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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hindu religious text</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#FFC569;">Niralamba Upanishad</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Madku_island_Mandukya_rishi_memorial,_Chhattisgarh_-_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Madku_island_Mandukya_rishi_memorial%2C_Chhattisgarh_-_4.jpg/250px-Madku_island_Mandukya_rishi_memorial%2C_Chhattisgarh_-_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Madku_island_Mandukya_rishi_memorial%2C_Chhattisgarh_-_4.jpg/375px-Madku_island_Mandukya_rishi_memorial%2C_Chhattisgarh_-_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Madku_island_Mandukya_rishi_memorial%2C_Chhattisgarh_-_4.jpg/500px-Madku_island_Mandukya_rishi_memorial%2C_Chhattisgarh_-_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The text is a glossary of Vedantic terms</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></th><td class="infobox-data">निरालम्ब</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Nirālamba</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title means</th><td class="infobox-data">Self-supported or independent<sup id="cite_ref-Word_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Word-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">Late medieval<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen201027_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen201027-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Samanya</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Linked <a href="/wiki/Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Veda">Veda</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shukla_Yajurveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Shukla Yajurveda">Shukla Yajurveda</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETinoco199689_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETinoco199689-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Chapters</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Verses</th><td class="infobox-data">41</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Philosophy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>Niralamba Upanishad</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">निरालम्ब उपनिषत्</span>, <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: Nirālamba) is a <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> text and is one of the 22 Samanya (general) <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETinoco199689_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETinoco199689-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text, along with the <a href="/wiki/Sarvasara_Upanishad" title="Sarvasara Upanishad">Sarvasara Upanishad</a>, is one of two dedicated glossaries embedded inside the collection of ancient and medieval era 108 Upanishads, on 29 basic concepts of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997657_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997657-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Niralamba Upanishad</i> defines and explains 29 Upanishadic concepts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997657_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997657-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is notable for stating that men, women, all living beings, Hindu gods such as Vishnu and Rudra (Shiva), are in their essence just the same ultimate reality that is <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191419_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyar191419-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also notable for describing "bondage" as doing sacrifice rituals and selfishness of any form, and for defining "demoniacal" as the life of performing fasts or muttering prayers while harboring "cruel desire, hatred and hypocrisy".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191419-22_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyar191419-22-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The text presents answers resonant with the <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> school of Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-vediclittn436_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vediclittn436-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niralamba_Upanishad&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Niralamba Upanishad's</i> authorship and date of writing is not known, but it is likely a late medieval text similar to the <i><a href="/wiki/Muktika_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Muktika Upanishad">Muktika Upanishad</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen201027_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen201027-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manuscripts of this text are also found titled as <i>Niralambopanisad</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-vediclittn436_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vediclittn436-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu language</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthology" title="Anthology">anthology</a> of 108 Upanishads of the <a href="/wiki/Muktika" class="mw-redirect" title="Muktika">Muktika</a> canon, narrated by <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a>, it is listed at number 34.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997556–557_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997556–557-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niralamba_Upanishad&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Niralamba Upanishad</i> is a glossary of <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> terms,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Boetzelaer199794_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Boetzelaer199794-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after an invocation prayer, opens with asking a series of questions, followed by sequential answers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191418–23_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyar191418–23-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The questions are asked in the format – what is Brahman? who is Ishvara? who is <a href="/wiki/Jiva" title="Jiva">Jīva</a>? what is <a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a> and so on. The glossary list of the text includes <a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramāṭmā</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmā">Brahmā</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vish%E1%B9%87u" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishṇu">Vishṇu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudra" title="Rudra">Ruḍra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C5%ABrya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sūrya">Sūrya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandra" title="Chandra">Chandra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Ḍevas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">Rākshasas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pisacha" title="Pisacha">Piśāchas</a>, Men, Women, Living beings, Fixed objects, Brahmins and others, <a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a>, Akarma, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81na" title="Jñāna">Jñāna</a>, Ajñāna, <a href="/wiki/Sukha" title="Sukha">Sukha</a>, Duḥkha, <a href="/wiki/Svarga" title="Svarga">Svarga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naraka" title="Naraka">Naraka</a>, Bandha, <a href="/wiki/Mok%E1%B9%A3a" class="mw-redirect" title="Mokṣa">Mokṣa</a>, Upasya, Śiṣya, Vidvān, Mudha, <a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Sanskrit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapas (Sanskrit)">Ṭapas</a>, Paramapada, Grahya, Agrahya and <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83ny%C4%81s%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Saṃnyāsī">Saṃnyāsī</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191418–19_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyar191418–19-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrecht_Friedrich_Weber1885136–158_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrecht_Friedrich_Weber1885136–158-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:28%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFE0BB;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><b>What is Brahman?</b> </p> <div class="poem"> <p>Without divisions or classification, without beginning and without end. Pure, Peace, without qualities, Formless, Eternal Bliss, Indivisible, one and only without a second, Supreme Consciousness. </p> </div> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<i>Niralamba Upanishad</i> 1,<br />Transl: Mahasaya<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiketan2005217_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiketan2005217-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>The text is notable for giving the same answer to sixteen questions. It states all of the following is just one and the same identity called <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> (ultimate reality), divisions are false – Paramatma, Brahma, Vishnu, Rudra, Indra, Yama, Surya, Chandra, Devas, Asuras, Pisachas, men, women, all life creatures, fixed matter, Brahmins and others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191419_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyar191419-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ishvara and the Jiva are both explained by the Upanishad to be manifestation of Brahman, while Prakriti is explained as <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a> (potency, energy, power) of the Brahman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191419_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyar191419-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Jnana</i> in verse 24, says B. R. Rajam Lyer, means knowledge of the truth that the unchanging existence in the Universe is Brahman, who is <i>Chaitanya</i> or consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyer1996287_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyer1996287-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is that, asserts the text, which is seer and the seen, all pervading, the realization of the Self that is same in everyone, realized by subduing the senses, by serving the <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a> (teacher), and by learning and meditating on Vedantic doctrines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrecht_Friedrich_Weber1885136–158_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrecht_Friedrich_Weber1885136–158-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191420_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyar191420-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Ajnana</i> is contrasted by the text in verse 25, as the illusion that the Atman (soul, self) within oneself is different from the soul in angels, other living beings, men, women, or because of castes or orders of life, or because something moves and something is fixed, and it is the ignorance that the Atman is different from the all-pervasive Brahman that is the nature of everything.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrecht_Friedrich_Weber1885136–158_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrecht_Friedrich_Weber1885136–158-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191420_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyar191420-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Sukha</i> (happiness) is defined by the text as the state of realizing one's innate bliss, experiencing <a href="/wiki/Satcitananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Satcitananda">satcitananda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrecht_Friedrich_Weber1885136–158_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrecht_Friedrich_Weber1885136–158-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191420_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyar191420-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Dukha</i> (pain) is being driven by the mundane, the state of non-Self, the lack of self-knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191420_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyar191420-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Swarga</i> (heaven) is association with spiritual Truth, while <i>Naraka</i> is craving after mundane existence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrecht_Friedrich_Weber1885136–158_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrecht_Friedrich_Weber1885136–158-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176" /><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:28%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFE0BB;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><b>What is Jati (caste)?</b> </p> <div class="poem"> <p>जातिरिति च । न चर्मणो न रक्तस्य न मांसस्य न चास्थिनः । न जातिरात्मनो जातिर्व्यवहारप्रकल्पिता ।<br /> What is Jati? It cannot refer to the skin, or the blood, or the flesh or the bone. There is no <i>Jati</i> for <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a> (soul). It is made up behavior. </p> </div> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<i>Niralamba Upanishad</i> 21<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191420_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyar191420-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>The verse 30 of this Upanishad, defines <i>Bandha</i>, literally bondage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191421_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyar191421-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any thought process or mental fixation on <i>Ajnana</i> is bondage, states the text. The thought that something is "mine" eternally is bondage, as is thinking that one can develop eight <a href="/wiki/Siddhis" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddhis">Siddhis</a> (psychic) powers, the thought of propitiating gods, angels or men is bondage, asserts the Upanishad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191421_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyar191421-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrecht_Friedrich_Weber1885136–158_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrecht_Friedrich_Weber1885136–158-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accepting and performing the duties of one's order of life (<a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a>) or caste is bondage, states the text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191421_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyar191421-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeking knowledge of the rules of sacrificial rituals or rites, making vows or undertaking austerity is bondage. Accepting fear or doubt to be the nature of one's soul is bondage, according to <i>Niralamba Upanishad</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191421_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyar191421-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The desire for anything, including <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a> is bondage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191421_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyar191421-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFellowRow1884228,_230_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFellowRow1884228,_230-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moksha is defined by the text in verse 31, as abandoning bondage, knowing what is eternal and what is transient, and being in the eternal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191421_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyar191421-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Vidwan</i>, or the learned, states the text, is one who has cognized the unchanging reality of his consciousness that is latent in everyone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrecht_Friedrich_Weber1885136–158_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrecht_Friedrich_Weber1885136–158-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191422_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyar191422-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Mudha</i>, literally the ignorant, is one who egoistically conceives that the body or caste or Ashrama or actor or enjoyer or such is what matters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191422_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyar191422-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Sanskrit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapas (Sanskrit)">Tapas</a>, states the text is the act of burning in the knowledge that the unchanging truth is Brahman and the universe is <a href="/wiki/Maya_(illusion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (illusion)">Maya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenneth_S._Cohen198158_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenneth_S._Cohen198158-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Demoniacal is that, asserts the Upanishad, where one practices austerity and <a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a> (muttering mantras) while simultaneously living a life that harbors "cruel desire, hatred, pain and hypocrisy" of any kind.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191422_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyar191422-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sannyasi, defines the text, is that person who has given up "I and mine", who is convinced that "I am Brahman" and everyone, everything is Brahman, there are no multitudes, there is just oneness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191423_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyar191423-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niralamba_Upanishad&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atma_Upanishad" title="Atma Upanishad">Atma Upanishad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_Upanishad" title="Nirvana Upanishad">Nirvana Upanishad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yogatattva_Upanishad" title="Yogatattva Upanishad">Yogatattva Upanishad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niralamba_Upanishad&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niralamba_Upanishad&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Word-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Word_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=nirAlamba&link=m">"Niralamba"</a>. Spoken Sanskrit Dictionary<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Niralamba&rft.pub=Spoken+Sanskrit+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spokensanskrit.de%2Findex.php%3Ftinput%3DnirAlamba%26link%3Dm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiralamba+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen201027-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen201027_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen201027_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeussen2010">Deussen 2010</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETinoco199689-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETinoco199689_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETinoco199689_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTinoco1996">Tinoco 1996</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997657-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997657_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997657_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeussen1997">Deussen 1997</a>, p. 657.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyar191419-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191419_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191419_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191419_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAiyar1914">Aiyar 1914</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHattangadi2000_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHattangadi2000">Hattangadi 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyar191419-22-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191419-22_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAiyar1914">Aiyar 1914</a>, p. 19-22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vediclittn436-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vediclittn436_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vediclittn436_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vedic Literature, Volume 1, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2YIoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PAPA436">A Descriptive Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts</a></i>, p. PA436, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, Government of Tamil Nadu, Madras, India, pages 436–437</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997556–557-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen1997556–557_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeussen1997">Deussen 1997</a>, pp. 556–557.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Boetzelaer199794-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Boetzelaer199794_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Boetzelaer1997">Van Boetzelaer 1997</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyar191418–23-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191418–23_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAiyar1914">Aiyar 1914</a>, pp. 18–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyar191418–19-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191418–19_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAiyar1914">Aiyar 1914</a>, pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrecht_Friedrich_Weber1885136–158-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrecht_Friedrich_Weber1885136–158_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrecht_Friedrich_Weber1885136–158_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrecht_Friedrich_Weber1885136–158_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrecht_Friedrich_Weber1885136–158_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrecht_Friedrich_Weber1885136–158_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrecht_Friedrich_Weber1885136–158_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrecht_Friedrich_Weber1885136–158_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlbrecht_Friedrich_Weber1885">Albrecht Friedrich Weber 1885</a>, pp. 136–158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiketan2005217-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiketan2005217_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiketan2005">Niketan 2005</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyer1996287-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyer1996287_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyer1996">Lyer 1996</a>, p. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyar191420-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191420_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191420_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191420_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191420_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191420_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAiyar1914">Aiyar 1914</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyar191421-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191421_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191421_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191421_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191421_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191421_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191421_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAiyar1914">Aiyar 1914</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFellowRow1884228,_230-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFellowRow1884228,_230_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFellowRow1884">Fellow & Row 1884</a>, pp. 228, 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyar191422-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191422_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191422_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191422_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAiyar1914">Aiyar 1914</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenneth_S._Cohen198158-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenneth_S._Cohen198158_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKenneth_S._Cohen1981">Kenneth S. Cohen 1981</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyar191423-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar191423_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAiyar1914">Aiyar 1914</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niralamba_Upanishad&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAiyar1914" class="citation book cs1">Aiyar, Narayanasvami (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirtyminorupani00xxxxuoft#page/n3/mode/2up"><i>Thirty minor Upanishads</i></a>. Archive Organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thirty+minor+Upanishads&rft.pub=Archive+Organization&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Aiyar&rft.aufirst=Narayanasvami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fthirtyminorupani00xxxxuoft%23page%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiralamba+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeussen1997" class="citation book cs1">Deussen, Paul (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC&pg=PA657"><i>Sixty Upanishads of the Veda</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1467-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1467-7"><bdi>978-81-208-1467-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sixty+Upanishads+of+the+Veda&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1467-7&rft.aulast=Deussen&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXYepeIGUY0gC%26pg%3DPA657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiralamba+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeussen2010" class="citation cs2">Deussen, Paul (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k_Bea7AXHY4C&pg=PA26"><i>The Philosophy of the Upanishads</i></a>, Oxford University Press (Reprinted by Cosimo), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61640-239-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61640-239-6"><bdi>978-1-61640-239-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+the+Upanishads&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+%28Reprinted+by+Cosimo%29&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-61640-239-6&rft.aulast=Deussen&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk_Bea7AXHY4C%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiralamba+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFellowRow1884" class="citation book cs1">Fellow, M.C.; Row, P. Sreenivas (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_0kxAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA230"><i>The Theosophist</i></a>. Theosophical Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theosophist&rft.pub=Theosophical+Publishing+House&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Fellow&rft.aufirst=M.C.&rft.au=Row%2C+P.+Sreenivas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_0kxAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiralamba+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHattangadi2000" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hattangadi, Sunder (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/niralamba.pdf">"निरालम्बोपनिषत् (Niralamba Upanishad)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Sanskrit)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D+%28Niralamba+Upanishad%29&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Hattangadi&rft.aufirst=Sunder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsanskritdocuments.org%2Fdoc_upanishhat%2Fniralamba.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiralamba+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_S._Cohen1981" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth S. Cohen (October 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lOsDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA58"><i>Yoga Journal</i></a>. Active Interest Media. p. 58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+Journal&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Active+Interest+Media&rft.date=1981-10&rft.au=Kenneth+S.+Cohen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlOsDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiralamba+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLyer1996" class="citation book cs1">Lyer, B. R. Rajam (30 September 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=89doofWiWJIC&pg=PA287"><i>Rambles in Vedanta</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0912-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0912-3"><bdi>978-81-208-0912-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rambles+in+Vedanta&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publisher&rft.date=1996-09-30&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0912-3&rft.aulast=Lyer&rft.aufirst=B.+R.+Rajam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D89doofWiWJIC%26pg%3DPA287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiralamba+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNiketan2005" class="citation book cs1">Niketan, Yoga (May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yoganiketan.net"><i>The Scriptural Commentaries of Yogiraj Sri Sri Shyama Charan Lahiri Mahasaya</i></a>. iUniverse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-35181-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-35181-7"><bdi>978-0-595-35181-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scriptural+Commentaries+of+Yogiraj+Sri+Sri+Shyama+Charan+Lahiri+Mahasaya&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2005-05&rft.isbn=978-0-595-35181-7&rft.aulast=Niketan&rft.aufirst=Yoga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyoganiketan.net&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiralamba+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTinoco1996" class="citation book cs1">Tinoco, Carlos Alberto (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7xoNEM63hZEC&pg=PA89"><i>Upanishads</i></a>. IBRASA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-348-0040-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-348-0040-2"><bdi>978-85-348-0040-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Upanishads&rft.pub=IBRASA&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-85-348-0040-2&rft.aulast=Tinoco&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Alberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7xoNEM63hZEC%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiralamba+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVan_Boetzelaer1997" class="citation book cs1">Van Boetzelaer, JM (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WAYVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA94"><i>Sureshvara's Taittiriyopanisadbhasyavartikam</i></a>. BRILL Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004016682" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004016682"><bdi>978-9004016682</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sureshvara%27s+Taittiriyopanisadbhasyavartikam&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-9004016682&rft.aulast=Van+Boetzelaer&rft.aufirst=JM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWAYVAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiralamba+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlbrecht_Friedrich_Weber1885" class="citation book cs1">Albrecht Friedrich Weber (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rS4JAAAAQAAJ"><i>Indische Studien, herausg. von A. Weber, Volume 17</i></a>. Leipzig: FA Brockhaus (in German language).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indische+Studien%2C+herausg.+von+A.+Weber%2C+Volume+17&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=FA+Brockhaus+%28in+German+language%29&rft.date=1885&rft.au=Albrecht+Friedrich+Weber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrS4JAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANiralamba+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81bh%C4%81vika_Bhed%C4%81bheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svābhāvika Bhedābheda">Svābhāvika Bhedābheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a><br /> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Hinduism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Hinduism">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="16px_The_108_Upanishads56" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC66C;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mukhya_Upanishads" title="Template:Mukhya Upanishads"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mukhya_Upanishads" title="Template talk:Mukhya Upanishads"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mukhya_Upanishads" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mukhya Upanishads"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="16px_The_108_Upanishads56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aum_Om_red_dark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Aum_Om_red_dark.svg/20px-Aum_Om_red_dark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Aum_Om_red_dark.svg/40px-Aum_Om_red_dark.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> The 108 <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Upanishad" title="Brahma Upanishad">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaivalya_Upanishad" title="Kaivalya Upanishad">Kaivalya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabala_Upanishad" title="Jabala Upanishad">Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamsopanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamsopanishad">Hamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruneya_Upanishad" title="Aruneya Upanishad">Aruneya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbha_Upanishad" title="Garbha Upanishad">Garbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Upanishad" title="Narayana Upanishad">Narayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahamsa_Upanishad" title="Paramahamsa Upanishad">Paramahamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amritabindu_Upanishad" title="Amritabindu Upanishad">Amritabindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amritanada_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Amritanada Upanishad">Amritanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvashiras_Upanishad" title="Atharvashiras Upanishad">Atharvashiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvashikha_Upanishad" title="Atharvashikha Upanishad">Atharvashikha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihajjabala_Upanishad" title="Brihajjabala Upanishad">Brihajjabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nrisimha_Tapaniya_Upanishad" title="Nrisimha Tapaniya Upanishad">Nrisimha Tapaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalagni_Rudra_Upanishad" title="Kalagni Rudra Upanishad">Kalagni Rudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya_Upanishad" title="Maitreya Upanishad">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subala_Upanishad" title="Subala Upanishad">Subala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshurika_Upanishad" title="Kshurika Upanishad">Kshurika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantrika_Upanishad" title="Mantrika Upanishad">Mantrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvasara_Upanishad" title="Sarvasara Upanishad">Sarvasara</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Niralamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shukarahasya_Upanishad" title="Shukarahasya Upanishad">Shukarahasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrasuchi_Upanishad" title="Vajrasuchi Upanishad">Vajrasuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejobindu_Upanishad" title="Tejobindu Upanishad">Tejobindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nada_Bindu_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Nada Bindu Upanishad">Nadabindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyanabindu_Upanishad" title="Dhyanabindu Upanishad">Dhyanabindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavidya_Upanishad" title="Brahmavidya Upanishad">Brahmavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogatattva_Upanishad" title="Yogatattva Upanishad">Yogatattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmabodha_Upanishad" title="Atmabodha Upanishad">Atmabodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradaparivrajaka_Upanishad" title="Naradaparivrajaka Upanishad">Naradaparivrajaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trishikhibrahmana_Upanishad" title="Trishikhibrahmana Upanishad">Trishikhi-brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita_Upanishad" title="Sita Upanishad">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachudamani_Upanishad" title="Yogachudamani Upanishad">Yogachudamani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_Upanishad" title="Nirvana Upanishad">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala-brahmana_Upanishad" title="Mandala-brahmana Upanishad">Mandala-brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshinamurti_Upanishad" title="Dakshinamurti Upanishad">Dakshinamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharabha_Upanishad" title="Sharabha Upanishad">Sharabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Upanishad" title="Skanda Upanishad">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanarayana_Upanishad" title="Mahanarayana Upanishad">Mahanarayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advayataraka_Upanishad" title="Advayataraka Upanishad">Advayataraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Rahasya_Upanishad" title="Rama Rahasya Upanishad">Rama Rahasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_tapaniya_Upanishad" title="Rama tapaniya Upanishad">Ramatapaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_Upanishad" title="Vasudeva Upanishad">Vasudeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudgala_Upanishad" title="Mudgala Upanishad">Mudgala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandilya_Upanishad" title="Shandilya Upanishad">Shandilya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paingala_Upanishad" title="Paingala Upanishad">Paingala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikshuka_Upanishad" title="Bhikshuka Upanishad">Bhikshuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Upanishad" title="Maha Upanishad">Maha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sariraka_Upanishad" title="Sariraka Upanishad">Sariraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogashikha_Upanishad" title="Yogashikha Upanishad">Yogashikha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turiyatitavadhuta_Upanishad" title="Turiyatitavadhuta Upanishad">Turiyatita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihat-Sannyasa_Upanishad" title="Brihat-Sannyasa Upanishad">Sannyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahamsa_Parivrajaka_Upanishad" title="Paramahamsa Parivrajaka Upanishad">Paramahamsaparivrajaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshamalika_Upanishad" title="Akshamalika Upanishad">Akshamalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avyakta_Upanishad" title="Avyakta Upanishad">Avyakta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekakshara_Upanishad" title="Ekakshara Upanishad">Ekakshara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Upanishad" title="Annapurna Upanishad">Annapurna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Upanishad" title="Surya Upanishad">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshi_Upanishad" title="Akshi Upanishad">Akshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhyatma_Upanishad" title="Adhyatma Upanishad">Adhyatma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundika_Upanishad" title="Kundika Upanishad">Kundika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitri_Upanishad" title="Savitri Upanishad">Savitri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atma_Upanishad" title="Atma Upanishad">Atma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupatabrahma_Upanishad" title="Pashupatabrahma Upanishad">Pashupatabrahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabrahma_Upanishad" title="Parabrahma Upanishad">Parabrahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avadhutaka_Upanishad" title="Avadhutaka Upanishad">Avadhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuratapini_Upanishad" title="Tripuratapini Upanishad">Tripuratapini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Upanishad" title="Devi Upanishad">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Upanishad" title="Tripura Upanishad">Tripura</a></li> <li><a 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title="Pancabrahma Upanishad">Pancabrahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranagnihotra_Upanishad" title="Pranagnihotra Upanishad">Pranagnihotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopala_Tapani_Upanishad" title="Gopala Tapani Upanishad">Gopala-Tapani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Upanishad" title="Krishna Upanishad">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya_Upanishad" title="Yajnavalkya Upanishad">Yajnavalkya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Upanishad" title="Varaha Upanishad">Varaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatyayaniya_Upanishad" title="Shatyayaniya Upanishad">Shatyayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva_Upanishad" title="Hayagriva Upanishad">Hayagriva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya_Upanishad" title="Dattatreya Upanishad">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Upanishad" title="Garuda Upanishad">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali-Sa%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%AD%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87a_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Kali-Saṇṭāraṇa Upaniṣad">Kali-Santarana</a></li> <li><a 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