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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Values and norms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Values_and_norms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_and_faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Religion and faith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tradition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tradition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tradition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Folk_dances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_dances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Folk dances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_dances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epic_songs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epic_songs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Epic songs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epic_songs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_authors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_authors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Notable authors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_authors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Painting_and_sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Painting_and_sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Painting and sculpture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Painting_and_sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Historical overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Traditional music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>Classical music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_music_in_Montenegro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_music_in_Montenegro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Popular music in Montenegro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_music_in_Montenegro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Performing arts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Performing_arts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Performing arts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Montenegro_as_a_theme_in_foreign_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Montenegro_as_a_theme_in_foreign_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Montenegro as a theme in foreign works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Montenegro_as_a_theme_in_foreign_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Πολιτισμός του Μαυροβουνίου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολιτισμός του Μαυροβουνίου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88" title="سینمای مونته‌نگرو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سینمای مونته‌نگرو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_du_Mont%C3%A9n%C3%A9gro" title="Culture du Monténégro – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Culture du Monténégro" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura_ta%27_Montenegro" title="Kultura ta' Montenegro – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kultura ta' Montenegro" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_de_Montenegro" title="Cultura de Montenegro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cultura de Montenegro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Культура Черногории – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Культура Черногории" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura_e_Malit_t%C3%AB_Zi" title="Kultura e Malit të Zi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kultura e Malit të Zi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura_%C4%8Crne_gore" title="Kultura Črne gore – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kultura Črne gore" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%98_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Култура у Црној Гори – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Култура у Црној Гори" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karada%C4%9F_k%C3%BClt%C3%BCr%C3%BC" title="Karadağ kültürü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karadağ kültürü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97" title="Культура Чорногорії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Культура Чорногорії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_%22Royal_Clipper%22_at_the_Montenegrin_coast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/The_%22Royal_Clipper%22_at_the_Montenegrin_coast.jpg/220px-The_%22Royal_Clipper%22_at_the_Montenegrin_coast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/The_%22Royal_Clipper%22_at_the_Montenegrin_coast.jpg/330px-The_%22Royal_Clipper%22_at_the_Montenegrin_coast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/The_%22Royal_Clipper%22_at_the_Montenegrin_coast.jpg/440px-The_%22Royal_Clipper%22_at_the_Montenegrin_coast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3960" data-file-height="1780" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Clipper" title="Royal Clipper">Royal Clipper</a> at the Montenegrin coast</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montenegrin_Traditional_Weaving_-_Ethnographic_Museum_-_Cetinje_-_Montenegro_-_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Montenegrin_Traditional_Weaving_-_Ethnographic_Museum_-_Cetinje_-_Montenegro_-_02.jpg/220px-Montenegrin_Traditional_Weaving_-_Ethnographic_Museum_-_Cetinje_-_Montenegro_-_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Montenegrin_Traditional_Weaving_-_Ethnographic_Museum_-_Cetinje_-_Montenegro_-_02.jpg/330px-Montenegrin_Traditional_Weaving_-_Ethnographic_Museum_-_Cetinje_-_Montenegro_-_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Montenegrin_Traditional_Weaving_-_Ethnographic_Museum_-_Cetinje_-_Montenegro_-_02.jpg/440px-Montenegrin_Traditional_Weaving_-_Ethnographic_Museum_-_Cetinje_-_Montenegro_-_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Montenegrin traditional weaving in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Montenegro" title="National Museum of Montenegro">Ethnographic Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cetinje" title="Cetinje">Cetinje</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Montenegro" title="Category:Montenegro">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa">Culture of Montenegro</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Montenegro.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/110px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/165px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/220px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro" title="History of Montenegro">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li>Roman period <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praevalitana" title="Praevalitana">Praevalitana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duklja" title="Duklja">Duklja</a></li> <li>Zeta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_(crown_land)" title="Zeta (crown land)">under Nemanjići</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_under_the_Bal%C5%A1i%C4%87i" title="Zeta under the Balšići">under Balšići</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_under_the_Crnojevi%C4%87i" title="Zeta under the Crnojevići">under Crnojevići</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venetian period <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Albania" title="Venetian Albania">Venetian Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li>French period <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_Provinces" title="Illyrian Provinces">Illyrian Provinces</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ottoman period <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Montenegro" title="Sanjak of Montenegro">Sanjak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegro Vilayet">Vilayet</a></li></ul></li> <li>Austrian period <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Province" title="Venetian Province">Venetian Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dalmatia" title="Kingdom of Dalmatia">Kingdom of Dalmatia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Montenegro" title="Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro">Prince-Bishopric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Montenegro" title="Principality of Montenegro">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Kingdom <span style="font-size:85%;">(1910–18)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_Banovina" title="Zeta Banovina">Zeta Banovina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_governorate_of_Montenegro" title="Italian governorate of Montenegro">Italian governorate of Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupied_territory_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupied territory of Montenegro">German occupied territory of Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Anti-Fascist_Assembly_of_National_Liberation" title="Montenegrin Anti-Fascist Assembly of National Liberation">CASNO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SFR_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="SFR Yugoslavia">SFR Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">Socialist Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Montenegro_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Montenegro (1992–2006)">Federal Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Montenegrin_independence_referendum" title="2006 Montenegrin independence referendum">2006 independence referendum</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Montenegrins" title="Montenegrins">People</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Montenegro" title="Languages of Montenegro">Languages</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Montenegro">Mythology</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cuisine" title="Montenegrin cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Montenegro" title="Public holidays in Montenegro">Festivals</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Montenegro">Art</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Montenegro" title="Architecture of Montenegro">Architecture</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Montenegro">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Montenegro">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Montenegro">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio in Montenegro">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Montenegro" title="Television in Montenegro">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Montenegro">Cinema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Montenegro" title="Sport in Montenegro">Sport</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Monuments</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Montenegro" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Montenegro">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Montenegro">Symbols</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Montenegro" title="Flag of Montenegro">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro" title="Coat of arms of Montenegro">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Montenegro">National anthem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Montenegro" title="Template:Culture of Montenegro"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Montenegro" title="Template talk:Culture of Montenegro"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Montenegro" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Montenegro"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>culture of Montenegro</b> is as pluralistic and diverse as its <a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro" title="History of Montenegro">history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Montenegro" title="Geography of Montenegro">geographical position</a> would suggest. <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>'s culture has been influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditions_and_customs">Traditions and customs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Montenegro&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Traditions and customs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Slava_(patron_saint_veneration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slava (patron saint veneration)">Slava</a> is exclusive custom of the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church</a> believers, each family has one patron saint that they venerate on their feast day. The Serbian Orthodox Church uses the traditional Julian calendar, as per which Christmas Day (December 25) falls currently on January 7 of the Gregorian calendar, thus the Serbs celebrate Christmas on January 7, shared with the Orthodox churches of Jerusalem, Russia, Georgia and the Greek Old Calendarists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Values_and_norms">Values and norms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Montenegro&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Values and norms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Culture_of_Montenegro" title="Special:EditPage/Culture of Montenegro">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Culture+of+Montenegro%22">"Culture of Montenegro"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Culture+of+Montenegro%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Culture+of+Montenegro%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Culture+of+Montenegro%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Culture+of+Montenegro%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Culture+of+Montenegro%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_convent_Cetinje_Montenegro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/The_convent_Cetinje_Montenegro.jpg/310px-The_convent_Cetinje_Montenegro.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/The_convent_Cetinje_Montenegro.jpg/465px-The_convent_Cetinje_Montenegro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/The_convent_Cetinje_Montenegro.jpg/620px-The_convent_Cetinje_Montenegro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption>The convent in <a href="/wiki/Cetinje" title="Cetinje">Cetinje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Montenegro" title="Old Montenegro">Old Montenegro</a> in 1889</figcaption></figure> <p>A Montenegrin tradition made into law in Montenegro by <a href="/wiki/King_Nikola" class="mw-redirect" title="King Nikola">King Nikola</a> during his reign, consisting of newly-weds planting an <a href="/wiki/Olive_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive tree">olive tree</a> on their wedding day as a symbol of marriage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion_and_faith">Religion and faith</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Montenegro&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Religion and faith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Montenegrin society is still very conservative. According to the 2011 census, the vast majority of more than 96% of Montenegrin residents declare themselves as members of some religious organization. </p><p>While <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is the dominant religious denomination in Montenegro, there are also sizable numbers of adherents of both <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> Christianity and Islam. The dominant Church is the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church</a> although traces of a forming Montenegrin Orthodox Church are present. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Badnjak_(Serbian)" title="Badnjak (Serbian)">badnjak</a></i> is a tree branch or young tree brought into the house and placed on the fire on the evening of <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a>, a central tradition in Eastern Orthodox Christmas celebrations in Montenegro. The tree from which the badnjak is cut, preferably a young and straight Austrian oak, is ceremonially felled early on the morning of Christmas Eve. The felling, preparation, bringing in, and laying on the fire, are surrounded by elaborate rituals, with many regional variations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tradition">Tradition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Montenegro&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montenegrin_Herzegovinian_costume.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Montenegrin_Herzegovinian_costume.jpg/170px-Montenegrin_Herzegovinian_costume.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Montenegrin_Herzegovinian_costume.jpg/255px-Montenegrin_Herzegovinian_costume.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Montenegrin_Herzegovinian_costume.jpg/340px-Montenegrin_Herzegovinian_costume.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Male folk costume from Montenegro</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_dances">Folk dances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Montenegro&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Folk dances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The traditional folk dance is a circle dance called <a href="/wiki/Kolo_(dance)" title="Kolo (dance)">kolo</a>, which is common among Montenegrins, <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a>. It is a collective dance, where a group of people (usually several dozen, at the very least three) hold each other by the hands or around the waist dancing, forming a circle (hence the name), semicircle or spiral. It is called <a href="/wiki/Oro_(eagle_dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oro (eagle dance)">Oro</a> (or the "Eagle dance") in Montenegro. Similar circle dances also exist in other cultures of the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epic_songs">Epic songs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Montenegro&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Epic songs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Montenegrins' long-standing history of struggle for freedom and independence is invariably linked with strong traditions of oral <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poetry</a>. Traditionally, they are delivered to the audience accompanied by the music produced by a <a href="/wiki/Gusle" title="Gusle">gusle</a>, a one-string instrument played by the story-teller (<i>guslar</i>), who sings or recites the stories of heroes and battles in <a href="/wiki/Decasyllable" title="Decasyllable">decasyllabic verse</a>. Historically, these songs have had an immense motivational power over the population. The guslars commanded almost as much respect as the best of <a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">warriors</a>, as they were as much the authors, thus history writers, as they were interpreters. Presently, these traditions are somewhat livelier in the northern parts of the country (also shared with people in eastern <a href="/wiki/Herzegovina" title="Herzegovina">Herzegovina</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, and central <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Montenegro&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cuisine" title="Montenegrin cuisine">Montenegrin cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foods_from_Montenegro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Foods_from_Montenegro.jpg/220px-Foods_from_Montenegro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Foods_from_Montenegro.jpg/330px-Foods_from_Montenegro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Foods_from_Montenegro.jpg/440px-Foods_from_Montenegro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>Foods from Montenegro</figcaption></figure> <p>Montenegrin cuisine is a result of Montenegro's geographic position and its long history. The traditional dishes of Montenegro's heartland, and its <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic coast</a> have a distinctively <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a> flavour which shows in the style of bread and cheese-making and meat curing, as well as the wines and <a href="/wiki/Distilled_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled beverage">spirits</a> produced and consumed. </p><p>The second large influence came from the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarma_(food)" title="Sarma (food)">sarma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moussaka" title="Moussaka">musaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pilaf" title="Pilaf">pilav</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6rek#Balkans" title="Börek">pita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burek" class="mw-redirect" title="Burek">burek</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%86evapi" title="Ćevapi">ćevapi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">kebab</a>, and sweets like <a href="/wiki/Baklava" title="Baklava">baklava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tulumba" title="Tulumba">tulumba</a>, etc. <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Hungarian</a> dishes are represented by <a href="/wiki/Goulash" title="Goulash">goulash</a>, satarash, and djuvech. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Montenegro&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Montenegro" title="Architecture of Montenegro">Architecture of Montenegro</a></div> <p>Montenegro has a number of significant cultural and historical sites, including heritage sites from the pre-<a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> periods. The Montenegrin coastal region is especially well known for its religious monuments, mostly related to <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> architecture, including the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Tryphon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Saint Tryphon">Cathedral of Saint Tryphon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> of <a href="/wiki/St._Luke" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Luke">St. Luke</a> (over 800 years), Our Lady of the Rock (<i>Škrpjela</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Savina_monastery_(Montenegro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Savina monastery (Montenegro)">Savina Monastery</a>, and others. The ancient city of <i>Cattaro</i> (now called <a href="/wiki/Kotor" title="Kotor">Kotor</a>) is listed on the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> World Heritage list, even as a perfect example of the Venetian architecture. The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine empire">Byzantine</a> influence in architecture, and in religious artwork is especially apparent in the country's interior. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Montenegro&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:right; margin-right:9px; margin-left:2px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oktoih_petoglasnik_iz_1494._eksponat_iz_zbirke_Pedago%C5%A1kog_muzeja_u_Beogradu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Oktoih_petoglasnik_iz_1494._eksponat_iz_zbirke_Pedago%C5%A1kog_muzeja_u_Beogradu.jpg/200px-Oktoih_petoglasnik_iz_1494._eksponat_iz_zbirke_Pedago%C5%A1kog_muzeja_u_Beogradu.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Oktoih_petoglasnik_iz_1494._eksponat_iz_zbirke_Pedago%C5%A1kog_muzeja_u_Beogradu.jpg/300px-Oktoih_petoglasnik_iz_1494._eksponat_iz_zbirke_Pedago%C5%A1kog_muzeja_u_Beogradu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Oktoih_petoglasnik_iz_1494._eksponat_iz_zbirke_Pedago%C5%A1kog_muzeja_u_Beogradu.jpg/400px-Oktoih_petoglasnik_iz_1494._eksponat_iz_zbirke_Pedago%C5%A1kog_muzeja_u_Beogradu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Be%C4%8Dko_izdanje_Gorskog_vijenca_1847.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Be%C4%8Dko_izdanje_Gorskog_vijenca_1847.png/250px-Be%C4%8Dko_izdanje_Gorskog_vijenca_1847.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Be%C4%8Dko_izdanje_Gorskog_vijenca_1847.png/375px-Be%C4%8Dko_izdanje_Gorskog_vijenca_1847.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Be%C4%8Dko_izdanje_Gorskog_vijenca_1847.png/500px-Be%C4%8Dko_izdanje_Gorskog_vijenca_1847.png 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="507" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cetinje_Octoechos" title="Cetinje Octoechos">Cetinje Octoechos</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/The_Mountain_Wreath" title="The Mountain Wreath">The Mountain Wreath</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Montenegrin literature</i> refers to the entire (historical and modern) corpus of <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> created in <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, written mainly in <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> and other related languages spoken in the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Montenegro&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although there are works written at least 800 years ago (like the <a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_the_Priest_of_Duklja" title="Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja">Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja</a>), the most important representatives are writers who lived in 19th and 20th century and wrote mainly in <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>. The first literary works written in the region are ten centuries old, and the first Montenegrin book was printed five hundreds years ago. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> Cattaro (actual <a href="/wiki/Kotor" title="Kotor">Kotor</a>) there were a group of writers and poets that introduced <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> culture in <a href="/wiki/Albania_Veneta" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania Veneta">coastal Montenegro</a>, writing in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Pasquali" title="Ludovico Pasquali">Ludovico Pasquali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bona_de_Boliris" title="Giovanni Bona de Boliris">Giovanni Bona de Boliris</a>, Giovanni Polizza, Giorgio Bisanti, Girolamo Pima, Timoteo Cisilla, Giovanni Crussala, Giuseppe Bronza and Girolamo Panizzola. </p><p>The first state-owned printing press (<a href="/wiki/Printing_House_of_Crnojevi%C4%87i" class="mw-redirect" title="Printing House of Crnojevići">Printing House of Crnojevići</a>) was located in <a href="/wiki/Cetinje" title="Cetinje">Cetinje</a> in 1494, where the first <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavic</a> book was printed the same year (<a href="/wiki/Oktoih" class="mw-redirect" title="Oktoih">Oktoih</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of medieval manuscripts, dating from the 13th century, are kept in the Montenegrin monasteries. On the substratum of traditional oral folk epic poetry, authors like <a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87_Njego%C5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Petar II Petrović Njegoš">Petar II Petrović Njegoš</a> have created their own expression. His epic <i>Gorski Vijenac</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Mountain_Wreath" title="The Mountain Wreath">The Mountain Wreath</a></i>), written in the <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a> <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a>, presents the central point of Montenegrin culture at the time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_authors">Notable authors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Montenegro&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notable authors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 18th and 19th centuries: <a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Petar II Petrović-Njegoš</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrija_Zmajevi%C4%87" title="Andrija Zmajević">Andrija Zmajević</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasilije_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasilije Petrović-Njegoš">Vasilije Petrović-Njegoš</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petar_I_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar I Petrović-Njegoš">Petar I Petrović-Njegoš</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vuk_Vr%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Vuk Vrčević">Vuk Vrčević</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Mitrov_Ljubi%C5%A1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Stefan Mitrov Ljubiša">Stefan Mitrov Ljubiša</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marko_Miljanov" title="Marko Miljanov">Marko Miljanov</a>.</li> <li>In 20th century: <a href="/wiki/Mihailo_Lali%C4%87" title="Mihailo Lalić">Mihailo Lalić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milovan_%C4%90ilas" class="mw-redirect" title="Milovan Đilas">Milovan Đilas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radovan_Zogovi%C4%87" title="Radovan Zogović">Radovan Zogović</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%86amil_Sijari%C4%87" title="Ćamil Sijarić">Ćamil Sijarić</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cedo_Vukovi%C4%87" title="Čedo Vuković">Čedo Vuković</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirko_Kova%C4%8D_(writer)" title="Mirko Kovač (writer)">Mirko Kovač</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dragan_Radulovi%C4%87" title="Dragan Radulović">Dragan Radulović</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vito_Nikoli%C4%87" title="Vito Nikolić">Vito Nikolić</a>.</li> <li>Contemporary authors include: <a href="/wiki/Bal%C5%A1a_Brkovi%C4%87" title="Balša Brković">Balša Brković</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borislav_Jovanovi%C4%87_(writer)" title="Borislav Jovanović (writer)">Borislav Jovanović</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jevrem_Brkovi%C4%87" title="Jevrem Brković">Jevrem Brković</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrej_Nikolaidis" title="Andrej Nikolaidis">Andrej Nikolaidis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanja_Baki%C4%87" title="Tanja Bakić">Tanja Bakić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosiljka_Pu%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Bosiljka Pušić">Bosiljka Pušić</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dragana_Kr%C5%A1enkovi%C4%87_Brkovi%C4%87" title="Dragana Kršenković Brković">Dragana Kršenković Brković</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Painting_and_sculpture">Painting and sculpture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Montenegro&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Painting and sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Faculty of the Fine Arts in <a href="/wiki/Cetinje" title="Cetinje">Cetinje</a> has helped usher in new talent. Some of the most prominent painters from Montenegro include <a href="/wiki/Milo_Milunovi%C4%87" title="Milo Milunović">Milo Milunović</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petar_Lubarda" title="Petar Lubarda">Petar Lubarda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dado_(painter)" title="Dado (painter)">Dado Đurić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uro%C5%A1_To%C5%A1kovi%C4%87" title="Uroš Tošković">Uroš Tošković</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vojo_Stani%C4%87" title="Vojo Stanić">Vojo Stanić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimitrije_Popovi%C4%87" title="Dimitrije Popović">Dimitrije Popović</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Dragojevi%C4%87" title="Boris Dragojević">Boris Dragojević</a> and sculptor <a href="/wiki/Risto_Stijovi%C4%87" title="Risto Stijović">Risto Stijović</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Montenegro&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The music of Montenegro represents a mix of the country's unique musical tradition and Western musical influences. The music of Montenegro has been relatively overlooked, especially in comparison with its literature and visual arts. Nevertheless, the 20th century produced several outstanding composers and interpreters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_overview">Historical overview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Montenegro&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Historical overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 10th and 11th centuries a composer of religious chants (Jovan of Duklja) was the oldest composer known from the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a> coast. At the end of the 12th century a script was made, now called <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_the_Priest_of_Duklja" title="Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja">Ljetopis Popa Dukljanina</a></i>, which described the secular use of musical instruments. Seven liturgies from the 15th century, written by a <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venetian</a> publisher L.A. Giunta, have been saved at St Clare's church in <a href="/wiki/Kotor" title="Kotor">Kotor</a>. In those centuries the typical music "venetian style" was introduced to coastal Montenegro (then called <a href="/wiki/Albania_Veneta" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania Veneta">Albania Veneta</a>). </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ste%C4%87ak_i_Gusle_-_Nevesinje.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ste%C4%87ak_i_Gusle_-_Nevesinje.jpg/200px-Ste%C4%87ak_i_Gusle_-_Nevesinje.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ste%C4%87ak_i_Gusle_-_Nevesinje.jpg/300px-Ste%C4%87ak_i_Gusle_-_Nevesinje.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ste%C4%87ak_i_Gusle_-_Nevesinje.jpg/400px-Ste%C4%87ak_i_Gusle_-_Nevesinje.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2534" data-file-height="1409" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gusle" title="Gusle">Gusle</a>, traditional folk instrument in Montenegro</figcaption></figure> <p>Religious music development was sparked in the 19th century, when a Catholic singing academy was opened in Kotor. Also, until the musical renaissance of the 20th century, Montenegrin music was mainly based on the simple traditional instrument, the <a href="/wiki/Gusle" title="Gusle">gusle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest singing society, named "Jedinstvo" was formed in Kotor in 1839. The first music school in Montenegro was founded in 1934 in <a href="/wiki/Cetinje" title="Cetinje">Cetinje</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Traditional_music">Traditional music</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Montenegro&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Traditional music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional music heritage is somewhat different in different parts of Montenegro. In traditional music, different styles can be noticed in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Kotor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Kotor">Gulf of Kotor</a> area, Old Montenegro and <a href="/wiki/Sanjak" title="Sanjak">Sanjak</a> regions. Old Montenegro traditional music is based around the traditional instrument, the <a href="/wiki/Gusle" title="Gusle">gusle</a>. The music is mainly vocal, or instrumental-vocal. Many songs are adapted from the <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epics</a>, and are based on the events and tales from Montenegrin tradition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classical_music">Classical music</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Montenegro&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Classical music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the country's turbulent history, filled with defensive wars and constant fighting for freedom, the development of culture, especially music, was a secondary interest for <a href="/wiki/Montenegrins_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrins (ethnic group)">Montenegrins</a>. The first notable <a href="/wiki/Montenegrins_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrins (ethnic group)">Montenegrin</a> composer was Jovan Ivanišević (1860–1889). He composed piano miniatures, orchestra, solo and chorus songs that were performed even in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>. He died when he was only 29 years old. In the 19th century, there were also many <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">operas</a> with <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">librettos</a> inspired by Montenegro and its culture, like the famous "Balkan Empress".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other prominent 19th-century composers include Aleksa Ivanović and Dragan Milošević, who graduated from Prague music schools. </p><p>In the beginning of the 20th century, when music schools were first introduced, and culture started developing faster, Montenegrin music started flourishing. There have been a number of notable classical music composers from Montenegro, especially during the 20th century. In the first half of the century, two musical schools developed: one based in Cetinje, and the other one in <a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a>. An important role in the music development of that time was played by Radio Titograd, which broadcast various music programmes daily, and helped popularise the music. At that time, composers started returning to the roots, introducing many traditional elements in modern compositions. Also, during the 1940s and 1950s, musical schools were opened in Kotor, Podgorica, Cetinje, <a href="/wiki/Tivat" title="Tivat">Tivat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herceg_Novi" title="Herceg Novi">Herceg Novi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nik%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Nikšić">Nikšić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bar,_Montenegro" title="Bar, Montenegro">Bar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulcinj" title="Ulcinj">Ulcinj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berane" title="Berane">Berane</a>. </p><p>The Argentine composer Mauricio Annunziata, taking possession of the Montenegrin culture, religion and music, produced the cantata Akatist Op. 108, Hymns of Praise to Saint Basil of Ostrog at the Basilica Santa Maria del Popolo in Rome in May 2008, for solo voices, chorus and orchestra, also in version for organ. This concert marked the second anniversary of the Independence of Montenegro and it was held before the entire diplomatic corps accredited to the Holy See and the highest authorities of the Vatican City. The work was hugely successful in the Italian version of the text produced by Dragana Polovič. </p><p>Today, Montenegro is known for several award-winning <a href="/wiki/Classical_guitarists" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical guitarists">classical guitarists</a>, among them <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Guitar_Duo" title="Montenegrin Guitar Duo">Montenegrin Guitar Duo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Goran_Krivokapi%C4%87" title="Goran Krivokapić">Goran Krivokapić</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danijel_Cerovi%C4%87" title="Danijel Cerović">Danijel Cerović</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Karadagli%C4%87" title="Miloš Karadaglić">Miloš Karadaglić</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_music_in_Montenegro">Popular music in Montenegro</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Montenegro&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Popular music in Montenegro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Probably the best known rock band from Montenegro is <a href="/wiki/Perper_(band)" title="Perper (band)">Perper</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cetinje" title="Cetinje">Cetinje</a>. Other notable rock bands include DST (from <a href="/wiki/Nik%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Nikšić">Nikšić</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Highway_(Montenegrin_band)" title="Highway (Montenegrin band)">Highway</a>, Autogeni Trening, Gospoda Glembajevi and Mikrokozma (from the capital, <a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a>). Rock musicians from Montenegro who were popular throughout the former Yugoslavia include <a href="/wiki/Marinko_Pavi%C4%87evi%C4%87" title="Marinko Pavićević">Marinko Pavićević</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miladin_%C5%A0obi%C4%87" title="Miladin Šobić">Miladin Šobić</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rambo_Amadeus" title="Rambo Amadeus">Rambo Amadeus</a>. While the notable pop singers from Montenegro are <a href="/wiki/Sergej_%C4%86etkovi%C4%87" title="Sergej Ćetković">Sergej Ćetković</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanja_Radovanovi%C4%87" title="Vanja Radovanović">Vanja Radovanović</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavko_Kalezi%C4%87" title="Slavko Kalezić">Slavko Kalezić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bojan_Marovi%C4%87" title="Bojan Marović">Bojan Marović</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knez_(singer)" title="Knez (singer)">Knez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vlado_Georgiev" title="Vlado Georgiev">Vlado Georgiev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nina_Petkovi%C4%87" title="Nina Petković">Nina Petković</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Demirovi%C4%87" title="Andrea Demirović">Andrea Demirović</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Filipovi%C4%87" title="Stefan Filipović">Stefan Filipović</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nina_%C5%BDi%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Nina Žižić">Nina Žižić</a>, also pop music groups <a href="/wiki/No_Name_(Montenegrin_band)" title="No Name (Montenegrin band)">No Name</a> and <a href="/wiki/D_mol" title="D mol">D mol</a>. There are currently several active rock and pop Festivals in Montenegro, the most notables are <a href="/wiki/Sea_Dance_Festival" title="Sea Dance Festival">Sea Dance Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cetinje" title="Cetinje">Cetinje</a> Beer Fest, "City Groove" in <a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a>, "Lake" and "Bedem" Fests in <a href="/wiki/Nik%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Nikšić">Nikšić</a>, and many other summer music festivals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performing_arts">Performing arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Montenegro&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Performing arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Montenegro&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Considering its population of about 600,000 people, Montenegro has produced a number of outstanding film directors and actors including <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Vukoti%C4%87" title="Dušan Vukotić">Dušan Vukotić</a>, the first Yugoslav Oscar winner (for the short animated film category in 1961), <a href="/wiki/Veljko_Bulaji%C4%87" title="Veljko Bulajić">Veljko Bulajić</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDivko_Nikoli%C4%87" title="Živko Nikolić">Živko Nikolić</a>. </p><p>Other notable Montenegrin directors and filmmakers include: <a href="/wiki/Krsto_Papi%C4%87" title="Krsto Papić">Krsto Papić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Branko_Baleti%C4%87" title="Branko Baletić">Branko Baletić</a>, Velimir Stojanović, <a href="/wiki/Zdravko_Velimirovi%C4%87" title="Zdravko Velimirović">Zdravko Velimirović</a>, Bane Bastać, <a href="/wiki/Predrag_Golubovi%C4%87" title="Predrag Golubović">Predrag Golubović</a>, Krsto Škanata, Milo Đukanović, and perspective filmmakers of new generation Ivan Salatić, Gojko Berkuljan, Marija Perović, <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Vuk%C4%8Devi%C4%87_(film_director)" title="Nikola Vukčević (film director)">Nikola Vukčević</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljko_So%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Željko Sošić">Željko Sošić</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivona_Juka" title="Ivona Juka">Ivona Juka</a>. </p><p><br /> In 2013, the Montenegrin film <i><a href="/wiki/Bad_Destiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Bad Destiny">Bad Destiny</a></i> became the first film from the country to be submitted for the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film">Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86th_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86th-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HWR_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HWR-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Montenegro&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notable theatres include the <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_National_Theatre" title="Montenegrin National Theatre">Montenegrin National Theatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a>, the Theatre of Nikšić in <a href="/wiki/Nik%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Nikšić">Nikšić</a>, and the City Theatre in <a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a>. Montenegrin National Theatre is the only professional theatre and along with the Faculty of <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Cetinje" title="Cetinje">Cetinje</a> is responsible for the lion's share of theatre production in the country. During the summer months, the City Theatre in <a href="/wiki/Budva" title="Budva">Budva</a> takes precedence as a stage for performers coming from all corners of the former <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> and the world. </p><p>Many scholars believe that the biggest contribution to Montenegrin music in theater was by Dionisio de Sarno San Giorgio, the Italian composer who spent most of his life in the country. His "Balkan Empress" – inspired by the work of King Nikola – received high praise from Italian critics during the second half of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Montenegro_as_a_theme_in_foreign_works">Montenegro as a theme in foreign works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Montenegro&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Montenegro as a theme in foreign works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Croatian poet <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ma%C5%BEurani%C4%87" title="Ivan Mažuranić">Ivan Mažuranić</a> wrote a Montenegrin-themed epic poem, <a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Smail-aga_%C4%8Cengi%C4%87" title="The Death of Smail-aga Čengić">The Death of Smail-aga Čengić</a>.</li> <li>The 2006 James Bond film <i><a href="/wiki/Casino_Royale_(2006_film)" title="Casino Royale (2006 film)">Casino Royale</a></i> is partially set in Montenegro.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Gatsby" title="The Great Gatsby">The Great Gatsby</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald" title="F. Scott Fitzgerald">F. Scott Fitzgerald</a>, refers to a decoration which <a href="/wiki/Jay_Gatsby" title="Jay Gatsby">Jay Gatsby</a> received for his war efforts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero_Wolfe" title="Nero Wolfe">Nero Wolfe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rex_Stout" title="Rex Stout">Rex Stout</a>'s fictional character is born in Montenegro.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Institutions">Institutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Montenegro&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts">Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matica_Crnogorska" class="mw-redirect" title="Matica Crnogorska">Matica Crnogorska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Montenegro" title="University of Montenegro">University of Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_PEN_Center" title="Montenegrin PEN Center">Montenegrin PEN Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podgorica_Book_Fair" title="Podgorica Book Fair">Podgorica Book Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(Montenegro)" title="Ministry of Culture (Montenegro)">Ministry of Culture of Montenegro</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Montenegro&rft.pub=Britannica+Encyclopaedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FMontenegro%23ref887673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.njegos.org/heritage/gusle.htm">Montenegrin gusle</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mytheatrereviews.blogspot.com/2008/11/balkanska-carica-balkan-empress.html">Balkan Empress</a>, mytheatrereviews.blogspot.com. Accessed 13 September 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86th-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86th_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191736/http://www.pobjeda.me/2013/08/27/film-as-pik-losa-sudbina-kandidat-crne-gore-za-nominaciju-za-oskara/">"Film "As pik – loša sudbina" kandidat Crne Gore za nominaciju za Oskara"</a>. <i>pobjeda</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pobjeda.me/2013/08/27/film-as-pik-losa-sudbina-kandidat-crne-gore-za-nominaciju-za-oskara/">the original</a> on 2013-10-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pobjeda&rft.atitle=Film+%22As+pik+%E2%80%93+lo%C5%A1a+sudbina%22+kandidat+Crne+Gore+za+nominaciju+za+Oskara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pobjeda.me%2F2013%2F08%2F27%2Ffilm-as-pik-losa-sudbina-kandidat-crne-gore-za-nominaciju-za-oskara%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HWR-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HWR_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oscars-serbia-nominates-circles-montenegro-618819">"Oscars: Serbia Nominates 'Circles' and Montenegro Taps 'Bad Destiny' in Foreign Language Category"</a>. <i>Hollywood Reporter</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Oscars%3A+Serbia+Nominates+%27Circles%27+and+Montenegro+Taps+%27Bad+Destiny%27+in+Foreign+Language+Category&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fnews%2Foscars-serbia-nominates-circles-montenegro-618819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Montenegro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/s/ref=ntt_athr_dp_sr_1?_encoding=UTF8&search-alias=books-uk&field-author=Dionisio%20de%20Sarno%20San%20Giorgio">Works of Dionisio De Sarno San Giorgio, mostly done in Montenegro</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Montenegro_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Montenegro_topics" title="Template:Montenegro topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Montenegro_topics" title="Template talk:Montenegro topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Montenegro_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Montenegro topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Montenegro_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro" title="History of Montenegro">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Roman period <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praevalitana" title="Praevalitana">Praevalitana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duklja" title="Duklja">Duklja</a></li> <li>Zeta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_(crown_land)" title="Zeta (crown land)">under Nemanjići</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_under_the_Bal%C5%A1i%C4%87i" title="Zeta under the Balšići">under Balšići</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_under_the_Crnojevi%C4%87i" title="Zeta under the Crnojevići">under Crnojevići</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venetian period <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Albania" title="Venetian Albania">Venetian Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li>French period <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_Provinces" title="Illyrian Provinces">Illyrian Provinces</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ottoman period <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Montenegro" title="Sanjak of Montenegro">Sanjak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegro Vilayet">Vilayet</a></li></ul></li> <li>Austrian period <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Province" title="Venetian Province">Venetian Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dalmatia" title="Kingdom of Dalmatia">Kingdom of Dalmatia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Montenegro" title="Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro">Prince-Bishopric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Montenegro" title="Principality of Montenegro">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Kingdom <span style="font-size:85%;">(1910–18)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_Banovina" title="Zeta Banovina">Zeta Banovina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_governorate_of_Montenegro" title="Italian governorate of Montenegro">Italian governorate of Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupied_territory_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupied territory of Montenegro">German occupied territory of Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Anti-Fascist_Assembly_of_National_Liberation" title="Montenegrin Anti-Fascist Assembly of National Liberation">CASNO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SFR_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="SFR Yugoslavia">SFR Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">Socialist Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Montenegro_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Montenegro (1992–2006)">Federal Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Montenegrin_independence_referendum" title="2006 Montenegrin independence referendum">2006 independence referendum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Montenegro" title="Geography of Montenegro">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Montenegro" title="List of cities in Montenegro">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Montenegro#Statistics" title="Geography of Montenegro">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Montenegro" title="List of islands of Montenegro">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Montenegro" title="List of lakes of Montenegro">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Montenegro" title="List of mountains in Montenegro">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Montenegro" title="List of national parks of Montenegro">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_regions_of_Montenegro" title="Statistical regions of Montenegro">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Montenegro" title="List of rivers of Montenegro">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Montenegro" title="Politics of Montenegro">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Montenegro" title="Constitution of Montenegro">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Montenegro" title="Elections in Montenegro">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Montenegro" title="Foreign relations of Montenegro">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Montenegro" title="Armed Forces of Montenegro">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Montenegro" title="Municipalities of Montenegro">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Montenegro" title="Government of Montenegro">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Montenegro" title="Prime Minister of Montenegro">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Montenegro" title="President of Montenegro">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Montenegro" title="List of heads of state of Montenegro">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Montenegro" title="Parliament of Montenegro">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Parliament_of_Montenegro" title="President of the Parliament of Montenegro">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Montenegro" title="List of political parties in Montenegro">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency_(Montenegro)" title="National Security Agency (Montenegro)">Intelligence agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Montenegro">Law enforcement</a></li> <li>Human rights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Montenegro" title="Freedom of religion in Montenegro">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Montenegro">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Montenegro" title="Economy of Montenegro">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Montenegro" title="Central Bank of Montenegro">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Montenegro" title="List of companies of Montenegro">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Montenegro" title="Economy of Montenegro">Economy of Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Montenegro" title="Telecommunications in Montenegro">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators_of_Europe#Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mobile network operators of Europe">Mobile network operators</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Montenegro" title="Tourism in Montenegro">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Montenegro" title="Transport in Montenegro">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Montenegro" title="Category:Society of Montenegro">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Montenegro" title="Crime in Montenegro">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Montenegro" title="Demographics of Montenegro">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Montenegro" title="Education in Montenegro">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Montenegro" title="Languages of Montenegro">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrins" title="Montenegrins">Montenegrins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Montenegrins" title="List of Montenegrins">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Montenegro" title="Architecture of Montenegro">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Montenegro">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cuisine" title="Montenegrin cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_wine" title="Montenegrin wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrin folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Montenegro">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Montenegro">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Montenegro">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_News_Agency" title="Montenegrin News Agency">News Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Montenegro" title="List of newspapers in Montenegro">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Montenegro" title="Television in Montenegro">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio in Montenegro">Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Montenegro" title="Sport in Montenegro">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Montenegro" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Montenegro">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Montenegro" title="National symbols of Montenegro">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oj,_svijetla_majska_zoro" title="Oj, svijetla majska zoro">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro" title="Coat of arms of Montenegro">Coat of arms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Montenegro" title="Armorial of Montenegro">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Montenegro" title="Flag of Montenegro">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Montenegro" title="List of flags of Montenegro">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Montenegro">Name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Montenegro" title="Outline of Montenegro">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Montenegro" title="Category:Montenegro">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culture_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture" title="Template:Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture" title="Template talk:Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">Culture of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian culture">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Andorra" title="Culture of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Armenia" title="Culture of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Austria" title="Culture of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Culture of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Belarus" title="Culture of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Belgium" title="Culture of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Culture of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bulgaria" title="Culture of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Croatia" title="Culture of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Culture of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Denmark" title="Culture of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Estonia" title="Culture of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Finland" title="Culture of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Culture of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hungary" title="Culture of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iceland" title="Culture of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kazakhstan" title="Culture of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Latvia" title="Culture of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Lithuania" title="Culture of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Luxembourg" title="Culture of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Malta" title="Culture of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Moldova" title="Culture of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Netherlands" title="Culture of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_North_Macedonia" title="Culture of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Norway" title="Culture of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Poland" title="Culture of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Portugal" title="Culture of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Romania" title="Culture of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_San_Marino" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Serbia" title="Culture of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Slovakia" title="Culture of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Slovenia" title="Culture of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Spain" title="Culture of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sweden" title="Culture of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Switzerland" title="Culture of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ukraine" title="Culture of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Culture of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Abkhazia" title="Culture of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kosovo" title="Culture of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Culture of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_%C3%85land" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Culture of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Gibraltar" title="Culture of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Guernsey" title="Culture of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Culture of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jersey" title="Culture of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Svalbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policies_of_the_European_Union" 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