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</li> <li id="toc-Attitude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attitude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Attitude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attitude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Behavior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mood_and_affect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mood_and_affect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Mood and affect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mood_and_affect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Speech</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thought_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thought_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Thought process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thought_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thought_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thought_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Thought content</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thought_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Delusions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delusions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.1</span> <span>Delusions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delusions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overvalued_Ideas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overvalued_Ideas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.2</span> <span>Overvalued Ideas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overvalued_Ideas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obsessions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obsessions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.3</span> <span>Obsessions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obsessions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phobias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phobias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.4</span> <span>Phobias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phobias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preoccupations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preoccupations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.5</span> <span>Preoccupations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preoccupations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suicidal_thoughts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suicidal_thoughts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.6</span> <span>Suicidal thoughts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suicidal_thoughts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perceptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perceptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Perceptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perceptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Cognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Insight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judgment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judgment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Judgment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judgment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultural considerations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Изследване на психичното състояние – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Изследване на психичното състояние" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%A0_%EC%83%81%ED%83%9C_%EA%B2%80%EC%82%AC" title="정신 상태 검사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정신 상태 검사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengujian_status_mental" title="Pengujian status mental – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengujian status mental" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%91_%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99" title="בדיקת מצב פסיכיאטרי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בדיקת מצב פסיכיאטרי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exame_do_estado_mental" title="Exame do estado mental – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Exame do estado mental" data-language-autonym="Português" 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_status_exam&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental status exam">Mental status exam</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Way of observing and describing a patient's current state of mind</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Mini%E2%80%93mental_state_examination" title="Mini–mental state examination">Mini–mental state examination</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This page is about an exhaustive mental status examination. For a more brief assessment, used in emergency situations, see <a href="/wiki/Orientation_(mental)" title="Orientation (mental)">Orientation (mental)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical intervention</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue">Mental status examination</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ICD-9-CM_Volume_3" title="ICD-9-CM Volume 3">ICD-9-CM</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icd9cm.chrisendres.com/index.php?srchtype=procs&srchtext=94.09&Submit=Search&action=search">94.09</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icd9cm.chrisendres.com/index.php?srchtype=procs&srchtext=94.11&Submit=Search&action=search">94.11</a></td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2895596" class="extiw" title="d:Q2895596">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>mental status examination</b> (<b>MSE</b>) is an important part of the clinical <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_assessment" title="Psychiatric assessment">assessment</a> process in <a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">neurological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychiatric">psychiatric</a> practice. It is a structured way of observing and describing a patient's psychological functioning at a given point in time, under the domains of appearance, <a href="/wiki/Propositional_attitude" title="Propositional attitude">attitude</a>, behavior, mood and affect, speech, <a href="/wiki/Thought_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Thought process">thought process</a>, thought content, <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a>, insight, and <a href="/wiki/Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment">judgment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Trzepacz_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trzepacz-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are some minor variations in the subdivision of the MSE and the sequence and names of MSE domains. </p><p>The purpose of the MSE is to obtain a comprehensive cross-sectional description of the patient's <a href="/wiki/Mental_state" title="Mental state">mental state</a>, which, when combined with the biographical and historical information of the <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_history" title="Psychiatric history">psychiatric history</a>, allows the clinician to make an accurate <a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">diagnosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_formulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychiatric formulation">formulation</a>, which are required for coherent treatment planning. </p><p>The data are collected through a combination of direct and indirect means: unstructured observation while obtaining the biographical and social information, focused questions about current symptoms, and formalised <a href="/wiki/Psychological_testing" title="Psychological testing">psychological tests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The MSE is not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Mini%E2%80%93mental_state_examination" title="Mini–mental state examination">mini–mental state examination</a> (MMSE), which is a brief <a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">neuropsychological</a> <a href="/wiki/Screening_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Screening test">screening test</a> for <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theoretical_foundations">Theoretical foundations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_status_examination&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Theoretical foundations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The MSE derives from an approach to <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a> known as descriptive psychopathology<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or descriptive <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(psychology)" title="Phenomenology (psychology)">phenomenology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which developed from the work of the philosopher and psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Karl Jaspers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From Jaspers' perspective it was assumed that the only way to comprehend a patient's experience is through his or her own description (through an approach of <a href="/wiki/Empathic" class="mw-redirect" title="Empathic">empathic</a> and non-theoretical enquiry), as distinct from an interpretive or <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoanalytic">psychoanalytic</a> approach which assumes the analyst might understand experiences or processes of which the patient is unaware, such as defense mechanisms or unconscious drives. </p><p>In practice, the MSE is a blend of empathic descriptive phenomenology and <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empirical</a> clinical observation. It has been argued that the term <i>phenomenology</i> has become corrupted in clinical psychiatry: current usage, as a set of supposedly <a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">objective</a> descriptions of a psychiatric patient (a synonym for <a href="/wiki/Medical_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical sign">signs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symptom" class="mw-redirect" title="Symptom">symptoms</a>), is incompatible with the original meaning which was concerned with comprehending a patient's <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjectivity">subjective</a> experience.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application">Application</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_status_examination&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Application"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mental status examination is a core skill of qualified (mental) health personnel. It is a key part of the initial psychiatric assessment in an <a href="/wiki/Outpatient" class="mw-redirect" title="Outpatient">outpatient</a> or <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" title="Psychiatric hospital">psychiatric hospital</a> setting. It is a systematic collection of data based on observation of the patient's behavior while the patient is in the clinician's view during the interview. The purpose is to obtain evidence of symptoms and signs of mental disorders, including danger to self and others, that are present at the time of the interview. Further, information on the patient's insight, judgment, and capacity for abstract reasoning is used to inform decisions about treatment strategy and the choice of an appropriate treatment setting.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is carried out in the manner of an informal enquiry, using a combination of open and closed questions, supplemented by structured tests to assess cognition.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MSE can also be considered part of the comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Physical_examination" title="Physical examination">physical examination</a> performed by physicians and nurses although it may be performed in a cursory and abbreviated way in non-mental-health settings.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Information is usually recorded as free-form text using the standard headings,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but brief MSE checklists are available for use in emergency situations, for example, by <a href="/wiki/Paramedics" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramedics">paramedics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Emergency_department" title="Emergency department">emergency department</a> staff.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The information obtained in the MSE is used, together with the biographical and social information of the psychiatric history, to generate a diagnosis, a psychiatric formulation and a treatment plan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Domains">Domains</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_status_examination&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Domains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mnemonic <b>ASEPTIC</b> can be used to remember the domains of the MSE:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>A - Appearance/Behavior</li> <li>S - Speech</li> <li>E - Emotion (Mood and Affect)</li> <li>P - Perception</li> <li>T - Thought Content and Process</li> <li>I - Insight and Judgement</li> <li>C - Cognition</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appearance">Appearance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_status_examination&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clinicians assess the physical aspects such as the appearance of a patient, including apparent age, height, weight, and manner of dress and grooming. Colorful or bizarre clothing might suggest <a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">mania</a>, while unkempt, dirty clothes might suggest <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">depression</a>. If the patient appears much older than his or her chronological age this can suggest chronic poor self-care or ill-health. Clothing and accessories of a particular subculture, <a href="/wiki/Body_modification" title="Body modification">body modifications</a>, or clothing not typical of the patient's gender, might give clues to <a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">personality</a>. Observations of physical appearance might include the physical features of <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Drug_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug abuse">drug abuse</a>, such as signs of <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a>, nicotine stains, dental erosion, a rash around the mouth from <a href="/wiki/Inhalant_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhalant abuse">inhalant abuse</a>, or needle track marks from intravenous drug abuse. Observations can also include any odor which might suggest poor personal <a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">hygiene</a> due to extreme self-neglect, or <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_intoxication" title="Alcohol intoxication">alcohol intoxication</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weight loss could also signify a depressive disorder, physical illness, anorexia nervosa<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or chronic anxiety.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attitude">Attitude</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_status_examination&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Attitude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Attitude, also known as <a href="/wiki/Rapport" title="Rapport">rapport</a> or cooperation,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> refers to the patient's approach to the interview process and the quality of information obtained during the assessment.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Observations of attitude include whether the patient is cooperative, hostile, open or secretive.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Behavior">Behavior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_status_examination&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Behavior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abnormalities of behavior, also called abnormalities of activity,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> include observations of specific <a href="/wiki/Movement_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement disorders">abnormal movements</a>, as well as more general observations of the patient's level of activity and arousal, and observations of the patient's <a href="/wiki/Eye_contact" title="Eye contact">eye contact</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gait_(human)" title="Gait (human)">gait</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abnormal movements, for example <a href="/wiki/Chorea_(disease)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorea (disease)">choreiform</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athetoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Athetoid">athetoid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Choreoathetosis" title="Choreoathetosis">choreoathetoid</a> movements may indicate a <a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">neurological</a> disorder. A <a href="/wiki/Tremor" title="Tremor">tremor</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dystonia" title="Dystonia">dystonia</a> may indicate a neurological condition or the side effects of <a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">antipsychotic</a> medication. The patient may have <a href="/wiki/Tics" class="mw-redirect" title="Tics">tics</a> (involuntary but quasi-purposeful movements or vocalizations) which may be a symptom of <a href="/wiki/Tourette%27s_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourette's syndrome">Tourette's syndrome</a>. There are a range of abnormalities of movement which are typical of <a href="/wiki/Catatonia" title="Catatonia">catatonia</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Echopraxia" title="Echopraxia">echopraxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalepsy" title="Catalepsy">catalepsy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waxy_flexibility" title="Waxy flexibility">waxy flexibility</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paratonia" title="Paratonia">paratonia</a> (or <i>gegenhalten</i><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). <a href="/wiki/Stereotypies" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotypies">Stereotypies</a> (repetitive purposeless movements such as rocking or head banging) or mannerisms (repetitive quasi-purposeful abnormal movements such as a gesture or abnormal gait) may be a feature of chronic schizophrenia or <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autism</a>. </p><p>More global behavioural abnormalities may be noted, such as an increase in arousal and movement (described as <a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">psychomotor agitation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hyperactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperactivity">hyperactivity</a>) which might reflect <a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">mania</a> or <a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">delirium</a>. An inability to sit still might represent <a href="/wiki/Akathisia" title="Akathisia">akathisia</a>, a side effect of antipsychotic medication. Similarly, a global decrease in arousal and movement (described as <a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_retardation" title="Psychomotor retardation">psychomotor retardation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akinesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Akinesia">akinesia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stupor" title="Stupor">stupor</a>) might indicate depression or a medical condition such as <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a> or delirium. The examiner would also comment on eye movements (repeatedly glancing to one side can suggest that the patient is experiencing hallucinations), and the quality of eye contact (which can provide clues to the patient's emotional state). Lack of eye contact may suggest depression or autism.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mood_and_affect">Mood and affect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_status_examination&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mood and affect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The distinction between <a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">mood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">affect</a> in the MSE is subject to some disagreement. For example, Trzepacz and Baker (1993)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describe affect as "the external and dynamic manifestations of a person's internal emotional state" and mood as "a person's predominant internal state at any one time", whereas Sims (1995)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> refers to affect as "differentiated specific feelings" and mood as "a more prolonged state or disposition". This article will use the Trzepacz and Baker (1993) definitions, with mood regarded as a current subjective state as described by the patient, and affect as the examiner's inferences of the quality of the patient's emotional state based on objective observation.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Mood</b> is described using the patient's own words, and can also be described in summary terms such as neutral, <a href="/wiki/Euthymia_(medicine)" title="Euthymia (medicine)">euthymic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dysphoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysphoric">dysphoric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">euphoric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angry" class="mw-redirect" title="Angry">angry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxious" class="mw-redirect" title="Anxious">anxious</a> or <a href="/wiki/Apathetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Apathetic">apathetic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alexithymic" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexithymic">Alexithymic</a> individuals may be unable to describe their subjective mood state. An individual who is unable to experience any pleasure may have <a href="/wiki/Anhedonia" title="Anhedonia">anhedonia</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SelbstPortrait_VG2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/SelbstPortrait_VG2.jpg/220px-SelbstPortrait_VG2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/SelbstPortrait_VG2.jpg/330px-SelbstPortrait_VG2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/SelbstPortrait_VG2.jpg/440px-SelbstPortrait_VG2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="1026" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>'s <i>1889 Self Portrait</i> suggests the artist's mood and affect in the time leading up to his suicide.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Affect</b> is described by labelling the apparent emotion conveyed by the person's nonverbal behavior (anxious, sad etc.), and also by using the parameters of appropriateness, intensity, range, reactivity and mobility. Affect may be described as appropriate or inappropriate to the current situation, and as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/congruent" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:congruent">congruent</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/incongruent" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:incongruent">incongruent</a> with their thought content.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, someone who shows a bland affect when describing a very distressing experience would be described as showing incongruent affect, which might suggest schizophrenia. The intensity of the affect may be described as normal, <a href="/wiki/Blunted_affect" class="mw-redirect" title="Blunted affect">blunted affect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exaggerated" class="mw-redirect" title="Exaggerated">exaggerated</a>, flat, heightened or overly dramatic. A flat or <a href="/wiki/Blunted_affect" class="mw-redirect" title="Blunted affect">blunted affect</a> is associated with schizophrenia, depression or <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a>; heightened affect might suggest mania, and an overly dramatic or exaggerated affect might suggest certain <a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">personality disorders</a>. Mobility refers to the extent to which affect changes during the interview: the affect may be described as fixed, mobile, immobile, constricted/restricted or <a href="/wiki/Labile_affect" class="mw-redirect" title="Labile affect">labile</a>. The person may show a full range of affect, in other words a wide range of emotional expression during the assessment, or may be described as having restricted affect. The affect may also be described as reactive, in other words changing flexibly and appropriately with the flow of conversation, or as unreactive. A bland lack of concern for one's disability may be described as showing <i>la belle indifférence</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a feature of <a href="/wiki/Conversion_disorder" title="Conversion disorder">conversion disorder</a>, which is historically termed "<a href="/wiki/Hysteria" title="Hysteria">hysteria</a>" in older texts.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speech">Speech</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_status_examination&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Speech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Speech is assessed by observing the patient's spontaneous speech, and also by using structured tests of specific language functions. This heading is concerned with the production of speech rather than the <i>content</i> of speech, which is addressed under thought process and thought content (see below). When observing the patient's spontaneous speech, the interviewer will note and comment on <a href="/wiki/Paralanguage" title="Paralanguage">paralinguistic</a> features such as the loudness, rhythm, <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">prosody</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">intonation</a>, pitch, <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">articulation</a>, quantity, rate, spontaneity and latency of speech.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many acoustic features have been shown to be significantly altered in mental health disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-Low_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Low-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A structured assessment of speech includes an assessment of expressive language by asking the patient to name objects, repeat short sentences, or produce as many words as possible from a certain category in a set time. Simple language tests also form part of the <a href="/wiki/Mini-mental_state_examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini-mental state examination">mini-mental state examination</a>. In practice, the structured assessment of receptive and expressive language is often reported under Cognition (see <a href="#Cognition">below</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Language assessment will allow the recognition of medical conditions presenting with <a href="/wiki/Aphonia" title="Aphonia">aphonia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dysarthria" title="Dysarthria">dysarthria</a>, neurological conditions such as <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a> presenting with <a href="/wiki/Aphasia" title="Aphasia">aphasia</a>, and specific language disorders such as <a href="/wiki/Stuttering" title="Stuttering">stuttering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cluttering" title="Cluttering">cluttering</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mutism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutism">mutism</a>. People with <a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum disorder">autism spectrum disorders</a> may have abnormalities in paralinguistic and <a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">pragmatic</a> aspects of their speech. <a href="/wiki/Echolalia" title="Echolalia">Echolalia</a> (repetition of another person's words) and <a href="/wiki/Palilalia" title="Palilalia">palilalia</a> (repetition of the subject's own words) can be heard with patients with <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autism</a>, schizophrenia or <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>. A person with schizophrenia might use <a href="/wiki/Neologisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Neologisms">neologisms</a>, which are made-up words which have a specific meaning to the person using them. Speech assessment also contributes to assessment of mood, for example people with mania or <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a> may have rapid, loud and <a href="/wiki/Pressured_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressured speech">pressured speech</a>; on the other hand <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depressed</a> patients will typically have a prolonged speech latency and speak in a slow, quiet and hesitant manner.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thought_process">Thought process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_status_examination&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Thought process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adolf_W%C3%B6lfli_General_view_of_the_island_Neveranger,_1911.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Adolf_W%C3%B6lfli_General_view_of_the_island_Neveranger%2C_1911.jpg/220px-Adolf_W%C3%B6lfli_General_view_of_the_island_Neveranger%2C_1911.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Adolf_W%C3%B6lfli_General_view_of_the_island_Neveranger%2C_1911.jpg/330px-Adolf_W%C3%B6lfli_General_view_of_the_island_Neveranger%2C_1911.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Adolf_W%C3%B6lfli_General_view_of_the_island_Neveranger%2C_1911.jpg/440px-Adolf_W%C3%B6lfli_General_view_of_the_island_Neveranger%2C_1911.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2587" /></a><figcaption>The paintings of the <a href="/wiki/Outsider_art" title="Outsider art">outsider artist</a> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_W%C3%B6lfli" title="Adolf Wölfli">Adolf Wölfli</a> could be seen as a visual representation of formal thought disorder.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">Thought</a> process in the MSE refers to the quantity, tempo (rate of flow) and form (or logical coherence) of thought. Thought process cannot be directly observed but can only be described by the patient, or inferred from a patient's speech. Form of the thought is captured in this category. One should describe the thought form as thought directed A→B (normal), versus formal thought disorders. A pattern of interruption or disorganization of thought processes is broadly referred to as <a href="/wiki/Formal_thought_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal thought disorder">formal thought disorder</a>, and might be described more specifically as thought blocking, fusion, loosening of associations, tangential thinking, derailment of thought, knight's move thinking. Thought may be described as 'circumstantial' when a patient includes a great deal of irrelevant detail and makes frequent diversions, but remains focused on the broad topic. Circumstantial thinking might be observed in <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Anxiety disorders">anxiety disorders</a> or certain kinds of <a href="/wiki/Personality_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Personality disorders">personality disorders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding the tempo of thought, some people may experience 'flight of ideas' (a manic symptom), when their thoughts are so rapid that their speech seems incoherent, although in <a href="/wiki/Flight_of_ideas" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight of ideas">flight of ideas</a> a careful observer can discern a chain of poetic, syllabic, rhyming associations in the patient's speech (i.e., "I love to eat peaches, beach beaches, sand castles fall in the waves, braves are going to the finals, fee fi fo fum. Golden egg."). Alternatively an individual may be described as having retarded or inhibited thinking, in which thoughts seem to progress slowly with few associations. Poverty of thought is a global reduction in the quantity of thought and one of the <a href="/wiki/Negative_symptom" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative symptom">negative symptoms</a> of schizophrenia. It can also be a feature of severe depression or <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>. A patient with dementia might also experience thought perseveration. Thought <a href="/wiki/Perseveration" title="Perseveration">perseveration</a> refers to a pattern where a person keeps returning to the same limited set of ideas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thought_content">Thought content</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_status_examination&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Thought content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A description of thought content would be the largest section of the MSE report. It would describe a patient's suicidal thoughts, depressed cognition, <a href="/wiki/Delusions" class="mw-redirect" title="Delusions">delusions</a>, overvalued ideas, obsessions, <a href="/wiki/Phobias" class="mw-redirect" title="Phobias">phobias</a> and preoccupations. One should separate the thought content into pathological thought, versus non-pathological thought. Importantly one should specify suicidal thoughts as either intrusive, unwanted, and not able to translate in the capacity to act on these thoughts (<a href="/wiki/Mens_rea" title="Mens rea">mens rea</a>), versus suicidal thoughts that may lead to the act of suicide (<a href="/wiki/Actus_reus" title="Actus reus">actus reus</a>). </p><p>Abnormalities of thought content are established by exploring individuals' thoughts in an open-ended conversational manner with regard to their intensity, salience, the emotions associated with the thoughts, the extent to which the thoughts are experienced as one's own and under one's control, and the degree of belief or conviction associated with the thoughts.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Delusions">Delusions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_status_examination&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Delusions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A delusion has three essential qualities: it can be defined as "a false, unshakeable idea or belief (1) which is out of keeping with the patient's educational, cultural and social background (2) ... held with extraordinary conviction and subjective certainty (3)",<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is a core feature of <a href="/wiki/Psychotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychotic">psychotic</a> disorders. For instance an alliance to a particular political party, or sports team would not be considered a delusion in some societies. </p><p>The patient's delusions may be described within the <b>SEGUE PM</b> mnemonic as: somatic, <a href="/wiki/Erotomanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Erotomanic">erotomanic</a> delusions, <a href="/wiki/Grandiose_delusions" title="Grandiose delusions">grandiose delusions</a>, unspecified delusions, envious delusions (c.f. <a href="/wiki/Delusional_jealousy" class="mw-redirect" title="Delusional jealousy">delusional jealousy</a>), persecutory or <a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">paranoid delusions</a>, or multifactorial delusions. There are several other forms of delusions, these include descriptions such as: <a href="/wiki/Delusions_of_reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Delusions of reference">delusions of reference</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Delusional_misidentification_syndrome" title="Delusional misidentification syndrome">delusional misidentification</a>, or delusional memories (e.g., "I was a goat last year") among others. </p><p>Delusional symptoms can be reported as on a continuum from: full symptoms (with no insight), partial symptoms (where they may start questioning these delusions), nil symptoms (where symptoms are resolved), or after complete treatment there are still delusional symptoms or ideas that could develop into delusions you can characterize this as residual symptoms. </p><p>Delusions can suggest several diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schizophreniform_disorder" title="Schizophreniform disorder">schizophreniform disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brief_psychotic_disorder" title="Brief psychotic disorder">brief psychotic disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">mania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">depression</a> with psychotic features, or <a href="/wiki/Delusional_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Delusional disorders">delusional disorders</a>. One can differentiate delusional disorders from schizophrenia for example by the age of onset for delusional disorders being older with a more complete and unaffected personality, where the delusion may only partially impact their life and be fairly encapsulated off from the rest of their formed personality—for example, believing that a spider lives in their hair, but this belief not affecting their work, relationships, or education. Whereas schizophrenia typically arises earlier in life with a disintegration of personality and a failure to cope with work, relationships, or education. </p><p>Other features differentiate diseases with delusions as well. Delusions may be described as mood-<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/congruent" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:congruent">congruent</a> (the delusional content in keeping with the mood), typical of manic or <a href="/wiki/Psychotic_depression" title="Psychotic depression">depressive psychosis</a>, or mood-incongruent (delusional content not in keeping with the mood) which are more typical of schizophrenia. Delusions of control, or passivity experiences (in which the individual has the experience of the mind or body being under the influence or control of some kind of external force or agency), are typical of schizophrenia. Examples of this include experiences of <a href="/wiki/Thought_withdrawal" title="Thought withdrawal">thought withdrawal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thought_insertion" title="Thought insertion">thought insertion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thought_broadcasting" title="Thought broadcasting">thought broadcasting</a>, and somatic passivity. <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schneider" title="Kurt Schneider">Schneiderian first rank symptoms</a> are a set of delusions and hallucinations which have been said to be highly suggestive of a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Delusions of guilt, delusions of poverty, and nihilistic delusions (belief that one has no mind or is already dead) are typical of <a href="/wiki/Psychotic_depression" title="Psychotic depression">depressive psychosis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Overvalued_Ideas">Overvalued Ideas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_status_examination&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Overvalued Ideas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An overvalued idea is an emotionally charged belief that may be held with sufficient conviction to make believer emotionally charged or aggressive but that fails to possess all three characteristics of delusion—most importantly, incongruity with cultural norms. Therefore, any strong, fixed, false, but culturally normative belief can be considered an "overvalued idea". <a href="/wiki/Hypochondriasis" title="Hypochondriasis">Hypochondriasis</a> is an overvalued idea that one has an illness, <a href="/wiki/Dysmorphophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysmorphophobia">dysmorphophobia</a> that a part of one's body is abnormal, and <a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">anorexia nervosa</a> that one is overweight or fat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Obsessions">Obsessions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_status_examination&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Obsessions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Fixation_(psychology)" title="Fixation (psychology)">obsession</a> is an "undesired, unpleasant, intrusive thought that cannot be suppressed through the patient's volition",<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but unlike passivity experiences described above, they are not experienced as imposed from outside the patient's mind. Obsessions are typically <a href="/wiki/Intrusive_thought" title="Intrusive thought">intrusive thoughts</a> of violence, injury, dirt or sex, or obsessive <a href="/wiki/Rumination_(mental)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumination (mental)">ruminations</a> on intellectual themes. A person can also describe obsessional doubt, with intrusive worries about whether they have made the wrong decision, or forgotten to do something, for example turn off the gas or lock the house. In <a href="/wiki/Obsessive-compulsive_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsessive-compulsive disorder">obsessive-compulsive disorder</a>, the individual experiences obsessions with or without compulsions (a sense of having to carry out certain ritualized and senseless actions against their wishes). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phobias">Phobias</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_status_examination&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Phobias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A phobia is "a dread of an object or situation that does not in reality pose any threat",<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is distinct from a delusion in that the patient is aware that the fear is irrational. A phobia is usually highly specific to certain situations and will usually be reported by the patient rather than being observed by the clinician in the assessment interview. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Preoccupations">Preoccupations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_status_examination&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Preoccupations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Preoccupations are thoughts which are not fixed, false or intrusive, but have an undue prominence in the person's mind. Clinically significant preoccupations would include <a href="/wiki/Suicidal_ideation" title="Suicidal ideation">thoughts of suicide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homicidal_ideation" title="Homicidal ideation">homicidal thoughts</a>, suspicious or fearful beliefs associated with certain personality disorders, depressive beliefs (for example that one is unloved or a failure), or the <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_distortion" title="Cognitive distortion">cognitive distortions</a> of anxiety and depression. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suicidal_thoughts">Suicidal thoughts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_status_examination&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Suicidal thoughts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The MSE contributes to clinical risk assessment by including a thorough exploration of any suicidal or hostile thought content. Assessment of suicide risk includes detailed questioning about the nature of the person's suicidal thoughts, belief about death, reasons for living, and whether the person has made any specific plans to end his or her life. The most important questions to ask are: Do you have suicidal feeling now; have you ever attempted suicide (highly correlated with future suicide attempts); do you have plans to commit suicide in the future; and, do you have any deadlines where you may commit suicide (e.g., numerology calculation, doomsday belief, Mother's Day, anniversary, Christmas).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perceptions">Perceptions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_status_examination&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Perceptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a> in this context is any sensory experience, and the three broad types of perceptual disturbance are <a href="/wiki/Hallucinations" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallucinations">hallucinations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pseudohallucination" title="Pseudohallucination">pseudohallucinations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion">illusions</a>. A hallucination is defined as a sensory perception in the absence of any external stimulus, and is experienced in external or objective space (i.e. experienced by the subject as real). An illusion is defined as a false sensory perception in the presence of an external stimulus, in other words a distortion of a sensory experience, and may be recognized as such by the subject. A pseudohallucination is experienced in internal or subjective space (for example as "voices in my head") and is regarded as akin to fantasy. Other sensory abnormalities include a distortion of the patient's sense of time, for example <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9j%C3%A0_vu" title="Déjà vu">déjà vu</a>, or a distortion of the sense of self (<a href="/wiki/Depersonalization" title="Depersonalization">depersonalization</a>) or sense of reality (<a href="/wiki/Derealization" title="Derealization">derealization</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hallucinations can occur in any of the five senses, although <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/auditory" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:auditory">auditory</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/visual" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:visual">visual</a> hallucinations are encountered more frequently than <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tactile" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:tactile">tactile</a> (touch), <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/olfactory" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:olfactory">olfactory</a> (smell) or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gustatory" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:gustatory">gustatory</a> (taste) hallucinations. Auditory hallucinations are typical of <a href="/wiki/Psychoses" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoses">psychoses</a>: third-person hallucinations (i.e. voices talking about the patient) and hearing one's thoughts spoken aloud (<i>gedankenlautwerden</i> or <i>écho de la pensée</i>) are among the <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schneider" title="Kurt Schneider">Schneiderian first rank symptoms</a> indicative of schizophrenia, whereas second-person hallucinations (voices talking to the patient) threatening or insulting or telling them to commit suicide, may be a feature of <a href="/wiki/Psychotic_depression" title="Psychotic depression">psychotic depression</a> or schizophrenia. Visual hallucinations are generally suggestive of organic conditions such as <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">drug intoxication</a> or drug withdrawal. Many of the visual effects of <a href="/wiki/Hallucinogenic_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallucinogenic drugs">hallucinogenic drugs</a> are more correctly described as visual illusions or visual pseudohallucinations, as they are distortions of sensory experiences, and are not experienced as existing in objective reality. Auditory pseudohallucinations are suggestive of <a href="/wiki/Dissociative_disorders" title="Dissociative disorders">dissociative disorders</a>. Déjà vu, derealization and depersonalization are associated with <a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe_epilepsy" title="Temporal lobe epilepsy">temporal lobe epilepsy</a> and dissociative disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognition">Cognition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_status_examination&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_test" title="Cognitive test">Cognitive test</a></div> <p>This section of the MSE covers the patient's level of <a href="/wiki/Alertness" title="Alertness">alertness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orientation_(mental)" title="Orientation (mental)">orientation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">attention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a>, visuospatial functioning, <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> functions and <a href="/wiki/Executive_functions" title="Executive functions">executive functions</a>. Unlike other sections of the MSE, use is made of structured tests in addition to unstructured observation. Alertness is a global observation of <a href="/wiki/Level_of_consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Level of consciousness">level of consciousness</a>, i.e. awareness of and responsiveness to the environment, and this might be described as alert, clouded, drowsy, or stuporous. Orientation is assessed by asking the patient where he or she is (for example what building, town and state) and what time it is (time, day, date). </p><p>Attention and concentration are assessed by several tests, commonly <a href="/wiki/Serial_sevens" title="Serial sevens">serial sevens</a> test subtracting 7 from 100 and subtracting 7 from the difference 5 times. Alternatively: spelling a five-letter word backwards, saying the months or days of the week in reverse order, serial threes (subtract three from twenty five times), and by testing <a href="/wiki/Digit_span" class="mw-redirect" title="Digit span">digit span</a>. Memory is assessed in terms of immediate registration (repeating a set of words), short-term memory (recalling the set of words after an interval, or recalling a short paragraph), and long-term memory (recollection of well known historical or geographical facts). Visuospatial functioning can be assessed by the ability to copy a diagram, draw a clock face, or draw a map of the consulting room. Language is assessed through the ability to name objects, repeat phrases, and by observing the individual's spontaneous speech and response to instructions. Executive functioning can be screened for by asking the "similarities" questions ("what do x and y have in common?") and by means of a verbal fluency task (e.g. "list as many words as you can starting with the letter F, in one minute"). The mini-mental state examination is a simple structured cognitive assessment which is in widespread use as a component of the MSE. </p><p>Mild impairment of attention and concentration may occur in any <a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">mental illness</a> where people are anxious and distractible (including psychotic states), but more extensive cognitive abnormalities are likely to indicate a gross disturbance of <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a> functioning such as delirium, dementia or <a href="/wiki/Substance_intoxication" title="Substance intoxication">intoxication</a>. Specific language abnormalities may be associated with pathology in <a href="/wiki/Wernicke%27s_area" title="Wernicke's area">Wernicke's area</a> or <a href="/wiki/Broca%27s_area" title="Broca's area">Broca's area</a> of the brain. In <a href="/wiki/Korsakoff%27s_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Korsakoff's syndrome">Korsakoff's syndrome</a> there is dramatic memory impairment with relative preservation of other cognitive functions. Visuospatial or constructional abnormalities here may be associated with <a href="/wiki/Parietal_lobe" title="Parietal lobe">parietal lobe</a> pathology, and abnormalities in executive functioning tests may indicate <a href="/wiki/Frontal_lobe" title="Frontal lobe">frontal lobe</a> pathology. This kind of brief cognitive testing is regarded as a screening process only, and any abnormalities are more carefully assessed using formal <a href="/wiki/Neuropsychological_tests" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropsychological tests">neuropsychological testing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The MSE may include a brief neuropsychiatric examination in some situations. Frontal lobe pathology is suggested if the person cannot repetitively execute a motor sequence (e.g. "paper-scissors-rock"). The <a href="/wiki/Posterior_columns" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior columns">posterior columns</a> are assessed by the person's ability to feel the vibrations of a tuning fork on the wrists and ankles. The parietal lobe can be assessed by the person's ability to identify objects by touch alone and with eyes closed. A <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebellar">cerebellar</a> disorder may be present if the person cannot stand with arms extended, feet touching and eyes closed without swaying (Romberg's sign); if there is a tremor when the person reaches for an object; or if he or she is unable to touch a fixed point, close the eyes and touch the same point again. Pathology in the <a href="/wiki/Basal_ganglia" title="Basal ganglia">basal ganglia</a> may be indicated by rigidity and resistance to movement of the limbs, and by the presence of characteristic involuntary movements. A lesion in the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_cranial_fossa" title="Posterior cranial fossa">posterior fossa</a> can be detected by asking the patient to roll his or her eyes upwards (<a href="/wiki/Parinaud%27s_syndrome" title="Parinaud's syndrome">Parinaud's syndrome</a>). Focal neurological signs such as these might reflect the effects of some prescribed psychiatric medications, chronic drug or alcohol use, <a href="/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury" title="Traumatic brain injury">head injuries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brain_tumor" title="Brain tumor">tumors</a> or other brain disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insight">Insight</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_status_examination&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Insight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The person's understanding of his or her mental illness is evaluated by exploring his or her explanatory account of the problem, and understanding of the treatment options. In this context, <a href="/wiki/Insight" title="Insight">insight</a> can be said to have three components: recognition that one has a mental illness, <a href="/wiki/Compliance_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compliance (medicine)">compliance</a> with treatment, and the ability to re-label unusual mental events (such as delusions and hallucinations) as pathological.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As insight is on a continuum, the clinician should not describe it as simply present or absent, but should report the patient's explanatory account descriptively.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Impaired insight is characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a> and dementia, and is an important consideration in treatment planning and in assessing the capacity to <a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">consent</a> to treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anosognosia" title="Anosognosia">Anosognosia</a> is the clinical term for the condition in which the patient is unaware of their neurological deficit or psychiatric condition.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judgment">Judgment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_status_examination&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Judgment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Judgment refers to the patient's capacity to make sound, reasoned and responsible decisions. One should frame judgement to the functions or domains that are normal versus impaired (e.g., poor judgement is isolated to petty theft, able to function in relationships, work, academics). </p><p>Traditionally, the MSE included the use of standard hypothetical questions such as "what would you do if you found a stamped, addressed envelope lying in the street?"; however contemporary practice is to inquire about how the patient has responded or would respond to real-life challenges and contingencies. Assessment would take into account the individual's <a href="/wiki/Executive_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive system">executive system</a> capacity in terms of impulsiveness, <a href="/wiki/Social_cognition" title="Social cognition">social cognition</a>, self-awareness and planning ability. </p><p>Impaired judgment is not specific to any diagnosis but may be a prominent feature of disorders affecting the <a href="/wiki/Frontal_lobe_disorder" title="Frontal lobe disorder">frontal lobe</a> of the brain. If a person's judgment is impaired due to mental illness, there might be implications for the person's safety or the safety of others.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_considerations">Cultural considerations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_status_examination&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cultural considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are potential problems when the MSE is applied in a <a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychiatry" title="Cross-cultural psychiatry">cross-cultural</a> context, when the clinician and patient are from different cultural backgrounds. For example, the patient's culture might have different norms for appearance, behavior and display of emotions. Culturally normative spiritual and religious beliefs need to be distinguished from delusions and hallucinations — these may seem similar to one who does not understand that they have different roots. Cognitive assessment must also take the patient's language and educational background into account. Clinician's racial bias is another potential confounder. Consultation with cultural leaders in community or clinicians when working with Aboriginal people can help guide if any cultural phenomena has been considered when completing an MSE with Aboriginal patients and things to consider from a cross-cultural context.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Children">Children</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_status_examination&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are particular challenges in carrying out an MSE with young children and others with limited language such as people with <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_impairment" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual impairment">intellectual impairment</a>. The examiner would explore and clarify the individual's use of words to describe mood, thought content or perceptions, as words may be used <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/idiosyncratic" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:idiosyncratic">idiosyncratically</a> with a different meaning from that assumed by the examiner. In this group, tools such as play materials, puppets, art materials or diagrams (for instance with multiple choices of facial expressions depicting emotions) may be used to facilitate recall and explanation of experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_status_examination&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_classification_and_rating_scales_used_in_psychiatry" class="mw-redirect" title="Diagnostic classification and rating scales used in psychiatry">Diagnostic classification and rating scales used in psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSM-IV_Codes" class="mw-redirect" title="DSM-IV Codes">DSM-IV Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry" title="Glossary of psychiatry">Glossary of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-administered_Gerocognitive_Examination_(SAGE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-administered Gerocognitive Examination (SAGE)">Self-administered Gerocognitive Examination (SAGE)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_status_examination&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Trzepacz-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trzepacz_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px 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Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-506251-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-506251-5"><bdi>0-19-506251-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psychiatric+Mental+Status+Examination&rft.place=Oxford%2C+U.K.&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-19-506251-5&rft.aulast=Trzepacz&rft.aufirst=PT&rft.au=Baker+RW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMental+status+examination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trzepacz & Baker (1993) Ch 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sims (1995) Ch 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKräupl_Taylor_F1967" class="citation journal cs1">Kräupl Taylor F (1967). 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Taking Phenomenology Seriously"</a>. <i>Schizophrenia Bulletin</i>. <b>33</b> (1): 105–107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fschbul%2Fsbl059">10.1093/schbul/sbl059</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2632298">2632298</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17108232">17108232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Schizophrenia+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Editor%27s+Introduction%3A+Theme+Issue+on+Phenomenology+and+Psychiatry+for+the+21st+Century.+Taking+Phenomenology+Seriously&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=105-107&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2632298%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17108232&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fschbul%2Fsbl059&rft.au=Owen+G%2C+Harland+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2632298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMental+status+examination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerrios_GE1989" class="citation journal cs1">Berrios GE (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1292211">"What is phenomenology?"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine</i>. <b>82</b> (7): 425–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F014107688908200718">10.1177/014107688908200718</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1292211">1292211</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2685304">2685304</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=What+is+phenomenology%3F&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=425-8&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1292211%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2685304&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F014107688908200718&rft.au=Berrios+GE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1292211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMental+status+examination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeumont_PJ1992" class="citation journal cs1">Beumont PJ (1992). "Phenomenology and the history of psychiatry". <i>Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry</i>. <b>26</b> (4): 532–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F00048679209072085">10.3109/00048679209072085</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1476517">1476517</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20791751">20791751</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+and+New+Zealand+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Phenomenology+and+the+history+of+psychiatry&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=532-45&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20791751%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1476517&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F00048679209072085&rft.au=Beumont+PJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMental+status+examination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVergareBinder,_ReneeCook,_Ian2006" class="citation web cs1">Vergare, Michael; Binder, Renee; Cook, Ian; et al. (June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psychiatryonline.com/pracGuide/pracGuideChapToc_1.aspx">"Psychiatric Evaluation of Adults, Second Edition"</a>. <i>American Psychiatric Association Practice Guidelines</i>. PsychiatryOnline. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081003025425/http://www.psychiatryonline.com/pracGuide/pracGuideChapToc_1.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-10-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Psychiatric+Association+Practice+Guidelines&rft.atitle=Psychiatric+Evaluation+of+Adults%2C+Second+Edition&rft.date=2006-06&rft.aulast=Vergare&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Binder%2C+Renee&rft.au=Cook%2C+Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychiatryonline.com%2FpracGuide%2FpracGuideChapToc_1.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMental+status+examination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emedicine.com/Med/topic3358.htm">"History and Mental Status Examination"</a>. <i>eMedicine</i>. February 4, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080617230830/http://www.emedicine.com/med/TOPIC3358.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eMedicine&rft.atitle=History+and+Mental+Status+Examination&rft.date=2008-02-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emedicine.com%2FMed%2Ftopic3358.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMental+status+examination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trzepacz & Baker (1993) Preface</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monash.edu.au/lls/llonline/writing/medicine/psychology/3.1.xml">"Mental state examination examples"</a>. <i>Monash University learning support</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080616213309/http://www.monash.edu.au/lls/llonline/writing/medicine/psychology/3.1.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-06-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Monash+University+learning+support&rft.atitle=Mental+state+examination+examples&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monash.edu.au%2Flls%2Fllonline%2Fwriting%2Fmedicine%2Fpsychology%2F3.1.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMental+status+examination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman_DM,_Zun_L.A.1995" class="citation journal cs1">Kaufman DM, Zun L.A. (1995). "A quantifiable, Brief Mental Status Examination for emergency patients". <i>Journal of Emergency Medicine</i>. <b>13</b> (4): 449–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0736-4679%2895%2980000-x">10.1016/0736-4679(95)80000-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7594361">7594361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Emergency+Medicine&rft.atitle=A+quantifiable%2C+Brief+Mental+Status+Examination+for+emergency+patients&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=449-56&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0736-4679%2895%2980000-x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7594361&rft.au=Kaufman+DM%2C+Zun+L.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMental+status+examination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131008080455/http://www.ilschoolcounselor.org/conference/handouts/erinv1.pdf">"Brief Mental Status Examination"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilschoolcounselor.org/conference/handouts/erinv1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brief+Mental+Status+Examination&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilschoolcounselor.org%2Fconference%2Fhandouts%2Ferinv1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMental+status+examination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychdb.com/teaching/mental-status-exam-mse">"Mental Status Exam (MSE)"</a>. <i>PsychDB</i>. 2022-01-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PsychDB&rft.atitle=Mental+Status+Exam+%28MSE%29&rft.date=2022-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychdb.com%2Fteaching%2Fmental-status-exam-mse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMental+status+examination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trzepacz & Baker (1993) p. 13-19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gelder, Mayou & Geddes (2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sims (1995) p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trzepacz & Baker (1993) p. 19-21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trzepacz & Baker (1993) p 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">German: <i>holding against</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamilton (1985) p 92-114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sims (1995) p 274</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trzepacz & Baker (1993) p 21-38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trzepacz & Baker (1993) p 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sims (1995) p 222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Supported for example by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psychskills.co.uk/mse/mood_affect.php">"Mental state examination: Mood and affect"</a>. <i>Psychskills</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080613055656/http://www.psychskills.co.uk/mse/mood_affect.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-06-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Psychskills&rft.atitle=Mental+state+examination%3A+Mood+and+affect&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychskills.co.uk%2Fmse%2Fmood_affect.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMental+status+examination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">French: <i>beautiful indifference</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?la+belle+indifference">"la belle indifference"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=la+belle+indifference&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcancerweb.ncl.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fomd%3Fla%2Bbelle%2Bindifference&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMental+status+examination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamilton (1985) Ch 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sims (1995) Ch 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trzepacz & Baker (1993) Ch 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Low-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Low_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowBentleyGhoshSS2020" class="citation journal cs1">Low DM, Bentley KH, Ghosh, SS (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7042657">"Automated assessment of psychiatric disorders using speech: A systematic review"</a>. <i>Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 96–116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Flio2.354">10.1002/lio2.354</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7042657">7042657</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32128436">32128436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Laryngoscope+Investigative+Otolaryngology&rft.atitle=Automated+assessment+of+psychiatric+disorders+using+speech%3A+A+systematic+review&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=96-116&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7042657%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32128436&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Flio2.354&rft.aulast=Low&rft.aufirst=DM&rft.au=Bentley%2C+KH&rft.au=Ghosh&rft.au=SS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7042657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMental+status+examination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psychskills.co.uk/mse/cognitive_state.php">"Mental state examination: Cognitive function"</a>. <i>Psychskills</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080601233112/http://www.psychskills.co.uk/mse/cognitive_state.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-06-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Psychskills&rft.atitle=Mental+state+examination%3A+Cognitive+function&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychskills.co.uk%2Fmse%2Fcognitive_state.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMental+status+examination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamilton (1985) p 56-62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sims (1995) Ch 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trzepacz & Baker (1993) Ch 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamilton (1985) Ch 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sims (1995) Ch 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trzepacz & Baker (1993) p 83-91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamilton (1985) p 41-53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trzepacz & Baker p 91-106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sims (1995) p 118-125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sims (1995 p 82)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trzepacz & Baker p 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trzepacz & Baker p 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsBaldessarini,_RossConwell,_Yeates2003" class="citation web cs1">Jacobs, Douglas; Baldessarini, Ross; Conwell, Yeates; et al. (November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psychiatryonline.com/pracGuide/pracGuideTopic_14.aspx">"Assessment and Treatment of Patients With Suicidal Behaviors"</a>. <i>American Psychiatric Association Practice Guidelines</i>. PsychiatryOnline. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828050119/http://psychiatryonline.com/pracGuide/pracGuideTopic_14.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-08-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Psychiatric+Association+Practice+Guidelines&rft.atitle=Assessment+and+Treatment+of+Patients+With+Suicidal+Behaviors&rft.date=2003-11&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft.au=Baldessarini%2C+Ross&rft.au=Conwell%2C+Yeates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychiatryonline.com%2FpracGuide%2FpracGuideTopic_14.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMental+status+examination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sims (1995) Ch 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trzepacz & Baker (1993) p 106-120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trzepacz & Baker (1993) Ch 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AJ Giannini. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.indigenousjustice.gov.au&rft.atitle=Working+Together%3A+Aboriginal+and+Torres+Strait+Islander+Mental+Health+and+Wellbeing+Principles+and+Practice+%E2%80%93+Indigenous+Justice+Clearinghouse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indigenousjustice.gov.au%2Fresources%2Fworking-together-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-mental-health-and-wellbeing-principles-and-practice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMental+status+examination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bhugra D & Bhui K (1997) Cross-cultural psychiatric assessment. <i>Advances in Psychiatric Treatment</i> (3):103-110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheldon_M1997" class="citation web cs1">Sheldon M (August 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aams.org.au/mark_sheldon/ch8/ch8_mental_state_exam.htm">"Mental State Examination"</a>. <i>Psychiatric Assessment in Remote Aboriginal Communities of Central Australia</i>. Australian Academy of Medicine and Surgery. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080719153519/http://www.aams.org.au/mark_sheldon/ch8/ch8_mental_state_exam.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Psychiatric+Assessment+in+Remote+Aboriginal+Communities+of+Central+Australia&rft.atitle=Mental+State+Examination&rft.date=1997-08&rft.au=Sheldon+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aams.org.au%2Fmark_sheldon%2Fch8%2Fch8_mental_state_exam.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMental+status+examination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutterTaylor,_Eric2003" class="citation book cs1">Rutter, Michael; Taylor, Eric (2003). <i>Child and adolescent psychiatry. Fourth Edition</i>. Malden: Blackwell Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-632-05361-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-632-05361-5"><bdi>0-632-05361-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Child+and+adolescent+psychiatry.+Fourth+Edition&rft.place=Malden&rft.pub=Blackwell+Science&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-632-05361-5&rft.aulast=Rutter&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMental+status+examination" class="Z3988"></span> pp 43-44</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_status_examination&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton,_Max1985" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Max (1985). <i>Fish's clinical psychopathology</i>. London: John Wright. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7236-0605-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7236-0605-6"><bdi>0-7236-0605-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fish%27s+clinical+psychopathology&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Wright&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-7236-0605-6&rft.au=Hamilton%2C+Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMental+status+examination" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSims,_A._G.1995" class="citation book cs1">Sims, A. G. (1995). <i>Symptoms in the mind: an introduction to descriptive psychopathology</i>. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7020-1788-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7020-1788-4"><bdi>0-7020-1788-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symptoms+in+the+mind%3A+an+introduction+to+descriptive+psychopathology&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=W.B.+Saunders&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7020-1788-4&rft.au=Sims%2C+A.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMental+status+examination" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrzepacz,_Paula_TBaker,_Robert1993" class="citation book cs1">Trzepacz, Paula T; Baker, Robert (1993). <i>The psychiatric mental status examination</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-506251-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-506251-5"><bdi>0-19-506251-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+psychiatric+mental+status+examination&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-19-506251-5&rft.au=Trzepacz%2C+Paula+T&rft.au=Baker%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMental+status+examination" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Adams, Yolonda, et al. (2010) Principles of Practice in Mental Health Assessment with Aboriginal Australians.</li></ul> <p>‌ </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_status_examination&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRecupero,_Patricia_R2010" class="citation journal cs1">Recupero, Patricia R (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/content/full/38/1/15">"The Mental Status Examination in the Age of the Internet"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law</i>. <b>38</b> (1): 15–26. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20305070">20305070</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Psychiatry+and+the+Law&rft.atitle=The+Mental+Status+Examination+in+the+Age+of+the+Internet&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15-26&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20305070&rft.au=Recupero%2C+Patricia+R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jaapl.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F38%2F1%2F15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMental+status+examination" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_status_examination&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emedicine.com/MED/topic3358.htm#">MED/3358</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.med.utah.edu/neurologicexam/html/mentalstatus_normal.html">University of Utah Medical School: Video clips demonstrating cognitive assessment</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telethonkids.org.au/globalassets/media/documents/aboriginal-health/working-together-second-edition/wt-part-4-chapt-16-final.pdf">Principles of Practice in Mental Health Assessment with Aboriginal Australians</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medical_examination_and_history_taking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Medical_records_and_physical_exam" title="Template:Medical records and physical exam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medical_records_and_physical_exam" title="Template talk:Medical records and physical exam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medical_records_and_physical_exam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medical records and physical exam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medical_examination_and_history_taking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Physical_examination" title="Physical examination">Medical examination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medical_history" title="Medical history">history taking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_history" title="Medical history">Medical history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_complaint" title="Chief complaint">Chief complaint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_present_illness" title="History of the present illness">History of the present illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_of_systems" title="Review of systems">Systems review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_assessment" title="Nursing assessment">Nursing assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">Allergies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">Medications</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Past_medical_history" title="Past medical history">Past medical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_history_(medicine)" title="Family history (medicine)">Family history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_(medicine)" title="Social history (medicine)">Social history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_history" title="Psychiatric history">Psychiatric history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_note" title="Progress note">Progress notes</a></li> <li>Mnemonics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAMPLE_history" title="SAMPLE history">SAMPLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPQRST" title="OPQRST">OPQRST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOAP_note" title="SOAP note">SOAP</a></li> <li>COASTMAP</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physical_examination" title="Physical examination">Physical examination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General/<a href="/wiki/IPPA" title="IPPA">IPPA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_examination" title="Physical examination">Inspection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auscultation" title="Auscultation">Auscultation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palpation" title="Palpation">Palpation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussion_(medicine)" title="Percussion (medicine)">Percussion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vital_signs" title="Vital signs">Vital signs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">Temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">Heart rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">Blood pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_rate" title="Respiratory rate">Respiratory rate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HEENT_examination" title="HEENT examination">HEENT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eye_examination" title="Eye examination">Eye examination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmoscopy" title="Ophthalmoscopy">Ophthalmoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinging_light_test" title="Swinging light test">Swinging light test</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing_test" title="Hearing test">Hearing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weber_test" title="Weber test">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinne_test" title="Rinne test">Rinne</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_examination" title="Respiratory examination">Respiratory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_sounds" title="Respiratory sounds">Respiratory sounds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_examination" title="Cardiovascular examination">Cardiovascular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_examination" title="Cardiac examination">Cardiac examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_vascular_examination" title="Peripheral vascular examination">Peripheral vascular examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_sounds" title="Heart sounds">Heart sounds</a></li> <li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdominojugular_test" title="Abdominojugular test">Abdominojugular test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankle%E2%80%93brachial_pressure_index" title="Ankle–brachial pressure index">Ankle–brachial pressure index</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_examination" title="Abdominal examination">Abdominal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liver_span" title="Liver span">Liver span</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectal_examination" title="Rectal examination">Rectal examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomach_rumble" title="Stomach rumble">Bowel sounds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musculoskeletal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knee_examination" title="Knee examination">Knee examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_examination" title="Hip examination">Hip examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_examination" title="Shoulder examination">Shoulder examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow" title="Elbow">Elbow examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALS_screen" title="GALS screen">GALS screen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neurological_examination" title="Neurological examination">Neurological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mental status</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mini%E2%80%93mental_state_examination" title="Mini–mental state examination">Mini–mental state examination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerve_examination" title="Cranial nerve examination">Cranial nerve examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_limb_neurological_examination" title="Upper limb neurological examination">Upper limb neurological examination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neonatal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apgar_score" title="Apgar score">Apgar score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballard_Maturational_Assessment" title="Ballard Maturational Assessment">Ballard Maturational Assessment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_examination" title="Pelvic examination">Gynecological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Well-woman_examination" title="Well-woman examination">Well-woman examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pap_test" title="Pap test">Pap test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_examination" title="Breast examination">Breast examination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Preparticipation_physical_evaluation" title="Preparticipation physical evaluation">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athletic_heart_syndrome" title="Athletic heart syndrome">Athletic heart syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudden_cardiac_death_of_athletes" title="Sudden cardiac death of athletes">Sudden cardiac death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_energy_deficiency_in_sport" title="Relative energy deficiency in sport">RED-S</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assessment_and_plan" title="Assessment and plan">Assessment and plan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Medical diagnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Psychological_and_psychiatric_evaluation_and_testing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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href="/wiki/Psychological_testing" title="Psychological testing">testing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon"><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_quotient" title="Intelligence quotient">Intelligence tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wechsler_Adult_Intelligence_Scale" title="Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale">Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wechsler_Intelligence_Scale_for_Children" title="Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children">Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford%E2%80%93Binet_Intelligence_Scales" title="Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales">Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodcock%E2%80%93Johnson_Tests_of_Cognitive_Abilities" title="Woodcock–Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities">Woodcock–Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaufman_Assessment_Battery_for_Children" title="Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children">Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_Assessment_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive Assessment System">Cognitive Assessment System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_Ability_Scales" title="Differential Ability Scales">Differential Ability Scales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammons_Quick_Test" title="Ammons Quick Test">Ammons Quick Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raven%27s_Progressive_Matrices" title="Raven's Progressive Matrices">Raven's Progressive Matrices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binet-Simon_Intelligence_Test" title="Binet-Simon Intelligence Test">Binet-Simon Intelligence Test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon"><a href="/wiki/Personality_test" title="Personality test">Personality tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Multiphasic_Personality_Inventory" title="Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory">Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16PF_Questionnaire" title="16PF Questionnaire">16PF Questionnaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_NEO_Personality_Inventory" title="Revised NEO Personality Inventory">Revised NEO Personality Inventory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon"><a href="/wiki/Projective_test" title="Projective test">Projective tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thematic_apperception_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Thematic apperception test">Thematic apperception test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ink_blot_test" title="Ink blot test">Ink blot test</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rorschach_test" title="Rorschach test">Rorschach test</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holtzman_inkblot_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Holtzman inkblot technique">Holtzman inkblot test</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szondi_test" title="Szondi test">Szondi test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Metaphor_Test" title="Animal Metaphor Test">Animal Metaphor Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentence_completion_tests" title="Sentence completion tests">Sentence completion tests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon"><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychological_test" title="Neuropsychological test">Neuropsychological test</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mini%E2%80%93mental_state_examination" title="Mini–mental state examination">Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luria%E2%80%93Nebraska_Neuropsychological_Battery" title="Luria–Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery">Luria–Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rey-Osterrieth_Complex_Figure" class="mw-redirect" title="Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure">Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delis%E2%80%93Kaplan_Executive_Function_System" title="Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System">Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">Other tests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mental status examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wechsler_Memory_Scale" title="Wechsler Memory Scale">Wechsler Memory Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benton_Visual_Retention_Test" title="Benton Visual Retention Test">Benton Visual Retention Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineland_Social_Maturity_Scale" title="Vineland Social Maturity Scale">Vineland Social Maturity Scale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mental_status_examination&oldid=1211537537">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mental_status_examination&oldid=1211537537</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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