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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ddddff;"><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caricature-1780-press_gang.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1780 caricature of a press gang"><img alt="1780 caricature of a press gang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Caricature-1780-press_gang.jpg/250px-Caricature-1780-press_gang.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Caricature-1780-press_gang.jpg/375px-Caricature-1780-press_gang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Caricature-1780-press_gang.jpg/500px-Caricature-1780-press_gang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1471" data-file-height="954" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">1780 caricature of a <a href="/wiki/Press_gang" class="mw-redirect" title="Press gang">press gang</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Related concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_civilian_service" title="Alternative civilian service">Alternative civilian service</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_conscription" title="Civil conscription">Civil conscription</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_crisis" title="Conscription crisis">Conscription crisis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">Counter-recruitment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Draft-card_burning" title="Draft-card burning">Draft-card burning</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Draft_evasion" title="Draft evasion">Draft evasion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">Impressment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lev%C3%A9e_en_masse" title="Levée en masse">Levée en masse</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Military service</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_service" title="National service">National service</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_military_unit" title="Penal military unit">Penal military unit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resister</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> By historical country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Conscription in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Conscription in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Conscription in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Conscription#By_country" title="Conscription">By modern country</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Argentina" title="Conscription in Argentina">Argentina</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Azerbaijan" title="Conscription in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Military_service#Bermuda" title="Military service">Bermuda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Brazil" title="Conscription in Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Canada" title="Conscription in Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_China" title="Conscription in China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Conscription in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo-Kinshasa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">child soldiers</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Cuba" title="Conscription in Cuba">Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Cyprus" title="Conscription in Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reduction_of_military_conscription_in_Cyprus" title="Reduction of military conscription in Cyprus">reduction</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Denmark" title="Conscription in Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Egypt" title="Conscription in Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Eritrea" title="Conscription in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Finland" title="Conscription in Finland">Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_France" title="Conscription in France">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Georgia" title="Conscription in Georgia">Georgia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Germany" title="Conscription in Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Greece" title="Conscription in Greece">Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Israel" title="Conscription in Israel">Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Iran" title="Conscription in Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_North_Korea" title="Conscription in North Korea">North Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_South_Korea" title="Conscription in South Korea">South Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_National_Armed_Forces#Conscription" title="Latvian National Armed Forces">Latvia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Armed_Forces#Conscription" title="Lithuanian Armed Forces">Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Myanmar" title="Conscription in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Netherlands" title="Conscription in the Netherlands">the Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_military_training_in_New_Zealand" title="Compulsory military training in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscription in Norway">Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Mexico" title="Conscription in Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Monaco" title="Conscription in Monaco">Monaco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Mozambique" title="Conscription in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Philippines" title="Conscription in the Philippines">the Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Russia" title="Conscription in Russia">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Serbia" title="Conscription in Serbia">Serbia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_service_in_Singapore" title="National service in Singapore">Singapore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_South_Africa" title="Conscription in South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Conscription in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Sweden" title="Conscription in Sweden">Sweden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Switzerland" title="Conscription in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Taiwan" title="Conscription in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Turkey" title="Conscription in Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Conscription in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conscription in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Ukraine" title="Conscription in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Vietnam" title="Conscription in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> By geographical area</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Ireland" title="Conscription in Ireland">Ireland</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conscription" title="Template:Conscription"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conscription" title="Template talk:Conscription"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conscription" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conscription"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Conscription in Australia</b>, also known as <a href="/wiki/National_service" title="National service">National Service</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, has a controversial history which dates back to the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_military_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Compulsory military training">compulsory military training</a> and service in the first years of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>'s nationhood. Military conscription for peacetime service was abolished in 1972. </p><p>However, in times of war, the <i><a href="/wiki/Defence_Act_1903" title="Defence Act 1903">Defence Act 1903</a></i> allows the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General of Australia</a> to authorise conscription for service in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Defence Force</a>, provided it is approved by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament of Australia</a> within 90 days.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Australia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universal_Training_Scheme">Universal Training Scheme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Australia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Universal Training Scheme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1909, the <a href="/wiki/Deakin_government_(1909-1910)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deakin government (1909-1910)">Deakin government</a> introduced an amendment to the <i><a href="/wiki/Defence_Act_1903" title="Defence Act 1903">Defence Act 1903</a></i>, the <i>Defence Act 1909</i>, which allowed for a form of <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> for boys from 12 to 14 years of age and for youths of 18 to 20 years of age for the purposes of home defence. The Act, which passed with the combined support of the <a href="/wiki/Protectionist_Party" title="Protectionist Party">Protectionist Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a>, did not allow soldiers to be conscripted for overseas service. </p><p>Following recommendations arising from a visit to Australia by <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener">Kitchener</a> to report on the country's defence readiness, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a> government instituted a system of compulsory military training for all males aged between 12 and 26 from 1 January 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John Barrett, in his study of boyhood conscription, <i>Falling In</i>, noted: </p> <blockquote><p>In 1911 there were approximately 350,000 boys of an age (10–17 years) to register for compulsory training up to the end of 1915. Since 'universal' was a misnomer, about half that number were exempted from training, or perhaps never registered, reducing the group to 175,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett1979_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett1979-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>There was quite extensive opposition to the so-called "boy conscription". By July 1915, there had been about 34,000 prosecutions and 7,000 detentions of trainees, parents, employers or other persons required to register. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Australia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_conscription_in_Australia" title="World War I conscription in Australia">World War I conscription in Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Campaigning_for_conscription,_Mingenew,_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Campaigning_for_conscription%2C_Mingenew%2C_1917.jpg/220px-Campaigning_for_conscription%2C_Mingenew%2C_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Campaigning_for_conscription%2C_Mingenew%2C_1917.jpg/330px-Campaigning_for_conscription%2C_Mingenew%2C_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Campaigning_for_conscription%2C_Mingenew%2C_1917.jpg/440px-Campaigning_for_conscription%2C_Mingenew%2C_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>Supporters of conscription campaigning at <a href="/wiki/Mingenew,_Western_Australia" title="Mingenew, Western Australia">Mingenew, Western Australia</a> in 1917</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IWW_anti-conscription_poster_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/IWW_anti-conscription_poster_1916.jpg/200px-IWW_anti-conscription_poster_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/IWW_anti-conscription_poster_1916.jpg/300px-IWW_anti-conscription_poster_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/IWW_anti-conscription_poster_1916.jpg/400px-IWW_anti-conscription_poster_1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a> anti-conscription poster, 1916</figcaption></figure> <p>Under Labor Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Billy Hughes</a>, full conscription for overseas service was attempted during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> in two <a href="/wiki/Referendums" class="mw-redirect" title="Referendums">referendums</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1916_Australian_conscription_referendum" title="1916 Australian conscription referendum">first referendum</a> was held on 28 October 1916 and narrowly rejected conscription with a margin of 49% for and 51% against.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisBalderstoneBowan2006119_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisBalderstoneBowan2006119-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The referendum of 28 October 1916 asked Australians: </p> <blockquote><p>Are you in favour of the Government having, in this grave emergency, the same compulsory powers over citizens in regard to requiring their military service, for the term of this War, outside the Commonwealth, as it now has in regard to military service within the Commonwealth?</p></blockquote> <p>A <a href="/wiki/1917_Australian_conscription_referendum" title="1917 Australian conscription referendum">second referendum</a> was held on 20 December 1917 and defeated by 46% for and 54% against. This question was put to Australians: </p> <blockquote><p>Are you in favour of the proposal of the Commonwealth Government for reinforcing the Commonwealth Forces overseas?<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>After the failure of the first referendum, <a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Billy Hughes</a> and his supporters left the Australian Labor Party parliamentary caucus and took with them a good deal of the parliamentary party's talent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManne2001_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManne2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They created a new <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Party" title="National Labor Party">National Labor Party</a>, and Hughes survived as prime minister by forming a conservative Nationalist government, which was dependent for survival on the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Liberal_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Liberal Party">Commonwealth Liberal Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinley1979_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinley1979-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remainder of the Labor Party, under the new leader, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Tudor" title="Frank Tudor">Frank Tudor</a>, then expelled Hughes and all of those who had followed him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManne2001_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManne2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the split, Labor stayed out of office for ten years. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lindsay_help_daddy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Lindsay_help_daddy.jpg/240px-Lindsay_help_daddy.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Lindsay_help_daddy.jpg/360px-Lindsay_help_daddy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Lindsay_help_daddy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>Cartoons such as this one, by artist <a href="/wiki/Norman_Lindsay" title="Norman Lindsay">Norman Lindsay</a>, were used both to recruit and to promote conscription.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the first referendum, the government used the <i><a href="/wiki/War_Precautions_Act_1914" title="War Precautions Act 1914">War Precautions Act</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Crimes_Act_1914" title="Crimes Act 1914">Unlawful Associations Act</a></i> to arrest and prosecute anti-conscriptionists such as <a href="/wiki/Tom_Barker_(trade_unionist)" title="Tom Barker (trade unionist)">Tom Barker</a>, the editor of <i><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_(newspaper)" title="Direct Action (newspaper)">Direct Action</a></i> and many other members of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World#Australia" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a> and <a href="/wiki/E._H._Coombe" title="E. H. Coombe">E. H. Coombe</a>, who had three sons at the front, of the <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Herald_(Adelaide)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Herald (Adelaide)">Daily Herald</a></i>. The young <a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">John Curtin</a>, then a member of the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Socialist_Party" title="Victorian Socialist Party">Victorian Socialist Party</a>, was also arrested. Anti-conscriptionist publications, in one case, even when it was read into <a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a>, were seized by government censors in police raids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECain1993_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECain1993-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blood_vote.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Blood_vote.jpg/250px-Blood_vote.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Blood_vote.jpg/330px-Blood_vote.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Blood_vote.jpg/400px-Blood_vote.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>1917 Handbill – <i>The Blood Vote</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Other notable opponents to Conscription included the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Melbourne" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Melbourne">Archbishop of Melbourne</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Mannix" title="Daniel Mannix">Daniel Mannix</a>, Queensland Labor Premier <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Ryan_(Australian_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas J. Ryan (Australian politician)">T. J. Ryan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vida_Goldstein" title="Vida Goldstein">Vida Goldstein</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Peace_Army" title="Women's Peace Army">Women's Peace Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most trade unions actively opposed conscription. Archbishop Mannix, born in County Clare, stated that Ireland had been more wronged by Great Britain than Belgium had been by Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many people thought positively of conscription as a sign of loyalty to Britain and thought that it would also support those men who were already fighting. However, trade unions feared that their members might be replaced by cheaper foreign or female labour and so opposed conscription. Some groups argued that the whole war was immoral, and it was unjust to force people to fight. </p><p>South Africa and India were the only other participating countries not to introduce conscription during the First World War.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Divided_nation">Divided nation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Australia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Divided nation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The conscription issue deeply divided Australia with large meetings held both for and against. The women's vote was seen as important, with large women's meetings and campaign information from both sides aimed at women voters. The campaigning for the first referendum was launched by Hughes at a huge overflow meeting at the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Town_Hall" title="Sydney Town Hall">Sydney Town Hall</a>, where he outlined the government's proposals.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That was followed by a huge pro-conscription meeting at the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Town_Hall" title="Melbourne Town Hall">Melbourne Town Hall</a> on 21 September.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Age_22_September_1916_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Age_22_September_1916-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anti-conscriptionists, especially in Melbourne, were also able to mobilise large crowds, with a meeting filling the Exhibition Building on 20 September 1916;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 30,000 people on the Yarra bank on Sunday, 15 October,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 25,000 the following week;<sup id="cite_ref-The_Age_23_October_1916_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Age_23_October_1916-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a "parade of women promoted by the United Women's No-Conscription Committee – an immense crowd of about 60,000 people gathered at Swanston St between Guild Hall and Princes Bridge, and for upwards of an hour the street was a surging area of humanity".<sup id="cite_ref-The_Age_23_October_1916_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Age_23_October_1916-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An anti-conscription stop work meeting called by five trade unions held on the Yarra Bank mid-week on 4 October attracted 15,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Age_5_October_1916_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Age_5_October_1916-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was passed on 21 September 1916,<sup id="cite_ref-The_Age_22_September_1916_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Age_22_September_1916-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and mandatory registration and enrolment commenced while the first referendum campaign was underway. By 5 October, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a></i> reported that of 11607 men examined, 4581 were found fit, approximately 40 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Age_5_October_1916_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Age_5_October_1916-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Age</i> noted in the article "Influence of the IWW" that "the great bulk of the opposition to conscription is centred in Victoria".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many meetings in inner Melbourne and Sydney were disrupted by anti-conscriptionists with speakers being howled down from the audience in what <i>The Age</i> described as "disgraceful exhibition" and "disorderly scenes".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The issue deeply divided the Labor Party, with ministers such as Hughes and <a href="/wiki/George_Pearce" title="George Pearce">George Pearce</a> vigorously arguing the need for conscription for Australia to help the Allies win the war. They were supported by many within the party, including Labor's first prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Watson" title="Chris Watson">Chris Watson</a> and NSW Labor Premier <a href="/wiki/William_Holman" title="William Holman">William Holman</a>. Hughes denounced anti-conscriptionists as traitors and a climate of bitter sectarianism developed since most Roman Catholics opposed conscription and most others supported it. </p><p>By the end of the war in November 1918, a total of 416,809 men had voluntarily enlisted in the Army, representing 38.7 percent of the white male population aged between 18 and 44.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming201240–41_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming201240–41-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 November 1929, the mandatory service provisions of the <i>Defence Act</i> were suspended, ending 18 years of conscription for home defence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockings200786_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockings200786-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Australia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1939, at the start of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, all unmarried men aged 21 were to be called up for three months' military training. The men could serve only in Australia or its territories. Conscription was effectively introduced in mid-1942, when all men aged 18–35 and single men aged 35–45 were required to join the <a href="/wiki/Citizen_Military_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen Military Forces">Citizen Military Forces</a> (CMF). Volunteers with the <a href="/wiki/Second_Australian_Imperial_Force" title="Second Australian Imperial Force">Australian Imperial Force</a> (AIF) scorned CMF conscripts as "<a href="/wiki/Australian_Army_Reserve" title="Australian Army Reserve">chocolate soldiers</a>", or "chockos", because they were believed to melt under the conditions of battle, or it might be an allusion to <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Arms_and_the_Man" title="Arms and the Man">Arms and the Man</a></i> in which Bluntschli filled his backpack with chocolate bars, rather than ammunition. However, several CMF Militia units fought under difficult conditions, suffered extremely high casualties in 1942 and slowed the Japanese advance on the <a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track" title="Kokoda Track">Kokoda Track</a> in <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_New_Guinea" title="Territory of New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, then an Australian territory.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">Papuan campaign</a> of 1942 led to a significant reform in the composition of the Australian Army. During the campaign, the restriction banning CMF personnel from serving outside Australian territory hampered military planning and caused tensions between the AIF and CMF. In late 1942 and early 1943, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">John Curtin</a> overcame opposition within the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a> to extending the geographic boundaries in which conscripts could serve to include most of the <a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_Theatre_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="South West Pacific Theatre of World War II">South West Pacific</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Defence_(Citizen_Military_Forces)_Act_1943" title="Defence (Citizen Military Forces) Act 1943">necessary legislation</a> was passed in January 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaumont199641–42_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaumont199641–42-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/11th_Brigade_(Australia)" title="11th Brigade (Australia)">11th Brigade</a> was the only CMF formation to serve outside Australian territory, however, when it formed part of <a href="/wiki/Merauke_Force" title="Merauke Force">Merauke Force</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> in 1943 and 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnston20078_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston20078-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean_War">Korean War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Australia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Korean War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1951, during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_service" title="National service">national service</a> was introduced under the <i><a href="/wiki/National_Service_Act_1951" title="National Service Act 1951">National Service Act 1951</a></i>. All Australian males aged 18 had to register for 176 days training (99 days full-time) and two years in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Citizens_Military_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Citizens Military Forces">CMF</a>. Later, the obligation was 140 days of training (77 days full-time) and three years' service in the CMF. In 1957 the system was changed to emphasise skill rather than numbers, then ended in 1959. The regular military forces remained voluntary.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam_War">Vietnam War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Australia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vietnam War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Oceania" title="Military history of Oceania">Military history of Oceania</a></div> <p>In 1964, compulsory national service for 20-year-old males was introduced under the <i><a href="/wiki/National_Service_Act_1964" title="National Service Act 1964">National Service Act 1964</a></i>. The selection of conscripts was made by a <a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">sortition</a> or lottery draw based on date of birth, and conscripts were obligated to give two years of continuous full-time service, followed by a further three years on the active reserve list. The full-time service requirement was reduced to 18 months in October 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Defence Act</i> was amended May 1964 to provide that national servicemen could be obliged to serve overseas, a provision that had been applied only once before, during World War II. The 1964 amendments applied only to the permanent military forces and excluded the Citizen Military Forces. In 1965, the <i>Defence Act</i> was again amended to require the CMF to serve overseas, which had not been included in the 1964 amendments.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1966, the government announced that national servicemen would be sent to <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> to fight in units of the Australian Regular Army and for secondment to American forces.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Requirements for overseas service were detailed by the Minister for the Army, <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Fraser" title="Malcolm Fraser">Malcolm Fraser</a>, on 13 May 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Men who wished to avoid national service could join the Citizen Military Forces and serve only inside Australia, claim a student deferment or attempt a <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objection" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscientious objection">conscientious objection</a> application. To be exempted on the basis of conscientious objection, an applicant needed to demonstrate his moral objection to "all" wars in court and to be legalised as a pacifist. That meant that the rate of success for conscientious objection applications was generally low.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opposition">Opposition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Australia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the late 1960s, domestic opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and conscription grew in Australia. In 1965, a group of concerned Australian women formed the anti-conscription organisation <a href="/w/index.php?title=Save_Our_Sons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Save Our Sons (page does not exist)">Save Our Sons</a>, which was established in Sydney with other branches later formed in Wollongong, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, Newcastle and Adelaide. The movement protested against conscription of Australians to fight in the Vietnam War and made the plight of men under 21, who were not yet eligible to vote, a focus of their campaign. In 1970, five Save-Our-Sons women were jailed in Melbourne for handing out anti-conscription pamphlets on government property. The group, which included <a href="/wiki/Jean_McLean_(politician)" title="Jean McLean (politician)">Jean McLean (politician)</a>, Irene Miller and Jo Maclaine-Ross, was dubbed "<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Fairlea_Five&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Fairlea Five (page does not exist)">The Fairlea Five</a>" after <a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Fairlea" title="HM Prison Fairlea">Fairlea</a> women's prison in which they were incarcerated.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barbara Miller is understood to be related to the decorated conscript Simon Anderson, who mysteriously disappeared in 1970.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6_RAR_National_Servicemen_1966.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/6_RAR_National_Servicemen_1966.jpg/250px-6_RAR_National_Servicemen_1966.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/6_RAR_National_Servicemen_1966.jpg/330px-6_RAR_National_Servicemen_1966.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/6_RAR_National_Servicemen_1966.jpg/500px-6_RAR_National_Servicemen_1966.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2013" /></a><figcaption>Five national servicemen assigned to the <a href="/wiki/6th_Battalion,_Royal_Australian_Regiment" title="6th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment">6th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment</a> shortly before they and the battalion were deployed to South Vietnam in 1966</figcaption></figure> <p>Young men who were subject to the conscription lottery also formed their own anti-conscription organisation, the Youth Campaign Against Conscription. Like Save Our Sons, it spread to other states: New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland and Western Australia. It was the YCAC that imported the concept of <a href="/wiki/Draft-card_burning" title="Draft-card burning">draft-card burning</a> from the United States and ushered in a new form of resistance to conscription, active non-compliance. Instead of merely not registering (passive non-compliance with the National Service Scheme), the young conscripts actively demonstrated their distaste for the government's actions by destroying their registration cards. Unlike in the United States, that was not legal<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This is inconsistent with Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War: Protests against the war (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and so its importance remained symbolic. </p><p>There were several high-profile controversies caused by the government's heavy-handed treatment of <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">conscientious objectors</a>, including <a href="/wiki/William_White_(conscientious_objector)" title="William White (conscientious objector)">William White</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simon_Townsend" title="Simon Townsend">Simon Townsend</a> (who later became a well-known television personality).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOliver2021_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOliver2021-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1969 the <a href="/wiki/John_Gorton" title="John Gorton">Gorton</a> administration was severely embarrassed by a renowned <i><a href="/wiki/This_Day_Tonight" title="This Day Tonight">This Day Tonight</a></i> story in which a conscientious objector, who had been on the run from police for several months, was interviewed live in the studio by the journalist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Carleton" title="Richard Carleton">Richard Carleton</a>, who then posed awkward questions to the Army Minister about why <i>TDT</i> had been able to locate the man within hours and bring him to the studio when the federal police had been unable to capture him, and the event was made even more embarrassing for the government because the man was able to leave the studio before the police had arrived to arrest him. </p><p>By 1969, public opinion was turning against the war. A <a href="/wiki/Gallup_Poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup Poll">Gallup Poll</a> in August showed that 55 percent of those surveyed favoured bringing Australian troops home, and only 40 percent favoured them staying. That was the first poll to show less than 50% approval for the government's policy, and all polls after August 1969 were to reveal a majority in favour of bringing the troops home. In October, during his policy speech for the 1969 federal elections, the opposition leader, <a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Gough Whitlam</a>, declared that if elected, the ALP would make sure that all Australian troops in Vietnam would be home 'by Christmas'.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around then, opposition to conscription became more radical. Active non-compliers began to call themselves "draft resisters". Instead of waiting to be called up, draft resisters wrote letters to the Minister for National Service detailing their intention not to comply with conscription. Under law, that immediately rendered them liable for service. A number of these young men formed a draft resisters' union, active in at least two states: <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> and Victoria. They included men such as Bob Scates and Michael Hamel-Green.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScates1988_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScates1988-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They went underground while maintaining a public presence, appeared at protests and were spirited away by the crowd before they could be arrested. In December 1972, while 'underground' as a draft resister, Barry Johnson stood as the Australian Labor Party (ALP) candidate in the seat of Hotham against Minister <a href="/wiki/Don_Chipp" title="Don Chipp">Don Chipp</a>. </p><p>Australian government cabinet documents released by Australian National Archives in 2001 show that in 1970, the conservative government was initially concerned about the growth of conscientious objection and of outright opposition to the <i>National Service Act</i>. Reportedly, the cabinet considered instituting an option of alternative civilian work program for conscientious objectors in an attempt to reduce the numbers of objectors going to jail. That was never instituted but was widely rumoured at the time. Such work would have been menial labouring jobs in remote locations such as north and western <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, western New South Wales and northern South Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Cabinet Submission Number 200 for 1970, Appendix 1,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> case studies of 17 men awaiting prosecution for failure to undertake service show a broad spectrum of opposition to <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> including: </p> <ul><li>Religious opposition such as <a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li>Moral opposition to wars</li> <li>Moral opposition to the Vietnam War in particular</li> <li>Opposition based upon the compulsion and authoritarian nature of conscription and its conflict with democratic processes and ideals.</li></ul> <p>The documents reveal that draft resistance and draft dodging never posed a threat to the number of conscripts required, but the public opposition by draft resisters such as <a href="/wiki/John_Zarb" title="John Zarb">John Zarb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Matteson" title="Michael Matteson">Michael Matteson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Martin_(conscientious_objector)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Martin (conscientious objector)">Robert Martin</a> had an increasingly-political effect. Conscription ended in December 1972,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the remaining seven men in Australian prisons for refusing conscription were freed in mid-to-late December 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreudenberg2009_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreudenberg2009-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>ef<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrahair2004333_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrahair2004333-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 63,735 national servicemen served in the Army, of whom 15,381 were deployed to Vietnam. Approximately 200 were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Australia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Australian Defence Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes_egg-throwing_incident" title="Billy Hughes egg-throwing incident">Billy Hughes egg-throwing incident</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Australia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Australia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2021C00371">"Defence Act 1903"</a>. <i>Federal Register of Legislation</i>. <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Parliamentary_Counsel_(Australia)" title="Office of Parliamentary Counsel (Australia)">Office of Parliamentary Counsel (Australia)</a>. September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register+of+Legislation&rft.atitle=Defence+Act+1903&rft.date=2021-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.au%2FDetails%2FC2021C00371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160702014006/https://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/conscription/universal_service/">"Universal Service Scheme, 1911–29"</a>. Australian War Memorial. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/conscription/universal_service/">the original</a> on 2 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universal+Service+Scheme%2C+1911%E2%80%9329&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fencyclopedia%2Fconscription%2Funiversal_service%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett1979-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett1979_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrett1979">Barrett 1979</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisBalderstoneBowan2006119-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisBalderstoneBowan2006119_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewisBalderstoneBowan2006">Lewis, Balderstone & Bowan 2006</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160705142652/http://www.naa.gov.au/collection/fact-sheets/fs161.aspx">"Conscription Referendums, 1916 and 1917"</a>. National Archives of Australia. 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naa.gov.au/collection/fact-sheets/fs161.aspx">the original</a> on 5 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conscription+Referendums%2C+1916+and+1917&rft.pub=National+Archives+of+Australia&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naa.gov.au%2Fcollection%2Ffact-sheets%2Ffs161.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManne2001-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManne2001_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManne2001_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManne2001">Manne 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinley1979-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinley1979_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKinley1979">McKinley 1979</a>. (Caucus minutes of 14 November 1916)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECain1993-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECain1993_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCain1993">Cain 1993</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWomen's_Political_Association2022" class="citation web cs1">Women's Political Association (8 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonslibrary.org/changing-the-world-the-womens-political-association/">"Changing The World: The Women's Political Association"</a>. <i>The Commons Social Change Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Commons+Social+Change+Library&rft.atitle=Changing+The+World%3A+The+Women%27s+Political+Association&rft.date=2022-08-08&rft.au=Women%27s+Political+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommonslibrary.org%2Fchanging-the-world-the-womens-political-association%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Argus</i> 9 November 1916 quoted on page 80 Ashton, Paul & Anderson, Mark, <i>Australia in the 20th Century: Working Historically</i> Macmillan Education AU, 1 December 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/encyclopedia/conscription/ww1">"Conscription during the First World War, 1914–18"</a>. <i>Memorial articles</i>. Australian War Memorial. 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Memorial+articles&rft.atitle=Conscription+during+the+First+World+War%2C+1914%E2%80%9318&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Farticles%2Fencyclopedia%2Fconscription%2Fww1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCockerill1916" class="citation news cs1">Cockerill, G (19 September 1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/18597942">"No title"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a></i>. p. 6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=No+title&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1916-09-19&rft.aulast=Cockerill&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Fpage%2F18597942&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Age_22_September_1916-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Age_22_September_1916_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Age_22_September_1916_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCockerill1916" class="citation news cs1">Cockerill, George (22 September 1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/155167295?browse=ndp%3Abrowse%2Ftitle%2FA%2Ftitle%2F809%2F1916%2F09%2F22%2Fpage%2F18597982%2Farticle%2F155167295">"No title"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a></i>. p. 6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=No+title&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1916-09-22&rft.aulast=Cockerill&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F155167295%3Fbrowse%3Dndp%253Abrowse%252Ftitle%252FA%252Ftitle%252F809%252F1916%252F09%252F22%252Fpage%252F18597982%252Farticle%252F155167295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Age</i>, 21 September 1916</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCockerill1916" class="citation news cs1">Cockerill, George (16 October 1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/155054947?browse=ndp%3Abrowse%2Ftitle%2FA%2Ftitle%2F809%2F1916%2F10%2F16%2Fpage%2F18598263%2Farticle%2F155054947">"No title"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a></i>. p. 6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=No+title&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1916-10-16&rft.aulast=Cockerill&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F155054947%3Fbrowse%3Dndp%253Abrowse%252Ftitle%252FA%252Ftitle%252F809%252F1916%252F10%252F16%252Fpage%252F18598263%252Farticle%252F155054947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Age_23_October_1916-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Age_23_October_1916_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Age_23_October_1916_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Age</i>, 23 October 1916</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Age_5_October_1916-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Age_5_October_1916_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Age_5_October_1916_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Age</i>, 5 October 1916</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Influence of IWW", <i>The Age</i>, 12 October 1916</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Meeting at Collingwood Town Hall", <i>The Age</i>, 7 October 1916; "Meeting at South Melbourne", <i>The Age</i>, 9 October 1916; "Women's Only Meeting at Fitzroy Town Hall", <i>The Age</i>, 11 October 1916</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming201240–41-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming201240–41_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFleming2012">Fleming 2012</a>, pp. 40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockings200786-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockings200786_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStockings2007">Stockings 2007</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/second-world-war-conscription#:~:text=The%20Second%20World%20War%20was,would%20be%20bolstered%20by%20conscription">"National Museum of Australia - Second World War conscription"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Museum+of+Australia+-+Second+World+War+conscription&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nma.gov.au%2Fdefining-moments%2Fresources%2Fsecond-world-war-conscription%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520Second%2520World%2520War%2520was%2Cwould%2520be%2520bolstered%2520by%2520conscription&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaumont199641–42-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaumont199641–42_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeaumont1996">Beaumont 1996</a>, pp. 41–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston20078-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnston20078_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnston2007">Johnston 2007</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naa.gov.au/collection/fact-sheets/fs163.aspx">Fact Sheet 163 – National Service, 1951–59</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402083055/http://naa.gov.au/collection/fact-sheets/fs163.aspx">Archived</a> 2 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> National Archives of Australia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLangford" class="citation web cs1">Langford, Sue. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/encyclopedia/viet_app">"Appendix: The national service scheme, 1964–72"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_War_Memorial" title="Australian War Memorial">Australian War Memorial</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Appendix%3A+The+national+service+scheme%2C+1964%E2%80%9372&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.aulast=Langford&rft.aufirst=Sue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Farticles%2Fencyclopedia%2Fviet_app&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C1965A00051">"Defence Act 1965"</a>. <i>Federal Register of Legislation</i>. <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Parliamentary_Counsel_(Australia)" title="Office of Parliamentary Counsel (Australia)">Office of Parliamentary Counsel (Australia)</a>. 7 June 1965. Section 16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register+of+Legislation&rft.atitle=Defence+Act+1965&rft.pages=Section+16&rft.date=1965-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.au%2FDetails%2FC1965A00051&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C of A Hansard 8 March 1966</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C of A Hansard 13 May 1966</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorrell2001" class="citation web cs1">Morrell, Elle (15 February 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.womenaustralia.info/biogs/AWE0099b.htm">"Save Our Sons Movement (1965–1973)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Women%27s_Register" title="Australian Women's Register">Australian Women's Register</a></i>. Australian Women's Archive Project<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Women%27s+Register&rft.atitle=Save+Our+Sons+Movement+%281965%E2%80%931973%29&rft.date=2001-02-15&rft.aulast=Morrell&rft.aufirst=Elle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.womenaustralia.info%2Fbiogs%2FAWE0099b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOliver2021-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOliver2021_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOliver2021">Oliver 2021</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whitlamdismissal.com/1969/10/01/whitlam-1969-election-policy-speech.html">Whitlam's 1969 Election Policy Speech</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScates1988-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScates1988_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScates1988">Scates 1988</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naa.gov.au/The_Collection/Cabinet/1970_cabinet/html/national_service/sub_200_apdx2_001.html">Cabinet Submission Number 200 for 1970 Appendix 2 – Possible Civilian Employment</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070303222237/http://www.naa.gov.au/The_Collection/Cabinet/1970_cabinet/html/national_service/sub_200_apdx2_001.html">Archived</a> 3 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> analysed in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.takver.com/history/matteson.htm">Australian Draft Resistance and the Vietnam War</a></i> – statements by Michael Matteson and <a href="/wiki/Geoff_Mullen" title="Geoff Mullen">Geoff Mullen</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naa.gov.au/The_Collection/Cabinet/1970_cabinet/html/national_service/sub_200_apdx1_001.html">Cabinet Submission Number 200 Appendix 1 – Men awaiting prosecution action for failure to undertake service</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060909234555/http://www.naa.gov.au/The_Collection/Cabinet/1970_cabinet/html/national_service/sub_200_apdx1_001.html">Archived</a> 9 September 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> analysed in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.takver.com/history/matteson.htm">Australian Draft Resistance and the Vietnam War</a></i> – statements by Michael Matteson and Geoff Mullen</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_Government2012" class="citation web cs1">Australian Government (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161022032954/http://vietnam-war.commemoration.gov.au/conscription/birthday-ballot.php">"Conscription: The Birthday Ballot"</a>. <i>Australia and the Vietnam War</i>. Commonwealth of Australia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vietnam-war.commemoration.gov.au/conscription/birthday-ballot.php">the original</a> on 22 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australia+and+the+Vietnam+War&rft.atitle=Conscription%3A+The+Birthday+Ballot&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Australian+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvietnam-war.commemoration.gov.au%2Fconscription%2Fbirthday-ballot.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/encyclopedia/conscription/vietnam">"National Service Scheme, 1951–1972"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_War_Memorial" title="Australian War Memorial">Australian War Memorial</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.atitle=National+Service+Scheme%2C+1951%E2%80%931972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Farticles%2Fencyclopedia%2Fconscription%2Fvietnam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreudenberg2009-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreudenberg2009_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreudenberg2009">Freudenberg 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrahair2004333-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrahair2004333_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrahair2004">Trahair 2004</a>, p. 333.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Australia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarrett1979" class="citation book cs1">Barrett, John (1979). <i>Falling in: Australians and 'Boy Conscription', 1911–1915</i>. Sydney: Hale & Iremonger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0908094566" title="Special:BookSources/0908094566"><bdi>0908094566</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Falling+in%3A+Australians+and+%27Boy+Conscription%27%2C+1911%E2%80%931915&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Hale+%26+Iremonger&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0908094566&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeaumont1996" class="citation book cs1">Beaumont, Joan (1996). "Australia's war: Asia and the Pacific". In Beaumont, Joan (ed.). <i>Australia's War, 1939–1945</i>. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86448-039-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-86448-039-4"><bdi>1-86448-039-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Australia%27s+war%3A+Asia+and+the+Pacific&rft.btitle=Australia%27s+War%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-86448-039-4&rft.aulast=Beaumont&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCain1993" class="citation book cs1">Cain, Frank (1993). <i>The Wobblies at War: A History of the IWW and the Great War in Australia</i>. Melbourne: Spectrum Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86786-339-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-86786-339-0"><bdi>0-86786-339-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wobblies+at+War%3A+A+History+of+the+IWW+and+the+Great+War+in+Australia&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Spectrum+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-86786-339-0&rft.aulast=Cain&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStockings2007" class="citation book cs1">Stockings, Craig (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kzMZAr41dn4C&pg=PA86"><i>The Torch and the Sword: A History of the Army Cadet Movement in Australia</i></a>. UNSW Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86840-838-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86840-838-5"><bdi>978-0-86840-838-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Torch+and+the+Sword%3A+A+History+of+the+Army+Cadet+Movement+in+Australia&rft.pub=UNSW+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-86840-838-5&rft.aulast=Stockings&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkzMZAr41dn4C%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFleming2012" class="citation book cs1">Fleming, Robert (2012). <i>The Australian Army in World War I</i>. Men at Arms. Oxford, United Kingdom: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849086325" title="Special:BookSources/978-1849086325"><bdi>978-1849086325</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Australian+Army+in+World+War+I&rft.place=Oxford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.series=Men+at+Arms&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1849086325&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFreudenberg2009" class="citation book cs1">Freudenberg, Graham (2009). <i>A Certain Grandeur: Gough Whitlam's Life in Politics</i> (revised ed.). Viking. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-07375-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-07375-7"><bdi>978-0-670-07375-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Certain+Grandeur%3A+Gough+Whitlam%27s+Life+in+Politics&rft.pages=247&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-670-07375-7&rft.aulast=Freudenberg&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2007" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Mark (2007). <i>The Australian Army in World War II</i>. Elite. Martin Windrow (consultant editor). Oxford: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-123-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-123-6"><bdi>978-1-84603-123-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Australian+Army+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Elite&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-123-6&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewisBalderstoneBowan2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Lewis" title="Wendy Lewis">Lewis, Wendy</a>; Balderstone, Simon; Bowan, John (2006). <i>Events That Shaped Australia</i>. New Holland. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74110-492-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74110-492-9"><bdi>978-1-74110-492-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Events+That+Shaped+Australia&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=New+Holland&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-74110-492-9&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft.au=Balderstone%2C+Simon&rft.au=Bowan%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOliver2021" class="citation book cs1">Oliver, Bobbie (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonslibrary.org/brave-enough-to-say-no-william-white/"><i>Hell no! We won't go! Postwar resistance to conscription in Australia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>: Interventions (published 22 June 2022). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780645253412" title="Special:BookSources/9780645253412"><bdi>9780645253412</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2022</span> – via The Commons Social Change Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hell+no%21+We+won%27t+go%21+Postwar+resistance+to+conscription+in+Australia&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Interventions&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780645253412&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Bobbie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommonslibrary.org%2Fbrave-enough-to-say-no-william-white%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFManne2001" class="citation book cs1">Manne, Robert (2001). Manne, Robert (ed.). <i>The Australian Century: The Political Struggle in the Building of a Nation</i>. Text Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1875847211" title="Special:BookSources/978-1875847211"><bdi>978-1875847211</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Australian+Century%3A+The+Political+Struggle+in+the+Building+of+a+Nation&rft.pub=Text+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1875847211&rft.aulast=Manne&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcKinley1979" class="citation book cs1">McKinley, Brian (1979). <i>A Documentary History of the Australian Labor Movement 1850–1975</i>. Drummond. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-909081-29-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-909081-29-8"><bdi>0-909081-29-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Documentary+History+of+the+Australian+Labor+Movement+1850%E2%80%931975&rft.pub=Drummond&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-909081-29-8&rft.aulast=McKinley&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScates1988" class="citation book cs1">Scates, Bob (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonslibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/Draftmen-Go-Free-Bob-Scates.pdf"><i>Draftmen Go Free: A History of the Anti-Conscription Movement in Australia</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Victoria" title="Richmond, Victoria">Richmond, Victoria</a> (published 10 October 2022)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2022</span> – via The Commons Social Change Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Draftmen+Go+Free%3A+A+History+of+the+Anti-Conscription+Movement+in+Australia&rft.place=Richmond%2C+Victoria&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Scates&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommonslibrary.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FDraftmen-Go-Free-Bob-Scates.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrahair2004" class="citation book cs1">Trahair, R. C. S. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tFJLIIGVk10C"><i>Encyclopedia of Cold War espionage, spies, and secret operations</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31955-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31955-6"><bdi>978-0-313-31955-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Cold+War+espionage%2C+spies%2C+and+secret+operations&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31955-6&rft.aulast=Trahair&rft.aufirst=R.+C.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtFJLIIGVk10C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Australia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Library_of_Queensland" title="State Library of Queensland">State Library of Queensland</a> holds several collections providing insight into the complexity and divisiveness of the conscription debate, including the 'Stable Collection 1917–1991'.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Australia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-conflicts-periods/other/conscription.htm">Conscription (a Sth Australian perspective)</a></li> <li>Joan Beaumont: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/conscription_australia/">Conscription (Australia)</a>, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191230080030/https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html">1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/Publications_Archive/CIB/cib9900/2000CIB07">Military Conscription: Issues for Australia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160705142652/http://www.naa.gov.au/collection/fact-sheets/fs161.aspx">Conscription referendums, 1916 and 1917</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/conscription/">Australian War Memorial – Conscription</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2019C00188">Defence Act 1903</a> - the federal act which provides for mandatory service under § 60 (<i>Proclamation calling upon persons to serve in time of war</i>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conscription_in_Oceania113" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conscription_in_Oceania113" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Conscription in Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in the Federated States of Micronesia (page does not exist)">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Fiji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Fiji (page does not exist)">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Indonesia (page does not exist)">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Kiribati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Kiribati (page does not exist)">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Nauru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Nauru (page does not exist)">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscription in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Palau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Palau (page does not exist)">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Papua_New_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Papua New Guinea (page does not exist)">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Samoa (page does not exist)">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Solomon_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Solomon Islands (page does not exist)">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Timor-Leste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Timor-Leste (page does not exist)">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Tonga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Tonga (page does not exist)">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Tuvalu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Tuvalu (page does not exist)">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Vanuatu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Vanuatu (page does not exist)">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_Cook_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in the Cook Islands (page does not exist)">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Niue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Niue (page does not exist)">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_American_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in American Samoa (page does not exist)">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_French_Polynesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in French Polynesia (page does not exist)">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Guam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Guam (page does not exist)">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Hawaii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Hawaii (page does not exist)">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_New_Caledonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in New Caledonia (page does not exist)">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Norfolk_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Norfolk Island (page does not exist)">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in the Northern Mariana Islands (page does not exist)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in the Pitcairn Islands (page does not exist)">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Tokelau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Tokelau (page does not exist)">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Wallis_and_Futuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Wallis and Futuna (page does not exist)">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon-80x15.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/CC_BY_icon-80x15.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="15" /></a></span> This Wikipedia article incorporates text from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/stable-collection-1917–1991-treasure-collection-john-oxley-library">Stable collection 1917–1991: treasure collection of the John Oxley Library</a> (14 October 2021) by Lynn Meyers, Specialist Librarian, State Library Of Queensland published by the <a href="/wiki/State_Library_of_Queensland" title="State Library of Queensland">State Library of Queensland</a> under <a href="/wiki/CC_BY" class="mw-redirect" title="CC BY">CC BY</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/home/copyright">licence</a>, accessed on 19 January 2023. </span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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