and decision-making capacity at every level of society. Wives telling husbands and brothers whether to buy or sell an item, daughters telling fathers whom they could and could not murder, empresses attending parleys with colonizers and being treated with deference by male leaders did not sit well with the invaders. The colonizers saw (and rightly) that as long as women held unquestioned power of such magnitude, attempts at total conquest of the continents were bound to fail. In the centuries since the first attempts at colonization in the early 1500s, the invaders have exerted every effort to remove Indian women from every position of authority, to obliterate all records pertaining to gynocratic <a href="/wiki/Social_system" title="Social system">social systems</a>, and to ensure that no American and few American Indians would remember that gynocracy was the primary <a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">social order</a> of Indian America prior to 1800. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paula_Gunn_Allen" title="Paula Gunn Allen">Paula Gunn Allen</a>, about visions among the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a>, <cite style="font-style:normal" class="book"><i>The Sacred Hoop: Recovering the Feminine in American Indian Traditions</i>. Beacon Press. 1 September 1992. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-4617-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-4617-3">ISBN 978-0-8070-4617-3</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sacred+Hoop%3A+Recovering+the+Feminine+in+American+Indian+Traditions&rft.date=1+September+1992&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-4617-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> Introduction</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The genocide practiced against the tribes is aimed systematically at the dissolution of ritual tradition. In the past this has included prohibition of ceremonial practices throughout <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North and Meso-America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a>, enforced <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_death" class="extiw" title="w:Language death">loss of languages</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detribalization" class="extiw" title="w:Detribalization">reeducation of tribal peoples</a> through government-supported and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_mission" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Christian mission">Christian mission</a> schools that Indian children have been forced to attend, renaming of the traditional ritual days as Christian feast days, missionization (incarceration) of tribal people, deprivation of language, severe disruption of cultures and economic and resource bases of those cultures, and the degradation of the status of women as central to the spiritual and ritual life of the tribes. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paula_Gunn_Allen" title="Paula Gunn Allen">Paula Gunn Allen</a>, about visions among the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a>, <cite style="font-style:normal" class="book"><i>The Sacred Hoop: Recovering the Feminine in American Indian Traditions</i>. Beacon Press. 1 September 1992. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-4617-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-4617-3">ISBN 978-0-8070-4617-3</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sacred+Hoop%3A+Recovering+the+Feminine+in+American+Indian+Traditions&rft.date=1+September+1992&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-4617-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> Chapter Three</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Within one century after <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Columbus</a>' arrival, the entire <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">native American</a> population of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> islands was exterminated, probably 8 million people. In continental <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, only 12 million people survived after a century of <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">colonization</a> - while the population in 1492 is estimated at up to 90 million. True, many died because of new <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">diseases</a> which the colonizers had involuntarily brought with them, and many died not by massacre but under the hardships of <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> (which also happened to many prisoners in the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Nazi work camps</a>), but the number of literally massacred people still amounted to millions. In <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> too, the 2 million native inhabitants of Patagonia (southern <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>) were gradually but systematically killed to the last, as were all the inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> in a single campaign, and most of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">aboriginals</a> of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>: in these cases, the <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> was entirely intentional. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koenraad_Elst" title="Koenraad Elst">Koenraad Elst</a>, <i>Negationism in India</i> (1992)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Overt debates about <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> have been relatively slow in developing, in part because of the creation of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(Canada)" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Canada)">TRC</a>, mandated with collecting the ‘truth’ about the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Canadian Indian residential school system">IRS</a> system while similarly engaging in ‘reconciliation’ (a contested term) with <a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">settler</a> <a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a>. While Canada's history wars may seem slow in getting off the ground, the TRC's more ‘balanced’ approach and wide-ranging engagement with non-Aboriginal societal actors may have a greater effect in stimulating national awareness than in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. <ul><li>David B. MacDonald, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14623528.2015.1096583?src=recsys&journalCode=cjgr20">“Canada's history wars: indigenous genocide and public memory in the United States, Australia and Canada”</a>, <i>Journal of Genocide Research</i>, Volume 17, 2015, "Issue 4: Special issue on Canada and Colonial Genocide", (pub. online (11 Dec 2015).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>It is called a genocide. That's what it was... No other way to describe it and that's the way <a href="/wiki/California_genocide" title="California genocide">it</a> needs to be described in the <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> books. And so I'm here to say the following: I'm sorry on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">state of California</a>... It's humbling for me, having believed I was educated, to have been so ignorant of our past, to have been so unaware of how ashamed I should be, as a Californian, 5th generation... I'm sorry that we've had generations of your kids and grandkids, your ancestors, that have had to suffer through indignities, lack of capacity, empathy and understanding... <ul><li>California Gov. <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Newsom" title="Gavin Newsom">Gavin Newsom</a> quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/06/19/calif-governor-apologizes-native-americans-past-violence/1505636001/">'<i>Genocide': California governor apologizes to Native Americans for past violence, USA Today,</i> Rebecca Morin,</a> (19 June 2019)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>When <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">Europeans reached the Americas</a>, they recognized its enormous potential in <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">tropical produce</a>. But that potential could not be made a reality without adequate labor supplies. The indigenous Indian population could not withstand new European diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, nor could they bear the organized toil of slave plantations and slave <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mines</a>, having barely emerged from the hunting stage. That is why in islands like <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>, the local Indian population was virtually wiped out by the white invaders. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rodney" title="Walter Rodney">Walter Rodney</a>, <cite style="font-style:normal" class="book"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_Europe_Underdeveloped_Africa" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa">How Europe Underdeveloped Africa</a></i>. Howard University Press. 1972. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9501546-4-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9501546-4-0">ISBN 978-0-9501546-4-0</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5B%5B%3Awikipedia%3AHow+Europe+Underdeveloped+Africa%7CHow+Europe+Underdeveloped+Africa%5D%5D&rft.date=1972&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B87&rft.pub=Howard+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-9501546-4-0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>And may I ask you, Europeans, what country you have ever raised to better conditions? Wherever you have found weaker races, you have exterminated them by the roots, as it were. You have settled on their lands, and they are gone for ever. What is the history of your <a href="/wiki/America" class="mw-redirect" title="America">America</a>, your <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, your Pacific islands and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>? Where are those aboriginal races there today? They are all exterminated, you have killed them outright, as if they were wild beasts. It is only where you have not the power to do so, and there only, that other nations are still alive. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a>, "The East and the West", translated from the Bengali; <i>Complete Works</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.135096/page/n539/mode/2up">vol. 5</a> (7th ed., 1959), p. 536-7</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_Destiny" title="Manifest Destiny">Manifest Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; 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