PEDOT:PSS Conductivity

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The conjugated nature of PEDOT means there is continuous overlap of π-orbitals along the polymer backbone. This allows for the delocalization of ele" /><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/309/assets/apple-touch-icon.png?v=47689890648139992551736345554"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/309/assets/favicon-32x32.png?v=170914528706734454101736345554"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/309/assets/favicon-16x16.png?v=162550173345868048431736345554"> <link rel="manifest" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/309/assets/site.webmanifest?v=100969836723433583841736345554"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/309/assets/safari-pinned-tab.svg?v=95647162979764929801736345554" color="#39499c"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#418fde"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/pedot-pss-conductivity" />  <link rel="stylesheet" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/309/assets/main-style.css?v=16729050345922917521738234789">  <script>var shopifyMoneyFormat = '${{amount}}';</script> <script defer src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/309/assets/main.js?v=157338903963497831821738573942"></script>  <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:title" content="PEDOT:PSS Conductivity" /> <meta property="og:description" content="The conductivity of PEDOT:PSS is in the range of 10-4 - 103 S cm-1 PEDOT:PSS is conductive because it contains the conjugated intrinsically conductive polymer (ICP) PEDOT. The conjugated nature of PEDOT means there is continuous overlap of π-orbitals along the polymer backbone. This allows for the delocalization of ele" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.ossila.com/pages/pedot-pss-conductivity" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Ossila" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@ossilascience"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"> <meta name="twitter:title" content="PEDOT:PSS Conductivity"> <meta name="twitter:description" content="The conductivity of PEDOT:PSS is in the range of 10-4 - 103 S cm-1 PEDOT:PSS is conductive because it contains the conjugated intrinsically conductive polymer (ICP) PEDOT. The conjugated nature of PEDOT means there is continuous overlap of π-orbitals along the polymer backbone. This allows for the delocalization of electrons across multiple atoms. This electronic structure enables the easy movement of charge carriers such as electrons and holes. PEDOT:PSS Although PEDOT is conductive, PSS is insulating. The quantity of PSS and the microstructure of the film have a significant impact on the electronic properties of PEDOT:PSS. In a water-based dispersion, the PEDOT and PSS form a micelle structure in which the hydrophobic PEDOT core is surrounded by a shell of hydrophilic PSS. This structure is retained during deposition and forms localized regions of conductive PEDOT surrounded by insulating regions of"> <script>window.performance && window.performance.mark && window.performance.mark('shopify.content_for_header.start');</script><meta id="shopify-digital-wallet" name="shopify-digital-wallet" content="/8230287/digital_wallets/dialog"> <script async="async" src="/checkouts/internal/preloads.js?locale=en-US"></script> <script id="shopify-features" type="application/json">{"accessToken":"617cbb4d26a0b7cdd5a40372523be336","betas":["rich-media-storefront-analytics"],"domain":"www.ossila.com","predictiveSearch":true,"shopId":8230287,"smart_payment_buttons_url":"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/cdn\/shopifycloud\/payment-sheet\/assets\/latest\/spb.en.js","dynamic_checkout_cart_url":"https:\/\/www.ossila.com\/cdn\/shopifycloud\/payment-sheet\/assets\/latest\/dynamic-checkout-cart.en.js","locale":"en"}</script> <script>var Shopify = Shopify || {}; Shopify.shop = 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You can still place orders by emailing us on <a href="mailto:info@ossila.com">info@ossila.com</a>, but you may experience issues browsing our website. Please consider upgrading to a modern browser for better security and an improved browsing experience.</p> </div> </div>  <main> <div id="informational-page"> <h1>PEDOT:PSS Conductivity</h1> <div class="container"> <img width="1340" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Large-PEDOT-Collection.jpg?crop=center&width=1340&height=280" loading="lazy" height="280" class="featured-image" alt="PEDOT:PSS Conductivity"> <p>The conductivity of <a href="/collections/pedot">PEDOT:PSS</a> is in the range of <strong>10<sup>-4</sup> - 10<sup>3</sup> S cm<sup>-1</sup></strong></p> <p>PEDOT:PSS is conductive because it contains the conjugated intrinsically conductive polymer (ICP) PEDOT. The conjugated nature of PEDOT means there is continuous overlap of π-orbitals along the polymer backbone. This allows for the delocalization of electrons across multiple atoms. This electronic structure enables the easy movement of charge carriers such as electrons and holes.</p> <figure><img width="424" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/PEDOTPSS_Conductivity-01.svg?v=1713279131" loading="lazy" height="212" alt="PEDOT:PSS Conductivity"> <figcaption>PEDOT:PSS</figcaption> </figure> <p>Although PEDOT is conductive, PSS is insulating. The quantity of PSS and the microstructure of the film have a significant impact on the electronic properties of PEDOT:PSS. In a water-based dispersion, the PEDOT and PSS form a micelle structure in which the hydrophobic PEDOT core is surrounded by a shell of hydrophilic PSS. This structure is retained during deposition and forms localized regions of conductive PEDOT surrounded by insulating regions of PSS. It is this core-shell structure which results in the low conductivity values that can arise for standard formulations of PEDOT:PSS.</p> <p>Changing the ratio of PEDOT to PSS can drastically affect the properties of your PEDOT material:</p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <th width="20%">Ratio PEDOT:PSS (w/w)</th> <th width="20%">Example</th> <th width="20%">Conductivity</th> <th width="20%">Stability of Suspension</th> <th width="20%">Potential Application</th> </tr> <tr> <td>1:6</td> <td><a title="AI 4083 PEDOT:PSS" href="/products/pedot-pss-ai-4083">AI 4083</a></td> <td>Medium</td> <td>Medium</td> <td>Organic and inverted PSCs and OLEDs as a hole transport material</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1:2.5</td> <td><a title="/products/pedot-pss-ph-1000" href="/products/pedot-pss-ph-1000">PH 1000</a></td> <td>High</td> <td>Low</td> <td>Electrode or transport layer in device</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-body"> <p style="margin-top: 10px;" class="h3" data-mce-style="margin-top: 10px;">Contents</p> <hr> <ul> <li><a href="#mechanism-conductivity-PEDOT:PSS">Mechanism of PEDOT:PSS Conductivity</a></li> <li><a href="#increase-PEDOT:PSS-conductivity">How to increase PEDOT:PSS conductivity</a></li> <ul> <li><a href="#PEDOT:PSS-additives-dopants">PEDOT:PSS Additives and Dopants</a></li> <ul> <li><a href="#solvent-additives-PEDOT:PSS">Solvent additives for PEDOT:PSS</a></li> <li><a href="#ionic-liquid-additive-PEDOT:PSS">Ionic liquid additives in PEDOT:PSS</a></li> </ul> <li><a href="#PEDOT:PSS-nanocomposites">PEDOT:PSS Nanocomposites</a></li> <li><a href="#multi-layered-coating-PEDOT:PSS">Multi-layered coating of PEDOT:PSS</a></li> <li><a href="#post-treatment-PEDOT:PSS">Post-treatment of PEDOT:PSS</a></li> <ul> <li><a href="#oxygen-plasma-treatment-PEDOT:PSS">O<sub>2</sub> plasma treatment of PEDOT:PSS</a></li> <li><a href="#acid-treatment-PEDOT:PSS">Acid treatment of PEDOT:PSS</a></li> <li><a href="#solvent-treatment-PEDOT:PSS">Solvent treatment of PEDOT:PSS</a></li> </ul> </ul> </ul> </div> </div> <h2 id="mechanism-conductivity-PEDOT:PSS">Mechanism of PEDOT:PSS Conductivity</h2> <hr> <p><a href="/collections/pedot">PEDOT:PSS</a> conductivity is due to both intra- and inter-grain charge transport mechanisms. Areas of crystallized polymer are described as grains. They contain multiple PEDOT polymer chains. The movement of charge carriers within and between these grains results in conductivity.</p> <p><strong>Intra-grain:</strong> Ultra-fast transport within conjugated polymer chains, moderately fast hops between close chains, slow π–π stacking interactions.</p> <p><strong>Inter-grain:</strong> Charge transport between grains is very reliant on morphology. Can be increased by elongating grains or increasing the interconnectivity of PEDOT.</p> <p>The most limiting factor in conductivity is the slow π–π stacking interactions. A small decrease in stacking distance can dramatically increase interchain conductivity. Combining this with morphological changes where grains can interact more can help increase conductivity.</p> <figure><img width="848" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/conductivity_in_PEDOT_PSS-01.svg?v=1713177879" loading="lazy" height="424" alt="Charge transport in PEDOT:PSS"> <figcaption>Charge transport in PEDOT:PSS. The grains are made up of PEDOT (blue) and PSS (grey).</figcaption> </figure> <h2 id="increase-PEDOT:PSS-conductivity">How to Increase PEDOT:PSS Conductivity</h2> <hr> <p>The conductivity of <a href="/collections/pedot">PEDOT:PSS</a> can be increased at different points of processing:</p> <ul> <li>Before thin film formation via additives, dopants and nanocomposites.</li> <li>During thin film formation by reducing drying speeds and multi-layered coating of PEDOT:PSS.</li> <li>After thin film formation via post treatments.</li> </ul> <p>A PEDOT:PSS conductivity of 5012 S cm<sup>-1</sup> has been recorded following solvent additive doping (15 wt.% EG:DMSO 1:1), plasma post treatment and 1:1:1 water:EG:ethanol solvent post treatment. Slowly dried films showed the best performance compared to films that were annealed immediately.</p> <p>Removal of insulating PSS is key to increasing conductivity. Most treatments disrupt the coulombic interactions between PEDOT and PSS. This allows for PSS removal. As a result there are changes in PEDOT morphology which increases charge transfer.</p> <h2 id="PEDOT:PSS-additives-dopants">PEDOT:PSS Additives and Dopants</h2> <hr> <p>Examples of PEDOT:PSS additives and dopants include:</p> <ul> <li>Polar and high boiling point solvents</li> <li>Ionic liquids</li> <li>Anionic surfactants</li> <li>Salts</li> </ul> <h3 id="solvent-additives-PEDOT:PSS">Solvent Additives for PEDOT:PSS</h3> <p>Solvents are mixed with <a href="/collections/pedot">PEDOT:PSS</a> dispersions as a percentage of volume (usually ~5 - 15 %). Some of the most conductive PEDOT:PSS examples in literature have dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or ethylene glycol (EG) doping. The polar nature of these solvents allows them to interact with PSS- chains and disrupt their ionic bonds with PEDOT. The high dielectric constant of these polar solvents reduces the electrostatic interactions between the positively charged PEDOT and negatively charged PSS. This alteration affects the morphology of the polymer grains, enabling more efficient packing of PEDOT molecules. Often, PSS is also removed from the system, contributing to higher overall conductivity.</p> <p><strong>Solvents used as dopants:</strong> EG, polyethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, DMSO, dimethyl sulphate, THF, DMF, sorbitol, glycerol, <em>meso</em>-erythritol, xylitol, methoxy ethanol, methanol, ethanol, acetone and water.</p> <p>Solvent mixtures can also be used as additives, like the one mentioned above (15 wt.% EG:DMSO 1:1). Often water is used with a miscible polar solvent. Water solvates hydrophilic PSS and the organic cosolvent solvates hydrophobic PEDOT. This causes the separation of the polymers and elongates the PEDOT chain morphology resulting in increased conductivity.</p> <h3 id="ionic-liquid-additive-PEDOT:PSS">Ionic Liquid Additives in PEDOT:PSS</h3> <p>Ionic liquids (eg. 1-butyl-3-methylimi-dazolium tetrafluoroborate ((BMIm)BF<sub>4</sub>)) cause the PSS chains to swell. This changes the overall morphology of the polymer network allowing PEDOT chains to be more interconnected.</p> <p><strong>Ionic liquids used as dopants</strong>: 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidium chloride, 1-benzyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate.</p> <p>Other dopants follow similar mechanisms of disrupting the interactions between PEDOT and PSS, allowing for PSS removal and efficient crystallization of PEDOT.</p> <h2 id="PEDOT:PSS-nanocomposites">PEDOT:PSS Nanocomposites</h2> <hr> <p>Nanomaterials can provide additional pathways for charge transport within PEDOT:PSS layers. They improve the connectivity of PEDOT chains and therefore increase conductivity. They help promote the crystallisation of PEDOT, reduce PSS content through displacement.</p> <p><strong>Nanomaterials used as dopants:</strong> metals, metal oxides, polymers and carbon nanomaterials such as <a href="/products/reduced-graphene-oxide-powders">reduced graphene oxide (rGO)</a> and <a href="/collections/carbon-nanotubes">carbon nanotubes (CNTs)</a>.</p> <p>For instance, CNTs exhibit high aspect ratios and excellent electrical properties, making them suitable candidates for enhancing the charge transport properties of PEDOT:PSS nanocomposites. Assisted by rGO incorporation, EG doped PEDOT:PSS film conductivity from 3 S cm<sup>−1</sup> to nearly 1225 S cm<sup>−1</sup> for a 10 wt% rGO composite.</p> <h2 id="multi-layered-coating-PEDOT:PSS">Multi-layered Coating of PEDOT:PSS</h2> <hr> <p>PEDOT based film thickness can be increased through layering. Electrical conductivity and thermoelectric properties of PEDOT:PSS film deposited using a <a title="Low price Ossila Spin Coater" href="/products/spin-coater">spin coater</a> can be significantly enhanced by multi-layered coating technique. Regardless of the film thickness, the electrical conductivity (σ) of a single layer coated PEDOT:PSS film is more or less constant. However, electrical conductivity can be greatly improved with multi-layers of PEDOT films on top of each other onto the same substrate. Electrical conductivity up to 2 S cm<sup>−1</sup> can be achieved after only 5 layers of PEDOT:PSS film without additional reagents or solvent treatment.</p> <h2 id="post-treatment-PEDOT:PSS">Post-treatment of PEDOT:PSS</h2> <hr> <p>Once you have your thin film of <a href="/collections/pedot">PEDOT:PSS</a> you can treat it further to improve the conductivity.</p> <figure><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Treatments_to_improve_PEDOT_conductivity-01.svg?v=1713266793" loading="lazy" alt="Treatments to improve PEDOT:PSS conductivity"> <figcaption>Treatments to improve PEDOT:PSS conductivity</figcaption> </figure> <h3 id="oxygen-plasma-treatment-PEDOT:PSS">O<sub>2</sub> Plasma Treatment of PEDOT:PSS</h3> <p>Mild O<sub>2</sub> plasma treatments modify the surface electronic structure of PEDOT:PSS. Nanoscale polymer grains become uniformly distributed (around 20 nm). This leads to improved charge carrying capabilities.</p> <p>O<sub>2</sub> plasma treatments the remove excess PSS (polystyrene sulfonate) from the surface of thin films of PEDOT:PSS, leading to a higher PEDOT to PSS ratio. This facilitates better charge carrier mobility. By etching away some of the material, oxygen plasma can create a rougher surface. This increases the effective surface area and can improve the interface between PEDOT:PSS and other layers or electrodes in a device, enhancing the overall device performance.</p> <p>Oxygen plasma treatment is commonly used to treat the substrate before PEDOT:PSS deposition to improve wettability.</p> <h3 id="acid-treatment-PEDOT:PSS">Acid Treatment of PEDOT:PSS</h3> <p>Acid treatments consist of soaking PEDOT:PSS thin films in acid. Concentrated acids release protons that change PSS- into PSSH. Water can easily wash PSSH away. The protons also weaken the attraction between PEDOT+ and PSS-, leading to a phase-segregated structure that improves conductivity. The alignment and stacking of PEDOT's conjugated planes is also improved. An example treatment:</p> <ul> <li>Drop-cast a 1:5 v/v H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>/ methanol solution on a preprepared PEDOT:PSS thin film</li> <li>Remove the H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> by rotating the substrate at a rotation speed of 600 rpm.</li> <li>Heat the sample at 150 °C for 10 min</li> <li>Repeat the process to grow a film with your desired thickness.</li> </ul> <h3 id="solvent-treatment-PEDOT:PSS">Solvent Treatment of PEDOT:PSS</h3> <p>Solvents induce separation of the PEDOT and PSS as discussed in the additives and doping section. Solvents penetrate the polymers and disrupt their coulombic forces. PSS can then be washed away.</p> <p>Solvent treatment of the coated films can also be carried out by spin coating the coated film with the pure solvent or non-solvent. Example treatment with the solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO):</p> <ul> <li>Drop a small amount of DMSO directly on the PEDOT:PSS film at 120 °C and dry for 15 min.</li> <li>Rinse film with DI water several times to remove excess PSS</li> <li>Dry the DMSO treated PEDOT:PSS film at 120 °C and dry for 15 mins.</li> </ul> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/collections/pedot" data-track-content="" class="green-banner"> <p data-content-piece="cta-pedot-pss-and-pedot-based-polymers" data-content-name="/pages/pedot-pss-conductivity">PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT Based Polymers</p> <img width="600" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/PEDOT-Collection.jpg?crop=center&width=600&height=120" loading="lazy" height="120" alt="PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT Based Polymers"> <button>Browse now</button> </a> <h2>Learn More</h2> <hr> <div class="tile-container"> <div class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/pedot-pss-properties"><img width="160" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/PEDOTPSS_Conductivity-01.svg?v=1713279131" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="PEDOT:PSS Properties: How to Enhance Them"></a> <a href="/pages/pedot-pss-properties">PEDOT:PSS Properties: How to Enhance Them</a> <p>PEDOT:PSS has a unique combination of electrical, optical, mechanical, and thermoelectric properties. It is one of the most widely used intrinsically conducting polymer (ICP) blends. As a result of it’s desirable properties it has received significant attention in the field of organic optoelectronics, particularly as a p-type semiconductor. This versatile material exhibits a range properties that make it suitable for various applications.</p> <a href="/pages/pedot-pss-properties">Read more...</a> </div> <div class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/pedot-pss-work-function"><img src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/PEDOT_PSS_work_function.svg?v=1713351138" loading="lazy" alt="PEDOT:PSS Work Function"></a> <a href="/pages/pedot-pss-work-function">PEDOT:PSS Work Function</a> <p>PEDOT:PSS work function ranges 4.8 - 5.2 eV for commercially available products.</p> <a href="/pages/pedot-pss-work-function">Read more...</a> </div> <div class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/what-is-pedot-pss"><img width="160" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/pedot-pss-title-chemical-strucutre.png?width=160&height=160&crop=center" loading="lazy" height="160" alt="What is PEDOT:PSS?"></a> <a href="/pages/what-is-pedot-pss">What is PEDOT:PSS?</a> <p>PEDOT:PSS is a blend of two distinct polymers: poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and polystyrene sulfonate (PSS). This combination forms a p-type semiconductor which is highly valued for its ability to conduct electricity and its ease of processibility.</p> <a href="/pages/what-is-pedot-pss">Read more...</a> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-body"> <h3 id="resources-references">References</h3> <hr> <ol> <li>Hosseini, E. et al. (2020). The key mechanism of conductivity in PEDOT:PSS thin films exposed by anomalous conduction behaviour upon solvent-doping and sulfuric acid post-treatment, <em>AJ. Mater. Chem. C.</em> <a rel="nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TC06311K" target="_blank">doi:10.1039/C9TC06311K</a> </li> <li>Lee, I. et al. (2016). Simultaneously Enhancing the Cohesion and Electrical Conductivity of PEDOT:PSS Conductive Polymer Films using DMSO Additives, <em>ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces.</em> <a rel="nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b08753" target="_blank">doi:10.1021/acsami.5b08753</a> </li> <li>Shahrim, N. et al.(2021). Mechanisms for doped PEDOT:PSS electrical conductivity improvement. <em>Mater. Adv.,</em> <a rel="nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ma00290b" target="_blank">doi:10.1039/d1ma00290b</a> </li> </ol> <div id="Literature-and-Reviews" class="expandable"> <ol start="4"> <li>Vaagensmith, B. et al. (2017). Back to the Basics: Developing Advanced Metal–Organic Frameworks Using Fundamental Chemistry Concepts. <em>ACS Nanosci. Au,</em> 3, <a rel="nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.2c00046" target="_blank">doi:10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.2c00046</a> </li> <li>Xia, Y. et al. (2011). PEDOT:PSS films with significantly enhanced conductivities induced by preferential solvation with cosolvents and their application in polymer photovoltaic cells. <em>J. Mater. Chem.,</em> <a rel="nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1039/C0JM04177G" target="_blank">doi:10.1039/C0JM04177G</a> </li> <li>Guo, Z. et al. (2024). Band transport evidence in PEDOT:PSS films using broadband optical spectroscopy from terahertz to ultraviolet region. <em> Commun. Mater., 5</em> <a rel="nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s43246-024-00451-1" target="_blank">doi:10.1038/s43246-024-00451-1</a> </li> <li>Huang, Y. et al. (2024). Chemical Strategies of Tailoring PEDOT:PSS for Bioelectronic Applications: Synthesis, Processing and Device Fabrication. <em>CCS Chem.,</em> <a rel="nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.31635/ccschem.024.202403858" target="_blank">doi:10.31635/ccschem.024.202403858</a> </li> <li>Arkhangelskiy, A. et al.(2023). Deposition of PEDOT:PSS via Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Torch. <em>Adv. Eng. Mater,</em> <a rel="nofollow" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202301280" target="_blank">doi:10.1002/adem.202301280</a> </li> </ol> </div> <button type="button" data-toggle-text="Hide Literature and Reviews" data-expand-target="Literature-and-Reviews" class="anchor expand-link">View Literature and Reviews</button> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-body"> <h3>Contributors</h3> <hr> <p>Written by</p> <p style="text-align: left;" class="no-margin"><a title="Author Biography: Amelia Wood" href="/pages/our-writers#amelia-wood">Dr. Amelia Wood</a></p> <p class="text-muted">Application Scientist</p> <p>Diagrams by</p> <p style="text-align: left;" class="no-margin"><a title="Our Content Team" href="/pages/our-writers#content-team">Sam Force</a></p> <p class="text-muted">Graphic Designer</p> </div> </div> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Article", "abstract": "The conductivity of PEDOT:PSS is in the range of 10-4 - 103 S cm-1. PEDOT:PSS is conductive because it contains the conjugated intrinsically conductive polymer (ICP) PEDOT. The conjugated nature of PEDOT means there is continuous overlap of π-orbitals along the polymer backbone. This allows for the delocalization of electrons across multiple atoms. This electronic structure enables the easy movement of charge carriers such as electrons and holes.", "author": [ { "@type": "Person", "name": "Amelia Wood", "honorificPrefix": "Dr.", "jobTitle": "Application Scientist", "url": "https://www.ossila.com/pages/our-writers#amelia-wood" } ], "headline": "PEDOT:PSS Conductivity", "image": [ "https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/conductivity_in_PEDOT_PSS-01.svg?v=1713177879" ], "inLanguage": "en", "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Ossila", "url": "https://www.ossila.com" },"url": "https://www.ossila.com/pages/pedot-pss-conductivity" } </script> </div> </div> </main>  <div class="full-width-footer"> <footer id="footer" class="footer container"> <div class="clearfix footer-elems nav-footer" id="footer-links"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <span class="h2">Ossila</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><a href="/pages/about">About Ossila</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/press-and-media">Press and Media</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/our-writers">Our Writing Team</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/awards-and-testimonials">Awards and Testimonials</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/feedback">Leave Feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/terms-and-conditions">Terms and Conditions</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a></li> </ul> <span>Copyright © 2025 Ossila</span> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <span class="h2">Join the Team</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><a href="/pages/careers">Careers at Ossila</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/jobs-in-sheffield">Jobs in Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/jobs-in-leiden">Jobs in Leiden</a></li> </ul> <span class="h2">Collaborate</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><a href="/pages/reprinting-permissions">Free Digital Assets</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/conference-fund">Conference Sponsorship for Students</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/outreach-support">Science Outreach Support</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/graduation-awards-sponsorship">Graduation Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/letters-of-support">Letters of Support</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <span class="h2">Your Account</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><a href="/account/login">Log In</a></li> <li><a href="/account/register">Create Account</a></li> </ul> <span class="h2">Order Information</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><a href="/pages/how-to-order">How to Order</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/worldwide-shipping">Worldwide Shipping Charges</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/returns-and-cancellations">Returns and Cancellations</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/warranty-information">Warranty Information</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/distributors">Regional Distributors</a></li> <li><a href="/collections/deals-and-discounts">Deals and Discounts</a></li> <li><a href="/pages/price-drop-guarantee">Price Drop Guarantee</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3"> <span class="h2">Customer Support</span> <ul class="nav-footer"> <li><svg class="icon icon-envelope"><use xlink:href="#icon-envelope"></use></svg> <a href="/pages/contact-us">Send an Enquiry</a></li> <li><svg class="icon icon-envelope"><use xlink:href="#icon-envelope"></use></svg> <a href="mailto:info@ossila.com">info@ossila.com</a></li> <li class="no-padding-bottom"><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/about#our-locations" class="text-bold">Main Office</a></li> <li class="no-padding"><svg class="icon icon-phone"><use xlink:href="#icon-phone"></use></svg> +44 (0)114 2999 180</li> <li class="no-padding-top">Mon-Fri, 8:00-17:00 (GMT/BST)</li> <li class="no-padding-bottom"><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/about#our-locations" class="text-bold">EU Office</a></li> <li class="no-padding"><svg class="icon icon-phone"><use xlink:href="#icon-phone"></use></svg> +31 (0)718 081020</li> <li class="no-padding-top">Mon-Fri, 9:00-17:00 (CET/CEST)</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="text-center"> <span class="double-right-padding">Ossila Ltd</span> <span class="double-right-padding">Company Number 06920105</span> <span class="double-right-padding">VAT Number GB 978 2092 81</span> <span>EORI Number GB978209281000</span> </div> <div class="text-center"> <span class="double-right-padding">Ossila BV</span> <span class="double-right-padding">CCI number 84102241</span> <span class="double-right-padding">VAT Number NL 863097182B01</span> <span>EORI Number NL863097182</span> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <div id="bottom-banner" class="hidden"> <div id="cookie-banner" class="hidden"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <span class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 no-margin pad-half-height">The Ossila website uses cookies for core functionality. 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disabled selected>Select a currency</option> <option data-name="Australian Dollar" value="AU">Australian Dollar, $ AUD</option> <option data-name="British Pound" value="GB">British Pound, £ GBP</option> <option data-name="Bulgarian Lev" value="BG">Bulgarian Lev, лв. BGN</option> <option data-name="Canadian Dollar" value="CA">Canadian Dollar, $ CAD</option> <option data-name="Chilean Peso" value="CL">Chilean Peso, $ CLP</option> <option data-name="Chinese Renminbi Yuan" value="CN">Chinese Renminbi Yuan, ¥ CNY</option> <option data-name="Czech Koruna" value="CZ">Czech Koruna, Kč CZK</option> <option data-name="Danish Krone" value="DK">Danish Krone, kr. DKK</option> <option data-name="Euro" value="NL">Euro, € EUR</option> <option data-name="Hong Kong Dollar" value="HK">Hong Kong Dollar, $ HKD</option> <option data-name="Hungarian Forint" value="HU">Hungarian Forint, Ft HUF</option> <option data-name="Indian Rupee" value="BT">Indian Rupee, ₹ INR</option> <option data-name="Israeli New Sheqel" value="IL">Israeli New Sheqel, ₪ ILS</option> <option data-name="Japanese Yen" value="JP">Japanese Yen, ¥ JPY</option> <option data-name="Malaysian Ringgit" value="MY">Malaysian Ringgit, RM MYR</option> <option data-name="New Taiwan Dollar" value="TW">New Taiwan Dollar, $ TWD</option> <option data-name="New Zealand Dollar" value="CK">New Zealand Dollar, $ NZD</option> <option data-name="Norwegian Krone" value="NO">Norwegian Krone, kr NOK</option> <option data-name="Pakistani Rupee" value="PK">Pakistani Rupee, ₨ PKR</option> <option data-name="Peruvian Sol" value="PE">Peruvian Sol, S/. PEN</option> <option data-name="Philippine Peso" value="PH">Philippine Peso, ₱ PHP</option> <option data-name="Polish Złoty" value="PL">Polish Złoty, zł PLN</option> <option data-name="Romanian Leu" value="RO">Romanian Leu, Lei RON</option> <option data-name="Saudi Riyal" value="SA">Saudi Riyal, ر.س SAR</option> <option data-name="Serbian Dinar" value="RS">Serbian Dinar, РСД RSD</option> <option data-name="Singapore Dollar" value="BN">Singapore Dollar, $ SGD</option> <option data-name="South African Rand" value="SZ">South African Rand, R ZAR</option> <option data-name="South Korean Won" value="KR">South Korean Won, ₩ KRW</option> <option data-name="Swedish Krona" value="SE">Swedish Krona, kr SEK</option> <option data-name="Swiss Franc" value="LI">Swiss Franc,  CHF</option> <option data-name="Thai Baht" value="TH">Thai Baht, ฿ THB</option> <option data-name="United Arab Emirates Dirham" value="AE">United Arab Emirates Dirham, د.إ AED</option> <option data-name="United States Dollar" value="US"selected="true">United States Dollar, $ USD</option> <option data-name="Uruguayan Peso" value="UY">Uruguayan Peso, $ UYU</option> </select> </form> <p class="text-small text-center text-bold no-margin pad-top-half-height">Online orders to <span class="country-name"></span> can only be placed in <span class="forced-currency"></span>. For other payment methods, request a quote or send a purchase order to info@ossila.com to purchase via offline channels.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-ossila-grey modal-close">Close</button> <button type="button" id="save-local-settings" class="btn btn-ossila-green">Close and Save</button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="back-to-top-outer"> <a title="Return to the top" class="back-to-top-link" href="#"> <div id="back-to-top-inner">Return to the top</div> </a> </div> </body> </html> <script> // GA4 tracking // container ID is used to access dataLayer get function const gtmContainerId = 'GTM-WRVWSTG'; // Empty object to attach functions to depending on the page type let dataLayerFunctions = {}; // Matomo Tracking var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || []; // Collection page view for ecommerce trackiong // Product views for ecommerce tracking // Cart view for ecommerce tracking // Track quote requests as ecommerce conversions _paq.push(['disableCookies']); // Disable all cookies _paq.push(['enableJSErrorTracking']); // Track JS errors _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']); // tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" _paq.push(['trackPageView']); _paq.push(['trackAllContentImpressions']); (function() { var u="https://ossila.matomo.cloud/"; _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']); _paq.push(['setSiteId', '1']); var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; g.async=true; g.src='https://cdn.matomo.cloud/ossila.matomo.cloud/matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); })(); // ES6 compatibility check (function(){function n(){return typeof Promise!="undefined"&&typeof Symbol=="function"&&typeof Symbol("test")=="symbol"&&typeof Array.from!="undefined"&&typeof Object.assign!="undefined"&&typeof Map!="undefined"&&typeof Set!="undefined"}document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){if(!n()){var e=document.getElementById("unsupported-browser-message");e&&(e.style.display="block")}});})(); </script>

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PEDOT:PSS Conductivity | Ossila