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</a> <ul id="toc-Draft_avoidance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_adhering_to_the_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_adhering_to_the_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 By adhering to the law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_adhering_to_the_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_circumventing_the_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_circumventing_the_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 By circumventing the law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_circumventing_the_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Draft_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Draft_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Draft resistance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Draft_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Actions_by_resisters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Actions_by_resisters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Actions by resisters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Actions_by_resisters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Actions_by_supporters_or_resisters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Actions_by_supporters_or_resisters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Actions by supporters or resisters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Actions_by_supporters_or_resisters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 By country </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle By country subsection </button> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Belgium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Britain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 World War I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colombia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Colombia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eritrea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eritrea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Eritrea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eritrea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Finland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Napoleonic_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napoleonic_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.1 Napoleonic era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Napoleonic_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia/Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia/Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Russia/Soviet Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia/Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Invasion_of_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion_of_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9.1 Invasion of Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasion_of_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 South Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 Syria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tunisia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tunisia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.12 Tunisia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tunisia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.13 Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.14 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.14.1 Civil War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.14.2 World War I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.14.3 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.14.4 Korean War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.14.5 Vietnam War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prominent_people_arguably_manipulating_the_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominent_people_arguably_manipulating_the_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.14.5.1 Prominent people arguably manipulating the system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prominent_people_arguably_manipulating_the_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pardons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pardons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.14.5.2 Pardons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pardons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Larger_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Larger_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Larger issues </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Larger_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Larger issues subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Larger_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effectiveness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effectiveness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Effectiveness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effectiveness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Social class </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Democracy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Draft evasion</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" > 17 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="التهرب من التجنيد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التهرب من التجنيد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insubmissi%C3%B3" title="Insubmissió – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Insubmissió" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrdienstverweigerung" title="Wehrdienstverweigerung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wehrdienstverweigerung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4ep%C3%B5lgur" title="Väepõlgur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Väepõlgur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insumisi%C3%B3n" title="Insumisión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Insumisión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intsumisio" title="Intsumisio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Intsumisio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insoumission" title="Insoumission – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Insoumission" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%91%EC%97%AD_%EA%B8%B0%ED%94%BC" title="병역 기피 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="병역 기피" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renitenza_alla_leva" title="Renitenza alla leva – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Renitenza alla leva" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1" title="הימנעות מגיוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הימנעות מגיוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B5%E5%BD%B9%E9%80%83%E3%82%8C" title="兵役逃れ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="兵役逃れ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C3%A6rnekting" title="Militærnekting – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Militærnekting" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evas%C3%A3o_de_recrutamento" title="Evasão de recrutamento – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Evasão de recrutamento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Уклонение от военной службы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уклонение от военной службы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_evasion" title="Draft evasion – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Draft evasion" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%83_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%83_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D1%83" title="Ухилення від призову на військову службу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ухилення від призову на військову службу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%92%E6%9C%8D%E5%85%B5%E5%BD%B9" title="拒服兵役 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="拒服兵役" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1379902#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Caricature-1780-press_gang.jpg/250px-Caricature-1780-press_gang.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Caricature-1780-press_gang.jpg/375px-Caricature-1780-press_gang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Caricature-1780-press_gang.jpg/500px-Caricature-1780-press_gang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1471" data-file-height="954" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption">1780 caricature of a <a href="/wiki/Press_gang" class="mw-redirect" title="Press gang">press gang</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Related concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_civilian_service" title="Alternative civilian service">Alternative civilian service</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_conscription" title="Civil conscription">Civil conscription</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_crisis" title="Conscription crisis">Conscription crisis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">Counter-recruitment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Draft-card_burning" title="Draft-card burning">Draft-card burning</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Draft evasion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_conscription" title="Economic conscription">Economic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">Impressment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lev%C3%A9e_en_masse" title="Levée en masse">Levée en masse</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Male_expendability" title="Male expendability">Male expendability</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Military service</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_service" title="National service">National service</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_of_people_with_disabilities" title="Conscription of people with disabilities">Of people with disabilities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_military_unit" title="Penal military unit">Penal military unit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_and_sexism" title="Conscription and sexism">Sexism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resister</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> By historical country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Conscription in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Conscription in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Conscription in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Conscription#By_country" title="Conscription">By modern country</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Argentina" title="Conscription in Argentina">Argentina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Australia" title="Conscription in Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Azerbaijan" title="Conscription in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Military_service#Bermuda" title="Military service">Bermuda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Brazil" title="Conscription in Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Canada" title="Conscription in Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_China" title="Conscription in China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Conscription in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo-Kinshasa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">child soldiers</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Cuba" title="Conscription in Cuba">Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Cyprus" title="Conscription in Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reduction_of_military_conscription_in_Cyprus" title="Reduction of military conscription in Cyprus">reduction</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Denmark" title="Conscription in Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Egypt" title="Conscription in Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Eritrea" title="Conscription in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Finland" title="Conscription in Finland">Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_France" title="Conscription in France">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Georgia" title="Conscription in Georgia">Georgia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Germany" title="Conscription in Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Greece" title="Conscription in Greece">Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Israel" title="Conscription in Israel">Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Iran" title="Conscription in Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Ireland" title="Conscription in Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_North_Korea" title="Conscription in North Korea">North Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_South_Korea" title="Conscription in South Korea">South Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_National_Armed_Forces#Conscription" title="Latvian National Armed Forces">Latvia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Armed_Forces#Conscription" title="Lithuanian Armed Forces">Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Myanmar" title="Conscription in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Netherlands" title="Conscription in the Netherlands">the Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_military_training_in_New_Zealand" title="Compulsory military training in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscription in Norway">Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Mexico" title="Conscription in Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Monaco" title="Conscription in Monaco">Monaco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Mozambique" title="Conscription in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Philippines" title="Conscription in the Philippines">the Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Russia" title="Conscription in Russia">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Serbia" title="Conscription in Serbia">Serbia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_service_in_Singapore" title="National service in Singapore">Singapore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_South_Africa" title="Conscription in South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Conscription in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Sweden" title="Conscription in Sweden">Sweden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Switzerland" title="Conscription in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Taiwan" title="Conscription in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Turkey" title="Conscription in Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Conscription in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conscription in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Ukraine" title="Conscription in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Vietnam" title="Conscription in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conscription" title="Template:Conscription"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conscription" title="Template talk:Conscription"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conscription" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conscription"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Conscription evasion or draft evasion (American English)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> is any successful attempt to elude a <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">government-imposed obligation</a> to serve in the <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military forces</a> of one's nation. Sometimes draft evasion involves refusing to comply with the military draft laws of one's nation.<a href="#cite_note-Beare-2">[2]</a> Illegal draft evasion is said to have characterized every military conflict of the 20th and 21st centuries, in which at least one party of such conflict has enforced conscription.<a href="#cite_note-Wittmann-3">[3]</a> Such evasion is generally considered to be a criminal offense,<a href="#cite_note-Beare-2">[2]</a> and laws against it go back thousands of years.<a href="#cite_note-Christ-4">[4]</a> There are many draft evasion practices. Those that manage to adhere to or circumvent the law, and those that do not involve taking a public stand, are sometimes referred to as draft avoidance. Draft evaders are sometimes <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejoratively</a> referred to as draft dodgers,<a href="#cite_note-Bell-5">[5]</a> although in certain contexts that term has also been used non-judgmentally<a href="#cite_note-Luhn-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rachel-7">[7]</a> or as an honorific.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Practices that involve lawbreaking or taking a public stand are sometimes referred to as draft resistance. Although draft resistance is discussed below as a form of "draft evasion", draft resisters and scholars of draft resistance reject the categorization of resistance as a form of evasion or avoidance. Draft resisters argue that they seek to confront, not evade or avoid, the draft.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Draft evasion has been a significant phenomenon in nations as different as <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Accounts by scholars and journalists, along with memoiristic writings by draft evaders, indicate that the motives and beliefs of the evaders cannot be usefully stereotyped. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Draft_evasion_practices">Draft evasion practices</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Draft evasion practices">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enemy_Activities_-_Miscellaneous_-_Anti-draft_meeting_held_by_women_in_Rutgers_Square,_New_York._June,_1917_-_NARA_-_31480116.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Crowd of women in a city square" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Enemy_Activities_-_Miscellaneous_-_Anti-draft_meeting_held_by_women_in_Rutgers_Square%2C_New_York._June%2C_1917_-_NARA_-_31480116.jpg/260px-Enemy_Activities_-_Miscellaneous_-_Anti-draft_meeting_held_by_women_in_Rutgers_Square%2C_New_York._June%2C_1917_-_NARA_-_31480116.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Enemy_Activities_-_Miscellaneous_-_Anti-draft_meeting_held_by_women_in_Rutgers_Square%2C_New_York._June%2C_1917_-_NARA_-_31480116.jpg/390px-Enemy_Activities_-_Miscellaneous_-_Anti-draft_meeting_held_by_women_in_Rutgers_Square%2C_New_York._June%2C_1917_-_NARA_-_31480116.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Enemy_Activities_-_Miscellaneous_-_Anti-draft_meeting_held_by_women_in_Rutgers_Square%2C_New_York._June%2C_1917_-_NARA_-_31480116.jpg/520px-Enemy_Activities_-_Miscellaneous_-_Anti-draft_meeting_held_by_women_in_Rutgers_Square%2C_New_York._June%2C_1917_-_NARA_-_31480116.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10243" data-file-height="6203" /></a><figcaption>Anti-draft meeting held by women in New York City, 1917</figcaption></figure> Young people have engaged in a wide variety of draft evasion practices around the world, some of which date back thousands of years.<a href="#cite_note-Prasad-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Christ-4">[4]</a> This section aims to delineate a representative sampling of draft evasion practices and support activities as identified by scholars and journalists. Examples of many of these practices and activities can be found in the section on draft evasion in the nations of the world, further down this page. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Draft_avoidance">Draft avoidance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Draft avoidance">edit</a>]</div> One type of draft avoidance consists of attempts to follow the letter and spirit of the draft laws in order to obtain a legally valid draft deferment or exemption.<a href="#cite_note-Christ-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wittmann-3">[3]</a> Sometimes these deferments and exemptions are prompted by political considerations.<a href="#cite_note-Karnow-11">[11]</a> Another type consists of attempts to circumvent, manipulate, or surreptitiously violate the substance or spirit of the draft laws in order to obtain a deferment or exemption.<a href="#cite_note-Kusch-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Nearly all attempts at draft avoidance are private and unpublicized.<a href="#cite_note-Fallows-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ferber-15">[15]</a> Examples include: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_adhering_to_the_law">By adhering to the law</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: By adhering to the law">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._draft_lottery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Important looking man drawing a capsule from a bowl" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/U.S._draft_lottery.jpg/330px-U.S._draft_lottery.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/U.S._draft_lottery.jpg/500px-U.S._draft_lottery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/U.S._draft_lottery.jpg/960px-U.S._draft_lottery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2060" /></a><figcaption>US Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/Newton_D._Baker" title="Newton D. Baker">Newton Baker</a> drawing the first number in the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> draft lottery, 1917</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Claiming <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">conscientious objector</a> status on the basis of sincerely held religious or ethical beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-Gitlin-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-first-19">[nb 1]</a></li> <li>Claiming a student deferment, when one is in school primarily in order to study and learn.<a href="#cite_note-Wittmann-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Karnow-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kusch-12">[12]</a></li> <li>Claiming a medical or psychological problem, if the purported health issue is genuine and serious.<a href="#cite_note-Christ-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wittmann-3">[3]</a></li> <li>Claiming to be <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexual</a>, when one is truly so and the military excludes homosexuals.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a></li> <li>Claiming economic hardship, if the hardship is genuine and the law recognizes such a claim.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a></li> <li>Holding a job in what the government considers to be an essential civilian occupation.<a href="#cite_note-Christ-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wittmann-3">[3]</a></li> <li>Purchasing exemptions from military service, in nations where such payments are permitted.<a href="#cite_note-Duxbury-23">[22]</a></li> <li>Not being chosen in a <a href="/wiki/Draft_lottery_(1969)" class="mw-redirect" title="Draft lottery (1969)">draft lottery</a>, where lotteries determine the order of call to military service;<a href="#cite_note-Fallows-14">[14]</a> or not being in a certain age group, where age determines the order of call.<a href="#cite_note-Christ-4">[4]</a></li> <li>Not being able to afford armor or other equipment, in polities where conscripts were required to provide their own.<a href="#cite_note-Christ-4">[4]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_circumventing_the_law">By circumventing the law</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: By circumventing the law">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Britain%27s_Home_Front_1939_-_1945-_Conscientious_Objectors_HU62359.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Panel appearing to consist of judges and COs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Britain%27s_Home_Front_1939_-_1945-_Conscientious_Objectors_HU62359.jpg/260px-Britain%27s_Home_Front_1939_-_1945-_Conscientious_Objectors_HU62359.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Britain%27s_Home_Front_1939_-_1945-_Conscientious_Objectors_HU62359.jpg/390px-Britain%27s_Home_Front_1939_-_1945-_Conscientious_Objectors_HU62359.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Britain%27s_Home_Front_1939_-_1945-_Conscientious_Objectors_HU62359.jpg/520px-Britain%27s_Home_Front_1939_-_1945-_Conscientious_Objectors_HU62359.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="961" /></a><figcaption>Tribunal for conscientious objectors in Britain during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Obtaining conscientious objector status by professing insincere religious or ethical beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-Kusch-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-first-19">[nb 1]</a></li> <li>Obtaining a student deferment, if the student wishes to attend or remain in school largely to avoid the draft.<a href="#cite_note-Braw-24">[23]</a></li> <li>Claiming a medical or psychological problem, if the purported problem is feigned, overstated, or self-inflicted.<a href="#cite_note-Christ-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wittmann-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kusch-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fallows-14">[14]</a></li> <li>Finding a doctor who would certify a healthy draft-age person as medically unfit, either willingly or for pay.<a href="#cite_note-Lawrence-25">[24]</a></li> <li>Falsely claiming to be homosexual, where the military excludes homosexuals.<a href="#cite_note-Kusch-12">[12]</a></li> <li>Claiming economic hardship, if the purported hardship is overstated.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a></li> <li>Deliberately failing one's military-related intelligence tests.<a href="#cite_note-Kusch-12">[12]</a></li> <li>Becoming pregnant primarily in order to evade the draft, in nations where women who are not mothers are drafted.<a href="#cite_note-CL-27">[26]</a></li> <li>Having someone exert personal influence on an officer in charge of the conscription process.<a href="#cite_note-Christ-4">[4]</a></li> <li>Successfully <a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">bribing</a> an officer in charge of the conscription process.<a href="#cite_note-Braw-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lawrence-25">[24]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Draft_resistance">Draft resistance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Draft resistance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhammad_Ali_NYWTS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Head shot of mistrustful-looking young black man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Muhammad_Ali_NYWTS.jpg/250px-Muhammad_Ali_NYWTS.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Muhammad_Ali_NYWTS.jpg/330px-Muhammad_Ali_NYWTS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2932" data-file-height="3669" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a> refused induction in 1967.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a></figcaption></figure> Draft evasion that involves overt lawbreaking or that communicates conscious or organized resistance to government policy is sometimes referred to as draft resistance.<a href="#cite_note-Ferber-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Foley-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> Examples include: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Actions_by_resisters">Actions by resisters</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Actions by resisters">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Declining to register for the draft, in nations where that is required by law.<a href="#cite_note-Gitlin-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Braw-24">[23]</a></li> <li>Declining to report for one's draft-related physical examination, or for military induction or call-up, in nations where these are required by law.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Luhn-6">[6]</a></li> <li>Participating in draft card burnings or turn-ins.<a href="#cite_note-Gitlin-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a></li> <li>Living "underground" (e.g., living with false identification papers) and working at an <a href="/wiki/Unreported_employment" title="Unreported employment">unreported job</a> after being indicted for draft evasion.<a href="#cite_note-Gitlin-16">[16]</a></li> <li>Traveling or emigrating to another country, rather than submitting to induction or to trial.<a href="#cite_note-Christ-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Williams-33">[32]</a></li> <li>Going to jail, rather than submitting to induction or to alternative government service.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a></li> <li>Shooting and/or killing draft officers and civil authorities.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Actions_by_supporters_or_resisters">Actions by supporters or resisters</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Actions by supporters or resisters">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_York_Draft_Riots_-_fighting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/New_York_Draft_Riots_-_fighting.jpg/220px-New_York_Draft_Riots_-_fighting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/New_York_Draft_Riots_-_fighting.jpg/330px-New_York_Draft_Riots_-_fighting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/New_York_Draft_Riots_-_fighting.jpg/440px-New_York_Draft_Riots_-_fighting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1254" data-file-height="1189" /></a><figcaption>In 1863, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">anti-draft riots</a> broke out in New York City.<a href="#cite_note-Cook-37">[36]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Organizing or participating in a peaceful street assembly or demonstration against the draft.<a href="#cite_note-Gitlin-16">[16]</a></li> <li>Publicly encouraging, aiding, or abetting draft evaders.<a href="#cite_note-Gitlin-16">[16]</a></li> <li>Deliberately disrupting a military draft agency's processes or procedures.<a href="#cite_note-Kusch-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a></li> <li>Destroying a military draft agency's records.<a href="#cite_note-Gitlin-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a></li> <li>Organizing or participating in a riot against the draft.<a href="#cite_note-Cook-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a></li> <li>Building an <a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">anti-war movement</a> that treats draft resistance as a vital and integral part of it.<a href="#cite_note-Ferber-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Foley-29">[28]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: By country">edit</a>]</div> Draft evasion is said to have characterized every military conflict of the 20th and 21st centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Wittmann-3">[3]</a> Laws against certain draft evasion practices go back at least as far as the ancient Greeks.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> Examples of draft evasion can be found in many nations over many time periods: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Belgium">edit</a>]</div> 19th-century Belgium was one of the few places where most citizens accepted the practice of legally buying one's way out of the military draft, sometimes referred to as the practice of "purchasable military commutation".<a href="#cite_note-Duxbury-23">[22]</a> Even so, some Belgian politicians denounced it as a system that appeared to trade the money of the rich for the lives of the poor.<a href="#cite_note-Duxbury-23">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Britain">Britain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Britain">edit</a>]</div> In January 1916, during World War I, the British government passed a military conscription bill. By July of that year, 30% of draftees had failed to report for service.<a href="#cite_note-Wittmann-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> Canada employed a military draft during World Wars I and II, and some Canadians chose to evade it. According to Canadian historian <a href="/wiki/J._L._Granatstein" title="J. L. Granatstein">Jack Granatstein</a>, "no single issue has divided Canadians so sharply" as the military draft.<a href="#cite_note-Broken-43">[42]</a> During both World Wars, political parties collapsed or were torn apart over the draft issue, and ethnicity seeped into the equation, with most French Canadians opposing conscription and a majority of English Canadians accepting it.<a href="#cite_note-Broken-43">[42]</a> During both wars, riots and draft evasion followed the passage of the draft laws.<a href="#cite_note-Broken-43">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_I">World War I</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: World War I">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-conscription_parade_at_Victoria_Square.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Masses of people on big-city street." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Anti-conscription_parade_at_Victoria_Square.jpg/260px-Anti-conscription_parade_at_Victoria_Square.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Anti-conscription_parade_at_Victoria_Square.jpg/390px-Anti-conscription_parade_at_Victoria_Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Anti-conscription_parade_at_Victoria_Square.jpg/520px-Anti-conscription_parade_at_Victoria_Square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption>Anti-conscription march in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, May 1917</figcaption></figure> Conscription had been a dividing force in Canadian politics during World War I, and those divisions led to the <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Conscription Crisis of 1917</a>. Canadians objected to conscription for diverse reasons: some thought it unnecessary, some did not identify with the British, and some felt it imposed unfair burdens on economically struggling segments of society.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> When the first draft class (single men between 20 and 34 years of age) was called up in 1917, nearly 281,000 of the approximately 404,000 men filed for exemptions.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> Throughout the war, some Canadians who feared conscription left for the United States or elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_II">World War II</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> Canada introduced an innovative kind of draft law in 1940 with the <a href="/wiki/National_Resources_Mobilization_Act" title="National Resources Mobilization Act">National Resources Mobilization Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Byers-47">[46]</a> While the move was not unpopular outside French Canada, controversy arose because under the new law, conscripts were not compelled to serve outside Canada. They could choose simply to defend the country against invasion.<a href="#cite_note-Byers-47">[46]</a> By the middle of the war, many Canadians – not least of all, conscripts committed to overseas service – were referring to NRMA men pejoratively as "Zombies", that is, as dead-to-life or utterly useless.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> Following costly fighting in <a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Normandy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt" title="Battle of the Scheldt">the Scheldt</a>, overseas Canadian troops were depleted, and during the <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1944" title="Conscription Crisis of 1944">Conscription Crisis of 1944</a> a one-time levy of approximately 17,000 NRMA men was sent to fight abroad.<a href="#cite_note-Two-49">[48]</a> Many NRMA men deserted after the levy rather than fight abroad.<a href="#cite_note-Two-49">[48]</a> One brigade of NRMA men declared itself on "strike" after the levy.<a href="#cite_note-Two-49">[48]</a> The number of men who actively sought to evade the World War II draft in Canada is not known. Granatstein says the evasion was "widespread".<a href="#cite_note-Broken-43">[42]</a> In addition, in 1944 alone approximately 60,000 draftees were serving only as NRMA men, committed to border defense but not to fighting abroad.<a href="#cite_note-Two-49">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colombia">Colombia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Colombia">edit</a>]</div> Colombia maintains a large and well-funded military, often focused on <a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">counter-insurgency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> There is an obligatory military draft for all young men.<a href="#cite_note-Otis-51">[50]</a> Nevertheless, according to <a href="/wiki/Public_Radio_International" title="Public Radio International">Public Radio International</a>, two types of draft evasion are widespread in Colombia; one is prevalent among the relatively well-off, and another is found among the poor.<a href="#cite_note-Otis-51">[50]</a> Young men from the middle-to-upper classes "usually" evade the Colombian draft.<a href="#cite_note-Otis-51">[50]</a> They do so by obtaining college or medical deferments, or by paying bribes for a "military ID card" certifying they have served – a card that is often requested by potential employers.<a href="#cite_note-Otis-51">[50]</a> Young men from poorer circumstances sometimes simply avoid showing up for the draft and attempt to function without a military ID card. Besides facing limited employment prospects, these men are vulnerable to being forced into service through periodic army sweeps of poor neighborhoods.<a href="#cite_note-Otis-51">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eritrea">Eritrea</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Eritrea">edit</a>]</div> Eritrea instituted a military draft in 1995. Three years later, it became open-ended; everyone under 50 [sic] can be enlisted for an indefinite period of time.<a href="#cite_note-CL-27">[26]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>, "release can depend on the arbitrary whim of a commander, and usually takes years".<a href="#cite_note-CL-27">[26]</a> It is illegal for Eritreans to leave the country without government permission.<a href="#cite_note-CL-27">[26]</a> Nevertheless, in the mid-2010s around 2,000 Eritreans were leaving every month, "primarily to avoid the draft", according to The Economist.<a href="#cite_note-CL-27">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_group" title="Human rights group">Human rights groups</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> have also claimed that Eritrea's draft policies are fueling the migration.<a href="#cite_note-Manek-52">[51]</a> Most leave for Europe or neighboring countries; in 2015, Eritreans were the fourth largest group illicitly crossing the Mediterranean for Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Manek-52">[51]</a> Mothers are usually excused from the Eritrean draft. The Economist says that, as a result, pregnancies among single women – once a taboo in Eritrea – have increased.<a href="#cite_note-CL-27">[26]</a> A 2018 article in <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a> reported that Eritrea was considering altering some of its military draft policies.<a href="#cite_note-Manek-52">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Finland">edit</a>]</div> During World War II, there was no legal way to avoid the draft, and failure to obey was treated as insubordination or <a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">desertion</a>, punished by execution or jail. Draft evaders were forced to escape to the forests and live there as outlaws, in a practice that was facetiously called serving in the käpykaarti (Pine Cone Guard) or metsäkaarti (Forest Guard).<a href="#cite_note-Tasala2000-53">[52]</a> Approximately 1,500 men failed to show up for the draft at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a> (1941–1944, pitting Finland against the Soviet Union), and 32,186 cases of desertion were handled by the courts.<a href="#cite_note-Kulomaa1995-54">[53]</a> There were numerous reasons for draft evasion and desertion during this period: fear or war-weariness,<a href="#cite_note-Kulomaa2008-55">[54]</a> objection to the war as an offensive war,<a href="#cite_note-Tasala2000-53">[52]</a> ideological objections or outright support for Communism.<a href="#cite_note-Kulomaa2008-55">[54]</a> Finnish Communists were considered dangerous and could not serve, and were subject to "protective custody" – in practice, detention in a prison for the course of the war – because earlier attempts to conscript them had ended in disaster: one battalion called Pärmin pataljoona assembled from detained Communists suffered a large-scale defection to the Soviet side. The käpykaarti (forest-dwelling Pine Cone Guard, mentioned above) was a diverse group including draft evaders, deserters, Communists, and Soviet <a href="/wiki/Desant" class="mw-redirect" title="Desant">desants</a> (military skydivers).<a href="#cite_note-Rislakki1986-56">[55]</a> They lived in small groups, sometimes even in military-style dugouts constructed from logs,<a href="#cite_note-Tasala2000-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rislakki1986-56">[55]</a> and often maintained a rotation to guard their camps. They received support from sympathizers who could buy from the black market; failing that, they stole provisions to feed themselves.<a href="#cite_note-yle2015-57">[56]</a> The Finnish Army and police actively searched for them, and if discovered, a firefight often ensued.<a href="#cite_note-yle2013AK-58">[57]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Finland" title="Communist Party of Finland">Finnish Communist Party</a> was able to operate among draft evaders.<a href="#cite_note-Rislakki1986-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> Sixty-three death sentences were handed out to deserters; however, many of them were killed in military or police raids on their camps. Deserters captured near front lines would often be simply returned to the lines, but as the military situation deteriorated towards the end of the war, punishments were harsher: 61 of the death sentences given were in 1944, mostly in June and July during the <a href="/wiki/Vyborg%E2%80%93Petrozavodsk_offensive" title="Vyborg–Petrozavodsk offensive">Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive</a>, where Finnish forces were forced to retreat.<a href="#cite_note-Julkunen1982-60">[59]</a> At the conclusion of the war, the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Commission" title="Allied Commission">Allied Control Commission</a> immediately demanded an amnesty for draft evaders, and they were not further punished.<a href="#cite_note-yle2015-57">[56]</a> As of 2020, deliberate draft evasion is a rare phenomenon, since absence from a drafting event, in most cases, leads to an immediate search warrant. Evaders are taken by police officers to the draft board, or to the regional military office.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> In France, the right of all draftees to purchase military exemption – introduced after the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> – was abolished in 1870.<a href="#cite_note-Duxbury-23">[22]</a> One scholar refers to the permissible buy-out as a "bastard form of equality" that bore traces of the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Napoleonic_era">Napoleonic era</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Napoleonic era">edit</a>]</div> Draft evasion was a big problem for the French military under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cambridgedraft-63">[62]</a> Near the start of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic Era">Napoleonic Era</a> (encompassing the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>), it was estimated that about 200,000<a href="#cite_note-cambridgedraft-63">[62]</a> people had either evaded a draft or deserted from the military, due to the surge in conscription; possibly facing harsh consequences.<a href="#cite_note-etsufra-64">[63]</a> Around 1808, in the middle of the military conflict, the number was closer to 500,000.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Around this time period, a <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">gendarmerie</a> was assembled, aiming to hunt for the people who deserted the military or dodged drafts; the French also enforced the mandatory carrying of passports, among other measures.<a href="#cite_note-fracondes-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-etsufra-64">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Israel">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Refusal_to_serve_in_the_Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces">Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aviv_Geffen_AG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aviv_Geffen_AG.jpg/250px-Aviv_Geffen_AG.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aviv_Geffen_AG.jpg/330px-Aviv_Geffen_AG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aviv_Geffen_AG.jpg/500px-Aviv_Geffen_AG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1431" data-file-height="2066" /></a><figcaption>Rock star <a href="/wiki/Aviv_Geffen" title="Aviv Geffen">Aviv Geffen</a> is one of several Israeli entertainers who have encouraged draft evasion.<a href="#cite_note-Hilliard-67">[66]</a></figcaption></figure> There has always been a military draft in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-Neack-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Simon-69">[68]</a> It is universal for all non-Arab Israeli citizens, men and women alike, and can legally be evaded only on physical or psychological grounds or by <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">strictly Orthodox Jews</a>, although the Israeli Supreme Court ruled to reject the latter exception in June 2024.<a href="#cite_note-Neack-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Simon-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> The draft has become part of the fabric of Israeli society: according to Le Monde senior editor <a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Cypel" title="Sylvain Cypel">Sylvain Cypel</a>, Israel is a place where military service is seen not just as a duty but a "certificate of entry into active life".<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> Yet by the middle of the decade of the 2000s, draft evasion (including outright draft refusal) and desertion had reached all-time highs.<a href="#cite_note-Hilliard-67">[66]</a> Fully 5% of young men and 3% of young women were supposedly failing their pre-military psychological tests, both all-time highs.<a href="#cite_note-Hilliard-67">[66]</a> Some popular entertainers, including rock star <a href="/wiki/Aviv_Geffen" title="Aviv Geffen">Aviv Geffen</a>, grand-nephew of military hero <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Dayan" title="Moshe Dayan">Moshe Dayan</a>, have been encouraging draft evasion (Geffen publicly said he would commit suicide if he were taken by the military).<a href="#cite_note-Hilliard-67">[66]</a> In 2007 the Israeli government initiated what some called a "shaming campaign", banning young entertainers from holding concerts and making television appearances if they failed to fulfill their military requirement.<a href="#cite_note-Hilliard-67">[66]</a> By 2008 over 3,000 high school students belonged to "Shministim" (Hebrew for twelfth graders), a group of young people claiming to be conscientiously opposed to military service.<a href="#cite_note-Hilliard-67">[66]</a> American actor <a href="/wiki/Ed_Asner" title="Ed Asner">Ed Asner</a> wrote a column supporting the group.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> Another group, <a href="/wiki/New_Profile" title="New Profile">New Profile</a>, was started by Israeli peace activists to encourage draft refusal.<a href="#cite_note-Hilliard-67">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a> sociologist Yulia Zemilinskaya has interviewed members of New Profile and Shministim, along with members of two groups of Israeli soldiers and reservists who have expressed an unwillingness to engage in missions they disapprove of – <a href="/wiki/Yesh_Gvul" title="Yesh Gvul">Yesh Gvul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ometz_LeSarev" title="Ometz LeSarev">Courage to Refuse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yulia-73">[72]</a> Despite commonalities, she found a difference between the draft refusers and the military selective-refusers: <blockquote>The analysis of these interviews demonstrated that, in their appeal to [the] Israeli public, members of Yesh Gvul and Courage to Refuse utilized symbolic meanings and codes derived from dominant militarist and nationalist discourses. In contrast, draft-resisters, members of New Profile and Shministim, refusing to manipulate nationalistic and militaristic codes, voice a much more radical and comprehensive critique of the state’s war making plans. Invoking feminist, anti-militarist and pacifist ideologies, they openly challenge and criticize dominant militarist and Zionist discourses. While the majority of members of Yesh Gvul and Courage to Refuse choose selective refusal, negotiating conditions of their reserve duty, [the] anti-militarist, pacifist, and feminist ideological stance of members of New Profile and Shministim leads them to absolutist refusal.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia/Soviet_Union">Russia/Soviet Union</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Russia/Soviet Union">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zelenograd._Military_registration_and_enlistment_office.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Zelenograd._Military_registration_and_enlistment_office.jpg/260px-Zelenograd._Military_registration_and_enlistment_office.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Zelenograd._Military_registration_and_enlistment_office.jpg/390px-Zelenograd._Military_registration_and_enlistment_office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Zelenograd._Military_registration_and_enlistment_office.jpg/520px-Zelenograd._Military_registration_and_enlistment_office.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>Draft registration office near Moscow. In the mid-2010s, half of all eligible Russians called up were reported to be evading service.<a href="#cite_note-Braw-24">[23]</a></figcaption></figure> According to London-based journalist Elisabeth Braw, writing in <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>, draft evasion was "endemic" in the Soviet Union during the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a>, which ended with Soviet defeat in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-Braw-24">[23]</a> A declassified <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> report revealed that the Soviet elite routinely bribed its sons' way out of deployment to Afghanistan, or out of military service altogether.<a href="#cite_note-Braw-24">[23]</a> In Russia, all men aged 18 through 30 are subject to the military draft, continuing the Soviet practice.<a href="#cite_note-Braw-24">[23]</a> According to a report from the European Parliamentary Research Service, an organ of the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the European Parliament">Secretariat of the European Parliament</a>, in the mid-2010s fully half of the 150,000 young men called up each year were thought to be evading the draft.<a href="#cite_note-Braw-24">[23]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a>'s presidency, the service duration was reduced from two years to one.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Invasion_of_Ukraine">Invasion of Ukraine</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Invasion of Ukraine">edit</a>]</div> In September 2022, during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> over 600,000 mobilization-eligible citizens <a href="/wiki/Russian_emigration_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian emigration during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">left the country</a> to avoid the draft.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> Reportedly, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> became primary, <a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">visa-free</a> destinations for Russians seeking to avoid President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin’s</a> <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_mobilization" title="2022 Russian mobilization">mobilization order</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic Countries">Baltic countries</a> announced they will not offer refuge to Russians fleeing mobilization.<a href="#cite_note-cbc-exodus-80">[79]</a> In January 2023, Kazakhstan announced they were tightening visa rules, a move that is expected to make it more difficult for Russians to remain in the country.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> Kazakhstan said it would extradite Russians wanted for evading mobilization.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> In early 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden administration</a> resumed deportations of Russians who had fled Russia due to mobilization and political persecution.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> Kazakhstan and <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> agreed to share personal data of Russians fleeing mobilization.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: South Korea">edit</a>]</div> South Korea maintains <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_South_Korea" title="Conscription in South Korea">mandatory military service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Eun-jee-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ryall-86">[85]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Korea_JoongAng_Daily" title="Korea JoongAng Daily">Korea JoongAng Daily</a>, since the early 2000s, the country has been rocked by scandals involving celebrities who try to use their fame to evade the draft or receive special treatment from the military.<a href="#cite_note-Eun-jee-85">[84]</a> South Koreans are reportedly so hostile to draft evasion that one South Korean commentator said that it is "almost like suicide" for celebrities to engage in it.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yoo_Seung-jun" title="Yoo Seung-jun">Yoo Seung-jun</a> was one of the biggest stars on the South Korean rock scene until 2002, when he chose to evade the draft and become a U.S. citizen. South Korea subsequently deported him and banned him for life.<a href="#cite_note-Eun-jee-85">[84]</a> Some South Korean draft evaders have been sentenced to prison. In 2014, <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a> ran a headline claiming that South Korea had the "most draft dodgers in prison".<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> The article, by veteran correspondent <a href="/wiki/Donald_Kirk" title="Donald Kirk">Donald Kirk</a>, explained that South Korea's government did not allow for <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">conscientious objection</a> to war; as a result, 669 mostly religiously motivated South Koreans were said to be in jail for draft evasion in 2013. Only 723 draft evaders were said to be in jail worldwide at that time.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a> (Hong Kong), in June 2013 <a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%88%EB%8B%A4" class="extiw" title="ko:이예다">Lee Yeda</a> became the first South Korean to be granted asylum specifically because he evaded the South Korean draft. His asylum claim was granted by France. "[In South] Korea, it is ... difficult to find a job for anyone who has not completed their national service," Lee was reported to have said. "Refusing to serve means that, in society, your life is terminated."<a href="#cite_note-Ryall-86">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syria">Syria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Syria">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_(8642756918).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bombed-out big city street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288642756918%29.jpg/260px-Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288642756918%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288642756918%29.jpg/390px-Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288642756918%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288642756918%29.jpg/520px-Syria-_two_years_of_tragedy_%288642756918%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Aleppo during the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian Civil War</a>. By 2016, 70,000 draft evaders had fled Syria,<a href="#cite_note-Khan-90">[89]</a> while others remained undetected inside it.<a href="#cite_note-Bulos-91">[90]</a></figcaption></figure> Syria requires men over 18 to serve in the army for two years (except for college graduates, who need serve only 18 months). Draft evasion carries stiff punishments, including fines and years of imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-Bulos-91">[90]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a> broke out in 2011, many draft-age men began fleeing the country, sometimes paying thousands of dollars to be smuggled out. Others paid to have their names expunged from the draft rolls.<a href="#cite_note-Bulos-91">[90]</a> Meanwhile, the government erected billboards exhorting young people to join the army – and set up road checkpoints to capture draft evaders.<a href="#cite_note-Bulos-91">[90]</a> By 2016, an estimated 70,000 draft evaders had left Syria,<a href="#cite_note-Khan-90">[89]</a> and others remained undetected within its borders.<a href="#cite_note-Bulos-91">[90]</a> Observers have identified several motives among the Syrian draft evaders. One is fear of dying in that country's civil war.<a href="#cite_note-Bulos-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Khan-90">[89]</a> Others include obeying parental wishes and disgust with the government of <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Khan-90">[89]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Spijkerboer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Spijkerboer (page does not exist)">Thomas Spijkerboer</a> [<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q60690258#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q60690258">Wikidata</a>], a professor of migration law at <a href="/wiki/Vrije_Universiteit_Amsterdam" title="Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam">VU University Amsterdam</a>, has argued that Syrian draft evaders motivated by a refusal to participate in violations of international law should be given refugee status by other nations.<a href="#cite_note-Khan-90">[89]</a> In October 2018, the Syrian government announced an amnesty for draft evaders. However, an officer with Syria's "Reconciliation Ministry" told the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a> that, while punishment would be canceled, military service would still be required. "Now the war is practically at its end, which means enlisting is no longer such a fearful situation", he said. "We expect we'll have very large numbers taking advantage of the amnesty".<a href="#cite_note-Bulos-91">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tunisia">Tunisia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Tunisia">edit</a>]</div> Tunisia has had a draft since gaining its independence in 1956. Most males are required to submit documents to local officials at age 18 and to begin service two years later.<a href="#cite_note-El-Shimy-92">[91]</a> However, according to the Lebanon-based <a href="/wiki/The_Malcolm_H._Kerr_Carnegie_Middle_East_Center" title="The Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center">Carnegie Middle East Center</a>, the Tunisian draft has long been poorly enforced and draft evasion has long been rampant.<a href="#cite_note-El-Shimy-92">[91]</a> In order to minimize draft evasion, Tunisia began allowing young men to substitute "civilian" service (such as working on rural development projects) or "national" service (such as working as civil servants) for military service.<a href="#cite_note-El-Shimy-92">[91]</a> But that has not helped: the defense minister reported that, in 2017, only 506 young men turned up out of an eligibility pool of more than 31,000.<a href="#cite_note-El-Shimy-92">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ukraine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mobilization_in_Ukraine" title="Mobilization in Ukraine">Mobilization in Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_conscription_crisis" title="Ukrainian conscription crisis">Ukrainian conscription crisis</a></div> In 2015, responding to perceived threats from pro-Russian rebels in eastern Ukraine, the Ukrainian military instituted a compulsory draft for males between 20 and 27 years of age. However, according to independent journalist Alec Luhn, writing in <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a> magazine, a "huge number" of Ukrainians refused to serve. Luhn gives three reasons for this. One was fear of death. Another was that some young Ukrainians were opposed to war in general. A third was that some were unwilling to take up arms against those whom they perceived to be their countrymen.<a href="#cite_note-Luhn-6">[6]</a> The Ukrainian military itself has stated that, during a partial call-up in 2014, over 85,000 men failed to report to their draft offices, and nearly 10,000 of those were eventually declared to be illegal draft evaders.<a href="#cite_note-Luhn-6">[6]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, male Ukrainian nationals aged 18 to 60 were denied exit from Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> Despite the ban on leaving Ukraine, an estimated 600,000–850,000 Ukrainian men fled to Europe after the Russian invasion.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> The Polish government offered, and the Lithuanian government considered, the repatriation of Ukrainian men living in their countries to Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> The United States has <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">employed a draft</a> several times, usually during war but also during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. Each time the draft has been met with at least some resistance. In Sketches of America (1818) British author Henry Bradshaw Fearon, who visited the young United States on a fact-finding mission to inform Britons considering emigration, described the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Guard" title="New York Guard">New York Guard</a>—although he did not name it—as he found it in New York City in August 1817: <blockquote>Every male inhabitant can be called out, from the age of 18 to 45, on actual military duty. During a state of peace, there are seven musters annually: the fine for non-attendance is, each time, five dollars. Commanding officers have discretionary power to receive substitutes. An instance of their easiness to be pleased was related to me by Mr. —, a tradesman of this city. He never attends the muster, but, to avoid the fine, sends some of his men, who answer to his name; the same man is not invariably his deputy on parade: in this, Mr. — suits his own convenience; sometimes the collecting clerk, sometimes one of the brewers, at others a drayman: and to finish this military pantomime, a firelock is often dispensed with, for the more convenient wartime weapon—a cudgel. Courts-martial have the power of mitigating the fine, on the assignment of a satisfactory cause of absence, and in cases of poverty. Upon legal exemptions I cannot convey certain information. During a period of three months in the late war, martial law existed, and no substitutes were received. Aliens were not called out.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Civil War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Conscription_Acts_1862%E2%80%931864" title="Confederate Conscription Acts 1862–1864">Confederate Conscription Acts 1862–1864</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Resistance_to_Confederate_conscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Resistance_to_Confederate_conscription.jpg/260px-Resistance_to_Confederate_conscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Resistance_to_Confederate_conscription.jpg/390px-Resistance_to_Confederate_conscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Resistance_to_Confederate_conscription.jpg/520px-Resistance_to_Confederate_conscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="984" /></a><figcaption>Parody of Confederate troops forcing a pro-Union Southerner (left foreground) and other reluctant Southerners to comply with the Confederate draft, c. 1862.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a></figcaption></figure> Both the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> (the North) and the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> (the South) instituted drafts during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> – and both drafts were often evaded.<a href="#cite_note-Bell-5">[5]</a> In the North, evaders were most numerous among poor Irish immigrants. In the South, evaders were most numerous in hill country and in certain other parts of Texas, Louisiana, and Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-Bell-5">[5]</a> Resistance to the draft was sometimes violent. In the North, nearly 100 draft enrollment officers were injured in attacks.<a href="#cite_note-Bell-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">Anti-draft riots in New York City in 1863</a> lasted several days and resulted in up to 120 deaths and 2,000 injuries.<a href="#cite_note-Bell-5">[5]</a> According to historian David Williams, by 1864 the Southern draft had become virtually unenforceable.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> Some believe that draft evasion in the South, where manpower was scarcer than in the North, contributed to the Confederate defeat.<a href="#cite_note-Bell-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_I_2">World War I</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: World War I">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_Act_of_1917" title="Selective Service Act of 1917">Selective Service Act of 1917</a> was carefully drawn to remedy the defects in the Civil War system by allowing exemptions for dependency, essential occupations, and religious scruples and by prohibiting all forms of bounties, substitutions, or purchase of exemptions. In 1917 and 1918 some 24 million men were registered and nearly 3 million inducted into the military services, with little of the overt resistance that characterized the Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eugene_Debs_portrait.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Eugene_Debs_portrait.jpeg/250px-Eugene_Debs_portrait.jpeg" decoding="async" width="202" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Eugene_Debs_portrait.jpeg/330px-Eugene_Debs_portrait.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Eugene_Debs_portrait.jpeg/500px-Eugene_Debs_portrait.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3443" data-file-height="4774" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a> spoke out against the draft during World War I.<a href="#cite_note-Virden-101">[100]</a></figcaption></figure> In the United States during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the word "<a href="/wiki/Slacker" title="Slacker">slacker</a>" was commonly used to describe someone who was not participating in the war effort, especially someone who avoided military service, an equivalent of the later term "draft dodger." Attempts to track down such evaders were called "slacker raids."<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917">Espionage Act of 1917</a>, activists including <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a> were arrested for speaking out against the draft.<a href="#cite_note-Virden-101">[100]</a> Despite such circumstances, draft evasion was substantial. According to one scholar, nearly 11 percent of the draft-eligible population refused to register, or to report for induction;<a href="#cite_note-Keene-104">[103]</a> according to another, 12 percent of draftees either failed to report to their training camps or deserted from them.<a href="#cite_note-Wittmann-3">[3]</a> A significant amount of draft evasion took place in the South, in part because many impoverished Southerners lacked documentation<a href="#cite_note-Keene-104">[103]</a> and in part because many Southerners recalled the "horrible carnage" of the Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> In 2017, historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kazin" title="Michael Kazin">Michael Kazin</a> concluded that a greater percentage of American men evaded the draft during World War I than during the Vietnam War.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_II_2">World War II</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Selective_Training_and_Service_Act_of_1940" title="Selective Training and Service Act of 1940">Selective Training and Service Act of 1940</a></div> According to scholar Anna Wittmann, about 72,000 young Americans applied for <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">conscientious objector</a> (CO) status during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and many of their applications were rejected.<a href="#cite_note-Anna-107">[106]</a> Some COs chose to serve as noncombatants in the military, others chose jail, and a third group – taking a position in between – chose to enter a specially organized domestic <a href="/wiki/Civilian_Public_Service" title="Civilian Public Service">Civilian Public Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Anna-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Korean_War">Korean War</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Korean War">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, which lasted from 1950 to 1953, generated 80,000 cases of alleged draft evasion.<a href="#cite_note-Anna-107">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vietnam_War">Vietnam War</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Vietnam War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Draft_evasion_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Draft evasion in the Vietnam War">Draft evasion in the Vietnam War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DraftcardRenJuan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/DraftcardRenJuan.jpg/250px-DraftcardRenJuan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/DraftcardRenJuan.jpg/330px-DraftcardRenJuan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/DraftcardRenJuan.jpg/500px-DraftcardRenJuan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1014" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>-era draft card. Retention of the card was legally required.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Draft_card_burning_NYC_1967_Gary_Rader_Green_Beret_100px.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Draft_card_burning_NYC_1967_Gary_Rader_Green_Beret_100px.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="89" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="89" /></a><figcaption>Draft card burning in New York City, 1967</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> (1955–1975) was controversial in the US<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> and was accompanied by a significant amount of draft evasion among young Americans, with many managing to remain in the U.S. by various means and some eventually leaving for Canada or elsewhere. Significant draft avoidance was taking place even before the US became heavily involved in the Vietnam War. The large cohort of <a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">Baby Boomers</a> allowed for a steep increase in the number of exemptions and deferments, especially for college and graduate students.<a href="#cite_note-Cortright-111">[110]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies" title="Peace and conflict studies">peace studies</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/David_Cortright" title="David Cortright">David Cortright</a>, more than half of the 27 million men eligible for the draft during the Vietnam War were deferred, exempted, or disqualified.<a href="#cite_note-Cortright-111">[110]</a> The number of draft resisters was also significant. According to Cortright, "Distinct from the millions who [avoided] the draft were the many thousands who resisted the conscription system and actively opposed the war".<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> The head of US President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>'s task force on the <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_military" title="Volunteer military">all-volunteer military</a> reported in 1970 that the number of resisters was "expanding at an alarming rate" and that the government was "almost powerless to apprehend and prosecute them".<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> It is now known that, during the Vietnam era, approximately 570,000 young men were classified as draft offenders,<a href="#cite_note-Cortright-111">[110]</a> and approximately 210,000 were formally accused of draft violations;<a href="#cite_note-Accused-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cortright-111">[110]</a> however, only 8,750 were convicted and only 3,250 were jailed.<a href="#cite_note-Cortright-111">[110]</a> Some draft eligible men publicly <a href="/wiki/Draft-card_burning" title="Draft-card burning">burned their draft cards</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice Department</a> brought charges against only 50, of whom 40 were convicted.<a href="#cite_note-chance-115">[114]</a> As US troop strength in Vietnam increased, some young men sought to evade the draft by pro-actively enlisting in military forces that were unlikely to see combat in Vietnam. For example, conscription scholars Lawrence Baskir and William Strauss say that the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a> may have served that purpose for some,<a href="#cite_note-Coast-116">[115]</a> though they also point out that Coast Guardsmen had to maintain readiness for combat in Vietnam,<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> and that some Coast Guardsmen eventually served and were killed there.<a href="#cite_note-Coast-116">[115]</a> Similarly, the Vietnam-era <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a> was seen by some as an avenue for avoiding combat in Vietnam,<a href="#cite_note-circumstance-118">[117]</a> although that too was less than foolproof: about 15,000 National Guardsmen were sent to Vietnam before the war began winding down.<a href="#cite_note-circumstance-118">[117]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20111015_174748_phil-ochs_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/20111015_174748_phil-ochs_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-20111015_174748_phil-ochs_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/20111015_174748_phil-ochs_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-20111015_174748_phil-ochs_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/20111015_174748_phil-ochs_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-20111015_174748_phil-ochs_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1118" data-file-height="1187" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phil_Ochs" title="Phil Ochs">Phil Ochs</a> (1940–1976) was one of several <a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">countercultural</a> figures to encourage draft evasion.</figcaption></figure> Other young men sought to evade the draft by avoiding or resisting any military commitment. In this they were bolstered by certain <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">countercultural</a> figures. "<a href="/wiki/Draft_Dodger_Rag" title="Draft Dodger Rag">Draft Dodger Rag</a>", a 1965 song by <a href="/wiki/Phil_Ochs" title="Phil Ochs">Phil Ochs</a>, employed satire to provide a how-to list of available <a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_System#Classifications" title="Selective Service System">deferments</a>: <a href="/wiki/Splenic_injury" title="Splenic injury">ruptured spleen</a>, poor <a href="/wiki/Visual_acuity" title="Visual acuity">eyesight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flat_feet" title="Flat feet">flat feet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, and many more.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> Folksinger <a href="/wiki/Arlo_Guthrie" title="Arlo Guthrie">Arlo Guthrie</a> lampooned the paradox of seeking a deferment by acting crazy in his song "<a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Restaurant" title="Alice's Restaurant">Alice's Restaurant</a>": "I said, 'I wanna kill! Kill! Eat dead burnt bodies!' and the Sergeant said, 'You're our boy'!"<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> The book <a href="/wiki/1001_Ways_to_Beat_the_Draft" title="1001 Ways to Beat the Draft">1001 Ways to Beat the Draft</a> was co-authored by <a href="/wiki/Tuli_Kupferberg" title="Tuli Kupferberg">Tuli Kupferberg</a>, a member of the band <a href="/wiki/The_Fugs" title="The Fugs">The Fugs</a>. It espoused such methods as arriving at the draft board in diapers.<a href="#cite_note-Tuli-121">[120]</a> Another text pertinent to draft-age men was <a href="/wiki/Jules_Feiffer" title="Jules Feiffer">Jules Feiffer</a>'s cartoon novella from the 1950s, Munro, <a href="/wiki/Munro_(film)" title="Munro (film)">later a short film</a>, in which a four-year-old boy is drafted by mistake.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> Draft counseling groups were another source of support for potential draft evaders. Many such groups were active during the war. Some were connected to national groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a>; others were ad hoc campus or community groups.<a href="#cite_note-Satin-123">[122]</a> Many specially trained individuals worked as counselors for such groups.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Harris_at_Presidio_1968.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/David_Harris_at_Presidio_1968.jpg/250px-David_Harris_at_Presidio_1968.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/David_Harris_at_Presidio_1968.jpg/330px-David_Harris_at_Presidio_1968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/David_Harris_at_Presidio_1968.jpg/500px-David_Harris_at_Presidio_1968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2922" data-file-height="3969" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_Harris_(activist)" title="David Harris (activist)">David Harris</a> and "The Resistance" helped organize Stop the Draft Week in Oakland, California, October 1967.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ashbolt-126">[125]</a></figcaption></figure> Alongside the draft counseling groups, a substantial draft resistance movement emerged.<a href="#cite_note-Michael-127">[126]</a> Students for a Democratic Society sought to play a major role in it,<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> as did the <a href="/wiki/War_Resisters_League" title="War Resisters League">War Resisters League</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ashbolt-126">[125]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</a>'s "National Black Anti-War Anti-Draft Union"<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> and other groups.<a href="#cite_note-Ashbolt-126">[125]</a> Many say that the draft resistance movement was spearheaded by an organization called The Resistance.<a href="#cite_note-Michael-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ferberlynd-130">[129]</a> It was founded by <a href="/wiki/David_Harris_(protester)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Harris (protester)">David Harris</a> and others in the San Francisco Bay Area in March 1967, and quickly spread nationally.<a href="#cite_note-Ashbolt-126">[125]</a> The insignia of the organization was the Greek letter <a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">omega</a>, Ω, the symbol for ohms—the unit of <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_and_conductance" title="Electrical resistance and conductance">electrical resistance</a>. Members of The Resistance publicly burned their draft cards or refused to register for the draft. Other members deposited their cards into boxes on selected dates and then mailed them to the government. They were then drafted, refused to be inducted, and fought their cases in the federal courts. These draft resisters hoped that their public civil disobedience would help to bring the war and the draft to an end. Many young men went to federal prison as part of this movement.<a href="#cite_note-Michael-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ferberlynd-130">[129]</a> According to Cortright, the draft resistance movement was the leading edge of the <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">anti-war movement</a> in 1967 and 1968.<a href="#cite_note-Cortright-111">[110]</a> After the war, some of the draft evaders who stayed in the U.S. wrote memoirs. These included <a href="/wiki/David_Harris_(protester)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Harris (protester)">David Harris</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dreams_Die_Hard" title="Dreams Die Hard">Dreams Die Hard</a> (1982),<a href="#cite_note-Klein-131">[130]</a> David Miller's I Didn't Know God Made Honky Tonk Communists (2001),<a href="#cite_note-Friedman-132">[131]</a> Jerry Elmer's Felon for Peace (2005),<a href="#cite_note-Kehler-133">[132]</a> and Bruce Dancis's Resister (2014).<a href="#cite_note-Joseph-134">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Polner-135">[134]</a> Harris was an anti-draft organizer who went to jail for his beliefs (and was briefly married to folk singer <a href="/wiki/Joan_Baez" title="Joan Baez">Joan Baez</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Klein-131">[130]</a> Miller was the first Vietnam War refuser to publicly burn his draft card (and later became partner to spiritual teacher <a href="/wiki/Starhawk" title="Starhawk">Starhawk</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Friedman-132">[131]</a> Elmer refused to register for the draft and destroyed draft board files in several locations,<a href="#cite_note-Kehler-133">[132]</a> and Dancis led the largest chapter of <a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a> (the one at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>) before being jailed for publicly shredding his draft card and returning it to his draft board.<a href="#cite_note-Polner-135">[134]</a> Harris in particular expresses serious second thoughts about aspects of the movement he was part of.<a href="#cite_note-Klein-131">[130]</a> Canadian historian Jessica Squires emphasizes that the number of U.S. draft evaders coming to Canada was "only a fraction" of those who resisted the Vietnam War.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> According to a 1978 book by former members of President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>'s Clemency Board, 210,000 Americans were accused of draft offenses and 30,000 left the country.<a href="#cite_note-Accused-114">[113]</a> More recently, Cortright estimated that 60,000 to 100,000 left the US, mainly for Canada or Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-Cortright-111">[110]</a> Others scattered elsewhere; for example, historian <a href="/wiki/Frank_Kusch" title="Frank Kusch">Frank Kusch</a> mentions Mexico,<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> scholar Anna Wittmann mentions Britain,<a href="#cite_note-Wittmann-3">[3]</a> and journalist <a href="/wiki/Jan_Wong" title="Jan Wong">Jan Wong</a> describes one draft evader who sympathized with <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>'s China and found refuge there.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> Draft evader Ken Kiask spent eight years traveling continuously across the <a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global South</a> before returning to the US<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Draft_dodgers_being_counseled_1967.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Draft_dodgers_being_counseled_1967.jpg/330px-Draft_dodgers_being_counseled_1967.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Draft_dodgers_being_counseled_1967.jpg/500px-Draft_dodgers_being_counseled_1967.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Draft_dodgers_being_counseled_1967.jpg/960px-Draft_dodgers_being_counseled_1967.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4111" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mark_Satin" title="Mark Satin">Mark Satin</a> (left), director of the Toronto Anti-Draft Programme,<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> counseling American draft evaders, 1967</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manual_for_Draft-Age_Immigrants_to_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Manual_for_Draft-Age_Immigrants_to_Canada.jpg/170px-Manual_for_Draft-Age_Immigrants_to_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Manual_for_Draft-Age_Immigrants_to_Canada.jpg/255px-Manual_for_Draft-Age_Immigrants_to_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Manual_for_Draft-Age_Immigrants_to_Canada.jpg/340px-Manual_for_Draft-Age_Immigrants_to_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Tattered copy of the Manual for Draft-Age Immigrants to Canada (1968)<a href="#cite_note-Stewart-141">[140]</a> atop Anti-Draft Programme stationery</figcaption></figure> The number of Vietnam-era draft evaders leaving for Canada is hotly contested; an entire book, by scholar Joseph Jones, has been written on that subject.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> In 2017, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Robert_McGill_(writer)" title="Robert McGill (writer)">Robert McGill</a> cited estimates by four scholars, including Jones, ranging from a floor of 30,000 to a ceiling of 100,000, depending in part on who is being counted as a draft evader.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> Though the presence of U.S. draft evaders and deserters in Canada was initially controversial, the Canadian government eventually chose to welcome them.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> Draft evasion was not a criminal offense under Canadian law.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> The issue of deserters was more complex. <a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a> from the US military was not on the list of crimes for which a person could be extradited under the extradition treaty between Canada and the US;<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> however, desertion was a crime in Canada, and the Canadian military strongly opposed condoning it. In the end, the Canadian government maintained the right to prosecute these deserters, but in practice left them alone and instructed border guards not to ask questions relating to the issue.<a href="#cite_note-cool-147">[146]</a> In Canada, many American Vietnam War evaders received pre-emigration counseling and post-emigration assistance from locally based groups.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> Typically these consisted of American emigrants and Canadian supporters. The largest were the Montreal Council to Aid War Resisters, the Toronto Anti-Draft Programme, and the Vancouver Committee to Aid American War Objectors.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> Journalists often noted their effectiveness.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> The Manual for Draft-Age Immigrants to Canada, published jointly by the Toronto Anti-Draft Programme and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Anansi_Press" title="House of Anansi Press">House of Anansi Press</a>, sold nearly 100,000 copies,<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roy-152">[151]</a> and one sociologist found that the Manual had been read by over 55% of his <a href="/wiki/Sample_(statistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample (statistics)">data sample</a> of US Vietnam War emigrants either before or after they arrived in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> In addition to the counseling groups (and at least formally separate from them) was a Toronto-based political organization, the Union of American Exiles, better known as "Amex."<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> It sought to speak for American draft evaders and deserters in Canada. For example, it lobbied and campaigned for universal, unconditional amnesty, and hosted an international conference in 1974 opposing anything short of that.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> Those who went abroad faced imprisonment or forced military service if they returned home. In September 1974, President Gerald Ford offered an amnesty program for draft dodgers that required them to work in alternative service occupations for periods of six to 24 months.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> In 1977, one day after his inauguration, President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> fulfilled a campaign promise by offering pardons to anyone who had evaded the draft and requested one. It antagonized critics on both sides, with the right complaining that those pardoned paid no penalty and the left complaining that requesting a pardon required the admission of a crime.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jim_Green_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Jim_Green_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Jim_Green_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Jim_Green_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Jim_Green_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Jim_Green_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Jim_Green_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption>Vancouver city councillor <a href="/wiki/Jim_Green_(Canadian_politician)" title="Jim Green (Canadian politician)">Jim Green</a> was one of several draft evaders who became prominent in Canada.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hendricks-leboeuf2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Hendricks-leboeuf2.jpg/180px-Hendricks-leboeuf2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Hendricks-leboeuf2.jpg/270px-Hendricks-leboeuf2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Hendricks-leboeuf2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>Gay rights advocate <a href="/wiki/Michael_Hendricks_and_Ren%C3%A9_Leboeuf" title="Michael Hendricks and René Leboeuf">Michael Hendricks</a> (right) is another draft evader who affected Canadian life.</figcaption></figure> It remains a matter of debate whether emigration to Canada and elsewhere during the Vietnam War was an effective, or even a genuine, war resistance strategy. Scholar Michael Foley argues that it was not only relatively ineffective, but that it served to siphon off disaffected young Americans from the larger struggle.<a href="#cite_note-Foley-29">[28]</a> Activists <a href="/wiki/Rennie_Davis" title="Rennie Davis">Rennie Davis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hayden" title="Tom Hayden">Tom Hayden</a> reportedly held similar views.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> By contrast, authors John Hagan and Roger N. Williams recognize the American emigrants as "war resisters" in the subtitles of their books about the emigrants,<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> and Manual for Draft-Age Immigrants to Canada author <a href="/wiki/Mark_Satin" title="Mark Satin">Mark Satin</a> contended that public awareness of tens of thousands of young Americans leaving for Canada would<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> – and eventually did<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> – help end the war. Some draft evaders returned to the U.S. from Canada after the 1977 pardon, but according to sociologist John Hagan, about half of them stayed on.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> This young and mostly educated population expanded Canada's arts and academic scenes, and helped push Canadian politics further to the left, though some Canadians, including some principled nationalists, found their presence or impact troubling.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> American draft evaders who left for Canada and became prominent there include author <a href="/wiki/William_Gibson" title="William Gibson">William Gibson</a>, politician <a href="/wiki/Jim_Green_(Canadian_politician)" title="Jim Green (Canadian politician)">Jim Green</a>, gay rights advocate <a href="/wiki/Michael_Hendricks_and_Ren%C3%A9_Leboeuf" title="Michael Hendricks and René Leboeuf">Michael Hendricks</a>, attorney <a href="/wiki/Jeffry_House" title="Jeffry House">Jeffry House</a>, author <a href="/wiki/Keith_Maillard" title="Keith Maillard">Keith Maillard</a>, playwright <a href="/wiki/John_Murrell_(playwright)" title="John Murrell (playwright)">John Murrell</a>, television personality <a href="/wiki/Eric_Nagler" title="Eric Nagler">Eric Nagler</a>, film critic <a href="/wiki/Jay_Scott" title="Jay Scott">Jay Scott</a>, and musician <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Winchester" title="Jesse Winchester">Jesse Winchester</a>. Other draft evaders from the Vietnam era remain in Sweden and elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> Two academic literary critics have written at length about autobiographical novels by draft evaders who went to Canada – Rachel Adams in the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Journal_of_Criticism" title="Yale Journal of Criticism">Yale Journal of Criticism</a><a href="#cite_note-Rachel-7">[7]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_McGill_(writer)" title="Robert McGill (writer)">Robert McGill</a> in a book from <a href="/wiki/McGill-Queen%27s_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="McGill-Queen's University Press">McGill-Queen's University Press</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Robert-170">[169]</a> Both critics discuss Morton Redner's Getting Out (1971) and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Satin" title="Mark Satin">Mark Satin</a>'s Confessions of a Young Exile (1976), and Adams also discusses Allen Morgan's Dropping Out in 3/4 Time (1972) and Daniel Peters's Border Crossing (1978). All these books portray their protagonists' views, motives, activities, and relationships in detail.<a href="#cite_note-Rachel-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Robert-170">[169]</a> Adams says they contain some surprises: <blockquote>It is to be expected that the draft dodgers denounce the state as an oppressive bureaucracy, using the vernacular of the time to rail against "the machine" and "the system." What is more surprising is their general resistance to mass movements, a sentiment that contradicts the association of the draft dodger with sixties protest found in more recent work by [Scott] Turow or [Mordecai] Richler. In contrast to stereotypes, the draft dodger in these narratives is neither an unthinking follower of movement ideology nor a radical who attempts to convert others to his cause. ... [Another surprise is that the dodgers] have little interest in romantic love. Their libidinal hyperactivity accords with [Herbert] Marcuse's belief in the liberatory power of eros. They are far less worried about whether particular relationships will survive the flight to Canada than about the gratification of their immediate sexual urges.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a></blockquote> Later memoirs by Vietnam-era draft evaders who went to Canada include Donald Simons's I Refuse (1992),<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Fetherling" title="George Fetherling">George Fetherling</a>'s Travels by Night (1994),<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Frutkin" title="Mark Frutkin">Mark Frutkin</a>'s Erratic North (2008).<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Prominent_people_arguably_manipulating_the_system">Prominent people arguably manipulating the system</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Prominent people arguably manipulating the system">edit</a>]</div> For decades after the Vietnam War ended, prominent Americans were being accused of having manipulated the draft system to their advantage. According to a column by <a href="/wiki/E._J._Dionne" title="E. J. Dionne">E. J. Dionne</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, by 2006 politicians whom opponents had accused of improperly avoiding the draft included <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_military_service_controversy" title="George W. Bush military service controversy">George W. Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney#Early_life_and_education" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton#College_and_law_school_years" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ted_Nugent_at_the_Redneck_Country_Club,_July_6,_2017_MG_9741_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Ted_Nugent_at_the_Redneck_Country_Club%2C_July_6%2C_2017_MG_9741_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Ted_Nugent_at_the_Redneck_Country_Club%2C_July_6%2C_2017_MG_9741_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Ted_Nugent_at_the_Redneck_Country_Club%2C_July_6%2C_2017_MG_9741_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Ted_Nugent_at_the_Redneck_Country_Club%2C_July_6%2C_2017_MG_9741_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Ted_Nugent_at_the_Redneck_Country_Club%2C_July_6%2C_2017_MG_9741_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Ted_Nugent_at_the_Redneck_Country_Club%2C_July_6%2C_2017_MG_9741_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2216" data-file-height="3106" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ted_Nugent" title="Ted Nugent">Ted Nugent</a> reportedly took extreme measures to avoid the draft.<a href="#cite_note-Sirius-179">[178]</a></figcaption></figure> In a 1970s <a href="/wiki/High_Times" title="High Times">High Times</a> article, American singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Ted_Nugent" title="Ted Nugent">Ted Nugent</a> stated that he took <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">crystal meth</a>, and urinated and defecated in his pants before his physical, in order to avoid being drafted into the Vietnam War.<a href="#cite_note-Sirius-179">[178]</a> In a 1990 interview with a large Detroit newspaper, Nugent made similar statements.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> Actor and comedian <a href="/wiki/Chevy_Chase" title="Chevy Chase">Chevy Chase</a> also misled his draft board. In 1989, approximately two decades after the fact, Chase revealed on a television talk show that he avoided the Vietnam War by making several false claims to his draft board, including that he harbored homosexual tendencies. He added he was "not very proud" of having done that.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> Several politically charged books subsequently discussed Chase's behavior.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> Radio talk show host <a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Rush Limbaugh</a> reportedly[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify</a>] avoided the Vietnam draft because of anal <a href="/wiki/Cyst" title="Cyst">cysts</a>. In a 2011 book critical of Limbaugh, journalist John K. Wilson accused Limbaugh making "hyperbolic attacks on foreign policy".<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> Former Republican presidential nominee <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a>'s deferment has been questioned. During the Vietnam War, <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church) – Romney's church – became embroiled in controversy for deferring large numbers of its young members."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify</a>]<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> The LDS Church eventually agreed to cap the number of missionary deferments it sought for members in any one region.<a href="#cite_note-Kranish-186">[185]</a> After Romney dropped out of Stanford University and was about to lose his student deferment, he decided to become a missionary; and the LDS Church in his home state of Michigan chose to give him one of that state's missionary deferments.<a href="#cite_note-Conason-187">[186]</a> In a <a href="/wiki/Salon_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (website)">Salon</a> article from 2007, journalist <a href="/wiki/Joe_Conason" title="Joe Conason">Joe Conason</a> noted that Romney's father had been governor of Michigan at the time.<a href="#cite_note-Conason-187">[186]</a> Attention has also been paid to independent Senator <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a>'s failure to serve. In an article in <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>, it was reported that, after graduating from the University of Chicago in 1964, and moving back to New York City, the future candidate for the Democratic Presidential nomination applied for <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">conscientious objector</a> status – even though as Sanders acknowledged to the reporter, he was not religious.<a href="#cite_note-Banks-188">[187]</a> (Sanders was opposed to the Vietnam War.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> At the time, however, CO status was granted entirely on the basis of religious opposition to all war.<a href="#cite_note-Banks-188">[187]</a>) Sanders's CO status was denied. Nevertheless, a "lengthy series of hearings, an FBI investigation and numerous postponements and delays" took him to age 26 at which point he was no longer eligible for the draft.<a href="#cite_note-Banks-188">[187]</a> In a 2015 book critical of Sanders, journalist Harry Jaffe revisited that portion of the Atlantic article, emphasizing that by the time Sanders's "numerous hearings" had run their course he was "too old to be drafted".<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> graduated from college in the spring of 1968, and became eligible for military service. Trump however, due to a personal friend of his father's, a medical doctor, was granted a diagnosis of <a href="/wiki/Exostosis" title="Exostosis">bone spurs</a> in his heels. The diagnosis allowed Trump to receive a medical deferment.<a href="#cite_note-eder2-191">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Pardons">Pardons</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Pardons">edit</a>]</div> In 1977, President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> issued a pardon giving unconditional amnesty to Vietnam war draft resisters.<a href="#cite_note-Draft-192">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Larger_issues">Larger issues</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Larger issues">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "[T]he aggregation of thousands upon thousands of ... 'petty' acts of resistance [can] have dramatic economic and political effects. ... Poaching and squatting on a large scale can restructure the control of property. Peasant tax evasion on a large scale has brought about crises of appropriation that threaten the state. Massive desertion by serf or peasant conscripts has helped bring down more than one ancient regime. Under the appropriate conditions, the accumulation of petty acts can, rather like snowflakes on a steep mountainside, set off an avalanche". </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— Political scientist <a href="/wiki/James_C._Scott" title="James C. Scott">James C. Scott</a>, 1990.<a href="#cite_note-Scott-193">[192]</a></cite></div> </div> The phenomenon of draft evasion has raised several major issues among scholars and others. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effectiveness">Effectiveness</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Effectiveness">edit</a>]</div> One issue is the effectiveness of the various kinds of draft evasion practices with regard to ending a military draft or stopping a war. Historian Michael S. Foley sees many draft evasion practices as merely personally beneficial.<a href="#cite_note-Foley-29">[28]</a> In his view, only public anti-draft activity, consciously and collectively engaged in, is relevant to stopping a draft or a war.<a href="#cite_note-Foley-29">[28]</a> By contrast, sociologist <a href="/wiki/Todd_Gitlin" title="Todd Gitlin">Todd Gitlin</a> is more generous in his assessment of the effectiveness of the entire gamut of draft evasion practices.<a href="#cite_note-Gitlin-16">[16]</a> Political scientist <a href="/wiki/James_C._Scott" title="James C. Scott">James C. Scott</a>, although speaking more theoretically, makes a similar point, arguing that the accumulation of thousands upon thousands of "petty" and obscure acts of private resistance can trigger political change.<a href="#cite_note-Scott-193">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_class">Social class</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Social class">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James-Fallows-(edit).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/James-Fallows-%28edit%29.jpg/200px-James-Fallows-%28edit%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/James-Fallows-%28edit%29.jpg/301px-James-Fallows-%28edit%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/James-Fallows-%28edit%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Harvard graduate <a href="/wiki/James_Fallows" title="James Fallows">James Fallows</a> wrote about the shame he felt as a draft evader.</figcaption></figure> Another issue is how best to understand young people's responses to a military call-up. According to historian Charles DeBenedetti, some Vietnam War opponents chose to evaluate people's responses to the war largely in terms of their willingness to take personal responsibility to resist evil, a standard prompted by the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_principles" title="Nuremberg principles">Nuremberg doctrine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> The Manual for Draft-Age Immigrants to Canada urged its readers to make their draft decision with Nuremberg in mind.<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> By contrast, prominent journalist <a href="/wiki/James_Fallows" title="James Fallows">James Fallows</a> is convinced that <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a> (rather than conscience or political conviction) was the dominant factor in determining who would fight in the war and who would evade their obligation to do so.<a href="#cite_note-Fallows-14">[14]</a> Fallows writes of the shame he felt – and continued to feel – after he realized that his successful attempt at draft evasion (he brought his body weight below the minimum, and lied about his mental health), an attempt he prepared for with the help of sophisticated draft counselors and classmates at Harvard, meant that working-class kids from Boston would be going to Vietnam in his stead.<a href="#cite_note-Fallows-14">[14]</a> He referred to this outcome as a matter of <a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">class discrimination</a> and passionately argued against it.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> Fallows indicated that he might have felt differently about his behavior had he chosen public draft resistance, jail, or exile.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Karnow" title="Stanley Karnow">Stanley Karnow</a> has noted that, during the Vietnam War, student deferments themselves helped preserve class privilege: "[President Lyndon] Johnson generously deferred U.S. college students from the draft to avoid alienating the American middle class".<a href="#cite_note-Karnow-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democracy">Democracy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Democracy">edit</a>]</div> Historian <a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Howard Zinn</a> and political activist <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hayden" title="Tom Hayden">Tom Hayden</a> saw at least some kinds of draft evasion as a positive expression of democracy.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> By contrast, historian and classical studies scholar Mathew R. Christ says that, in ancient democratic Athens, where draft evasion was ongoing,<a href="#cite_note-Christ-4">[4]</a> many of the popular tragic playwrights were deeply concerned about the corrosive effects of draft evasion on democracy and community.<a href="#cite_note-Matthew-200">[199]</a> According to Christ, while many of these playwrights were sensitive to the moral dilemmas of war and the imperfections of Athenian democracy,<a href="#cite_note-Matthew-200">[199]</a> most touted "the ethical imperative that a man should support his friends and community. In serving the community, the individual does ... what is right and honorable".<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Freedom_League" title="Australian Freedom League">Australian Freedom League</a> – opposed conscription in Australia during World War I</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="Canada and the Vietnam War">Canada and the Vietnam War</a> – includes discussion of U.S. draft evaders</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_for_Conscientious_Objectors" title="Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors">Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors</a> – provided information and counseling to U.S. war resisters and draft evaders from 1948 to 2011</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a> – discusses military desertion generally and in several individual nations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_Conscription_Campaign" title="End Conscription Campaign">End Conscription Campaign</a> – opposed conscription of white South Africans in <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a>-era South Africa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-Conscription_Fellowship" title="No-Conscription Fellowship">No-Conscription Fellowship</a> – opposed <a href="/wiki/Recruitment_to_the_British_Army_during_World_War_I" title="Recruitment to the British Army during World War I">British conscription during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Conscription_League" title="No Conscription League">No Conscription League</a> – co-founded by <a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a> in response to the U.S. draft during World War I</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">Pardon</a> – legal relief sometimes offered to draft evaders</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_churches" title="Peace churches">Peace churches</a> – A number of Christian denominations historically and presently opposed to war and the draft</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_to_serve_in_the_IDF" class="mw-redirect" title="Refusal to serve in the IDF">Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF)</a> - Overview of resistance by Israelis to participate in mandatory military service for the IDF</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resister</a> – discusses variety of types of war refusers, including draft refusers</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-first-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-first_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-first_19-1">b</a> Conscientious objector (CO) status does enable a recipient to avoid military service. However, COs who do not choose to perform non-combatant military service are generally required by their governments to perform civilian alternative service in the public or private sectors – typically conservation, health, or cultural work.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=draft&si=ALGXSlZC_jbid1uaZGfc4a798NDvlKr1bLloQYgCcxqj3Zp14qkphQRbHXuJJoZUrvSubkZ-Q7z0gr3yd47eY5r4k6iZ1jPscQ==&expnd=1">"draft meaning - Google Search"</a>. www.google.com. Retrieved 2023-11-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.google.com&rft.atitle=draft+meaning+-+Google+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Ddraft%26si%3DALGXSlZC_jbid1uaZGfc4a798NDvlKr1bLloQYgCcxqj3Zp14qkphQRbHXuJJoZUrvSubkZ-Q7z0gr3yd47eY5r4k6iZ1jPscQ%3D%3D%26expnd%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraft+evasion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beare-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beare_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beare_2-1">b</a> Beare, Margaret E., ed. (2012). Encyclopedia of Transnational Crime and Justice. Sage Publications, p. 110 ("Draft Dodging" entry). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-9077-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-9077-6">978-1-4129-9077-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wittmann-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wittmann_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wittmann_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wittmann_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wittmann_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wittmann_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wittmann_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wittmann_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wittmann_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wittmann_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wittmann_3-9">j</a> Wittmann, Anna M. (2016). Talking Conflict: The Loaded Language of Genocide, Political Violence, Terrorism, and Warfare. Santa Barbara, CA: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>, pp. 115–116 ("Draft Dodgers" entry). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3424-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3424-0">978-1-4408-3424-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Christ-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Christ_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christ_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christ_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christ_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christ_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christ_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christ_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christ_4-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christ_4-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christ_4-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christ_4-10">k</a> Christ, Matthew R. (2006). The Bad Citizen in Classical Athens. Cambridge, UK: University of Cambridge Press, pp. 52–57 (from the "Draft Evasion and Compulsory Military Service" section). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-73034-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-73034-1">978-0-521-73034-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bell-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bell_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bell_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bell_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bell_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bell_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bell_5-5">f</a> Bell, Walter F. "Draft Dodgers". In <a href="/wiki/Spencer_C._Tucker" title="Spencer C. Tucker">Tucker, Spencer C.</a> (2013). American Civil War: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection. Santa Barbara, CA: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>, pp. 545–546. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-677-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-677-0">978-1-85109-677-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Luhn-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Luhn_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luhn_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luhn_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luhn_6-3">d</a> Luhn, Alec (18 February 2015). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/02/18/the-draft-dodgers-of-ukraine-russia-putin">The Draft Dodgers of Ukraine</a>". <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a>, Web-based content. Retrieved 26 November 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rachel-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rachel_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rachel_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rachel_7-2">c</a> Adams, Rachel (Fall 2005). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.racheladams.net/articles/GoingtoCanada.pdf">'Going to Canada': The Politics and Poetics of Northern Exodus</a>". Yale Journal of Criticism, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 417–425 ("The Things They Wrote" section). Reproduced at the <a href="/wiki/Project_MUSE" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MUSE">Project MUSE</a> database. Retrieved 24 November 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Kasinsky, Renée G. (2006). "Fugitives from Injustice: Vietnam War Draft Dodgers and Deserters in British Columbia". In Evans, Sterling, ed. (2006). The Borderlands of the American and Canadian West: Essays on Regional History of the Forty-ninth Parallel. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, p. 270. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1826-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1826-0">978-0-8032-1826-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoley2003" class="citation book cs1">Foley, Michael S. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uncpress.org/book/9780807854365/confronting-the-war-machine/">Confronting the War Machine: Draft Resistance During the Vietnam War</a>. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-2767-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-2767-3"><bdi>0-8078-2767-3</bdi></a>. <q>The blurring of this distinction annoys former draft resisters who today find themselves stressing the difference whenever they talk about it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confronting+the+War+Machine%3A+Draft+Resistance+During+the+Vietnam+War&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8078-2767-3&rft.aulast=Foley&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funcpress.org%2Fbook%2F9780807854365%2Fconfronting-the-war-machine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraft+evasion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prasad-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Prasad_10-0">^</a> Prasad, Devi; Smythe, Tony, eds. (1968). Conscription: A World Survey: Compulsory Military Service and Resistance To It. London: <a href="/wiki/War_Resisters%27_International" title="War Resisters' International">War Resisters' International</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9500203-1-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9500203-1-0">978-0-9500203-1-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Karnow-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karnow_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karnow_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karnow_11-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Karnow" title="Stanley Karnow">Karnow, Stanley</a> (1997, orig. 1983). Vietnam: A History. New York: Penguin Books, 2nd ed., p. 358. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-026547-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-026547-7">978-0-14-026547-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kusch-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kusch_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kusch_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kusch_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kusch_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kusch_12-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kusch_12-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kusch_12-6">g</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Kusch" title="Frank Kusch">Kusch, Frank</a> (2001). All American Boys: Draft Dodgers in Canada from the Vietnam War. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, pp. 70–74. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-85104-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-85104-3">978-0-470-85104-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Domínguez, Jorge I. "The Cuban Armed Forces, the Party and Society in Wsartime and During Rectification". In Gillespie, Rihard, ed. (1990). Cuba After Thirty Years: Rectification and the Revolution. 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London and Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 159–164. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5914-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5914-1">978-0-7425-5914-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferber-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ferber_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferber_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferber_15-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ferber" title="Michael Ferber">Ferber, Michael</a> (1998). "Why I Joined the Resistance". In Robbins, Mary Susannah, ed. (2007, orig. 1999). Against the Vietnam War: Writings by Activists. London and Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 111–119. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5914-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5914-1">978-0-7425-5914-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gitlin-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gitlin_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gitlin_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gitlin_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gitlin_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gitlin_16-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gitlin_16-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gitlin_16-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gitlin_16-7">h</a> <a href="/wiki/Todd_Gitlin" title="Todd Gitlin">Gitlin, Todd</a> (1993, orig. 1987). <a href="/wiki/The_Sixties:_Years_of_Hope,_Days_of_Rage" title="The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage">The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage</a>. New York: Bantam, rev. ed., pp. 291–292 (beginning of "Varieties of Antiwar Experience" section). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-37212-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-37212-0">978-0-553-37212-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Staughton_Lynd" title="Staughton Lynd">Lynd, Staughton</a>; Lynd, Alice, eds. (1995). Nonviolence in America: A Documentary History, rev. ed. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, Parts V and VII. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57075-010-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57075-010-6">978-1-57075-010-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Moskos" title="Charles Moskos">Moskos, Charles C.</a>; Chambers, John Whiteclay, II. "The Secularization of Conscience". In Moskos and Chanbers II, eds., The New Conscientious Objection: From Sacred to Secular Resistance. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993, p. 5. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507955-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507955-5">978-0-19-507955-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Domínguez, in Gillespie, ed. (1990), p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Baskir" title="Lawrence Baskir">Baskir, Lawrence M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Strauss" title="William Strauss">Strauss, William A.</a> (1987). Chance and Circumstance: The Draft, the War, and the Vietnam Generation. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, p. 45. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-41275-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-41275-7">978-0-394-41275-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Palmer, Brandon (2013). Fighting for the Enemy: Koreans in Japan's War, 1937–1945. 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Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 154–155 (citing 19th century Belgium and France, as well as America during the Civil War). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925353-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925353-1">978-0-19-925353-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Braw-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Braw_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Braw_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Braw_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Braw_24-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Braw_24-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Braw_24-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Braw_24-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Braw_24-7">h</a> Braw, Elisabeth (9 November 2015). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russian-federation/2015-11-09/russians-dodge-bullet">Russians Dodge a Bullet: How Young Russian Men Avoid the Draft</a>". <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>, Web-based content. Retrieved 28 November 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lawrence-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lawrence_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lawrence_25-1">b</a> Baskir and Strauss (1987), p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Dunn, Clive; Dunn, Gillian (2014). Sunderland in the Great War. Barnsley, UK: Pen and Sword Books, p. 49 (reporting on a British grocer who was refused a financial exemption, and was given a two-month "extension" instead). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78346-286-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78346-286-5">978-1-78346-286-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-CL-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CL_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CL_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CL_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CL_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CL_27-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CL_27-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFC.L.2014" class="citation news cs1">C.L. (10 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/baobab/2014/03/10/miserable-and-useless">"Miserable and Useless"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. Retrieved 13 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Miserable+and+Useless&rft.date=2014-03-10&rft.au=C.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fbaobab%2F2014%2F03%2F10%2Fmiserable-and-useless&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraft+evasion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-77971-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-77971-9">978-0-671-77971-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Foley-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foley_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foley_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foley_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foley_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foley_29-4">e</a> Foley, Michael S. (2003). Confronting the War Machine: Draft Resistance During the Vietnam War. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, pp. 6–7, 39, 49, 78. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5436-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5436-5">978-0-8078-5436-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Sauers, Richard A.; Tomasak, Peter (2012). The Fishing Creek Confederacy: A Story of Civil War Draft Resistance. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1988-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1988-6">978-0-8262-1988-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Christ (2006), pp. 59, 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ferber" title="Michael Ferber">Ferber, Michael</a> (1967). "A Time to Say No". In Robbins, Mary Susannah, ed. (2007, orig. 1999). Against the Vietnam War: Writings by Activists. London and Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, p. 120. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5914-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5914-1">978-0-7425-5914-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Williams_33-0">^</a> Williams, Roger N. (1971). The New Exiles: American War Resisters in Canada. New York: Liveright Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-533-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-533-3">978-0-87140-533-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_M._Kohn" title="Stephen M. Kohn">Kohn, Stephen M.</a> (1987). Jailed for Peace: The History of American Draft Law Violators, 1658 –1985. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-92776-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-92776-9">978-0-275-92776-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Harris_(protester)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Harris (protester)">Harris, David</a> (1976). I Shoulda Been Home Yesterday: 20 Months in Jail for Not Killing Anybody. New York: Delacorte / Dell. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-440-04156-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-440-04156-6">978-0-440-04156-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLadden-Hall2022" class="citation news cs1">Ladden-Hall, Dan (2022-09-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/russian-war-protester-shoots-commander-trying-to-draft-citizens">"Desperate Russian Shoots Recruitment Officer Instead of Signing up to Fight in Ukraine"</a>. The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2023-07-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=Desperate+Russian+Shoots+Recruitment+Officer+Instead+of+Signing+up+to+Fight+in+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-09-26&rft.aulast=Ladden-Hall&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Frussian-war-protester-shoots-commander-trying-to-draft-citizens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraft+evasion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cook-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cook_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cook_37-1">b</a> Cook, Adrian (2014, orig. 1982). The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-5182-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-5182-3">978-0-8131-5182-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Dowell, LeiLani, et al. (2006). We Won't Go!: The Truth on Military Recruiters and the Draft – a Guide to Resistance. New York: <a href="/wiki/International_Action_Center" title="International Action Center">International Action Center</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9747521-1-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9747521-1-2">978-0-9747521-1-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Lynd and Lynd, eds. (1995), Chap. 35 ("Ultra Resistance"). </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Peters, Shawn Francis (2012). The Catonsville Nine: A Story of Faith and Resistance in the Vietnam Era. Oxford, UK and New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-982785-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-982785-5">978-0-19-982785-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Dennis, Patrick M. (2017). Reluctant Warriors: Canadian Conscripts and the Great War. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, pp. 56–57 ("Insurrection" section). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-3597-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-3597-8">978-0-7748-3597-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Arnaoutoglou, Ilias (1998). Ancient Greek Laws: A Sourcebook. New York: Routledge, p. 75 (citing <a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a>). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14985-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14985-3">978-0-415-14985-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Broken-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Broken_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broken_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broken_43-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broken_43-3">d</a> Granatstein, J. L.; Hitsman, J. M. (2017, orig. 1977). Broken Promises: A History of Conscription in Canada. Oakville, Ontario: Rock's Mills Press (orig. Toronto: Oxford University Press), p. v. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77244-013-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77244-013-3">978-1-77244-013-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Tough, David. "A Better Truth: The Democratic Legacy of Resistance to Conscription, 1917–1921". In Campbell, Lara; Dawson, Michael; Gidney, Catherine, eds. (2015), Worth Fighting For: Canada's Tradition of War Resistance from 1812 to the War on Terror. Toronto: Between the Lines Books, Chap. 5. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77113-179-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77113-179-7">978-1-77113-179-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Morton_(historian)" title="Desmond Morton (historian)">Morton, Desmond</a> (1999). A Military History of Canada. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 4th ed., p. 156. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-6514-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-6514-9">978-0-7710-6514-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Dennis (2017), cited in "Draft evasion practices" section above, pp. 31, 46, 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-Byers-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Byers_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Byers_47-1">b</a> Byers, David (2017). Zombie Army: The Canadian Army and Conscription in the Second World War. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, Part 2. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-3052-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-3052-2">978-0-7748-3052-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Byers (2017), pp. 6, 160, 234. </li> <li id="cite_note-Two-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Two_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Two_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Two_49-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Two_49-3">d</a> Granatstein, J. L.; Morton, Desmond (2003). Canada and the Two World Wars. Toronto: Key Porter Books, pp. 309–311. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55263-509-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55263-509-4">978-1-55263-509-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Jaskoski, Maiah (2013). Military Politics and Democracy in the Andes. Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 186–188. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0907-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0907-8">978-1-4214-0907-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Otis-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Otis_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Otis_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Otis_51-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Otis_51-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Otis_51-4">e</a> Otis, John (13 June 2014). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pri.org/stories/2014-06-13/draft-evasion-alive-and-well-colombia-and-its-issue-presidential-race">Draft Evasion Is Alive and Well in Colombia</a>". <a href="/wiki/Public_Radio_International" title="Public Radio International">Public Radio International</a>, website article. Retrieved 28 December 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-Manek-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manek_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manek_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manek_52-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFManek2018" class="citation news cs1">Manek, Nizar (3 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-09-02/eritrea-may-change-army-draft-that-spurred-thousands-to-europe">"Eritrea May Alter Army Draft That Forced Thousands to Europe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a>. 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New York: Free Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-905820-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-905820-6">978-0-02-905820-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Virden-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Virden_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Virden_101-1">b</a> Virden, Jenel (2008). America and the Wars of the Twentieth Century. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>, p. 35. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-72661-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-72661-7">978-0-333-72661-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Author unspecified (10 September 1918). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1918/09/10/archives/take-slackers-into-army-many-at-camp-dix-welcome-induction-into.html">Take Slackers Into Army; Many at Camp Dix Welcome Induction Into Military Service</a>". The New York Times, p. 6. Retrieved 17 January 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Capozzola, Christopher (2008). Uncle Sam Wants You: World War I and the Making of the Modern American Citizen. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 43–53. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533549-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533549-1">978-0-19-533549-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Keene-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keene_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keene_104-1">b</a> Keene, Jennifer D. (2006). World War I. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>, p. 37. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33181-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33181-7">978-0-313-33181-7</a>/ </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Ross, William G. (2017). World War I and the American Constitution. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, p. 28. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-09464-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-09464-2">978-1-107-09464-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kazin" title="Michael Kazin">Kazin, Michael</a> (2017). War Against War: The American Fight for Peace, 1914–1918. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>, p. 209. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-0590-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-0590-3">978-1-4767-0590-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Anna-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anna_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anna_107-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anna_107-2">c</a> Wittmann (2016), cited above, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Frazer, Heather T.; O'Sullivan, John (1996). We Have Just Begun to Not Fight: An Oral History of Conscientious Objectors in the Civilian Public Service During World War II. New York: Twayne Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-9134-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-9134-1">978-0-8057-9134-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Rothenberg, Leslie S. (1968). The Draft and You: A Handbook on the Selective Service System. New York: Anchor Books / Doubleday, p. 221. No ISBN. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Maraniss" title="David Maraniss">Maraniss, David</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/They_Marched_Into_Sunlight:_War_and_Peace,_Vietnam_and_America,_October_1967" class="mw-redirect" title="They Marched Into Sunlight: War and Peace, Vietnam and America, October 1967">They Marched Into Sunlight: War and Peace, Vietnam and America, October 1967</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-6104-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-6104-3">978-0-7432-6104-3</a>/ </li> <li id="cite_note-Cortright-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cortright_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cortright_111-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cortright_111-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cortright_111-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cortright_111-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cortright_111-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cortright_111-6">g</a> Cortright, David (2008). Peace: A History of Movements and Ideas. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 164–165. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67000-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67000-5">978-0-521-67000-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Cortright (2005), cited above, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Cortright (2005), cited above, p. 165 (quoting task force chair <a href="/wiki/Martin_Anderson_(economist)" title="Martin Anderson (economist)">Martin Anderson</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-Accused-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Accused_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Accused_114-1">b</a> Baskir and Strauss (1978), cited above, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-chance-115"><a href="#cite_ref-chance_115-0">^</a> Baskir and Strauss (1987), cited above. </li> <li id="cite_note-Coast-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coast_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coast_116-1">b</a> Baskir and Strauss, cited above, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Baskir and Strauss, cited above, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-circumstance-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-circumstance_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-circumstance_118-1">b</a> Baskir and Strauss, cited above, p. 51 </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Ochs, Phil (1965). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genius.com/Phil-ochs-draft-dodger-rag-lyrics">Draft Dodger Rag</a>". Lyrics. <a href="/wiki/Genius_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genius (website)">Genius</a> website. Retrieved 12 October 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Arlo_Guthrie" title="Arlo Guthrie">Guthrie, Arlo</a> (1967). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genius.com/Arlo-guthrie-alices-restaurant-massacree-lyrics">Alice's Restaurant Massacre</a>". Lyrics. <a href="/wiki/Genius_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genius (website)">Genius</a> website. Retrieved 17 January 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuli-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Tuli_121-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Tuli_Kupferberg" title="Tuli Kupferberg">Kupferberg, Tuli</a>; Bashlow, Robert (1968). 1001 Ways to Beat the Draft. New York: Oliver Layton Press. Originally New York: Grove Press, 1967. The book focuses on the United States in the 1960s. Neither edition has an ISBN. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Feiffer, Jules (1989). The Collected Works, Volume II: Munro. Seattle: <a href="/wiki/Fantagraphics_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantagraphics Books">Fantagraphics Books</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56097-001-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56097-001-9">978-1-56097-001-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Satin-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Satin_123-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Satin" title="Mark Satin">Satin, Mark</a> (2017, orig. 1968). Manual for Draft-Age Immigrants to Canada. Toronto: House of Anansi Press "A List" reprint ed., Chap. 24 (listing the names ad addresses of 100 U.S. anti-draft groups from 38 states as of January 1968). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4870-0289-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4870-0289-3">978-1-4870-0289-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Tatum, Arlo, ed. (October 1968, orig. 1952). Handbook for Conscientious Objectors. Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_for_Conscientious_Objectors" title="Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors">Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors</a>, 10th ed., p. 6. Booklet of 100 pages, no ISBN. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Gitlin (1993, orig. 1987), cited above, pp. 247–252. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashbolt-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ashbolt_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashbolt_126-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashbolt_126-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashbolt_126-3">d</a> Ashbolt, Anthony (2013). A Cultural History of the Radical Sixties in the San Francisco Bay Area. New York: Routledge, pp. 127–128. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84893-232-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84893-232-6">978-1-84893-232-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Michael-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Michael_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michael_127-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michael_127-2">c</a> Foley (2003), cited above, Introduction and Chaps. 1–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Kirkpatrick_Sale" title="Kirkpatrick Sale">Sale, Kirkpatrick</a> (1973). SDS. New York: Vintage Books / Random House, "Resistance 1965–1968" section, pp. 311–316. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-71965-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-71965-8">978-0-394-71965-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Clayborne_Carson" title="Clayborne Carson">Carson, Clayborne</a> (1981). In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, p. 271. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-44726-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-44726-4">978-0-674-44726-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferberlynd-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ferberlynd_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferberlynd_130-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ferber" title="Michael Ferber">Ferber, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Staughton_Lynd" title="Staughton Lynd">Lynd, Staughton</a> (1971). The Resistance. Boston: Beacon Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-0542-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-0542-2">978-0-8070-0542-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Klein-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klein_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klein_131-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klein_131-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Klein" title="Joe Klein">Klein, Joe</a> (13 June 1982). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/13/books/a-protege-s-story.html">A Protégé's Story</a>". <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Book_Review" title="The New York Times Book Review">The New York Times Book Review</a>, p. 3. Retrieved 2 February 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedman-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman_132-1">b</a> Friedman, Sari (1 February 2002). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berkeleydailyplanet.com/issue/2002-02-01/article/9905?headline=Stranger-than-fiction--Sari-Friedman">Stranger than Fiction</a>". <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Daily_Planet" title="Berkeley Daily Planet">Berkeley Daily Planet</a>, p. 1. Retrieved 2 February 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kehler-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kehler_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kehler_133-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Randy_Kehler" title="Randy Kehler">Kehler, Randy</a> (September 2005). "Felon for Peace: The Memoir of a Vietnam-Era Draft Resister". Fellowship, vol. 71, no. 9–10, p. 27. A publication of the <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_Reconciliation_(United_States)" title="Fellowship of Reconciliation (United States)">Fellowship of Reconciliation</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Joseph-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Joseph_134-0">^</a> Joseph, Paul (April 2015). "Resister: A Story of Peace and Prison During the Vietnam War". <a href="/wiki/Peace_%26_Change" title="Peace & Change">Peace & Change</a>, vol. 40, issue no. 2, pp. 272–276. A joint publication of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_History_Society" title="Peace History Society">Peace History Society</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Justice_Studies_Association" title="Peace and Justice Studies Association">Peace and Justice Studies Association</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Polner-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Polner_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polner_135-1">b</a> Polner, Murray (18 May 2014). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historynewsnetwork.org/article/155688">Review of Bruce Dancis's 'Resister'</a>". <a href="/wiki/History_News_Network" title="History News Network">History News Network</a>, an electronic platform at <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a>. Retrieved 2 February 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Squires, Jessica (2013). Building Sanctuary: The Movement to Support Vietnam War Resisters in Canada, 1965–73. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 174. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-2524-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-2524-5">978-0-7748-2524-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Kusch (2001), cited above, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Wong, Jan (1997). Red China Blues: My Long March from Mao to Now. New York: Anchor Books, pp. 154–155. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-48232-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-48232-5">978-0-385-48232-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Kiask, Ken (2015). Draft-Dodging Odyssey. Seattle, WA: CreateSpace / Amazon. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5087-5169-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5087-5169-4">978-1-5087-5169-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Fisher_Burns" title="John Fisher Burns">Burns, John</a> (11 October 1967). "Deaf to the Draft". The Globe and Mail (Toronto), pp. 1, 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-Stewart-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Stewart_141-0">^</a> Stewart, Luke (December 2018). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37718241/Review_Essay_Mark_Satin_ed._Manual_for_Draft-Age_Immigrants_to_Canada_Toronto_House_of_Anansi_2018_1968_%C3%89tudes_canadiennes_Canadian_Studies_N_85_December_2018_219-223">Review Essay: Manual for Draft-Age Immigrants to Canada</a>". Études canadiennes / Canadian Studies, issue no. 85, pp. 219–223. Published in French and English by Association Française d'Études Canadiennes, <a href="/wiki/Institut_des_Am%C3%A9riques" title="Institut des Amériques">Institut des Amériques</a>, France. Retrieved 23 May 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Jones, Joseph (2005). Contending Statistics: The Numbers for U.S. War Resisters in Canada. Morrisville, NC: <a href="/wiki/Lulu_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lulu (company)">Lulu Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9737641-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9737641-0-9">978-0-9737641-0-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_McGill_(writer)" title="Robert McGill (writer)">McGill, Robert</a> (2017). War Is Here: The Vietnam War and Canadian Literature. Kingston, Canada: McGill-Queen's University Press, p. 272 n.12 (citing scholars John Hagan, David D. Harvey, Joseph Jones, and David S. Surrey). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-5159-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-5159-6">978-0-7735-5159-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Knowles, Valerie (2016). Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy, 1540–2015. Toronto: <a href="/wiki/Dundurn_Press" title="Dundurn Press">Dundurn Press</a>, 4th ed., p. 214 ("Draft-Age Americans in Canada" section). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-3285-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-3285-8">978-1-4597-3285-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Kasinsky, Renée G. (1976). Refugees from Militarism: Draft-Age Americans in Canada. New Brunswick, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Books</a>, p. 61. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87855-113-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87855-113-2">978-0-87855-113-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Satin (2017, orig. 1968), cited above, pp. 120–122. </li> <li id="cite_note-cool-147"><a href="#cite_ref-cool_147-0">^</a> Keung, Nicholas (20 August 2010). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/insight/article/850824--daring-to-object-iraq-war-resisters-though-often-veterans-themselves-have-been-met-with-a-cool-reception-much-different-from-the-draft-dodgers-of-the-1960s">Iraq War Resisters Meet Cool Reception in Canada</a>." Toronto Star. Retrieved 14 August 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Clausen, Oliver (21 May 1967). "Boys Without a Country". The New York Times Magazine, pp. 25 and 94–105. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Williams (1971), cited above, pp. 56–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Magazine or newspaper articles that touched on the effectiveness of one or more of Canada's draft counseling groups include: <ul><li>Cowan, Edward (11 February 1968). "Expatriate Draft Evaders Prepare Manual on How to Immigrate to Canada". <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, p. 7.</li> <li>Dunford, Gary (3 February 1968). "Toronto's Anti-Draft Office Jammed". <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a>, p. 25.</li> <li>Johnson, Olive Skene (August 1967). "Draft-Age Dilemma". <a href="/wiki/McCall%27s" title="McCall's">McCall's</a>, pp. 34, 150.</li> <li>Rosenthal, Harry F. (2 June 1968). "Canada Increasingly Draft Dodgers' Haven". <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>, p. H9.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Schreiber" title="Jan Schreiber">Schreiber, Jan</a> (January 1968). "Canada's Haven for Draft Dodgers". <a href="/wiki/The_Progressive" title="The Progressive">The Progressive</a>, pp. 34–36.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Wakefield" title="Dan Wakefield">Wakefield, Dan</a> (March 1968). "Supernation at Peace and War". <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>, pp. 42–45.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Adams, James (20 October 2007). "'The Big Guys Keep Being Surprised by Us.'" The Globe and Mail (Toronto), p. R6 (statting that "close to 100,000" had been sold). </li> <li id="cite_note-Roy-152"><a href="#cite_ref-Roy_152-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Roy_MacSkimming" title="Roy MacSkimming">MacSkimming, Roy</a> (26 August 2017). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books-and-media/book-reviews/review-mark-satins-manual-for-draft-age-immigrants-to-canada-is-just-as-timely-as-ever/article36087618">Review: Mark Satin's Manual for Draft-Age Immigrants to Canada Is Just as Timely as Ever</a>". The Globe and Mail, p. R12 (stating that 65,000 had been sold by Canadian publishers and another 30,000 had been reproduced in whole or in part by U.S. anti-war entities). Online text dated 25 August 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Hagan, John (2001). Northern Passage: American Vietnam War Resisters in Canada. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 77–78. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00471-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00471-9">978-0-674-00471-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Hagan (2001), pp. 80–81. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Williams (1971), pp. 79–83. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Hagan (2001), pp. 81 and 161–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Author unspecified (14 September 1974). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1974/09/14/archives/flexible-amnesty-plan-is-reported-set-by-ford.html">Flexible Amnesty Plan Is Reported Set by Ford</a>". <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, p. 9. Retrieved 28 July 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchulzinger2006" class="citation book cs1">Schulzinger, Robert D. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dq4QiUWHrOIC&pg=PT38">A Time for Peace: The Legacy of the Vietnam War</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507190-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507190-0"><bdi>978-0-19-507190-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 30, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Time+for+Peace%3A+The+Legacy+of+the+Vietnam+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507190-0&rft.aulast=Schulzinger&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDq4QiUWHrOIC%26pg%3DPT38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraft+evasion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Kasinsky (1976), cited above, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Williams (1971), cited above. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Hagan (2001), cited above. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Kasinsky (1976), p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Satin, Mark (2017). "Afterword: Bringing Draft Dodgers to Canada in the 1960s". In Satin, Mark (2017, orig. 1968). Manual for Draft-Age Immigrants to Canada. House of Anansi Press, "A List" reprint ed, p. 129. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4870-0289-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4870-0289-3">978-1-4870-0289-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Satin (2017), p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Satin, Mark (14 June 2017). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://houseofanansi.com/blogs/anansi/godfrey-and-me-a-guest-post-by-mark-satin-1">Godfrey and Me</a>". <a href="/wiki/House_of_Anansi_Press" title="House of Anansi Press">House of Anansi Press</a> website. Retrieved 4 April 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Hagan, John (2001), pp. 3 and 241–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> These points have been made in a series of academic journal articles by Canadian social historian David Churchill: <ul><li>Churchill, David S. (2004). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hssh.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/hssh/article/viewFile/4372/3570">An Ambiguous Welcome: Vietnam Draft Resistance, the Canadian State, and Cold War Containment</a>". Histoire Sociale / Social History, vol. 37, no. 73, pp. 1–26.</li> <li>Churchill, David S. (Fall 2010). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/uhr/2010-v39-n1-uhr3960/045106ar.pdf">American Expatriates and the Building of Alternative Social Space in Toronto, 1965–1977</a>". Urban History Review, vol. XXXVIX, no. 1, pp. 31–44.</li> <li>Churchill, David S. (June 2012). "Draft Resistance, Lefr Nationalism, and the Politics of Anti-Imperialism". <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Historical_Review" title="Canadian Historical Review">Canadian Historical Review</a>, vol. 93, no. 2, pp. 227–260.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Baskir and Strauss (1978), p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Hagan (2001), cited above, p. 186 (quoting Baskir and Strauss). </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_170-1">b</a> McGill (2017), cited above, pp. 172–181 ("The Alternative America in Draft-Dodger Novels" sub-chapter). </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Adams (Fall 2005), p. 419. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Beelaert, Amy M. (November 1993). "Voices of Our Times: I Refuse: Memories of a Vietnam War Objector". <a href="/wiki/English_Journal" title="English Journal">The English Journal</a>, vol. 82, no. 7, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Peters, Pamela J. (April 1992). "I Refuse: Memories of a Vietnam War Objector", <a href="/wiki/Library_Journal" title="Library Journal">Library Journal</a>, vol. 117, no. 6, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Macfarlane" title="David Macfarlane">Macfarlane, David</a> (30 April 1994). "Fetherling's Talents Take Wing". <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a>, p. C20. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Ware, Randall (1 May 1994). "A Grey Memoir of a Colorful Time". <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Citizen" title="Ottawa Citizen">Ottawa Citizen</a>, p. B3. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Coates, Donna (Winter 2009). "Artful Dodgers". <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Literature_(journal)" title="Canadian Literature (journal)">Canadian Literature</a>, issue no. 203, p. 147. A publication of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Grady_(author)" title="Wayne Grady (author)">Grady, Wayne</a> (8 October 2008). "An Artful Dodger". <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a>, p. D4. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <a href="/wiki/E._J._Dionne" title="E. J. Dionne">Dionne, E.J.</a> (17 January 2006)."<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/16/AR2006011600913.html">Murtha and the Mudslingers</a>". The Washington Post, p. A17. Retrieved 14 August 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sirius-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sirius_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sirius_179-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/R._U._Sirius" title="R. U. Sirius">Sirius, R.U.</a> (2009). Everybody Must Get Stoned: Rock Stars on Drugs. <a href="/wiki/Kensington_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Kensington Books">Kensington Publishing Corp.</a>, pp. 47–48. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-3073-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-3073-4">978-0-8065-3073-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Noriyuki, Duane (15 July 1990). "Ted Nugent Grows Up?". <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press" title="Detroit Free Press">Detroit Free Press</a>, magazine section, pp. 6, 10."<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mediamatters.org/blog/2014/03/26/the-worst-ted-nugent-interview-of-all-time/198607">The Worst Ted Nugent Interview of All Time</a>". <a href="/wiki/Media_Matters_for_America" title="Media Matters for America">Media Matters for America</a>, online article (see under the sub-head "Nugent Says He Soiled Himself To Avoid Vietnam Among Other Bizarre Anecdotes"). Retrieved 27 July 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> O'Connor, John J. (11 January 1989). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/11/arts/review-television-late-night-chitchat-additions-pat-sajak-and-arsenio-hall.html">Review / Television; Late-Night Chitchat Additions: Pat Sajak and Arsenio Hall</a>". The New York Times, p. C-17. Retrieved 1 November 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Kusch (2001), cited above, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Gottlieb, Sherry Gershon (1991). Hell No, We Won't Go: Resisting the Draft During the Vietnam War. New York: Viking Press, p. 96. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-83935-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-83935-3">978-0-670-83935-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Wilson, John K. (2011). The Most Dangerous Man in America: Rush Limbaugh's Assault on Reason. New York: St. Martin's Press, p. 80 ("Limbaugh at War" section). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-61214-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-61214-6">978-0-312-61214-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kranish" title="Michael Kranish">Kranish, Michael</a>; Hellman, Scott (2012). The Real Romney. New York: HarperCollins, pp. 61–62. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-212327-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-212327-5">978-0-06-212327-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kranish-186"><a href="#cite_ref-Kranish_186-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kranish" title="Michael Kranish">Kranish, Michael</a> (24 June 2007). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.boston.com/news/politics/2008/specials/romney/articles/part1_side_2">Mormon Church Obtained Vietnam Draft Deferrals for Romney, Other Missionaries</a>". <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>, web exclusive, now at <a href="/wiki/Boston.com" title="Boston.com">Boston.com</a> regional website. Retrieved 17 January 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-Conason-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Conason_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conason_187-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Conason" title="Joe Conason">Conason, Joe</a> (20 July 2007). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salon.com/2007/07/20/rudy_and_romney">Rudy and Romney: Artful Dodgers</a>". <a href="/wiki/Salon_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (website)">Salon</a> online magazine. Retrieved 17 January 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-Banks-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Banks_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Banks_188-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Banks_188-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Russell_Banks" title="Russell Banks">Banks, Russell</a> (5 October 2015). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/10/bernie-sanders-mayor/407413">Bernie Sanders, the Socialist Mayor</a>". <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>, online; third section, 10th paragraph. Retrieved 27 July 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Banks (5 October 2015), cited above, third section, 9th paragraph. Retrieved 27 July 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Jaffe, Harry (2015). Why Bernie Sanders Matters. Regan Arts / <a href="/wiki/Phaidon_Press" title="Phaidon Press">Phaidon Press</a>, p. 54. This book was published in December 2015, two months before the <a href="/wiki/Iowa_Democratic_caucuses,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Iowa Democratic caucuses, 2016">Iowa Democratic caucuses, 2016</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68245-017-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68245-017-8">978-1-68245-017-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-eder2-191"><a href="#cite_ref-eder2_191-0">^</a> Eder, Steve; Philipps, Dave (1 August 2016). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/02/us/politics/donald-trump-draft-record.html?mcubz=3">Donald Trump's Draft Deferments: Four for College, One for Bad Feet</a>". The New York Times, p. A1. Print edition has a different date and headline. Retrieved 17 January 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-Draft-192"><a href="#cite_ref-Draft_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1977/01/22/archives/texts-of-documents-on-the-pardon.html">"Texts of Documents on the Pardon"</a>. The New York Times. January 22, 1977. Retrieved April 17, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Texts+of+Documents+on+the+Pardon&rft.date=1977-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1977%2F01%2F22%2Farchives%2Ftexts-of-documents-on-the-pardon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraft+evasion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scott_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott_193-1">b</a> Scott, James C. (1990). Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, p. 192. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05669-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05669-3">978-0-300-05669-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> DeBenedetti, Charles (1990). An American Ordeal: The Antiwar Movement of the Vietnam Era. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, pp. 127–128. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0245-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0245-3">978-0-8156-0245-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> Satin (2117, orig. 1968), cited above, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Fallows (1977), cited above, pp. 162, 164, 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Fallows (1977), cited above, pp. 159, 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn, Howard</a> (2005, orig. 1980). A People's History of the United States. New York: Harper Perennial "classics" ed., pp. 485–486, 605. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-083865-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-083865-2">978-0-06-083865-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Miller_(academic)" title="James Miller (academic)">Miller, James</a> (1994, orig. 1987). Democracy Is in the Streets: From Port Huron to the Siege of Chicago. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, p. 261 (on Hayden). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-19725-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-19725-1">978-0-674-19725-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Matthew-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matthew_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matthew_200-1">b</a> Christ (2006), cited above, pp. 65–87 ("Conscription and Draft Evasion through a Tragic Lens" section). </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> Christ (2006), cited above, p. 86. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Bernstein, Iver. The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War. Lincoln, NE: Bison Books / University of Nebraska Press. 2010.</li> <li>Colhoun, Jack. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vcn.bc.ca/~jjones/amexhistory.html">War Resisters in Exile: The Memoirs of Amex-Canada</a>". Amex-Canada magazine, vol. 6, no. 2 (issue no. 47), pp. 11–78. Account of the political organization created by U.S. draft evaders in Canada. Reproduced at <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Community_Network" title="Vancouver Community Network">Vancouver Community Network</a> website. Retrieved 29 November 2017. Article originally November–December 1977.</li> <li>Conway, Daniel. Masculinisation, Militarisation, and the End Conscription Campaign: War Resistance in Apartheid South Africa. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press. 2012.</li> <li>Foley, Michael S. Confronting the War Machine: Draft Resistance during the Vietnam War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 2003.</li> <li>Gottlieb, Sherry Gershon. Hell No, We Won't Go: Resisting the Draft During the Vietnam War. New York: Viking Press. 1991.</li> <li>Hagan, John. Northern Passage: American Vietnam War Resisters in Canada. Boston: Harvard University Press. 2001.</li> <li>Kasinsky, Renee. Refugees from Militarism: Draft-Age Americans in Canada. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books. 1976.</li> <li>Kohn, Stephen M. Jailed for Peace: The History of American Draft Law Violators, 1658–1985. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1987.</li> <li>Peterson, Carl L. Avoidance and Evasion of Military Service: An American History 1626-1973. San Francisco: International Scholars Publications. 1998.</li> <li>Satin, Mark. Manual for Draft-Age Immigrants to Canada. Toronto: House of Anansi Press, "A List" reprint edition. New introduction by Canadian historian <a href="/wiki/James_Laxer" title="James Laxer">James Laxer</a>, new afterword by Satin ("Bringing Draft Dodgers to Canada in the 1960s: The Reality Behind the Romance"). 2017.</li> <li>Williams, Roger Neville. The New Exiles: American War Resisters in Canada. New York: Liveright. 1970.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Draft_evasion&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/How_To_Beat_The_Draft_Board" class="extiw" title="b:How To Beat The Draft Board">How To Beat the Draft Board</a> – a "tutorial" published in 2017 on <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks" title="Wikibooks">Wikibooks</a>, a project of the <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehypertexts.com/The%20Shministim.htm">Hyper Texts</a> – provides information on the Israeli anti-draft group Shministim, mentioned above</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hasbrouck.org/draft">National Resistance Committee</a> – provides information to U.S. citizens who do not wish to register or otherwise cooperate with the draft. Sponsored by <a href="/wiki/War_Resisters_League" title="War Resisters League">War Resisters League</a>, mentioned above.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newprofile.org/english/about_en">New Profile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180223182947/http://www.newprofile.org/english/about_en">Archived</a> 2018-02-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – English-language website of New Profile, Israeli anti-draft group mentioned above</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sss.gov">Selective Service System</a> – official site of the government agency that registers young male U.S. citizens for the military draft</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depts.washington.edu/antiwar/vietnam_draft.shtml">Vietnam War: Draft Resistance</a> – historical site for Draft Resistance Seattle, example of the locally based U.S. anti-draft groups mentioned above</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vcn.bc.ca/~jjones/amcan.html">Vietnam War Resisters in Canada</a> – annotated guide to texts and websites from the 1960s to the present. Compiled by scholar Joseph Jones, mentioned above.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wri-irg.org/en/co/rtba/index.html">War Resisters International</a> – based in Britain. Monitors conscription and conscientious objection in nations around the world.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anti-war_and_peace_movement214" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anti-war" title="Template:Anti-war"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-war" title="Template talk:Anti-war"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-war" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-war"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anti-war_and_peace_movement214" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">peace movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peace advocates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_organizations" title="Anti-nuclear organizations">Anti-nuclear organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_organizations" title="List of anti-war organizations">Anti-war organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boycott,_Divestment_and_Sanctions" title="Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions">Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_Women_for_Peace" title="Coalition of Women for Peace">Coalition of Women for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Pink" title="Code Pink">Code Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objectors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Peace" title="Culture of Peace">Culture of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECOPEACE_Party" title="ECOPEACE Party">ECOPEACE Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenham_Common_Women%27s_Peace_Camp" title="Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp">Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_resisters_in_Canada" title="Iraq War resisters in Canada">Iraq War resisters in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pacifist_organisations" title="List of pacifist organisations">List of pacifist organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Socialist_Party_of_Japan" title="New Socialist Party of Japan">New Socialist Party of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifist_Socialist_Party" title="Pacifist Socialist Party">Pacifist Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies" title="Peace and conflict studies">Peace and conflict studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_camp" title="Peace camp">Peace camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_churches" title="Peace churches">Peace churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_commission" title="Peace commission">Peace commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_conference" title="Peace conference">Peace conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_congress" title="Peace congress">Peace congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_education" title="Peace education">Peace education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_psychology" title="Peace psychology">Peace psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">Peace treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceworker" title="Peaceworker">Peaceworker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/React,_Include,_Recycle" title="React, Include, Recycle">React, Include, Recycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Social Democratic Party (Japan)">Social Democratic Party (Japan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_(Swedish_political_party)" title="Unity (Swedish political party)">Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Women%27s_Peace_Crusade" title="The Women's Peace Crusade">The Women's Peace Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_League_for_Peace_and_Freedom" title="Women's International League for Peace and Freedom">Women's International League for Peace and Freedom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li>Anarchism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Anarcho-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Christian pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finvenkismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Finvenkismo">Finvenkismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">Isolationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern-war_pacifism" title="Modern-war pacifism">Modern-war pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonkilling" title="Nonkilling">Nonkilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacificism" title="Pacificism">Pacificism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_influence_on_the_peace_movement" title="Soviet influence on the peace movement">Soviet influence on the peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_peace" title="Testimony of peace">Testimony of peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_peace" title="World peace">World peace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media and cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anti-war_art" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Anti-war art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_with_anti-war_themes" title="List of books with anti-war themes">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_Yutel_for_Peace" title="Concert Yutel for Peace">Concert Yutel for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dances_of_Universal_Peace" title="Dances of Universal Peace">Dances of Universal Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_for_Peace" title="Festival for Peace">Festival for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of anti-war films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagine_Piano_Peace_Project" title="Imagine Piano Peace Project">Imagine Piano Peace Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Non-Violence" title="International Day of Non-Violence">International Day of Non-Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Peace" title="International Day of Peace">International Day of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_Among_Civilizations" title="Dialogue Among Civilizations">Dialogue Among Civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_prizes" title="List of peace prizes">List of peace prizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_after_peace" title="List of places named after peace">List of places named Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peace_monuments_and_memorials" title="Category:Peace monuments and memorials">Monuments and memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day_Proclamation" title="Mother's Day Proclamation">Mother's Day Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize_Concert" title="Nobel Peace Prize Concert">Nobel Peace Prize Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_museum" title="Peace museum">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_%26_Love_(festival)" title="Peace & Love (festival)">Peace & Love (festival)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_journalism" title="Peace journalism">Peace journalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_News" title="Peace News">Peace News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promoting_Enduring_Peace" title="Promoting Enduring Peace">Promoting Enduring Peace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_One_Day" title="Peace One Day">Peace One Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plays_with_anti-war_themes" title="List of plays with anti-war themes">Plays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promoting_Enduring_Peace" title="Promoting Enduring Peace">Promoting Enduring Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_of_Peace_Concert" title="Show of Peace Concert">Show of Peace Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_songs" title="List of anti-war songs">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_symbols" title="Peace symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Non-Violence_Project" title="The Non-Violence Project">The Non-Violence Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_for_Peace" title="University for Peace">University for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Bell_Association" title="World Peace Bell Association">World Peace Bell Association</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Peace_Bell" title="Japanese Peace Bell">Japanese Peace Bell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Black" title="Women in Black">Women in Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_March_for_Peace_and_Nonviolence" title="World March for Peace and Nonviolence">World March for Peace and Nonviolence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slogans and tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bed-in" title="Bed-in">Bed-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Park_be-ins" title="Central Park be-ins">Central Park be-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_resolution" title="Conflict resolution">Conflict resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">Counter-recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-escalation" title="De-escalation">De-escalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demilitarisation" title="Demilitarisation">Demilitarisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Peace" title="Department of Peace">Department of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Draft evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die-in" title="Die-in">Die-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">Economic sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_power" title="Flower power">Flower power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Day_of_Action_on_Military_Spending" title="Global Day of Action on Military Spending">Global Day of Action on Military Spending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Be-In" title="Human Be-In">Human Be-In</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesson_of_Munich" title="Lesson of Munich">Lesson of Munich</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Make_love,_not_war" title="Make love, not war">Make love, not war</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">Nonviolent resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non_Violent_Resistance_(psychological_intervention)" title="Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)">Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_walk" title="Peace walk">Peace walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_to_serve_in_the_Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces">Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Soldiers_are_murderers" title="Soldiers are murderers">Soldiers are murderers</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swords_to_ploughshares" title="Swords to ploughshares">Swords to ploughshares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teach-in" title="Teach-in">Teach-in</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_whole_world_is_watching" title="The whole world is watching">The whole world is watching</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_Non-violent_Intervention" title="Third Party Non-violent Intervention">Third Party Non-violent Intervention</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Turning_the_other_cheek" title="Turning the other cheek">Turn the other cheek</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Violence_begets_violence" title="Violence begets violence">Violence begets violence</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">War tax resisters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposition to specific wars or their aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>War of 1812 (<a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_Britain" title="Opposition to the War of 1812 in Britain">UK</a>; <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_the_United_States" title="Opposition to the War of 1812 in the United States">US</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_American_Civil_War" title="Opposition to the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Second_Boer_War" title="Opposition to the Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I" title="Opposition to World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protests_against_the_Vietnam_War" title="List of protests against the Vietnam War">list of protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_war_on_terror" title="Criticism of the war on terror">War on Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Iraq_War" title="Opposition to the Iraq War">Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Criticism of the Iraq War">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Iraq_War" title="Protests against the Iraq War">Protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="Opposition to the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">Afghanistan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_military_action_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to military action against Iran">Military action in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Protests against the Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="Protests against the 2011 military intervention in Libya">2011 intervention in Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_anti-war_protests_in_Russia" title="2014 anti-war protests in Russia">Anti-war protests in Russia (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Protests against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_anti-war_protests_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 anti-war protests in Russia">in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Far_Eastern_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Far Eastern protests">in Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_war_protests_in_the_United_States" title="Gaza war protests in the United States">Gaza War in the U.S.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calls_for_a_ceasefire_during_the_Gaza_war" title="Calls for a ceasefire during the Gaza war">Calls for a ceasefire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Ban_Landmines" title="International Campaign to Ban Landmines">Landmines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objection_to_military_taxation" title="Conscientious objection to military taxation">Military taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament" title="Nuclear disarmament">Nuclear disarmament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_for_the_Total_Elimination_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons">International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_convention" title="Nuclear weapons convention">Nuclear weapons convention</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pacifism_in_Canada" title="Category:Pacifism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_12_of_the_Constitution_of_Costa_Rica" title="Article 12 of the Constitution of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Germany" title="Pacifism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement#Israel" title="Peace movement">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_9_of_the_Japanese_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pacifism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Category:Pacifism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Spain" title="Pacifism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Professionals_Association" title="Sudanese Professionals Association">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_neutrality" 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