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href="#Potential_climatic_fingerprint_of_Heinrich_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Potential climatic fingerprint of Heinrich events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential_climatic_fingerprint_of_Heinrich_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unusual_Heinrich_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unusual_Heinrich_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Unusual Heinrich events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unusual_Heinrich_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suceso_Heinrich" title="Suceso Heinrich – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Suceso Heinrich" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89v%C3%A8nement_de_Heinrich" title="Évènement de Heinrich – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Évènement de Heinrich" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich-atbur%C3%B0ur" title="Heinrich-atburður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Heinrich-atburður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evento_di_Heinrich" title="Evento di Heinrich – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Evento di Heinrich" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich-event" title="Heinrich-event – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Heinrich-event" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%92%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%99%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88" title="ハインリッヒ・イベント – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハインリッヒ・イベント" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eveniment_Heinrich" title="Eveniment Heinrich – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Eveniment Heinrich" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Событие Хайнриха – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Событие Хайнриха" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_event" title="Heinrich event – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Heinrich event" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrichin_tapahtuma" title="Heinrichin tapahtuma – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Heinrichin tapahtuma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Olay%C4%B1" title="Heinrich Olayı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Heinrich Olayı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Large groups of icebergs traverse the North Atlantic.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schannwell_2024_Heinrich_events.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Schannwell_2024_Heinrich_events.png/220px-Schannwell_2024_Heinrich_events.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="408" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Schannwell_2024_Heinrich_events.png/330px-Schannwell_2024_Heinrich_events.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Schannwell_2024_Heinrich_events.png/440px-Schannwell_2024_Heinrich_events.png 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>A reconstruction of how Heinrich events would have likely proceeded, with the Laurentide ice sheet first growing to an unsustainable position, where the base of its periphery becomes too warm, and then rapidly losing ice until it is reduced to sustainable size<sup id="cite_ref-Schannwell2024_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schannwell2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>Heinrich event</b> is a natural phenomenon in which large groups of <a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">icebergs</a> break off from the <a href="/wiki/Laurentide_ice_sheet" title="Laurentide ice sheet">Laurentide ice sheet</a> and traverse the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Strait" title="Hudson Strait">Hudson Strait</a> into the North Atlantic.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodríguez-TovarDoradorHodell2019_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodríguez-TovarDoradorHodell2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First described by marine geologist <a href="/wiki/Hartmut_Heinrich" title="Hartmut Heinrich">Hartmut Heinrich</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-HartmutHeinrich1998_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HartmutHeinrich1998-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they occurred during five of the last seven <a href="/wiki/Glacial_period" title="Glacial period">glacial periods</a> over the past 640,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-HodellEtAlPaleoceanography2008_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HodellEtAlPaleoceanography2008-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heinrich events are particularly well documented for the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_glaciation" title="Wisconsin glaciation">last glacial</a> period but notably absent from the <a href="/wiki/Penultimate_Glacial_Period" title="Penultimate Glacial Period">penultimate glaciation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The icebergs contained rock mass that had been eroded by the glaciers, and as they melted, this material was dropped to the sea floor as <a href="/wiki/Ice_rafted_debris" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice rafted debris">ice rafted debris</a> (abbreviated to "IRD") forming deposits called <b>Heinrich layers</b>. </p><p>The icebergs' melting caused vast quantities of fresh water to be added to the North Atlantic. Such inputs of cold and fresh water may well have altered the density-driven, <a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">thermohaline circulation</a> patterns of the ocean, and often coincide with indications of global climate fluctuations. </p><p>Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain the cause of Heinrich events, most of which imply instability of the massive Laurentide Ice Sheet, a continental ice sheet covering most of northeastern North America during the last glacial period. Other northern hemisphere ice sheets were potentially involved as well, such as the <a href="/wiki/Fennoscandian_ice_sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Fennoscandian ice sheet">Fennoscandic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greenland_ice_sheet" title="Greenland ice sheet">Iceland/Greenland</a>. However, the initial cause of this instability is still debated. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_event&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evolution_of_temperature_in_the_Post-Glacial_period_according_to_Greenland_ice_cores.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Evolution_of_temperature_in_the_Post-Glacial_period_according_to_Greenland_ice_cores.jpg/440px-Evolution_of_temperature_in_the_Post-Glacial_period_according_to_Greenland_ice_cores.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Evolution_of_temperature_in_the_Post-Glacial_period_according_to_Greenland_ice_cores.jpg/660px-Evolution_of_temperature_in_the_Post-Glacial_period_according_to_Greenland_ice_cores.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Evolution_of_temperature_in_the_Post-Glacial_period_according_to_Greenland_ice_cores.jpg/880px-Evolution_of_temperature_in_the_Post-Glacial_period_according_to_Greenland_ice_cores.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1786" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>The H1 Heinrich event occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>, around 16,000 years ago. Evolution of temperature in the Post-Glacial period since the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Last Glacial Period</a>, according to Greenland <a href="/wiki/Ice_cores" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice cores">ice cores</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Approximate_chronology_of_Heinrich_events_vs_Dansgaard-Oeschger_events_and_Antarctic_Isotope_Maxima.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Approximate_chronology_of_Heinrich_events_vs_Dansgaard-Oeschger_events_and_Antarctic_Isotope_Maxima.png/440px-Approximate_chronology_of_Heinrich_events_vs_Dansgaard-Oeschger_events_and_Antarctic_Isotope_Maxima.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Approximate_chronology_of_Heinrich_events_vs_Dansgaard-Oeschger_events_and_Antarctic_Isotope_Maxima.png/660px-Approximate_chronology_of_Heinrich_events_vs_Dansgaard-Oeschger_events_and_Antarctic_Isotope_Maxima.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Approximate_chronology_of_Heinrich_events_vs_Dansgaard-Oeschger_events_and_Antarctic_Isotope_Maxima.png/880px-Approximate_chronology_of_Heinrich_events_vs_Dansgaard-Oeschger_events_and_Antarctic_Isotope_Maxima.png 2x" data-file-width="3621" data-file-height="1792" /></a><figcaption>Chronology of climatic events of importance for the Last Glacial Period (~last 120,000 years) as recorded in polar ice cores, and approximate relative position of Heinrich events, initially recorded in <a href="/wiki/Marine_sediment" title="Marine sediment">marine sediment</a> cores from the North Atlantic Ocean. Light violet line: δ<sup>18</sup>O from the NGRIP ice core (Greenland), permil (NGRIP members, 2004). Orange dots: temperature reconstruction for the NGRIP drilling site (Kindler <i>et al</i>., 2014). Dark violet line: δ<sup>18</sup>O from the EDML ice core (Antarctica), permil (EPICA community members, 2006). Grey areas: major Heinrich events of mostly Laurentide origine (H1, H2, H4, H5). Grey hatch: major Heinrich events of mostly European origine (H3, H6). Light grey hatch and numbers C-14 to C-25: minor IRD layers registered in North Atlantic marine sediment cores (Chapman <i>et al</i>., 1999). HS-1 to HS-10: Heinrich Stadial (HS, Heinrich, 1988; Rasmussen <i>et al</i>., 2003; Rashid <i>et al</i>., 2003). GS-2 to GS-24: Greenland Stadial (GS, Rasmussen <i>et al</i>., 2014). AIM-1 to AIM-24: Antarctic Isotope Maximum (AIM, EPICA community members, 2006). Antarctica and Greenland ice core records are shown on their common timescale AICC2012 (Bazin <i>et al</i>., 2013; Veres <i>et al</i>., 2013).</figcaption></figure> <p>The strict definition of Heinrich events is the climatic event causing the IRD layer observed in marine sediment cores from the North Atlantic: a massive collapse of northern hemisphere ice shelves and the consequent release of a prodigious volume of icebergs. By extension, the name "Heinrich event" can also refer to the associated climatic anomalies registered at other places around the globe, at approximately the same time periods. The events are rapid: they last probably less than a millennium, a duration varying from one event to the next, and their <a href="/wiki/Abrupt_climate_change" title="Abrupt climate change">abrupt</a> onset may occur in mere years.<sup id="cite_ref-MaslinSeidovLowe2001_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaslinSeidovLowe2001-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heinrich events are clearly observed in many North Atlantic marine sediment cores covering the last glacial period; the lower resolution of the sedimentary record before this point makes it more difficult to deduce whether they occurred during other glacial periods in the Earth's history. Some researchers identify the <a href="/wiki/Younger_Dryas" title="Younger Dryas">Younger Dryas</a> event as a Heinrich event, which would make it event H0 (<i>table, right</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Broecker1994Nature_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broecker1994Nature-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BondLotti1995Science_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BondLotti1995Science-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" style="background: #FFFFFF; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; text-align:center; float:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" style="width:5em; background:#aaeecc">Event </th> <th colspan="3" style="background:#aaeecc">Age, <a href="/wiki/Kyr" title="Kyr">kyr</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width:8em; background:#bdfadd">Hemming (2004), <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_calibration" title="Radiocarbon calibration">calibrated</a> </td> <td style="width:8em; background:#bdfadd">Bond & Lotti (1995) </td> <td style="width:8em; background:#bdfadd">Vidal <i>et al</i>. (1999) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dfe">H0 </td> <td>~12 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dfe">H1 </td> <td>16.8<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Hemming gives a calibrated age of 16,800 BP based on a radiocarbon date of 14,200 +- 2600 from Bond et al. (1992, 1993). But if one calibrates Bond et al. (1992, 1993)'s date with recent calibration software like OxCal (developed by the Oxford Radiocarbon team and available as an extension on Firefox), the calibrated date has an enormous error margin: between 30.4 and 11.1 ka cal BP (95.4% confidence). (May 2018)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dfe">H2 </td> <td>24 </td> <td>23 </td> <td>22 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dfe">H3 </td> <td>~31 </td> <td>29 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dfe">H4 </td> <td>38 </td> <td>37 </td> <td>35 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dfe">H5 </td> <td>45 </td> <td> </td> <td>45 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dfe">H6 </td> <td>~60 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><small>H1,2 are dated by <a href="/wiki/Carbon-14" title="Carbon-14">radiocarbon</a>; H3-6 by correlation to <a href="/wiki/Greenland_Ice_Sheet_Project" title="Greenland Ice Sheet Project">GISP</a>2.</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Heinrich events appear related to some, but not all, of the cold periods preceding the rapid warming events known as <a href="/wiki/Dansgaard%E2%80%93Oeschger_event" title="Dansgaard–Oeschger event">Dansgaard–Oeschger (D-O) events</a>, which are best recorded in the <a href="/wiki/North_Greenland_Ice_Core_Project" title="North Greenland Ice Core Project">NGRIP</a> Greenland ice core. However, difficulties in synchronising marine sediment cores and Greenland ice cores to the same time scale raised questions as to the accuracy of that statement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Potential_climatic_fingerprint_of_Heinrich_events">Potential climatic fingerprint of Heinrich events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_event&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Potential climatic fingerprint of Heinrich events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Heinrich's original observations were of six layers in <a href="/wiki/Ocean_sediment" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean sediment">ocean sediment</a> cores with extremely high proportions of rocks of continental origin, "<a href="/wiki/Lithic_fragment_(geology)" title="Lithic fragment (geology)">lithic fragments</a>", in the 180 μm to <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>3 mm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in) size range.<sup id="cite_ref-HartmutHeinrich1998_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HartmutHeinrich1998-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The larger size fractions cannot be transported by ocean currents, and are thus interpreted as having been carried by icebergs or sea ice which broke off glaciers or ice shelves, and dumped debris onto the sea floor as the icebergs melted. Geochemical analyses of the IRD can provide information about the origin of these debris: mostly the large Laurentide Ice Sheet then covering North America for Heinrich events 1, 2, 4 and 5, and on the contrary, European ice sheets for the minor events 3 and 6. The signature of the events in sediment cores varies considerably with distance from the source region. For events of Laurentide origin, there is a belt of IRD at around 50° N, known as the Ruddiman belt, expanding some 3,000 km (1,900 mi) from its North American source towards <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, and thinning by an order of magnitude from the <a href="/wiki/Labrador_Sea" title="Labrador Sea">Labrador Sea</a> to the European end of the present iceberg route (Grousset <i>et al</i>., 1993). During Heinrich events, huge volumes of fresh water flow into the ocean. For Heinrich event 4, based on a model study reproducing the isotopic anomaly of oceanic oxygen 18, the fresh water flux has been estimated to 0.29±0.05 <a href="/wiki/Sverdrup" title="Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a> with a duration of 250±150 years,<sup id="cite_ref-RochePaillardCortijo2004Nature_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RochePaillardCortijo2004Nature-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> equivalent to a fresh water volume of about 2.3 million cubic kilometres (0.55 million cubic miles) or a 2 ± 1 m (6 ft 7 in ± 3 ft 3 in) sea-level rise. </p><p>Several geological indicators fluctuate approximately in time with these Heinrich events, but difficulties in precise dating and correlation make it difficult to tell whether the indicators precede or lag Heinrich events, or in some cases whether they are related at all. Heinrich events are often marked by the following changes: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elphidium_excavatum_clavatum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Elphidium_excavatum_clavatum.jpg/220px-Elphidium_excavatum_clavatum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Elphidium_excavatum_clavatum.jpg/330px-Elphidium_excavatum_clavatum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Elphidium_excavatum_clavatum.jpg/440px-Elphidium_excavatum_clavatum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>As well as indicating oceanic productivity, foraminifera tests also provide valuable <a href="/wiki/Isotope_geochemistry" title="Isotope geochemistry">isotopic</a> data</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Increased <a href="/wiki/%CE%9418O" title="Δ18O">δ<sup>18</sup>O</a> of the northern (Nordic) seas and East <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asian</a> stalactites (<a href="/wiki/Speleothems" class="mw-redirect" title="Speleothems">speleothems</a>), which by <a href="/wiki/Proxy_(climate)" title="Proxy (climate)">proxy</a> suggests falling global temperature (or rising ice volume)<sup id="cite_ref-Bar-MatthewsAyalonKaufman1997QuaternaryResearch_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bar-MatthewsAyalonKaufman1997QuaternaryResearch-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Decreased oceanic <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a>, due to the influx of fresh water<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Decreased <a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperature</a> estimates off the West <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> coast through biochemical indicators known as <a href="/wiki/Alkenone" title="Alkenone">alkenones</a> (Sachs 2005)</li> <li>Warming of the subsurface ocean in the subpolar North Atlantic<sup id="cite_ref-MaxEtAl2022_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaxEtAl2022-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Changes in sedimentary disturbance (<a href="/wiki/Bioturbation" title="Bioturbation">bioturbation</a>) caused by burrowing animals<sup id="cite_ref-GroussetPujolLabeyrieAuffretBoelaert2000_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GroussetPujolLabeyrieAuffretBoelaert2000-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rodríguez-TovarDoradorHodell2019_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodríguez-TovarDoradorHodell2019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Flux in <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">planktonic</a> isotopic make-up (changes in δ<sup>13</sup>C, decreased δ<sup>18</sup>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">Pollen</a> indications of cold-loving <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pines</a> replacing <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oaks</a> on the North American mainland (Grimm <i>et al.</i> 1993)</li> <li>Decreased <a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera">foraminiferal</a> abundance – which due to the pristine nature of many samples cannot be attributed to <a href="/wiki/Sampling_bias" title="Sampling bias">preservational bias</a> and has been related to reduced salinity<sup id="cite_ref-BondEtAl1992Nature_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BondEtAl1992Nature-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Increased <a href="/wiki/Terrigenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrigenous">terrigenous</a> runoff from the continents, measured near the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a></li> <li>Increased grain size in wind-blown <a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">loess</a> in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, suggesting stronger winds<sup id="cite_ref-PorterAndZhizsheng1995Nature_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PorterAndZhizsheng1995Nature-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Changes in relative <a href="/wiki/Thorium-230" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium-230">Thorium-230</a> abundance, reflecting variations in <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">ocean current</a> velocity <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Increased deposition rates in the northern Atlantic, reflected by an increase in continentally derived sediments (lithics) relative to background sedimentation<sup id="cite_ref-HartmutHeinrich1998_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HartmutHeinrich1998-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Expansion of grass and shrubland across large areas of Europe<sup id="cite_ref-HarrisonSanchezGoñi2010_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarrisonSanchezGoñi2010-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The global extent of these records illustrates the dramatic impact of Heinrich events. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unusual_Heinrich_events">Unusual Heinrich events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_event&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Unusual Heinrich events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sand_bei_200_fach_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sand_bei_200_fach_2.jpg/220px-Sand_bei_200_fach_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sand_bei_200_fach_2.jpg/330px-Sand_bei_200_fach_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sand_bei_200_fach_2.jpg/440px-Sand_bei_200_fach_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="940" /></a><figcaption>The lithic proportion of sediments deposited during H3 and H6 is substantially below that of other Heinrich events</figcaption></figure> <p>H3 and H6 do not share such a convincing suite of Heinrich event symptoms as events H1, H2, H4, and H5, which has led some researchers to suggest that they are not true Heinrich events. That would make <a href="/wiki/Gerard_C._Bond" title="Gerard C. Bond">Gerard C. Bond</a>'s suggestion of Heinrich events fitting into a 7,000-year cycle ("<a href="/wiki/Bond_event" title="Bond event">Bond events</a>") suspect. </p><p>Several lines of evidence suggest that H3 and H6 were somehow different from the other events. </p> <ul><li>Lithic peaks: a far smaller proportion of lithics (3,000 <i>vs.</i> 6,000 grains per gram) is observed in H3 and H6, which means that the role of the continents in providing sediments to the oceans was relatively lower.</li> <li>Foram dissolution: <a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera">Foraminifera</a> tests appear to be more eroded during H3 and H6 (Gwiazda <i>et al.</i>, 1996). That may indicate an influx of nutrient-rich, hence corrosive, <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_bottom_water" title="Antarctic bottom water">Antarctic bottom water</a> by a reconfiguration of oceanic circulation patterns.</li> <li>Ice provenance: Icebergs in H1, H2, H4, and H5 are relatively enriched in <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> "detrital carbonate" originating from the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Strait" title="Hudson Strait">Hudson Strait</a> region; while H3 and H6 icebergs carried less of this distinctive material<sup id="cite_ref-KirbyAndAndrews1999_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KirbyAndAndrews1999-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SidneyHemming2004_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SidneyHemming2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ice rafted debris distribution: Sediment transported by ice does not extend as far East during H3/6. Hence some researchers have been moved to suggest a European origin for at least some H3/6 clasts: America and Europe were originally adjacent to one another; hence, the rocks on each continent are difficult to distinguish, and the source is open to interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-GroussetPujolLabeyrieAuffretBoelaert2000_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GroussetPujolLabeyrieAuffretBoelaert2000-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_event&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H-events.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/H-events.png/300px-H-events.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/H-events.png/450px-H-events.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/H-events.png/600px-H-events.png 2x" data-file-width="3938" data-file-height="1642" /></a><figcaption>The ratio of calcium versus strontium in a North Atlantic drill core (blue; Hodell et al., 2008) compared to petrologic counts of "detrital carbonate" (Bond et al., 1999; Obrochta et al., 2012; Obrochta et al., 2014), the mineralogically distinctive component of Hudson Strait-derived IRD. Shading indicates glaciations ("ice ages").</figcaption></figure> <p>As with so many climate related issues, the system is far too complex to be confidently assigned to a single cause.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Opinion" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view/FAQ#Assert_facts,_not_opinions" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ"><span title="This statement may be opinion presented as fact. (January 2020)">opinion</span></a></i>]</sup> There are several possible drivers, which fall into two categories. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_forcings—the_"binge–purge"_model"><span id="Internal_forcings.E2.80.94the_.22binge.E2.80.93purge.22_model"></span>Internal forcings—the "binge–purge" model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_event&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Internal forcings—the "binge–purge" model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This model suggests that factors internal to ice sheets cause the periodic disintegration of major ice volumes, responsible for Heinrich events. </p><p>The gradual accumulation of ice on the Laurentide Ice Sheet led to a gradual increase in its mass, as the "binge phase". Once the sheet reached a critical mass, the soft, unconsolidated sub-glacial sediment formed a "slippery lubricant" over which the ice sheet slid, in the "purge phase", lasting around 750 years. The original model proposed that <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">geothermal</a> heat caused the sub-glacial sediment to thaw once the ice volume was large enough to prevent the escape of heat into the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-MacAyeal1993_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacAyeal1993-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mathematics of the system are consistent with a 7,000-year periodicity, similar to that observed if H3 and H6 are indeed Heinrich events.<sup id="cite_ref-SarntheinEtAl2001Book_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SarntheinEtAl2001Book-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, if H3 and H6 are not Heinrich events, the Binge-Purge model loses credibility, as the predicted periodicity is key to its assumptions. It may also appear suspect because similar events are not observed in other ice ages,<sup id="cite_ref-SidneyHemming2004_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SidneyHemming2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this may be due to the lack of high-resolution sediments. In addition, the model predicts that the reduced size of ice sheets during the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> should reduce the size, impact and frequency of Heinrich events, which is not reflected by the evidence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_forcings">External forcings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_event&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External forcings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several factors external to ice sheets may cause Heinrich events, but such factors would have to be large to overcome attenuation by the huge volumes of ice involved.<sup id="cite_ref-MacAyeal1993_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacAyeal1993-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gerard_C._Bond" title="Gerard C. Bond">Gerard Bond</a> suggests that changes in the flux of solar energy on a 1,500-year scale may be correlated to the Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles, and in turn the Heinrich events; however the small magnitude of the change in energy makes such an exo-terrestrial factor unlikely to have the required large effects, at least without huge <a href="/wiki/Positive_feedback" title="Positive feedback">positive feedback</a> processes acting within the Earth system. However, rather than the warming itself melting the ice, it is possible that sea-level change associated with the warming destabilised ice shelves. A rise in sea level could begin to corrode the bottom of an ice sheet, undercutting it; when one ice sheet failed and surged, the ice released would further raise sea levels, and further destabilizing other ice sheets. In favour of this theory is the non-simultaneity of ice sheet break-up in H1, H2, H4, and H5, where European breakup preceded European melting by up to 1,500 years.<sup id="cite_ref-MaslinSeidovLowe2001_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaslinSeidovLowe2001-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thermohaline_circulation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Thermohaline_circulation.png/350px-Thermohaline_circulation.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Thermohaline_circulation.png/525px-Thermohaline_circulation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Thermohaline_circulation.png/700px-Thermohaline_circulation.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Present-day <a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">ocean circulation</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a>, far left, may be redirected during Heinrich events.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Atlantic Heat Piracy model suggests that changes in oceanic circulation cause one hemisphere's oceans to become warmer at the other's expense.<sup id="cite_ref-SeidovMaslin2001_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SeidovMaslin2001-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a> redirects warm, equatorial waters towards the northern Nordic Seas. The addition of fresh water to northern oceans may reduce the strength of the Gulf stream, and allow a southwards current to develop instead. This would cause the cooling of the northern hemisphere, and the warming of the southern, causing changes in ice accumulation and melting rates and possibly triggering shelf destruction and Heinrich events.<sup id="cite_ref-Stocker1998Science_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stocker1998Science-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rohling's 2004 Bipolar model suggests that sea level rise lifted buoyant ice shelves, causing their destabilisation and destruction. Without a floating ice shelf to support them, continental ice sheets would flow out towards the oceans and disintegrate into icebergs and sea ice. </p><p>Freshwater addition has been implicated by coupled ocean and atmosphere climate modeling,<sup id="cite_ref-GanopolskiAndRahmstorf2001_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GanopolskiAndRahmstorf2001-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showing that both Heinrich and <a href="/wiki/Dansgaard%E2%80%93Oeschger_event" title="Dansgaard–Oeschger event">Dansgaard–Oeschger events</a> may show <a href="/wiki/Hysteresis" title="Hysteresis">hysteresis</a> behaviour. This means that relatively minor changes in freshwater loading into the Nordic Seas, such as a 0.15 <a href="/wiki/Sverdrup" title="Sverdrup">Sv</a> increase or 0.03 Sv decrease, would suffice to cause profound shifts in global circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-RahmstorfEtAl2005GeophysicalResearchLetters_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RahmstorfEtAl2005GeophysicalResearchLetters-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The results show that a Heinrich event does not cause a cooling around <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> but further south, mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a> Atlantic, a finding supported by most available <a href="/wiki/Paleoclimate" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleoclimate">paleoclimatic</a> data. This idea was connected to D-O events by Maslin <i>et al</i>. (2001).<sup id="cite_ref-MaslinSeidovLowe2001_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaslinSeidovLowe2001-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They suggested that each ice sheet had its own conditions of stability, but that on melting, the influx of freshwater was enough to reconfigure ocean currents, and cause melting elsewhere. More specifically, D-O cold events, and their associated influx of meltwater, reduce the strength of the North Atlantic Deep Water current (NADW), weakening the northern-hemisphere circulation and therefore resulting in an increased transfer of heat polewards in the southern hemisphere. This warmer water results in melting of Antarctic ice, thereby reducing density stratification and the strength of the Antarctic Bottom Water current (AABW). This allows the NADW to return to its previous strength, driving northern hemisphere melting and another D-O cold event. Eventually, the accumulation of melting reaches a threshold, whereby it raises sea level enough to undercut the Laurentide Ice Sheet, thereby causing a Heinrich event and resetting the cycle. </p><p>Hunt & Malin (1998) proposed that Heinrich events are caused by earthquakes triggered near the ice margin by rapid deglaciation.<sup id="cite_ref-HuntAndMalin1993Nature_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuntAndMalin1993Nature-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_event&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet_dynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice sheet dynamics">Ice sheet dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_event" title="Bond event">Bond event</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_event&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Schannwell2024-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schannwell2024_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchannwellMikolajewiczKapschZiemen2024" class="citation journal cs1">Schannwell, Clemens; 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(2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2014.09.007">"A stratigraphic framework for abrupt climatic changes during the Last Glacial period based on three synchronized Greenland ice-core records: refining and extending the INTIMATE event stratigraphy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_Science_Reviews" title="Quaternary Science Reviews">Quaternary Science Reviews</a></i>. <b>106</b>: 14–28. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014QSRv..106...14R">2014QSRv..106...14R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2014.09.007">10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.09.007</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2160%2F30436">2160/30436</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=A+stratigraphic+framework+for+abrupt+climatic+changes+during+the+Last+Glacial+period+based+on+three+synchronized+Greenland+ice-core+records%3A+refining+and+extending+the+INTIMATE+event+stratigraphy&rft.volume=106&rft.pages=14-28&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2160%2F30436&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2014.09.007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014QSRv..106...14R&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+S.O.&rft.au=Bigler%2C+M.&rft.au=Blockley%2C+S.&rft.au=Blunier%2C+T.&rft.au=Buchardt%2C+S.+L.&rft.au=Clausen%2C+H.+B.&rft.au=Cvijanovic%2C+I.&rft.au=Dahl-Jensen%2C+D.&rft.au=Johnsen%2C+S.+J.&rft.au=Fischer%2C+H.&rft.au=Gkinis%2C+V.&rft.au=Guillevic%2C+M.&rft.au=Hoek%2C+W.&rft.au=Lowe%2C+J.+J.&rft.au=Pedro%2C+J.&rft.au=Popp%2C+T.&rft.au=Seierstad%2C+I.+E.&rft.au=Steffensen%2C+J.&rft.au=Svensson%2C+A.+M.&rft.au=Vallelonga%2C+P.&rft.au=Vinther%2C+B.+M.&rft.au=Walker%2C+M.+J.&rft.au=Wheatley%2C+J.&rft.au=Winstrup%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.quascirev.2014.09.007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+event" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRickaby,_R.E.M.Elderfield,_H.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Rickaby, R.E.M.; Elderfield, H. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2004GC000858">"Evidence from the high-latitude North Atlantic for variations in Antarctic Intermediate water flow during the last deglaciation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geochemistry,_Geophysics,_Geosystems" title="Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems">Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems</a></i>. <b>6</b> (5): Q05001. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005GGG.....6.5001R">2005GGG.....6.5001R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2004GC000858">10.1029/2004GC000858</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geochemistry%2C+Geophysics%2C+Geosystems&rft.atitle=Evidence+from+the+high-latitude+North+Atlantic+for+variations+in+Antarctic+Intermediate+water+flow+during+the+last+deglaciation&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=Q05001&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2004GC000858&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005GGG.....6.5001R&rft.au=Rickaby%2C+R.E.M.&rft.au=Elderfield%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2004GC000858&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+event" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeres,_D.Bazin,_L.Landais,_A.Kele,_H._T._M.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Veres, D.; Bazin, L.; Landais, A.; Kele, H. T. M.; Lemieux-Dudon, B.; Parrenin, F.; Martinerie, P.; Blayo, E.; Blunier, T.; Capron, E.; Chappellaz, J.; Rasmussen, S. O.; Severi, M.; Svensson, A.; Vinther, B.; Wolff, E.W. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fcp-9-1733-2013">"The Antarctic ice core chronology (AICC2012): an optimized multi-parameter and multi-site dating approach for the last 120 thousand years"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Past" title="Climate of the Past">Climate of the Past</a></i>. <b>9</b> (4): 1733–1748. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013CliPa...9.1733V">2013CliPa...9.1733V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fcp-9-1733-2013">10.5194/cp-9-1733-2013</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2158%2F969432">2158/969432</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climate+of+the+Past&rft.atitle=The+Antarctic+ice+core+chronology+%28AICC2012%29%3A+an+optimized+multi-parameter+and+multi-site+dating+approach+for+the+last+120+thousand+years&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1733-1748&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2158%2F969432&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fcp-9-1733-2013&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013CliPa...9.1733V&rft.au=Veres%2C+D.&rft.au=Bazin%2C+L.&rft.au=Landais%2C+A.&rft.au=Kele%2C+H.+T.+M.&rft.au=Lemieux-Dudon%2C+B.&rft.au=Parrenin%2C+F.&rft.au=Martinerie%2C+P.&rft.au=Blayo%2C+E.&rft.au=Blunier%2C+T.&rft.au=Capron%2C+E.&rft.au=Chappellaz%2C+J.&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+S.+O.&rft.au=Severi%2C+M.&rft.au=Svensson%2C+A.&rft.au=Vinther%2C+B.&rft.au=Wolff%2C+E.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5194%252Fcp-9-1733-2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+event" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVidal,_L.Schneider,_R.R.Marchal,_O.Bickert,_T.1999" class="citation journal cs1">Vidal, L.; Schneider, R.R.; Marchal, O.; Bickert, T.; Stocker, T.F.; Wefer, G. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071129123626/http://www.climate.unibe.ch/~stocker/papers/vidal99cd.pdf">"Link between the North and South Atlantic during the Heinrich events of the last glacial period"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Climate_Dynamics" title="Climate Dynamics">Climate Dynamics</a></i>. <b>15</b> (12): 909–919. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999ClDy...15..909V">1999ClDy...15..909V</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.36.7817">10.1.1.36.7817</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs003820050321">10.1007/s003820050321</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14241287">14241287</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.climate.unibe.ch/~stocker/papers/vidal99cd.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-11-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climate+Dynamics&rft.atitle=Link+between+the+North+and+South+Atlantic+during+the+Heinrich+events+of+the+last+glacial+period&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=909-919&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.36.7817%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14241287%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs003820050321&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999ClDy...15..909V&rft.au=Vidal%2C+L.&rft.au=Schneider%2C+R.R.&rft.au=Marchal%2C+O.&rft.au=Bickert%2C+T.&rft.au=Stocker%2C+T.F.&rft.au=Wefer%2C+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.climate.unibe.ch%2F~stocker%2Fpapers%2Fvidal99cd.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+event" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_event&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>2011 summary of recent work: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlvarez-SolasRamstein2011" class="citation journal cs1">Alvarez-Solas, Jorge; Ramstein, Gilles (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3250121">"On the triggering mechanism of Heinrich events"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</a></i>. <b>108</b> (50): E1359–60. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PNAS..108E1359A">2011PNAS..108E1359A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1116575108">10.1073/pnas.1116575108</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3250121">3250121</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22123946">22123946</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=On+the+triggering+mechanism+of+Heinrich+events&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=E1359-60&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3250121%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22123946&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1116575108&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PNAS..108E1359A&rft.aulast=Alvarez-Solas&rft.aufirst=Jorge&rft.au=Ramstein%2C+Gilles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3250121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+event" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_event&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>William C. Calvin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://williamcalvin.com/1990s/1998AtlanticClimate.htm">"The great climate flip-flop"</a> adapted from <i>Atlantic Monthly</i>, 281(1):47–64 (January 1998).</li> <li>(Gerald Bond) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/pr/95/18779.html">"Recent, Abrupt Climate-Cooling Cycle Found"</a>: Columbia University Press Release, December 11, 1995:</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051031043312/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/074.htm">IPCC TAR section 2.4.3 How Fast did Climate Change during the Glacial Period?</a></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_event&oldid=1253493217">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_event&oldid=1253493217</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Paleoclimatology" title="Category:Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_geology" title="Category:Historical geology">Historical geology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pleistocene_events" title="Category:Pleistocene events">Pleistocene events</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="Category:Geology of the Atlantic Ocean">Geology of the Atlantic Ocean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Icebergs" title="Category:Icebergs">Icebergs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1988_in_science" title="Category:1988 in science">1988 in science</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_May_2018" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from May 2018">Articles lacking reliable references from May 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_minor_POV_problems" title="Category:All articles with minor POV problems">All articles with minor POV problems</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_minor_POV_problems_from_January_2020" title="Category:Articles with minor POV problems from January 2020">Articles with minor POV problems from January 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 October 2024, at 08:11<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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