CINXE.COM
Haitian Vodou art - Wikipedia
<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Haitian Vodou art - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"1114b064-0b47-443f-8f1a-f5ecb6a34ad0","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Haitian_Vodou_art","wgTitle":"Haitian Vodou art","wgCurRevisionId":1215032834,"wgRevisionId":1215032834,"wgArticleId":46845117,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Haitian art","Haitian Vodou","Voodoo art","Art movements"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Haitian_Vodou_art","wgRelevantArticleId":46845117,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick": true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q22092193","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready", "ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface", "ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Haitian_Vodou_fetish_statue_devil_with_twelve_eyes.jpg/1200px-Haitian_Vodou_fetish_statue_devil_with_twelve_eyes.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="2869"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Haitian_Vodou_fetish_statue_devil_with_twelve_eyes.jpg/800px-Haitian_Vodou_fetish_statue_devil_with_twelve_eyes.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1913"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Haitian_Vodou_fetish_statue_devil_with_twelve_eyes.jpg/640px-Haitian_Vodou_fetish_statue_devil_with_twelve_eyes.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1530"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Haitian Vodou art - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Vodou_art"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Vodou_art&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Vodou_art"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Haitian_Vodou_art rootpage-Haitian_Vodou_art skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Haitian+Vodou+art" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Haitian+Vodou+art" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Haitian+Vodou+art" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Haitian+Vodou+art" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_and_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Origins and history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Interpretation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drapo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drapo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Drapo</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Drapo-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Drapo subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Drapo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Drapo_servis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drapo_servis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Drapo servis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drapo_servis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_flags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_flags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Art flags</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_flags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_objects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_objects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other objects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_objects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Haitian Vodou art</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Add languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span><span class="wb-langlinks-add wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q22092193#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Add interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Add links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou_art" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Haitian_Vodou_art" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou_art"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Vodou_art&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Vodou_art&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou_art"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Vodou_art&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Vodou_art&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Haitian_Vodou_art" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Haitian_Vodou_art" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Vodou_art&oldid=1215032834" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Vodou_art&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Haitian_Vodou_art&id=1215032834&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHaitian_Vodou_art"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHaitian_Vodou_art"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Haitian_Vodou_art&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Vodou_art&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q22092193" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Haitian Vodou art</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Haitian_Vodou_fetish_statue_devil_with_twelve_eyes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Haitian_Vodou_fetish_statue_devil_with_twelve_eyes.jpg/220px-Haitian_Vodou_fetish_statue_devil_with_twelve_eyes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="526" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Haitian_Vodou_fetish_statue_devil_with_twelve_eyes.jpg/330px-Haitian_Vodou_fetish_statue_devil_with_twelve_eyes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Haitian_Vodou_fetish_statue_devil_with_twelve_eyes.jpg/440px-Haitian_Vodou_fetish_statue_devil_with_twelve_eyes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="3405" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Haitian Vodou fetish statue of a devil with twelve eyes</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Haitian Vodou art</b> is art related to the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Haitian Vodou</a> religion. This religion has its roots in West African traditional religions brought to <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> by slaves, but has assimilated elements from Europe and the Americas and continues to evolve. The most distinctive Vodou art form is the <i>drapo Vodou</i>, an embroidered flag often decorated with sequins or beads, but the term covers a wide range of visual art forms including paintings, embroidered clothing, clay or wooden figures, musical instruments and assemblages. Since the 1950s there has been growing demand for Vodou art by tourists and collectors. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_history">Origins and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Vodou_art&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Art historians disagree on the origins of Haitian Vodou arts. <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Blier" title="Suzanne Blier">Suzanne Blier</a> makes the case that they come from the coastal areas of <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Farris_Thompson" title="Robert Farris Thompson">Robert Farris Thompson</a> makes a plausible connection with Central Africa based on similarities with <i><a href="/wiki/Nkisi" title="Nkisi">nkisi</a></i> figures from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kongo</a>, and cosmograms, flags, drums and dances from that region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanhee2002244_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanhee2002244-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first slaves from West and Central Africa were brought to the Caribbean in the 16th century. Europeans often claimed that the slaves were being rescued from devil worship. However, the slaves maintained their religious practices in secret, and their priests were among the leaders of the first revolt in <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> in 1791.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgson2001_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgson2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haiti became the first independent nation of African people in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a> in 1804 under President <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Dessalines" title="Jean-Jacques Dessalines">Jean-Jacques Dessalines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional religion continued to be banned, and as late as the 1940s the Catholic church undertook a campaign against Vodou, ransacked temples and burned religious artifacts. Many of the techniques of sacred art have now been forgotten, and few sculptures were being made by 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgson2001_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgson2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vodou religion was finally recognized officially in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The great majority of Haitians still practice the Vodou<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> religion. The religion continues to evolve, and in addition to the traditional West African <i>lwo</i> (spirits) it now includes the spirits of heroes of resistance to the colonial forces, and spirits of powerful religious leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The iconography of the Haitian Vodou religion combines elements from Africa, Europe and the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosentino2013_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosentino2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus a <i>drapo</i> made for an African spirit may include an image of a Catholic saint. The saint's image was originally in part designed to deceive Catholic missionaries, but also was chosen in recognition of similarity between the saint and the <i>lwa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrapo_Vodou_:_Spirit_Flags_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrapo_Vodou_:_Spirit_Flags-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then the saint and the spirit have become <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretized</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolk199720_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolk199720-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretation">Interpretation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Vodou_art&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antique_ceremonial_suit_for_Haitian_Vodou_Voudun_rites.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Antique_ceremonial_suit_for_Haitian_Vodou_Voudun_rites.jpg/220px-Antique_ceremonial_suit_for_Haitian_Vodou_Voudun_rites.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Antique_ceremonial_suit_for_Haitian_Vodou_Voudun_rites.jpg/330px-Antique_ceremonial_suit_for_Haitian_Vodou_Voudun_rites.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Antique_ceremonial_suit_for_Haitian_Vodou_Voudun_rites.jpg/440px-Antique_ceremonial_suit_for_Haitian_Vodou_Voudun_rites.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>Antique ceremonial suit for Haitian Vodou rites</figcaption></figure> <p>Vodou art can be difficult to classify in Western terms. <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Beauvoir-Dominique" title="Rachel Beauvoir-Dominique">Rachel Beauvoir-Dominique</a>, writing of Marianne Lehmann's<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vodou art collection, notes that "even today, the Creole language does not possess any word to designate what Western civilization qualifies as 'art'."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedicty-Kokken2014244_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedicty-Kokken2014244-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poet and critic <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">André Breton</a> dismissed Haitian art, noting that Haiti had no museums or art collections. He apparently saw no value in the art associated with the "backward" Vodou religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedicty-Kokken2014245_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedicty-Kokken2014245-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars distinguish narrative Haitian art, which may include depictions of events or ceremonies in which there are many images from Vodou, from "Vodou art" in the sense of art that has a sacred function. The latter would be designed for use in ceremonies or for placement in temples or on altars. Given the omnipresence of Vodou in Haiti, most narrative art would also include Vodou images.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrownRiversWilson2013110-111_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrownRiversWilson2013110-111-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the fluid and adaptive nature of Vodou makes it hard to clearly distinguish religion, art and religious art.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2014219_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2014219-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alessandra Benedicty points out that Western scholars are led by their <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodern</a> intellectual framework into trying to explain Vodou art in terms of "intellectual truths". Vodou is open-ended and sometimes purposely dissimulates. Benedicty writes that in "the Vodou/Haitian aesthetic system, the <i>objet d'art</i> nurtures ambivalence and demands that the reader or the spectator interpret and thus participate in the production of an artistic text's meaning." If there is a <i><a href="/wiki/Veve" title="Veve">veve</a></i> in the work, there is a possibility that the <i><a href="/wiki/Lwa" title="Lwa">lwa</a></i> the work was made for will possess the viewer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlover2010194_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlover2010194-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purchaser of a Vodou altar or other artwork may be possessed by their purchase.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2014219_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2014219-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1995 exhibit at the Fowler Museum of Cultural History in California of "The Sacred Arts of Haitian Vodou" included dramatic ritual interactions between Vodouists and <i>lwa</i> that may have included possession.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2014219_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2014219-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drapo">Drapo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Vodou_art&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Drapo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i>drapo Vodou</i> is a handmade flag, typically embroidered and decorated with beads and sequins. Although flags may have been made in West Africa before the arrival of Europeans, the flags widely used there by 1600 were derived from European flags. They were used as symbols of ethnic, military or religious allegiance. The <i>drapo Vodou</i> also drew on Yoruba beadwork, Catholic vestments and Masonic aprons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th century and early 20th century most <i>drapo Vodou</i> were made from one or two colored fabric pieces decorated with embroidery, metal bangles and glass beads, with an image of the <i>lwa</i> made of shiny fabrics <a href="/wiki/Appliqu%C3%A9" title="Appliqué">appliquéd</a> to the cloth using techniques still followed in West Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flags and banners used in the 21st century in rural areas often still have stylistically simple designs, in part due to the high cost of decorative material.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolk199718_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolk199718-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the older flags the background field that frames the image was usually decorated with widely spaced sequins or beads. Modern flag makers often completely cover the fabric of the field with sparkling sequins of one color, or with intricate geometrical patterns. Borders, which were either simple or did not exist on early <i>drapo Vodou</i>, have evolved into highly elaborate patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolk199721_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolk199721-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of sequins in modern <i>drapos</i> dates to 1940, when Joseph Fortine saw a troupe of Afro-Brazilian samba dancers wearing sequin costumes in a Carnival parade. Fortine began to decorate the costumes of <a href="/wiki/Rara_music" title="Rara music">Rara</a> band players with sequins, and in 1943 made a <i>drapo Vodou</i> for <a href="/wiki/Damballa" title="Damballa">Damballa</a> from a burlap coffee sack which he stretched on a wooden frame. He made the image from sequin lines on a satin background, and added random sequins surrounding the image. Fortine taught his techniques to sequin artists such as Edgard Jean Louis, Sylva Joseph, Clotaire Bazile, and Yves Telemak. The youngest of these, Telemak, was the first to sign his work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two kinds of <i>drapo Vodou</i>. The <i>drapo servis</i> are made for ceremonial use, and art flags are made for sale.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drapo_servis">Drapo servis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Vodou_art&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Drapo servis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trop_Pou_Te_Haitian_Vodou_banners.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Trop_Pou_Te_Haitian_Vodou_banners.jpg/220px-Trop_Pou_Te_Haitian_Vodou_banners.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Trop_Pou_Te_Haitian_Vodou_banners.jpg/330px-Trop_Pou_Te_Haitian_Vodou_banners.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Trop_Pou_Te_Haitian_Vodou_banners.jpg/440px-Trop_Pou_Te_Haitian_Vodou_banners.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Haitian Vodou drapos. The front flag is for Trop Pou Te.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>drapo servis</i> are important religious icons. They are kept in shrine rooms, and carried by flag bearers in elaborate ceremonies in the main chamber of the temple. A <i>drapo servis</i> will include an image of a Catholic saint or a <i>vèvè</i> (trace-work emblem) of an <i>lwa</i><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (spirit) such as <a href="/wiki/Papa_Legba" title="Papa Legba">Papa Legba</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ogun" title="Ogun">Ogun</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosentino2013_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosentino2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many <i>lwas</i>, including <a href="/wiki/Erzulie" title="Erzulie">Erzulie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gede_(Haitian_Vodou)" title="Gede (Haitian Vodou)">Gede</a>, Damballa and <a href="/wiki/La_Sirene" class="mw-redirect" title="La Sirene">La Sirene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrapo_Vodou_:_Spirit_Flags_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrapo_Vodou_:_Spirit_Flags-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purpose of a ceremonial <i>drapo</i> is to flatter the <i>lwa</i> in the hope of gaining favor in return.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrapo_Vodou_:_Spirit_Flags_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrapo_Vodou_:_Spirit_Flags-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually <i>drapo servis</i> are made in pairs, for example representing Ogun and Damballa. Ogun was the <i>lwa</i> who led the slaves to freedom, and Damballa is the snake, representing the life force. Ogun may be paired with other <i>lwas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <i>drapo servis</i> will have a central image surrounded by a diamond-shaped border, will often have a fringe, and will be 36 by 36 inches (910 by 910 mm) in size. The image may depict a Catholic saint associated with an <i>lwa</i> or may be a <i>veve</i> that represents the <i>lwa</i> symbolically and provides a gateway for it to enter the world of humans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The image may be a <a href="/wiki/Chromolithography" title="Chromolithography">chromolithograph</a>, a vividly colored paper image from Italy, Mexico or Spain of a Catholic saint that has been syncretized with the corresponding African spirit of the drapo. The image may be an outline of the saint traced from a chromolithograph, or may be a detailed and faithful copy of a chromolithograph in beads and sequins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolk199720_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolk199720-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most widely used images of saints are those of <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Chios" title="Isidore of Chios">Saint Isidore</a>, <a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Zebedee" class="mw-redirect" title="James, son of Zebedee">Saint James Major</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Saint Patrick</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (mother of Jesus)">Holy Virgin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolk199720_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolk199720-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Veves include the ship of <a href="/wiki/Agw%C3%A9" title="Agwé">Agwé</a>, the cemetery cross of <a href="/wiki/Baron_Samedi" title="Baron Samedi">Baron Samedi</a>, the crossroads of Legba and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolk199719_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolk199719-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An image of a mermaid is used on flags for the water spirit <a href="/wiki/LaSiren" class="mw-redirect" title="LaSiren">LaSiren</a>. This does not derive from <i>veve</i> or Catholic origins, but seems to have come from European nautical sources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolk199720_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolk199720-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The image of a fish is important in Vodou as in Christian art, but the Vodou symbol comes from <a href="/wiki/Fon_people" title="Fon people">Fon</a> mythology rather than Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesmangles1992151_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmangles1992151-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It represents Agwé, who corresponds to the Fon sea deity Agbê. Agbê took the shape of a fish when he was given responsibility for the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesmangles1992152_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmangles1992152-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_flags">Art flags</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Vodou_art&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Art flags"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VoodooValris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/VoodooValris.jpg/220px-VoodooValris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/VoodooValris.jpg/330px-VoodooValris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/VoodooValris.jpg/440px-VoodooValris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="742" /></a><figcaption>Flag by George Valris</figcaption></figure> <p>Art flags show much wider variation in size and theme than <i>drapo servis</i>, and rarely have a fringe. Some flags are closer to tapestries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1950s collectors started to buy <i>drapo Vodou</i>, and the <i>oungan</i> (priests) began to make them for sale as a source of income. The next generation of artists, active in the 1990s, included Eviland Lalanne, Joseph Oldof Pierre, Le Petit Frere Mogirus, Wagler Vital, Georges Valris, Roland Rockville, Ronald Gouin, and Antoine Oleyant. They introduced various innovations, in part driven by the shortage of materials for flagmaking. Antoine Oleyant has been called "the artist who really brought the flags into the realm of fine art."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a> the skilled <i>drapo</i> artists have ready access to beads and sequins brought in from Canada and the United States. These artists earn their living from sales to tourists and to art galleries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolk199718_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolk199718-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 21st century there have been considerable changes to <i>drapo Vodou</i> as an art-form, in which artists such as Myrlande Constant<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have introduced new themes and techniques. Other contemporary <i>drapo</i> artists include <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Alcide" title="Evelyn Alcide">Evelyn Alcide</a>, Roudy Azor, Gabriel Chery, Lindor Chiler, <a href="/wiki/Mireille_Delisme" title="Mireille Delisme">Mireille Delice</a>, Christian Dorleus and Josiane Joseph. Their large and elaborate <i>drapo</i> represent in greater details the interactions with the <i>lwas</i> in events such as Vodou ceremonies and weddings. They may also represent evangelical Christian themes, or have secular subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrapo_Vodou_:_Spirit_Flags_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrapo_Vodou_:_Spirit_Flags-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edgard Jean Louis, a well-known flagmaker, made a flag called "Diana Erzulie" that included a photograph of the English <a href="/wiki/Princess_Diana" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Diana">Princess Diana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is growing demand for such <i>drapo</i> by international art collectors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrapo_Vodou_:_Spirit_Flags_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrapo_Vodou_:_Spirit_Flags-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_objects">Other objects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Vodou_art&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other objects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haitian_vodou_altar_to_Petwo,_Rada,_and_Gede_spirits;_November_5,_2010..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Haitian_vodou_altar_to_Petwo%2C_Rada%2C_and_Gede_spirits%3B_November_5%2C_2010..jpg/220px-Haitian_vodou_altar_to_Petwo%2C_Rada%2C_and_Gede_spirits%3B_November_5%2C_2010..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Haitian_vodou_altar_to_Petwo%2C_Rada%2C_and_Gede_spirits%3B_November_5%2C_2010..jpg/330px-Haitian_vodou_altar_to_Petwo%2C_Rada%2C_and_Gede_spirits%3B_November_5%2C_2010..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Haitian_vodou_altar_to_Petwo%2C_Rada%2C_and_Gede_spirits%3B_November_5%2C_2010..jpg/440px-Haitian_vodou_altar_to_Petwo%2C_Rada%2C_and_Gede_spirits%3B_November_5%2C_2010..jpg 2x" data-file-width="3640" data-file-height="2476" /></a><figcaption>Altar to Petwo, Rada, and Gede spirits; 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1940s Haitian professional artists began to create imitations of images provided by foreign entrepreneurs. The images represented the foreigners' view of the essence of Vodou art. This interaction was later dismissed and the Haitian works were stated to be <a href="/wiki/Authenticity_in_art" title="Authenticity in art">authentic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichman2008203_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichman2008203-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1949 fifteen artists decorated the Episcopal Saint Trinite Cathedral in Port-au-Prince with murals that contrast Vodou art and traditional scenes from the bible. Thirteen of the artists were Catholics and/or Vodouists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2014190_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2014190-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1950s the murals became world famous. African gods were found in the symbolism of Christian images. Thus the "Damballah Virgin" by Andre Dimanche was identified as <a href="/wiki/Erzulie" title="Erzulie">Erzulie</a>, a lwa connected to Aphrodite, Mater Dolorosa, health and an angry Madonna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2014191_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2014191-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A doll incorporated in a work of Vodou art can be animated so it can perform supernatural work, protecting the home. The Haitian Vodou priest Georges René explains the process, saying "anything can do mystique if you believe in it... you have to turn it into mystic. You baptize it. You make a ceremony. You put the food the <i>lwa</i> eats... after that you can work with it. It gets a soul. You can put it on an altar."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApterDerby2009357_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApterDerby2009357-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pierrot_Barra" title="Pierrot Barra">Pierrot Barra</a> (1942–99) and Marie Cassaise made sacred altar installations from everyday objects such as dolls, sunglasses, sequins, speedometers, rosaries, mirrors and tinsel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosentino19989_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosentino19989-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barra said his work was inspired by the Vodou spirits, who sometimes demanded it. He said, "When I sleep, while I'm dreaming, I see the Mysteries. When I sleep I see the spirits...they show me a design, some face, some kind of thing. Then when I wake up I create it."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosentino199916_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosentino199916-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A visitor to Port-au-Prince in 1991 described an altar installation Barra made for the mother goddess <a href="/wiki/Ezili_Dantor" title="Ezili Dantor">Ezili Dantor</a>. Her head came from a plaster doll, with rouge, lipstick and white synthetic hair. She held a cutout picture of the baby Jesus, which represented the goddess's daughter Anais.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosentino19989_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosentino19989-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A red fabric snake was wrapped round the body of the goddess, and a small rubber baby doll was at the foot of the statue. The whole was decorated with sparkles and cheap jewelry. This was not a traditional design, but was immediately recognized by Vodouists as authentic Vodou art.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosentino199810_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosentino199810-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vodou_mirror_museum_exhibit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Decorated mirror"><img alt="Decorated mirror" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Vodou_mirror_museum_exhibit.jpg/181px-Vodou_mirror_museum_exhibit.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Vodou_mirror_museum_exhibit.jpg/271px-Vodou_mirror_museum_exhibit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Vodou_mirror_museum_exhibit.jpg/361px-Vodou_mirror_museum_exhibit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Decorated mirror</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antique_ceremonial_suit_for_Haitian_Vodou.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Antique ceremonial suit"><img alt="Antique ceremonial suit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Antique_ceremonial_suit_for_Haitian_Vodou.jpg/180px-Antique_ceremonial_suit_for_Haitian_Vodou.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Antique_ceremonial_suit_for_Haitian_Vodou.jpg/271px-Antique_ceremonial_suit_for_Haitian_Vodou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Antique_ceremonial_suit_for_Haitian_Vodou.jpg/361px-Antique_ceremonial_suit_for_Haitian_Vodou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Antique ceremonial suit</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 266.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 264.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tambor_vud%C3%BA_MNA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ceremonial drum"><img alt="Ceremonial drum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Tambor_vud%C3%BA_MNA.jpg/397px-Tambor_vud%C3%BA_MNA.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Tambor_vud%C3%BA_MNA.jpg/595px-Tambor_vud%C3%BA_MNA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Tambor_vud%C3%BA_MNA.jpg/794px-Tambor_vud%C3%BA_MNA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5092" data-file-height="3466" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ceremonial drum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antique_Haitian_Vodou_ceremonial_drum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Antique ceremonial drum"><img alt="Antique ceremonial drum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Antique_Haitian_Vodou_ceremonial_drum.jpg/181px-Antique_Haitian_Vodou_ceremonial_drum.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Antique_Haitian_Vodou_ceremonial_drum.jpg/271px-Antique_Haitian_Vodou_ceremonial_drum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Antique_Haitian_Vodou_ceremonial_drum.jpg/361px-Antique_Haitian_Vodou_ceremonial_drum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Antique ceremonial drum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 130.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 128.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PortAuPrinceMarche.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vodou paraphernalia in the Marché en Fer, Port-au-Prince"><img alt="Vodou paraphernalia in the Marché en Fer, Port-au-Prince" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/PortAuPrinceMarche.jpg/193px-PortAuPrinceMarche.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/PortAuPrinceMarche.jpg/290px-PortAuPrinceMarche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/PortAuPrinceMarche.jpg/387px-PortAuPrinceMarche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1647" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vodou paraphernalia in the <a href="/wiki/March%C3%A9_en_Fer" title="Marché en Fer">Marché en Fer</a>, Port-au-Prince</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Vodou_art&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The word <i>Vodou</i> means spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marianne Lehmann is a former Swiss diplomat who made her home in Port au Prince, Haiti, where she collected about 2,000 examples of Haitian sacred art over a twenty year period. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> has contributed some funds towards indexing and photographing the collection, which includes musical instruments, figures dressed in costumes and other artifacts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgson2001_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgson2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i>lwas</i> serve as intermediaries between humans and the supreme god.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrapo_Vodou_:_Spirit_Flags_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrapo_Vodou_:_Spirit_Flags-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Myrlande Constant, born in 1970, was taught seamstress and beading techniques by her mother, and worked in a factory making wedding dresses. She taught herself flagmaking, using beads rather than sequins, and has since become internationally recognized.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUlysse2011_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUlysse2011-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Vodou_art&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanhee2002244-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanhee2002244_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVanhee2002">Vanhee 2002</a>, p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgson2001-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgson2001_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgson2001_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgson2001_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodgson2001">Hodgson 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art">Sequin Flags of Haiti, Ridge Art</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECosentino2013-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosentino2013_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosentino2013_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCosentino2013">Cosentino 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrapo_Vodou_:_Spirit_Flags-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrapo_Vodou_:_Spirit_Flags_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrapo_Vodou_:_Spirit_Flags_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrapo_Vodou_:_Spirit_Flags_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrapo_Vodou_:_Spirit_Flags_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrapo_Vodou_:_Spirit_Flags_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrapo_Vodou_:_Spirit_Flags_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrapo_Vodou_:_Spirit_Flags">Drapo Vodou : Spirit Flags</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolk199720-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolk199720_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolk199720_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolk199720_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolk199720_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolk1997">Polk 1997</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedicty-Kokken2014244-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedicty-Kokken2014244_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenedicty-Kokken2014">Benedicty-Kokken 2014</a>, p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedicty-Kokken2014245-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedicty-Kokken2014245_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenedicty-Kokken2014">Benedicty-Kokken 2014</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrownRiversWilson2013110-111-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrownRiversWilson2013110-111_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrownRiversWilson2013">Crown, Rivers & Wilson 2013</a>, p. 110-111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2014219-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2014219_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2014219_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey2014219_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey2014">Harvey 2014</a>, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlover2010194-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlover2010194_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlover2010">Glover 2010</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolk199718-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolk199718_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolk199718_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolk1997">Polk 1997</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolk199721-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolk199721_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolk1997">Polk 1997</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolk199719-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolk199719_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolk1997">Polk 1997</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmangles1992151-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesmangles1992151_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmangles1992">Desmangles 1992</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmangles1992152-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesmangles1992152_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmangles1992">Desmangles 1992</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUlysse2011-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUlysse2011_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUlysse2011">Ulysse 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichman2008203-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichman2008203_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichman2008">Richman 2008</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2014190-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2014190_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2014">Thomas 2014</a>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2014191-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2014191_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2014">Thomas 2014</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEApterDerby2009357-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApterDerby2009357_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFApterDerby2009">Apter & Derby 2009</a>, p. 357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECosentino19989-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosentino19989_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosentino19989_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCosentino1998">Cosentino 1998</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECosentino199916-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosentino199916_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCosentino1999">Cosentino 1999</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECosentino199810-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosentino199810_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCosentino1998">Cosentino 1998</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Vodou_art&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFApterDerby2009" class="citation book cs1">Apter, Andrew; Derby, Lauren (2009-12-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LxIaBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA357"><i>Activating the Past: History and Memory in the Black Atlantic World</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-1790-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-1790-5"><bdi>978-1-4438-1790-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Activating+the+Past%3A+History+and+Memory+in+the+Black+Atlantic+World&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2009-12-14&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-1790-5&rft.aulast=Apter&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Derby%2C+Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLxIaBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Vodou+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenedicty-Kokken2014" class="citation book cs1">Benedicty-Kokken, Alessandra (2014-11-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VKaDBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA244"><i>Spirit Possession in French, Haitian, and Vodou Thought: An Intellectual History</i></a>. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-8466-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-8466-0"><bdi>978-0-7391-8466-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spirit+Possession+in+French%2C+Haitian%2C+and+Vodou+Thought%3A+An+Intellectual+History&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2014-11-12&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-8466-0&rft.aulast=Benedicty-Kokken&rft.aufirst=Alessandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVKaDBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Vodou+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosentino1998" class="citation book cs1">Cosentino, Donald (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ansg3cGsiYYC&pg=PA9"><i>Vodou Things: The Art of Pierrot Barra and Marie Cassaise</i></a>. Univ. Press of Mississippi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-014-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-014-6"><bdi>978-1-57806-014-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vodou+Things%3A+The+Art+of+Pierrot+Barra+and+Marie+Cassaise&rft.pub=Univ.+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-57806-014-6&rft.aulast=Cosentino&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAnsg3cGsiYYC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Vodou+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosentino1999" class="citation journal cs1">Cosentino, Donald J. (Winter 1999). "In Memoriam: Pierrot Barra, 1942-1999". <i>African Arts</i>. <b>32</b> (4). UCLA James S. Coleman African Studies Center: 16–17. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3337665">3337665</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Arts&rft.atitle=In+Memoriam%3A+Pierrot+Barra%2C+1942-1999&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=16-17&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3337665%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cosentino&rft.aufirst=Donald+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Vodou+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosentino2013" class="citation web cs1">Cosentino, Donald (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150530204408/http://www.stlawu.edu/gallery/exhibitions/f/13vodou.php?keepThis=true&TB_iframe=true&height=500&width=920">"Sacred Symbols in Sequins: Vintage Haitian Vodou Flags"</a>. Richard F. Brush Art Gallery, St. Lawrence University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stlawu.edu/gallery/exhibitions/f/13vodou.php?keepThis=true&TB_iframe=true&height=500&width=920">the original</a> on 2015-05-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sacred+Symbols+in+Sequins%3A+Vintage+Haitian+Vodou+Flags&rft.pub=Richard+F.+Brush+Art+Gallery%2C+St.+Lawrence+University&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Cosentino&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stlawu.edu%2Fgallery%2Fexhibitions%2Ff%2F13vodou.php%3FkeepThis%3Dtrue%26TB_iframe%3Dtrue%26height%3D500%26width%3D920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Vodou+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrownRiversWilson2013" class="citation book cs1">Crown, Carol; Rivers, Cheryl; Wilson, Charles Reagan (2013-06-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Eyy5F58fypMC&pg=PT110"><i>The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Volume 23: Folk Art</i></a>. UNC Press Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-0799-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-0799-3"><bdi>978-1-4696-0799-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Southern+Culture%3A+Volume+23%3A+Folk+Art&rft.pub=UNC+Press+Books&rft.date=2013-06-03&rft.isbn=978-1-4696-0799-3&rft.aulast=Crown&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft.au=Rivers%2C+Cheryl&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Charles+Reagan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEyy5F58fypMC%26pg%3DPT110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Vodou+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesmangles1992" class="citation book cs1">Desmangles, Leslie Gérald (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TuG0KXNft8IC&pg=PT151"><i>The Faces of the Gods: Vodou and Roman Catholicism in Haiti</i></a>. Univ of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4393-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4393-2"><bdi>978-0-8078-4393-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Faces+of+the+Gods%3A+Vodou+and+Roman+Catholicism+in+Haiti&rft.pub=Univ+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-4393-2&rft.aulast=Desmangles&rft.aufirst=Leslie+G%C3%A9rald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTuG0KXNft8IC%26pg%3DPT151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Vodou+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrapo_Vodou_:_Spirit_Flags" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150530210710/http://www.haitian-art-co.com/flag2.html">"Drapo Vodou : Spirit Flags"</a>. Haitian Art Company. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haitian-art-co.com/flag2.html">the original</a> on 2015-05-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Drapo+Vodou+%3A+Spirit+Flags&rft.pub=Haitian+Art+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haitian-art-co.com%2Fflag2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Vodou+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlover2010" class="citation book cs1">Glover, Kaiama L. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rzCGZWBMsrcC&pg=PA194"><i>Haiti Unbound: A Spiralist Challenge to the Postcolonial Canon</i></a>. Liverpool University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-499-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-499-5"><bdi>978-1-84631-499-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haiti+Unbound%3A+A+Spiralist+Challenge+to+the+Postcolonial+Canon&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84631-499-5&rft.aulast=Glover&rft.aufirst=Kaiama+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrzCGZWBMsrcC%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Vodou+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2014" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Graham (2014-09-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yGd_BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA219"><i>Food, Sex and Strangers: Understanding Religion as Everyday Life</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-54633-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-54633-7"><bdi>978-1-317-54633-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food%2C+Sex+and+Strangers%3A+Understanding+Religion+as+Everyday+Life&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-09-11&rft.isbn=978-1-317-54633-7&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyGd_BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Vodou+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgson2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hodgson, Martin (8 September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/sep/08/martinhodgson">"An unlikely crusader fights to save the voodoo soul of Haiti"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Port-au-Prince<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=An+unlikely+crusader+fights+to+save+the+voodoo+soul+of+Haiti&rft.date=2001-09-08&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2001%2Fsep%2F08%2Fmartinhodgson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Vodou+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolk1997" class="citation book cs1">Polk, Patrick Arthur (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgPB6TvBHR4C&pg=PA18"><i>Haitian Vodou Flags</i></a>. Univ. Press of Mississippi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-024-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-024-5"><bdi>978-1-57806-024-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haitian+Vodou+Flags&rft.pub=Univ.+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-57806-024-5&rft.aulast=Polk&rft.aufirst=Patrick+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZgPB6TvBHR4C%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Vodou+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichman2008" class="citation journal cs1">Richman, Karen E. (Spring 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ethnohistory.dukejournals.org/content/55/2/203.short">"Innocent Imitations? Authenticity and Mimesis in Haitian Vodou Art, Tourism, and Anthropology"</a>. <i>Ethnohistory</i>. <b>55</b> (2): 203–227. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00141801-2007-061">10.1215/00141801-2007-061</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnohistory&rft.atitle=Innocent+Imitations%3F+Authenticity+and+Mimesis+in+Haitian+Vodou+Art%2C+Tourism%2C+and+Anthropology&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=203-227&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00141801-2007-061&rft.aulast=Richman&rft.aufirst=Karen+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fethnohistory.dukejournals.org%2Fcontent%2F55%2F2%2F203.short&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Vodou+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150530204544/http://www.ridgeart.com/Vodou_Flags_Info.html">"Sequin Flags of Haiti"</a>. Ridge Art. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ridgeart.com/Vodou_Flags_Info.html">the original</a> on 2015-05-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sequin+Flags+of+Haiti&rft.pub=Ridge+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ridgeart.com%2FVodou_Flags_Info.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Vodou+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2014" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, R. Murray (2014-06-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MWRyBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA190"><i>Roots of Haiti's Vodou-Christian Faith: African and Catholic Origins: African and Catholic Origins</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3204-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3204-8"><bdi>978-1-4408-3204-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roots+of+Haiti%27s+Vodou-Christian+Faith%3A+African+and+Catholic+Origins%3A+African+and+Catholic+Origins&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014-06-19&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-3204-8&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=R.+Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMWRyBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Vodou+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlysse2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ulysse, Gina Athena (2011-04-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/gina-athena-ulysse/constant-haitis-fiercest-_b_848464.html">"Constant: Haiti's Fiercest Flag Bearer"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Constant%3A+Haiti%27s+Fiercest+Flag+Bearer&rft.date=2011-04-14&rft.aulast=Ulysse&rft.aufirst=Gina+Athena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fgina-athena-ulysse%2Fconstant-haitis-fiercest-_b_848464.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Vodou+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanhee2002" class="citation book cs1">Vanhee, Hein (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EKd-q4oVHOsC&pg=PA244">"Central African Popular Christianity and the Making of Haitian Vodou Religion"</a>. <i>Central Africans and Cultural Transformations in the American Diaspora</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00278-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00278-3"><bdi>978-0-521-00278-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Central+African+Popular+Christianity+and+the+Making+of+Haitian+Vodou+Religion&rft.btitle=Central+Africans+and+Cultural+Transformations+in+the+American+Diaspora&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00278-3&rft.aulast=Vanhee&rft.aufirst=Hein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEKd-q4oVHOsC%26pg%3DPA244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaitian+Vodou+art" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7dfb9d98f5‐bmkvb Cached time: 20241125203220 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.495 seconds Real time usage: 0.657 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4086/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 47008/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5207/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 67546/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.306/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7821227/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 587.865 1 -total 34.73% 204.176 10 Template:Cite_book 28.56% 167.897 51 Template:Sfn 14.97% 88.032 1 Template:Infobox_art_movement 7.25% 42.591 1 Template:Infobox 4.36% 25.630 1 Template:Convert 3.96% 23.272 2 Template:Reflist 3.20% 18.788 4 Template:Cite_journal 3.03% 17.803 3 Template:Cite_web 2.89% 16.984 1 Template:Notes --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:46845117-0!canonical and timestamp 20241125203220 and revision id 1215032834. Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Vodou_art&oldid=1215032834">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Vodou_art&oldid=1215032834</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Haitian_art" title="Category:Haitian art">Haitian art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Haitian_Vodou" title="Category:Haitian Vodou">Haitian Vodou</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Voodoo_art" title="Category:Voodoo art">Voodoo art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Art_movements" title="Category:Art movements">Art movements</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 March 2024, at 18:51<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haitian_Vodou_art&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-59btx","wgBackendResponseTime":165,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.495","walltime":"0.657","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4086,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":47008,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5207,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":67546,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 587.865 1 -total"," 34.73% 204.176 10 Template:Cite_book"," 28.56% 167.897 51 Template:Sfn"," 14.97% 88.032 1 Template:Infobox_art_movement"," 7.25% 42.591 1 Template:Infobox"," 4.36% 25.630 1 Template:Convert"," 3.96% 23.272 2 Template:Reflist"," 3.20% 18.788 4 Template:Cite_journal"," 3.03% 17.803 3 Template:Cite_web"," 2.89% 16.984 1 Template:Notes"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.306","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7821227,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFApterDerby2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenedicty-Kokken2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCosentino1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCosentino1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCosentino2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrownRiversWilson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDesmangles1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrapo_Vodou_:_Spirit_Flags\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlover2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvey2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodgson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolk1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSequin_Flags_of_Haiti,_Ridge_Art\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUlysse2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanhee2002\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Cite book\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 3,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 4,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox art movement\"] = 1,\n [\"Notes\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 51,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7dfb9d98f5-bmkvb","timestamp":"20241125203220","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Haitian Vodou art","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haitian_Vodou_art","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q22092193","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q22092193","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2015-05-30T16:19:48Z","dateModified":"2024-03-22T18:51:04Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/53\/Haitian_Vodou_fetish_statue_devil_with_twelve_eyes.jpg","headline":"associated with the Vodou religion of Haiti"}</script> </body> </html>