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<span>Establishment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Establishment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Establishment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-All-Ukrainian_National_Congress_and_the_Proclamation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#All-Ukrainian_National_Congress_and_the_Proclamation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>All-Ukrainian National Congress and the Proclamation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-All-Ukrainian_National_Congress_and_the_Proclamation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Council_General_Assemblies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Council_General_Assemblies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Central Council General Assemblies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Council_General_Assemblies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Council_Committee_(Minor_Council)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Council_Committee_(Minor_Council)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Central Council Committee (Minor Council)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Council_Committee_(Minor_Council)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_proclamations_(Universal)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_proclamations_(Universal)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Political proclamations (Universal)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_proclamations_(Universal)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political proclamations (Universal) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_proclamations_(Universal)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Universal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Universal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>First Universal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Universal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Universal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Universal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Second Universal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Universal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Universal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Universal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Third Universal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Universal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_Universal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_Universal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Fourth Universal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_Universal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fate_of_the_Central_Council_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fate_of_the_Central_Council_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Fate of the Central Council members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fate_of_the_Central_Council_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Central Rada</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Украінская цэнтральная рада – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Украінская цэнтральная рада" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Украінская цэнтральная рада – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Украінская цэнтральная рада" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rada_Central_d%27Ucra%C3%AFna" title="Rada Central d'Ucraïna – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rada Central d'Ucraïna" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A2%C4%95%D0%BF_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Украина Тĕп ради – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Украина Тĕп ради" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentralna_Rada" title="Zentralna Rada – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zentralna Rada" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina_Keskraada" title="Ukraina Keskraada – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ukraina Keskraada" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rada_Central_Ucraniana" title="Rada Central Ucraniana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rada Central Ucraniana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina_Centra_Konsilio" title="Ukraina Centra Konsilio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ukraina Centra Konsilio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="شورای مرکزی اوکراین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شورای مرکزی اوکراین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rada_centrale" title="Rada centrale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rada centrale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%27na_Rada" title="Central'na Rada – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Central'na Rada" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="המועצה המרכזית האוקראינית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המועצה המרכזית האוקראינית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainas_Centr%C4%81l%C4%81_Rada" title="Ukrainas Centrālā Rada – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ukrainas Centrālā Rada" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainos_centrin%C4%97_taryba" title="Ukrainos centrinė taryba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ukrainos centrinė taryba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsentralna_Rada" title="Tsentralna Rada – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tsentralna Rada" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80" title="ウクライナ中央ラーダ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウクライナ中央ラーダ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsentralna_rada" title="Tsentralna rada – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tsentralna rada" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrai%C5%84ska_Centralna_Rada" title="Ukraińska Centralna Rada – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ukraińska Centralna Rada" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conselho_Central_da_Ucr%C3%A2nia" title="Conselho Central da Ucrânia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Conselho Central da Ucrânia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rada_Central%C4%83" title="Rada Centrală – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rada Centrală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Украинская Центральная рада – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Украинская Центральная рада" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Централна Рада Украјине – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Централна Рада Украјине" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keskusrada" title="Keskusrada – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Keskusrada" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrayna_Merkez_Konseyi" title="Ukrayna Merkez Konseyi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ukrayna Merkez Konseyi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Українська Центральна Рада – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Українська Центральна Рада" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%85%8B%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%8B%89%E9%81%94" title="烏克蘭中央拉達 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="烏克蘭中央拉達" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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class="geo">50.44472; 30.51361</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Council_of_Ukraine&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Council of Ukraine">Central Council of Ukraine</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Legislature of the Ukrainian People's Republic</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: #ededed"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org">Central Rada</div> <br /><div style="display:inline" class="nickname"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Українська Центральна Рада</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_UNR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coat of arms or logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Coat_of_Arms_of_UNR.svg/250px-Coat_of_Arms_of_UNR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Coat_of_Arms_of_UNR.svg/330px-Coat_of_Arms_of_UNR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="583" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Type</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline" class="category"><a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">Unicameral</a></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">4 March 1917<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1917-03-04</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Disbanded</th><td class="infobox-data">29 April 1918</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Ukrainian Constituent Assembly">Constituent Assembly</a> (proposed)</span><br /><span class="nowrap">Labour Congress (<i>de facto</i>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Verkhovna Rada</a> (1992)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Leadership</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Chairman</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Mykhailo_Hrushevsky" title="Mykhailo Hrushevsky">Mykhailo Hrushevsky</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Seats</th><td class="infobox-data">822 (July 1917)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Elections</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Last election</div></th><td class="infobox-data">April 1918</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Meeting place</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4.JPG/220px-%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4.JPG/330px-%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4.JPG/440px-%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data label"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Club_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Club Building">Ukrainian Club Building</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Central Rada</b> of Ukraine, also called the <b>Central Council</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Українська Центральна Рада</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">Ukrainska Tsentralna Rada</i></span>), was the All-Ukrainian council that united deputies of soldiers, workers, and peasants deputies as well as few members of political, public, cultural and professional organizations of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eou_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eou-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/All-Ukrainian_National_Congress" title="All-Ukrainian National Congress">All-Ukrainian National Congress</a> (19–21 April 1917), the Council became the revolutionary parliament in the interbellum lasting until the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian-Soviet_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian-Soviet War">Ukrainian-Soviet War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eou_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eou-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike with many other councils in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolshevization_of_the_soviets" title="Bolshevization of the soviets">Bolshevization</a> of the Rada failed completely, prompting the Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_of_Soviets" title="Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets">a rival government</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kharkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharkov">Kharkov</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Rada&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From its beginning the council directed the Ukrainian national movement and with its four <a href="/wiki/Universal_(act)" title="Universal (act)">Universals</a> led the country from autonomy to full sovereignty. During its brief existence from 1917 to 1918, the Central Rada, which was headed by the Ukrainian historian and ethnologist <a href="/wiki/Mykhailo_Hrushevsky" title="Mykhailo Hrushevsky">Mykhailo Hrushevsky</a>, evolved into the fundamental governing institution of the Ukrainian People's Republic and set precedents in <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a> and national <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a> that formed the basis of an independent Ukrainian identity after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the Soviet era, official ideology described the Central Council as a <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">counter-revolutionary</a> body of the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> and petty-bourgeois nationalist parties.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Establishment">Establishment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Rada&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/All-Ukrainian_National_Congress" title="All-Ukrainian National Congress">All-Ukrainian National Congress</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 Russian Revolution">1905 Russian Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Club" title="Ukrainian Club">Ukrainian Club</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="All-Ukrainian_National_Congress_and_the_Proclamation">All-Ukrainian National Congress and the Proclamation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Rada&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: All-Ukrainian National Congress and the Proclamation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the first in Kiev who learned about the February events outcome in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Petrograd</a> was Maksym Synytskyi, director of the Rodyna Club (Family club, previously as <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Club" title="Ukrainian Club">Ukrainian Club</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Already at night on 14 March [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 1 March] 1917 Starytskyi shared information about the events with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasyl_Koroliv-Staryi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasyl Koroliv-Staryi (page does not exist)">Vasyl Koroliv-Staryi</a> and later with all his acquaintances and friends from the Rodyna Club, the Society of Ukrainian Progressionists (TUP), "Chas" (Time) publishing.<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Synytskyi's idea laid in necessity of establishment of the Ukrainian movement leadership center not to repeat the same mistakes that took place during the <a href="/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 Russian Revolution">events of 1905–07</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Already at night on March 1, there took place a gathering of only 27 members of the Society of Ukrainian Progressionists in the <a href="/wiki/Yevhen_Chykalenko" title="Yevhen Chykalenko">Chykalenko's</a> building.<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The meeting decided not to rush with actions and conduct regular daily meetings of the society at the Rodyna Club building.<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Already on 16 March [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 3 March] 1917 in the Rodyna Club building gathered over 100 representatives of Kiev and some provincial Ukrainian organizations where appeared the idea of establishment of the Central Council.<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Central Council was formed on parity foundations between separate Ukrainian organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Antonovych" title="Dmytro Antonovych">Dmytro Antonovych</a> was recalling that they could not find a mutual understanding with TUP, but agreed to create provisional Central Council with a nucleus of no more than 25 members with an option to add more primarily with delegates outside of Kiev.<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The core of the provisional Central Council consisted of five representatives from each TUP, workers, academic youth, and cooperatives as well as two representatives of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Ukrainian Social Democratic Labour Party">Social-Democratic Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main task of the provisional Central Council was to call on the <a href="/wiki/All-Ukrainian_National_Congress" title="All-Ukrainian National Congress">All-Ukrainian National Congress</a> that was supposed to adopt the Central Council as a permanent Ukrainian parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_diaspora" title="Ukrainian diaspora">Ukrainian diaspora</a> historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arkadiy_Zhukovsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arkadiy Zhukovsky (page does not exist)">Arkadiy Zhukovsky</a> in his article on the Central Council in <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Ukraine" title="Encyclopedia of Ukraine">Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a> states that the council was founded in <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a> on 17 March [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 4 March] 1917 at the initiative of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Ukrainian_Progressionists" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Ukrainian Progressionists">Society of Ukrainian Progressionists</a> and with the participation of various Ukrainian political parties, Ukrainian military activists, workers, religious activists, students, entrepreneurs, public and cultural organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Science_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Science Society">Ukrainian Science Society</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Pedagogic_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ukrainian Pedagogic Society (page does not exist)">Ukrainian Pedagogic Society</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_of_Ukrainian_Technicians_and_Agriculturists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society of Ukrainian Technicians and Agriculturists (page does not exist)">Society of Ukrainian Technicians and Agriculturists</a>, etc. That day the Central Council informed by a telegram the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a> that was just created about its establishment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 20 March [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 7 March] 1917 there took place elections of the Central Council leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mykhailo_Hrushevsky" title="Mykhailo Hrushevsky">Mykhailo Hrushevsky</a> was elected as the Head of the Rada, while <a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Doroshenko" title="Dmytro Doroshenko">Dmytro Doroshenko</a> representing TUP and <a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Antonovych" title="Dmytro Antonovych">Dmytro Antonovych</a> representing Social-Democrats were appointed as his deputies, also there was elected a scribe (secretary) Serhiy Veselovskyi representing Society of Ukrainian Technicians and Agriculturists and a treasurer.<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In announcement of newspaper "Visti z Ukrainskoi Tsentralnoi Rady" (Heralds from Ukrainian Central Council) of March 19 it mentioned creation of the Rada on March 7 and outlined its first institutions: Presidium (the Council chairman, two deputies, a scribe and a treasurer) and nine Commissions.<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March protocols of the Council is also mentioned an administration (uprava), but not indicated neither its composition, rights or functions.<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:1px solid black;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background-color:lightgrey; font-style:italic; padding-right:3em; color:black; text-align: center;">Proclamation of the Ukrainian Central Council to Ukrainian people<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Copy_to_Wikisource plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edit-copy_purple-wikis.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Edit-copy_purple-wikis.svg/40px-Edit-copy_purple-wikis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Edit-copy_purple-wikis.svg/60px-Edit-copy_purple-wikis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Edit-copy_purple-wikis.svg/80px-Edit-copy_purple-wikis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This page is a candidate for <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Transwiki" class="extiw" title="meta:Help:Transwiki">copying</a> over to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Main Page">Wikisource</a>.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> <br /> If the page can be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_edit_a_page" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:How to edit a page">edited</a> into an encyclopedic article, rather than merely a copy of the source text, please do so and remove this message. Otherwise, you can help by formatting it per the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Help:Adding_texts" class="extiw" title="s:Help:Adding texts">Wikisource guidelines</a> in preparation for being imported to Wikisource by a Wikisource admin. Note that if this source text is not in English, it will have to be copied using the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Transwiki" class="extiw" title="m:Help:Transwiki">transwiki process</a>.</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p>Ukrainian Nation! </p><p>Age bonds have fallen. The freedom has come to all the oppressed people, to all the enslaved nations of Russia. </p><p>The time has come for Your will and awakening to a new, free, creative life, after more than two hundred years of sleep. </p><p>For the first time, Ukrainian Nation of thirty-five million, you will be able to say for yourself who you are and how you want to live as a separate nation. From now on, in a friendly family of free peoples, you will begin to forge a better destiny for yourself with a powerful hand. </p><p>The tsarist government fell, and the Provisional Government announced that it would soon convene a <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Russian Constituent Assembly">Constituent Assembly (Uchreditelnoe Sobranie)</a> on the basis of universal, equal, direct and secret suffrage. </p><p>From there, for the first time in the whole world, Your true voice, Your true will, will be heard in all its power. </p><p>Until then, we urge you to calmly but firmly demand from the new government all the rights that naturally belong to you and that you must have. The Great Nation, you are the only master of the Ukrainian land. </p><p>And in the near future the right to establish the native language in all schools, from lower to higher in the courts and all government institutions. With the same calm, but resolute, seek you, the Nation, the same right for the Ukrainian language from the pastors of the church, <a href="/wiki/Zemstvo" title="Zemstvo">zemstvos</a> and all non-governmental institutions in Ukraine. </p><p>Ukrainian Nation! </p><p>Peasants, workers, soldiers, townspeople, clergy and all Ukrainian intelligentsia! </p><p>Keep calm: do not allow yourself any actions to ruin order of everyday life, but together, sincerely and stubbornly set yourself to work: to unite in political societies, cultural and economic unions, raise money for the Ukrainian National Fund and choose your Ukrainian people, to all positions, Get organized! </p><p>Only by uniting, you can well know all your needs, resolutely declare them and create a better destiny in its own Land. </p><p>Ukrainian Nation! </p><p>Before You is the path to a new life. </p><p>Boldly, unanimously go on that great path in the name of your happiness and the happiness of future generations of the Mother of Ukraine, create your new free life with a powerful hand. </p><p>Ukrainian Central Council. Kiev, year 1917, March 9.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p>Народе Український! </p><p>Впали вікові пута. Прийшла воля всьому пригніченому людові, всім поневоленим націям Росії. </p><p>Настав час і Твоєї волі й пробудження до нового, вільного, творчого життя, після більш як двохсотлітнього сну. </p><p>Уперше, Український тридцятипятиміліонний Народе, Ти будеш мати змогу сам за себе сказати, хто Ти і як хочеш жити, як окрема нація. З цього часу в дружній сім'ї вільних народів могутньою рукою зачнеш сам собі кувати кращу долю. </p><p>Впав царський уряд, а тимчасовий оголосив, що незабаром скличе Установчі Збори (Учредительное Собраніе) на основі загального, рівного, прямого й таємного виборчого права. </p><p>Звідти уперше на весь світ пролунає у всій своїй силі справжній голос Твій, справжня воля Твоя. </p><p>До того ж часу ми закликаємо спокійно, але рішуче домагатися від нового уряду всіх прав, які тобі природно належать, і які Ти повинен мати. Великий Народе, сам хазяїн на Українській землі. </p><p>А в найблизшім часі права на заведення рідної мови по всіх школах, од нижчих до вищих по судах і всіх урядових інституціях. З таким же спокоєм, але рішуче, домагайся, Народе, того ж права для української мови від пастирів церкви, земств і всіх неурядових інституцій на Україні. </p><p>Народе Український! </p><p>Селяни, робітники, салдати, городяне, духовенство і вся українська інтелігенція! </p><p>Додержуйте спокій: не дозволяйте собі ніяких вчинків, що руйнують лад в житті, але разом, щиро й уперто беріться до роботи: до гуртовання в політичні товариства, культурні і економічні спілки, складайте гроші на Український Національний Фонд і вибірайте своїх українських людей, на всі місця – Організуйтесь! </p><p>Тільки згуртувавшись, можна добре пізнати всі свої потреби, рішуче за них заявити і створити кращу долю на своїй Землі. </p><p>Народе Український! </p><p>Перед Тобою шлях до нового життя. </p><p>Сміливо ж, одностайно йди на той великий шлях в ім’я щастя свого і щастя будучих поколінь Матері України, могутньою рукою твори своє нове вільне життя. </p><p>Українська Центральна Рада. Київ, року 1917, березня 9.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>   </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></div> <p>On 22 March [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 9 March] 1917 the Rada published its first declaration - <i>To the Ukrainian people</i> - in support of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Russian Constituent Assembly">Russian Constituent Assembly</a>. On 26 March [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 13 March] 1917 Mykhailo Hrushevsky returned to Kiev from exile, but because of the accident on the train he traveled he was not able to attend the Central Council meetings right away.<sup id="cite_ref-28april_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28april-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the first time, Hrushevsky presides over a meeting of the Central Council on 28 March [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 15 March] 1917. With his return, many associated hopes for an end to contradictions and the unification of democratic forces. At the meeting it was decided to raise the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian flag">national flag</a> over the Kiev city duma in place where used to be the Tsarist's <a href="/wiki/Monogram" title="Monogram">monogram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28april_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28april-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Pavlovych_Naumenko" title="Volodymyr Pavlovych Naumenko">Volodymyr Naumenko</a> was elected a deputy chairman of the Central Council.<sup id="cite_ref-28april_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28april-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There also was a discussion about plans for the April 1 Ukrainian manifestation in Kiev.<sup id="cite_ref-28april_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28april-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also the Central Council agitation commission was instructed to prepare in two days a draft for the All-Ukrainian National Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-28april_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28april-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, straight after the convocation of the <a href="/wiki/All-Ukrainian_National_Congress" title="All-Ukrainian National Congress">All-Ukrainian National Congress</a> on 19–21 April [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 6–8 April] 1917, the Rada transformed from a provisional organizational council into a parliament<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that consisted of 150 members elected from the Ukrainian political parties, professional and cultural organizations and delegates from the <a href="/wiki/Guberniya" class="mw-redirect" title="Guberniya">guberniyas</a>. During the National Congress Hrushevsky was reelected as the chairman of the Rada, while the leaders of the most popular political parties <a href="/wiki/Serhiy_Yefremov" title="Serhiy Yefremov">Serhiy Yefremov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Vynnychenko" title="Volodymyr Vynnychenko">Volodymyr Vynnychenko</a> were appointed as his deputies. As the Central Rada had a Ukrainian national-cultural outlook, it often faced opposition from Russian (both conservative and socialist) and Jewish sectors, representing urban populations.<sup id="cite_ref-Riga2012_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riga2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Central Rada, whilst led by the Ukrainian liberal progressives, included Ukrainian moderates, social democrats (including a small contingent of Bolsheviks) and socialist-revolutionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Riga2012_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riga2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 April [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 10 April] 1917 the Central Council General Assembly adopted the "Order to the Ukrainian Central Council" ("Nakaz") that became de facto its first bylaws.<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to democratic organizational principles, the higher body of the Central Council was defined its General Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the "Nakaz" of April 23 it was mentioned that it "determines direction and nature of all work of the Central Council".<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regular meetings of General Assembly had to be convened not less often than once a month, yet in case of urgent need could be convened emergency meetings which considered valid with any number of attendees.<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the whole period of the Central Council existence, there took place nine meetings of the General Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the First <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Universal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ukrainian Universal (page does not exist)">Ukrainian Universal</a> the Central Rada was increased by 130 representatives that were delegated by the II Military Congress (June 23, 1917) and 133 members of the Peasants' Deputies Council who were elected at the I All-Ukrainian Peasants' Congress (June 15, 1917). In July 1917 Russian and Jewish parties joined the Central Rada, expanding the non-Ukrainian membership significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-Riga2012_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riga2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Council_General_Assemblies">Central Council General Assemblies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Rada&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Central Council General Assemblies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Central Council General Assembly took place on 21 April [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 8 April] 1917, the final day of the <a href="/wiki/All-Ukrainian_National_Congress" title="All-Ukrainian National Congress">All-Ukrainian National Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The meeting checked and approved the list of the Central Council members elected by the congress and formed an executive body, the Central Council Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second Central Council General Assembly (5–6 May [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 22–23 April] 1917) reviewed the issue of Ukrainization of military and adopted the first legal document of the Central Council, the earlier mentioned "Nakaz".<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third Central Council General Assembly (20–22 May [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 7–9 May] 1917) concentrated on the issue of relationships with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a> and sending of a plenipotentiary delegation to <a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a> in order to resolve the issue about the right of Ukrainian people for their national territorial autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fourth Central Council General Assembly (14–16 June [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 1–3 June] 1917) listened to the report of <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Vynnychenko" title="Volodymyr Vynnychenko">Volodymyr Vynnychenko</a> about the diplomatic mission of the Council's delegation to <a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a>, about denial by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a> the autonomy demands.<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The meeting adopted to appeal to Ukrainian people with a call "immediate laying of the foundations of the autonomous system in Ukraine".<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That resolution became an important basis for the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/First_Universal_of_the_Ukrainian_Central_Council" title="First Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council">First Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fifth Central Council General Assembly (2–14 July [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 20 June – 1 July] 1917) approved creation of the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretariat_of_Ukraine" title="General Secretariat of Ukraine">General Secretariat</a> and its first declaration, adopted number of resolutions that concerned the Central Council reorganization by adding representatives of national minorities who lived in Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Assembly decided to convene in Kiev the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Enslaved_Peoples_of_Russia" title="Congress of the Enslaved Peoples of Russia">congress of peoples of Russia</a> who were seeking a federal system of the country, amended the Central Council Committee statute by expanding its rights and number of members, discussed the course of negotiations of the Central Council leadership with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a> delegation in Kiev, adopted the <a href="/wiki/Second_Universal_of_the_Ukrainian_Central_Council" title="Second Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council">Second Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sixth Central Council General Assembly (18–19 August [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 5–6 August] 1917) roughly discussed the situation that arose after the refusal of the Provisional Government to approve the "Statute of the Higher Authority of Ukraine" replacing it with the "Provisional Instruction to the General Secretariat of the Provisional Government".<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that assembly there was raised the question of convening the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly as well as condemned the initiative of the Provisional Government to carry on the State Conference on 25 August [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 12 August] 1917 in Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The seventh Central Council General Assembly (11–15 November [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 29 October – 2 November] 1917) paid attention mainly finding a way out of the situation in the country after <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">toppling down</a> of the Provisional Government in Petrograd and the <a href="/wiki/Kiev_Bolshevik_Uprising" title="Kiev Bolshevik Uprising">armed incident in Kiev</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The eighth Central Council General Assembly (25–30 December [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 12–17 December] 1917) debated sharply on issues of peace and land, discussed the course of preparation to the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly elections.<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ninth Central Council General Assembly (28 January – 7 February [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 15–25 January] 1918) approved laws on land and eight-hours workday, made some changes to the law on Ukrainian Constituent Assembly elections, discussed the course of <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">peace talks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brest-Litovsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Brest-Litovsk">Brest-Litovsk</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet-Ukrainian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet-Ukrainian War">situation</a> that arose in connection with the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_forces_in_battle_with_the_counterrevolution_in_the_South_of_Russia" title="Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia">Bolshevik offensive</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kiev_Arsenal_January_Uprising" title="Kiev Arsenal January Uprising">Arsenal January Uprising</a>, authorized the reorganization of the Minor Council, approved <a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Holubovych" title="Vsevolod Holubovych">Vsevolod Holubovych</a> on the post of the Council of People's Ministers chairman.<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, the Ukrainian Central Council General Assembly was built as a parliamentary session from the very beginning copying procedures of the <a href="/wiki/State_Duma_(Russian_Empire)" title="State Duma (Russian Empire)">Russian State Duma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ukrainian Central Council was divided by party factions that in need formed blocks.<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were submitting interpolations (inquiries).<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There also existed various parliamentary commissions: some on a permanent basis, others – situationally to address any urgent need.<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During discussions of some complicated issues, there were created conciliatory commissions.<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a rule, decisions were made by simple majority of votes.<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite all their high powers, the general assembly appeared to be an inefficient institution.<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About organic deficiencies of their work testifies number of documents and, in particular, the very session protocols such as outbreaks of political emotions, demagoguery and populism over a constructive policy.<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selected sessions were protesting in nature transforming in verbal battles of numerous party factions.<sup id="cite_ref-casUCC_3-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Central_Council_Committee_(Minor_Council)"><span id="Central_Council_Committee_.28Minor_Council.29"></span>Central Council Committee (Minor Council)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Rada&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Central Council Committee (Minor Council)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>Mala Rada</b> (also called the <i>Small</i>, <i>Little</i> or <i>Minor</i> Council) was the Central Executive Committee of the Central Rada. It was created in April 1917 and consisted of 19 members: M. Hrushevsky (chairman), S. Yefremov and V. Vynnychenko as deputy chairmen, Baranovsky, Boiko, Zaporozhets, Koval, Kosiv, Connor-Vilinska, Kryzhanovsky, Mirna, Nikovsky, Odynets, Prokopovych, Stasiuk, Starytska-Cherniakhivska, Sadovsky, Chykalenko and Khrystiuk as members. The elected Chairman of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Small_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Small Council (page does not exist)">Small Council</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Мала Рада">uk</a>]</span> was Hrushevsky who also held the position in addition to his role as Chairman of the Central Rada. His deputies were Vynnychenko and Yefremov. </p><p>All important matters of state were addressed at meetings of the Mala Rada in the first instance and later any legislation were to be ratified in a <a href="/wiki/Plenary_session" title="Plenary session">plenum</a> session of the Central Rada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_proclamations_(Universal)"><span id="Political_proclamations_.28Universal.29"></span>Political proclamations (Universal)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Rada&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Political proclamations (Universal)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Central_Rada" title="Special:EditPage/Central Rada">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%8E.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%8E.JPG/250px-%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%8E.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%8E.JPG/500px-%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%8E.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The Ukrainian Club Building, now the <a href="/wiki/Building_of_Pedagogical_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Building of Pedagogical Museum">Pedagogical Museum</a>, a meeting place of the Little Council</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsentralna_Rada_building.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Tsentralna_Rada_building.JPG/250px-Tsentralna_Rada_building.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Tsentralna_Rada_building.JPG/375px-Tsentralna_Rada_building.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Tsentralna_Rada_building.JPG/500px-Tsentralna_Rada_building.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A side view</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Universal_(act)" title="Universal (act)">Universal (act)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Universal">First Universal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Rada&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First Universal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Universal_of_the_Ukrainian_Central_Council" title="First Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council">First Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council</a></div> <p>On 23 June [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 10 June] 1917 the Ukrainian Central Council proclaimed at the second All-Ukrainian military congress its <a href="/wiki/First_Universal_of_the_Ukrainian_Central_Council" title="First Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council">First Universal "To the Ukrainian Nation in Ukraine and beyond its existence"</a>. It was a respond of the Ukrainian Central Council to <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a> on its negative stance towards the Ukrainian autonomy. According with the First Universal, "without separating from the whole Russia... Ukrainian people must themself manage their lives", laws have to be adopted by the Ukrainian National Assembly. The author of the First Universal was <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Vynnychenko" title="Volodymyr Vynnychenko">Volodymyr Vynnychenko</a>. Following proclamation of the autonomy, on 28 June [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 15 June] 1917 there was created the General Secretariat. </p><p>The main provisions of the First Universal: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <ol><li>"From now on we will create our own lives alone". Development of Ukraine "without separating from all of Russia".</li> <li>The Ukrainian Central Council was proclaimed the highest state body in Ukraine.</li> <li>A call for the re-election of the local administration, replacing it with representatives who are committed to the Ukrainian cause.</li> <li>Invitations to national minorities to work together.</li> <li>Convening of the All-<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Ukrainian Constituent Assembly">Ukrainian Constituent Assembly</a>.</li> <li>Only the All-<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Ukrainian Constituent Assembly">Ukrainian Constituent Assembly</a> has the right to adopt laws of Ukraine.</li> <li>Introduction of a special tax on personal business.</li> <li>Recognition of the need to develop a law on the distribution of landed estates.</li></ol></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Universal">Second Universal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Rada&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Second Universal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Universal_of_the_Ukrainian_Central_Council" title="Second Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council">Second Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council</a></div> <p>On 16 July [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 3 July] 1917 the Ukrainian Central Council adopted its Second Universal. </p><p>Contents: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> <ol><li>The Central Council must be enlarged with representatives of other peoples living in Ukraine;</li> <li>The enlarged Central Council creates General Secretariat, composition of which is approved by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a>;</li> <li>The Central Council begins drafting a law on autonomous establishment of Ukraine that must be approved by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Russian Constituent Assembly">Russian Constituent Assembly</a>. Until the adoption of this law, the Ukrainian Central Council undertakes not to exercise the autonomy of Ukraine;</li> <li>The formation of the Ukrainian army is carried out under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a>.</li></ol></blockquote> <p>The Second Universal was proclaimed at a Ukrainian Central Council session. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Universal">Third Universal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Rada&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Third Universal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Third_Universal_of_the_Ukrainian_Central_Council" title="Third Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council">Third Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council</a></div> <p>Following the Bolsheviks' coup-d'état (so called <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>) in Russia, on 20 November [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 7 November] 1917 the Central Council proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a> with a determined territory in federal ties with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a>. Simultaneously, the Central Council adopted a law about elections to the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Ukrainian Constituent Assembly">Ukrainian Constituent Assembly</a> and number of other laws. The Central Council was supported by the majority of population in Ukraine as it was shown at elections to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Russian Constituent Assembly">Russian Constituent Assembly</a> on 25 November [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 12 November] 1917 where Ukrainian parties received 75% of votes to Bolsheviks' mere 11%. </p><p>Since November, the Bolsheviks had already made several attempts to seize power in Ukraine (see <a href="/wiki/Kiev_Bolshevik_Uprising" title="Kiev Bolshevik Uprising">Kiev Bolshevik Uprising</a>). Following another failed uprising in Kiev, on December 17 the Russian Bolshevik Government (<a href="/wiki/Sovnarkom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovnarkom">Sovnarkom</a>) announced an ultimatum to the Ukrainian Central Council, which the Central Council rejected. Then the Bolshevik troops began an offensive in Ukraine. Convened in Kiev on December 17 the Congress of Soviets of Peasants, Soldiers, and Workers Deputies expressed their "full confidence and strong support for the Ukrainian Central Council". The Bolsheviks' Deputies were forced to move to <a href="/wiki/Kharkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharkov">Kharkov</a> where on December 25 they created an alternative government to the Central Council and General Secretariat, called the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Secretariat" title="People's Secretariat">People's Secretariat</a>. At the same time, the Central Council sent its delegation to the Peace Conference with the Central Powers in <a href="/wiki/Brest-Litovsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Brest-Litovsk">Brest-Litovsk</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourth_Universal">Fourth Universal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Rada&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Fourth Universal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Universal_of_the_Ukrainian_Central_Council" title="Fourth Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council">Fourth Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council</a></div> <p>The Universal proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a>, as a <i>"separate, depended on nobody, free, sovereign state of Ukrainian people"</i>, an executive body the General Secretariat — Council of People's Ministers. </p><p>It changed the regular army with a police force; instructed to carry on elections of peoples' soviets: volosts, county, and local; established monopoly on trade; control over banks; confirmed the law on transfer of land to peasants without redemption taking as a basis the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialization_of_land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socialization of land (page does not exist)">socialization of land</a>. It instructed the Council of People's Ministers to continue the started negotiations with the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> to the signing of peace; called on all citizens of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a> to fight against <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>. </p><p>Conditions of the Fourth Universal: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> <ol><li>The Ukrainian People's Republic is pronounced independent, free sovereign state of Ukrainian people;</li> <li>With all its neighbors the Ukrainian People's Republic seeks to live in peace and harmony;</li> <li>Power in Ukraine belongs to the people of Ukraine, the Central Council will rule on behalf of each until the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly convenes;</li> <li>The Bolsheviks' policy that leads to <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">civil war</a> is subjected to harsh criticism;</li> <li>The Ukrainian Central Council commits to fight against the Bolsheviks' collaborationists in Ukraine;</li> <li>The Ukrainian Central Council commits immediately to start peace negotiations with Germany;</li> <li>The Ukrainian Central Council plans to carry on a land reform in interests of peasants;</li> <li>The State has to implement control over trade and banks.</li></ol></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Members">Members</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Rada&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Central_Rada" title="Special:EditPage/Central Rada">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>By the end of July 1917 the Central Rada formally had 822 deputies (according to <a href="/wiki/Pavlo_Khrystiuk" title="Pavlo Khrystiuk">Pavlo Khrystiuk</a>). Its members belonged to the following parties: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=All-Ukrainian_Peasants%27_Deputies_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="All-Ukrainian Peasants' Deputies Council (page does not exist)">All-Ukrainian Peasants' Deputies Council</a> — 212</li> <li>All-Ukrainian Military Deputies Council — 158</li> <li>All-Ukrainian Workers' Deputies Council — 100</li> <li>Representatives of non-Ukrainian Workers' and Military Deputies Councils — 50</li> <li>Ukrainian socialist parties — 20</li> <li>Russian socialist parties — 40</li> <li>Jewish socialist parties <a href="/wiki/United_Jewish_Socialist_Workers_Party" title="United Jewish Socialist Workers Party">Fareyniktes</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund_in_Lithuania,_Poland_and_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia">Bundists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Poalei_Zion)" title="Jewish Social Democratic Labour Party (Poalei Zion)">Poalei Zionists</a> — 35</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party" title="Polish Socialist Party">Polish Socialist Party</a> — 15</li> <li>Representatives of cities and <a href="/wiki/Governorate_(Russia)" title="Governorate (Russia)">governorates</a> — 84</li> <li>Representatives of professional, educational, economic and public organizations and other national minorities — 108</li></ul> <p>The <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mala_Rada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mala Rada (page does not exist)">Mala Rada</a></i> was elected out of these 822 deputies with 58 members including 18 members of various national minorities. From the initiative of the Central Rada a congress of Russian nationalities took place in Kiev on 21–28 September 1917. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fate_of_the_Central_Council_members">Fate of the Central Council members</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Rada&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fate of the Central Council members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Central_Rada" title="Special:EditPage/Central Rada">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>All members of the council were proclaimed outlaws by the Soviet government of Ukraine in December 1917 as part of a national-bourgeois government. On 29 January 1918 <a href="/wiki/Bolshevist" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevist">Bolshevist</a> troops entered <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a> and declared a <i>Soviet Coup d'etat</i>. The Kiev garrison joined with the Soviets and deposed the Rada. The <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolsheviks</a> established <a href="/wiki/Kharkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharkov">Kharkov</a> as the capital of the <i>Soviets of the Ukraine</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Exiled</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Vynnychenko" title="Volodymyr Vynnychenko">Volodymyr Vynnychenko</a>, died in France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrystofor_Baranovsky" title="Khrystofor Baranovsky">Khrystofor Baranovsky</a>, died in Brazil</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borys_Martos" title="Borys Martos">Borys Martos</a>, died in the United States</li> <li>Moishe Zilberfarb, died in Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Mickiewicz" title="Mieczysław Mickiewicz">Mieczysław Mickiewicz</a>, died in Poland</li> <li>Oleksander Lototsky, died in Poland</li> <li>Oleksander Shulhyn, died in France</li> <li>Ivan Mirny, died in Czechoslovakia</li> <li>Mykola Porsh, died in Germany</li> <li>Mykola Kovalevsky, died in Austria</li> <li>Mykyta Shapoval, died in Czechoslovakia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Antonovych" title="Dmytro Antonovych">Dmytro Antonovych</a>, died in Czechoslovakia</li> <li>Nykyfor Hryhoriiv-Nash, died in the United States</li> <li>Mykhailo Yeremiiv, died in Switzerland</li> <li>Pavlo Zaitsev, died in Germany</li> <li>Volodymyr Kedrovsky, died in the United States</li> <li>Andri Livytsky, died in Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Chyzhevsky" title="Dmytro Chyzhevsky">Dmytro Chyzhevsky</a>, died in Germany</li> <li>Yevhen Onatsky, died in Argentina</li> <li>Oleksander Slyvynsky, died in Canada</li> <li>Levko Chykalenko, died in the United States</li> <li>Andri Yakovliv, died in the United States</li> <li>Solomon Goldelman, died in Israel</li> <li>Kornel (Korni) Nishchemenko, died in the United States</li> <li>Viktor Prykhodko, died in the United States (1982)</li> <li>Kost Turkalo, died in the United States</li> <li>Panas Fedenko, died in Germany</li> <li>Dmytro Isayevych, died in Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Ilarion_(Ivan_Ohienko)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Ilarion (Ivan Ohienko)">Metropolitan Ilarion (Ivan Ohienko)</a>, died in Canada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Prokopovych" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyacheslav Prokopovych">Vyacheslav Prokopovych</a>, died in France</li> <li>Fedir Shvets, died in Czechoslovakia</li> <li>Valeria O'Connor-Vilinska, died in Czechoslovakia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofia_Rusova" title="Sofia Rusova">Sofia Rusova</a> (Lindfors), died in Czechoslovakia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodor_Shteingel" title="Teodor Shteingel">Teodor Shteingel</a>, died in Germany</li> <li>Yuri Tyshchenko, died in the United States</li> <li>Oleksander Salikovsky, died in Poland</li> <li>Zinaida Mirna (Khylchevska), died in Czechoslovakia</li> <li>Oleksander Vilinsky, died in Czechoslovakia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Doroshenko" title="Dmytro Doroshenko">Dmytro Doroshenko</a>, died in Germany</li> <li>Mykhailo Korchynsky, died in Poland</li> <li>Tymish Olesiyuk, died in the United States (1978)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Imprisoned</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pavlo_Khrystiuk" title="Pavlo Khrystiuk">Pavlo Khrystiuk</a>, died in <a href="/wiki/Sevvostlag" title="Sevvostlag">Sevvostlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serhiy_Yefremov" title="Serhiy Yefremov">Serhiy Yefremov</a>, died in <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Central_Prison" title="Vladimir Central Prison">Vladimir city prison</a></li> <li>Valentyn Sadovsky, died in <a href="/wiki/Lukyanivska_Prison" title="Lukyanivska Prison">Lukyanivska Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Holubovych" title="Vsevolod Holubovych">Vsevolod Holubovych</a>, died in <a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a> city prison</li> <li>Vasyl Mazurenko, died near <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a></li> <li>Illya Shrag, died in Chernihiv (under house arrest)</li> <li>Kuzma Korzh, died in Kiev - shot by Cheka</li> <li>Kostyantyn Vasylenko, died in Vinnytsia - shot by <a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a></li> <li>Hryhori Holoskevych, died in Tomsk - suicide</li> <li>Anatoli Pisotsky, died in Mykolaiv Oblast</li> <li>Mykola (Hryhorovych) Levytsky, died in Krasnoyarsky Krai</li> <li>Mykola Chechel, died in Suzdal</li> <li>Arkadi Stepanenko, died in Kiev</li> <li>Mykola Tkachenko, died in Moscow</li> <li>Yuri Tyutyunyk, died in Moscow</li> <li>Fedir Kryzhanivsky, died in Kiev</li> <li>Mykhailo Poloz, died at Solovki</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viktor_Poplavko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viktor Poplavko (page does not exist)">Viktor Poplavko</a>, imprisoned in 1937, executed in 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Petrovsky" title="David Petrovsky">David Petrovsky</a>, imprisoned in 1937, executed in 1937</li> <li>Oleksander Shumsky, died at Solovki</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Vorony" class="mw-redirect" title="Mykola Vorony">Mykola Vorony</a>, executed in Odessa</li> <li>Yuri Shapoval, died at Solovki</li> <li>Ivan Feshchenko-Chopivsky, died in Kozhvinski Raion (Komi Republic)</li> <li>Mykola Galagan, died in <a href="/wiki/Lukyanivska_Prison" title="Lukyanivska Prison">Lukyanivska Prison</a></li> <li>Maksym Slavinsky, died in Kiev Oblast NKVD prison #1</li> <li>Mykola Lyubynsky, died at Solovki</li> <li>Lyudmyla Starytska-Chernyakhivska, died in transit to Kazakhstan</li> <li>Mykola Simashkevych, died in Kiev</li> <li>Yevtykhi (Yavtukh) Harmash, died in Poltava</li> <li>Antin Drahomyretsky, died in Kharkov</li></ul> <dl><dt>Assassinated (or killed in action)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symon_Petliura" title="Symon Petliura">Symon Petliura</a>, killed in Paris (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Steshenko" title="Ivan Steshenko">Ivan Steshenko</a>, killed in Poltava (1918)</li> <li>Oleksander-Bohdan Zarudny, killed in Kiev (1918)</li> <li>Loenard Bochkovsky, killed in Kiev (1918)</li> <li>Ivan Lutsenko, killed near Starokostyantyniv (1919)</li> <li>Mykola Mikhnovsky, killed at home (1924)</li> <li>Isaak Puhach, killed in Kiev (1918)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Fate unknown</dt></dl> <ul><li>Mykola Stasiuk, worked as an editor of a local newspaper in <a href="/wiki/Mariupol" title="Mariupol">Mariupol</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moisei_Rafes" title="Moisei Rafes">Moisei Rafes</a>, died in 1942</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Zarubin" title="Aleksandr Zarubin">Aleksandr Zarubin</a></li> <li>Mykhailo Savchenko-Bilsky</li> <li>Aleksandr Zolotarev</li> <li>Zinovi Vysotsky</li> <li>Prokip Ponyatenko</li> <li>Oleksander Zhukovsky</li> <li>Yosyp Mayevsky</li> <li>Volodymyr Naumenko, died in Ukraine, shot by Cheka</li> <li>Petro Artemenko</li> <li>Mykola Herasymenko</li> <li>Andriy Nikovsky, was looking for a job in Leningrad before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li>Oleksander Stepanenko, died in Siberia in 1924</li> <li>Serhi Vikul</li> <li>Yevhen Kasianenko</li> <li>Oleksander Yanko</li> <li>Oleksander Zhukivsky</li> <li>Andri Likhnyakevych, emigration</li> <li>Antin Postolovsky, emigration</li> <li>Pavlo Pohorilko, the archbishop of All Ukraine was arrested in Kharkov in 1929 — his subsequent fate is unknown.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Died as victims of the <a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a> or of illness</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myhaylo_Tuhan-Baranovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Myhaylo Tuhan-Baranovsky">Myhaylo Tuhan-Baranovsky</a>, 1919 (heart-attack)</li> <li>Petro Stebnytsky, 1923 (hunger)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mykola Vasylenko, 1935 (illness)</li> <li>Viktor Pavlenko, 1932 (hunger)</li> <li>Stepan Erastov, 1933 (hunger)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykhailo_Hrushevsky" title="Mykhailo Hrushevsky">Mykhailo Hrushevsky</a>, 1934 (medical mistreatment)</li> <li>Mykola Bilyashivsky, 1926 (hunger)</li> <li>Oleksander Voloshyn, 1933 (hunger)</li> <li>Volodymyr Shemet, 1933 (hunger)</li> <li>Mykola (Vasylyovych) Levytsky, 1936 (hunger)</li> <li>Mykola Shrag, 1970</li> <li>Serhi Kolos, 1969</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyubov_Yanovska" title="Lyubov Yanovska">Lyubov Yanovska</a> (Shcherbachova), 1933</li> <li>Fedir Matushevsky, 1919</li> <li>Lev Han, 1919 (typhus)</li> <li>Andri Viazlov, 1919 (typhus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriy_Dolud" title="Andriy Dolud">Andriy Dolud</a>, 1976</li></ul> <dl><dt>Other victims and related people</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>wife of Mykhailo Hrushevsky, Maria-Ivanna Sylvestrivna Hrushevska (Voyakovska), died soon after was brutally robbed in 1948</li> <li>daughter of Mykhailo Hrushevsky, Kateryna Mykhailivna Hrushevska, died in <a href="/wiki/Temlag" title="Temlag">Temlag</a> in 1943 being in custody since 1938</li> <li>brother of Mykhailo Hrushevsky, Oleksandr Serhiyovych Hrushevsky, was arrested soon after the death of Mykhailo — his subsequent fate is unknown.</li> <li>Arystarkh Ternychenko, was a member of the government (not mentioned as a member of the Central Rada), fate unknown</li> <li>Serhii Ostapenko, was a member of the government (not mentioned as a member of the Central Rada), fate unknown</li> <li>Ovksenti Korchak-Chepurivsky, was a member of the government (not mentioned as a member of the Central Rada), died from natural causes in 1947</li> <li>Volodymyr Oskilko, a member of the opposition to the Martos government (not mentioned as a member of the Central Rada), assassinated by Cheka in 1926</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaak_Mazepa" title="Isaak Mazepa">Isaak Mazepa</a>, was a member of the government (not mentioned as a member of the Central Rada), died in Germany</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Rada&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Verkhovna Rada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Ministers_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine">Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Committee_in_Protection_of_Revolution_in_Ukraine" title="Regional Committee in Protection of Revolution in Ukraine">Regional Committee in Protection of Revolution in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Executive_Committee_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Executive Committee of Ukraine">Central Executive Committee of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_negotiations" title="1918 Russia–Ukraine negotiations">1918 Russia–Ukraine negotiations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Rada&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-eou-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eou_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eou_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arkadii Zhukovsky. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CE%5CCentralRada.htm">Central Rada</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Ukraine" title="Encyclopedia of Ukraine">Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrono.ru/organ/ru19170100.html">The Central Rada in a scope of the Soviet perspective</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-casUCC-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-39"><sup><i><b>an</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-40"><sup><i><b>ao</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-41"><sup><i><b>ap</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casUCC_3-42"><sup><i><b>aq</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Verstiuk, Vladyslav. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/Verstiuk_Vladyslav/Sklad_i_struktura_Ukrainskoi_Tsentralnoi_Rady.pdf?PHPSESSID=h9gl7pp4s79jo5pohn7866qsn2">Composition and structure of the Ukrainian Central Rada</a></i>. shron1.chtyvo.org.ua</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hai-nyzhnyk.in.ua/doc2/1917%20(03)%2009.vidozva.php">The Proclamation of the Ukrainian Central Council to Ukrainian people (Відозва Української Центральної Ради до українського народу)</a>. hai-nyzhnyk.in.ua.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28april-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-28april_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-28april_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-28april_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-28april_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-28april_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://galinfo.com.ua/news/den_v_istorii__vidbulosya_zasidannya_ukrainskoi_tsentralnoi_rady_yake_ocholyv_myhaylo_grushevskyy_311798.html">Meeting of the Central Council on March 28</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riga2012-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Riga2012_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Riga2012_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Riga2012_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLiliana_Riga2012" class="citation book cs1">Liliana Riga (12 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mQcHmuuEK5sC&pg=PA151"><i>The Bolsheviks and the Russian Empire</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 151–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01422-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01422-0"><bdi>978-1-107-01422-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1055886123">1055886123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bolsheviks+and+the+Russian+Empire&rft.pages=151-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012-11-12&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1055886123&rft.isbn=978-1-107-01422-0&rft.au=Liliana+Riga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmQcHmuuEK5sC%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Rada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>, <i>Bolshevists Against The Church</i>, 7 February 1918.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Ukrainian)</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istpravda.com.ua/research/2010/10/17/601/add_ok/#comments">Fate of the Central Council members</a> (Ukrainian Pravda)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Rada&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mykhailo_Hrushevsky" title="Mykhailo Hrushevsky">Hrushevsky, Mykhailo</a> (1918). "На порозі нової України" (The first step towards the new Ukraine). Kiev.</li> <li>Shulhin, O. (1918). "Політика" (Politics). Kiev.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Vynnychenko" title="Volodymyr Vynnychenko">Vynnychenko, Volodymyr</a> (1920). "Відродження нації" (Revival of the nation). Vol I-II. Vienna.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlo_Khrystiuk" title="Pavlo Khrystiuk">Khrystiuk, Pavlo</a> (1921). "Записки і матеріали до історії української революції 1917—1920 pp." (Notes and materials to the history of the Ukrainian Revolution 1917-20). Vol I-II. Vienna.</li> <li>Zolotariov, A. (1922). "Із історії Української Центральної Ради" (From history of the Ukrainian Central Rada). Kharkov.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Skrypnyk" title="Mykola Skrypnyk">Skrypnyk, M.</a> (1923). "Начерк історії пролетарської революції на Україні" (Outline of history of the proletarian revolution in Ukraine). <a href="/wiki/Chervonyi_Shliakh" title="Chervonyi Shliakh">Chervonyi Shliakh</a> (Red Pathway). Kharkov.</li> <li>Richytskyi, A (1928). "Центральна Рада від лютого до жовтня" (The Central Rada from February to October). Kharkov.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Doroshenko" title="Dmytro Doroshenko">Doroshenko Dmytro</a> (1932). "Історія України 1917—1923" (History of Ukraine 1917-23). Vol I "Доба Центральної Ради" (The times of the Central Rada). Uzhhorod.</li> <li>Reshetar, J. (1952). "The Ukrainian Revolution 1917—1920". Princeton.</li> <li>Pidhainy, О. (1966). "The Formation of the Ukrainian Republic". Toronto — New-York.</li> <li>Makhun, Serhii (2005). "1917—1918 роки: Згаяний час Центральної Ради, або «Між двома кріслами»". <a href="/wiki/Dzerkalo_Tyzhnia" title="Dzerkalo Tyzhnia">Dzerkalo Tyzhnia</a>. #32(560) August 20–26. Kiev. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dt.ua/SOCIUM/19171918_roki_zgayaniy_chas_tsentralnoyi_radi,_abo_mizh_dvoma_krislami.html">The copy of the article.</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> <span class="languageicon">(in Ukrainian)</span></li> <li>Bilokin, Serhiy (2000). "Доля членів Центральної Ради в СССР" (The fate of the Ukrainian Central Rada members in USSR). Vyzvolnyi Shliakh (Liberating Pathway). Vol I. 14-26 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081122004310/http://bilokin.myslenedrevo.com.ua/terror/dchcr.html">The copy of the article.</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Ukrainian)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Act Zluky">Act Zluky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukrainian national states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Ukrainian State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a> <small>(led by <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Ukraine" title="Directorate of Ukraine">Directorate</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crimean national states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_People%27s_Republic" title="Crimean People's Republic">Crimean People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Regional_Government" title="Crimean Regional Government">Crimean Regional Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soviet states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic_of_Soviets" title="Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets">Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Republic">Ukrainian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurida_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic">Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odessa_Soviet_Republic" title="Odessa Soviet Republic">Odessa Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk%E2%80%93Krivoy_Rog_Soviet_Republic" title="Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic">Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Galician Soviet Socialist Republic">Galician Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chyrhyryn_Soviet_Republic" title="Chyrhyryn Soviet Republic">Chyrhyryn Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholodny_Yar_Republic" title="Kholodny Yar Republic">Kholodny Yar Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuban_People%27s_Republic" title="Kuban People's Republic">Kuban People's Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parliaments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Council_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Council of Ukraine">Central Council of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_Council_(Central_Council_of_Ukraine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor Council (Central Council of Ukraine)">Minor Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Ukraine" title="Directorate of Ukraine">Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Constituent_Assembly_election,_1918" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Constituent Assembly election, 1918">Constituent Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Executive_Committee_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Executive Committee of Ukraine">Central Executive Committee of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ukrainian Socialist Parties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Ukrainian Social Democratic Labour Party">USDLP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Communist_Party" title="Ukrainian Communist Party">independent left</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Party_of_Socialist-Independists" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Party of Socialist-Independists">Socialists-Sovereigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Democratic_Party_(1904)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Democratic Party (1904)">UPSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Socialist-Revolutionary_Party" title="Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party">UPSR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borotbists" title="Borotbists">Borotbists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Social_Democratic_Party_(1899)" title="Ukrainian Social Democratic Party (1899)">Ukrainian Social Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Radical_Party" title="Ukrainian Radical Party">Ukrainian Radical Party</a></li></ul></li> <li>Soviet of Peasants Deputies <ul><li>Ukrainian Peasant Society</li></ul></li> <li>Soviet of Workers Deputies</li> <li>Soviet of Soldiers Deputies</li> <li>Jewish Socialist Parties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Jewish_Socialist_Workers_Party" title="United Jewish Socialist Workers Party">Fareynikte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund_in_Lithuania,_Poland_and_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia">The Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Poalei_Zion)" title="Jewish Social Democratic Labour Party (Poalei Zion)">Poalei Zion</a></li></ul></li> <li>Polish Socialist Parties <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_Democratic_Center_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polish Democratic Center Party (page does not exist)">Polish Democratic Center Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party" title="Polish Socialist Party">Polish Socialist Party</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russian Socialist Parties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Socialist Revolutionary Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Left Socialist Revolutionary Party">Left</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ukraine_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)">Bolsheviks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Menshevik">Mensheviks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Democratic_Alliance" title="Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance">Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mykhailo_Hrushevsky" title="Mykhailo Hrushevsky">Mykhailo Hrushevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Vynnychenko" title="Volodymyr Vynnychenko">Volodymyr Vynnychenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Holubovych" title="Vsevolod Holubovych">Vsevolod Holubovych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symon_Petliura" title="Symon Petliura">Symon Petliura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlo_Skoropadskyi" title="Pavlo Skoropadskyi">Pavlo Skoropadskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noman_%C3%87elebicihan" title="Noman Çelebicihan">Noman Çelebicihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukhym_Medvediev" title="Yukhym Medvediev">Yukhym Medvediev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zatonsky" title="Volodymyr Zatonsky">Volodymyr Zatonsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Pyatakov" title="Georgy Pyatakov">Georgiy Pyatakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gaven" title="Yuri Gaven">Yuri Gaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Kun" title="Béla Kun">Béla Kun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Nikiforova" title="Maria Nikiforova">Maria Nikiforova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>All-Ukrainian National Congress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Enslaved_Peoples_of_Russia" title="Congress of the Enslaved Peoples of Russia">Congress of the Enslaved Peoples of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Ukrainian_Congress_of_Soviets" title="All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets">All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labor_Congress_of_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labor Congress of Ukraine (page does not exist)">Labor Congress of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russian_Revolution_and_Civil_War137" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_Revolution" title="Template:Russian Revolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_Revolution" title="Template talk:Russian Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russian_Revolution_and_Civil_War137" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Days" title="July Days">July Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornilov_affair" title="Kornilov affair">Kornilov affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerensky%E2%80%93Krasnov_uprising" title="Kerensky–Krasnov uprising">Kerensky–Krasnov uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junker_mutiny" title="Junker mutiny">Junker mutiny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">Ukrainian War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiev_Bolshevik_Uprising" title="Kiev Bolshevik Uprising">Kiev Bolshevik Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Workers%27_Republic" title="Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic">Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimosodat" title="Heimosodat">Heimosodat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuanian Wars of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_SR_uprising" title="Left SR uprising">Left SR uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambov_Rebellion" title="Tambov Rebellion">Tambov Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Opposition" title="Workers' Opposition">Workers' Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li>Interventions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Powers_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Central Powers intervention in the Russian Civil War">Central Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_intervention" title="Siberian intervention">Siberian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Committee_of_the_State_Duma" title="Provisional Committee of the State Duma">Provisional Committee of the State Duma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-independence_movements_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Pro-independence movements in the Russian Civil War">Pro-independence movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossoviet" title="Mossoviet">Mossoviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrograd_Soviet" title="Petrograd Soviet">Petrograd Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Council of the People's Commissars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Revolutionary_Committee" title="Military Revolutionary Committee">Military Revolutionary Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petrograd_Military_Revolutionary_Committee" title="Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee">Petrograd MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Military_Revolutionary_Committee" title="Moscow Military Revolutionary Committee">Moscow MRC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Russian Constituent Assembly">Russian Constituent Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1917_Russian_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election">elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Guards" title="Black Guards">Black Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Insurgent_Army_of_Ukraine" title="Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine">Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_armies" title="Green armies">Green armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(Russia)" title="Red Guards (Russia)">Red Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_forces_in_battle_with_the_counterrevolution_in_the_South_of_Russia" title="Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia">Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Council_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Council of Ukraine">Tsentralna Rada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_of_Russia_in_1917" title="Political parties of Russia in 1917">Parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Democratic_Party" title="Constitutional Democratic Party">Kadets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabat" title="Nabat">Nabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Socialist Revolutionary Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist-Revolutionaries" title="Left Socialist-Revolutionaries">Left SRs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_October_17" title="Union of October 17">Union of October 17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund" title="General Jewish Labour Bund">General Jewish Labour Bund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Monarchists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II of Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Provisional Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Lvov" title="Georgy Lvov">Georgy Lvov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Pavel Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Guchkov" title="Alexander Guchkov">Alexander Guchkov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Wrangel" title="Pyotr Wrangel">Pyotr Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Alexander Kolchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Denikin" title="Anton Denikin">Anton Denikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Krasnov" title="Pyotr Krasnov">Pyotr Krasnov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yudenich" title="Nikolai Yudenich">Nikolai Yudenich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavr_Kornilov" title="Lavr Kornilov">Lavr Kornilov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Frunze" title="Mikhail Frunze">Mikhail Frunze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Budyonny" title="Semyon Budyonny">Semyon Budyonny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sverdlov" title="Yakov Sverdlov">Yakov Sverdlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky" title="Felix Dzerzhinsky">Felix Dzerzhinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Rykov" title="Alexei Rykov">Alexei Rykov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Right SRs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chernov" title="Viktor Chernov">Viktor Chernov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Alexander Kerensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Savinkov" title="Boris Savinkov">Boris Savinkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Sokoloff" title="Boris Sokoloff">Boris Sokoloff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist-Revolutionaries" title="Left Socialist-Revolutionaries">Left SRs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Blumkin" title="Yakov Blumkin">Yakov Blumkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Kamkov" title="Boris Kamkov">Boris Kamkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Natanson" title="Mark Natanson">Mark Natanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Spiridonova" title="Maria Spiridonova">Maria Spiridonova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Antonov_(politician)" title="Alexander Antonov (politician)">Alexander Antonov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Anarchists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Nikiforova" title="Maria Nikiforova">Maria Nikiforova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Petrichenko" title="Stepan Petrichenko">Stepan Petrichenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Chernyi" title="Lev Chernyi">Lev Chernyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semen_Karetnyk" title="Semen Karetnyk">Semen Karetnyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedir_Shchus" title="Fedir Shchus">Fedir Shchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Bilash" title="Viktor Bilash">Viktor Bilash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanya_Baron" title="Fanya Baron">Fanya Baron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">Revolutions of 1917–1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Councils_in_Poland" title="Workers' Councils in Poland">Workers' Councils in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Soviet_Republic" title="Slovak Soviet Republic">Slovak Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian-Soviet_conflict" title="Belarusian-Soviet conflict">Belarusian-Soviet conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Central_Rada&params=50_26_41_N_30_30_49_E_region:UA-30_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°26′41″N</span> <span class="longitude">30°30′49″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.44472°N 30.51361°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.44472; 30.51361</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190704#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata668" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190704#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata668" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/139252461">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007257235205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\C\E\CentralRada">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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