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Sinapomorfia - Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure
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[n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Altres_casos_d'isomorfia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altres_casos_d'isomorfia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Altres casos d'isomorfia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Altres_casos_d'isomorfia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Altres casos d'isomorfia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Altres_casos_d'isomorfia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sinapomorfia_i_simplesiomorfia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sinapomorfia_i_simplesiomorfia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Sinapomorfia i simplesiomorfia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sinapomorfia_i_simplesiomorfia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sinapomorfia_i_convergència" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sinapomorfia_i_convergència"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Sinapomorfia i convergència</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sinapomorfia_i_convergència-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegeu_també" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegeu_també"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Vegeu també</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegeu_també-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sinapomorfia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 23 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinapomorfia" title="Sinapomorfia - aragonès" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sinapomorfia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%82_%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%82_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%84" title="تواسم مشتق وتواسم مشتق متماثل - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تواسم مشتق وتواسم مشتق متماثل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapomorphie" title="Synapomorphie - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Synapomorphie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apomorphy_and_synapomorphy" title="Apomorphy and synapomorphy - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Apomorphy and synapomorphy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinapomorfio" title="Sinapomorfio - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sinapomorfio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinapomorfia" title="Sinapomorfia - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sinapomorfia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCnapomorf" title="Sünapomorf - estonià" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sünapomorf" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="جداریختی - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جداریختی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapomorphie" title="Synapomorphie - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Synapomorphie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionapamorf" title="Sionapamorf - irlandès" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sionapamorf" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinapomorf%C3%ADa" title="Sinapomorfía - gallec" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sinapomorfía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apomorfi_dan_sinapomorfi" title="Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Apomorfi dan sinapomorfi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinapomorfia" title="Sinapomorfia - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sinapomorfia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E6%9C%89%E6%B4%BE%E7%94%9F%E5%BD%A2%E8%B3%AA" title="共有派生形質 - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="共有派生形質" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapomorfie" title="Synapomorfie - limburguès" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Synapomorfie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapomorfie" title="Synapomorfie - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Synapomorfie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapomorfia" title="Synapomorfia - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Synapomorfia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinapomorfia" title="Sinapomorfia - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sinapomorfia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Синапоморфия - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Синапоморфия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapomorphy" title="Synapomorphy - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Synapomorphy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinapomorfi_ve_apomorfi" title="Sinapomorfi ve apomorfi - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sinapomorfi ve apomorfi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Синапоморфія - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Синапоморфія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E6%9C%89%E8%A1%8D%E5%BE%B5" title="共有衍徵 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="共有衍徵" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q962872#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espais de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sinapomorfia" title="Vegeu el contingut de la pàgina [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Pàgina</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussi%C3%B3:Sinapomorfia&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discussió sobre el contingut d'aquesta pàgina (encara no existeix) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Més opcions" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Accions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sinapomorfia"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinapomorfia&action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d'aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinapomorfia&action=history"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div 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title="Sinapomorfies">Sinapomorfies</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Apomorphy_-_Homoplasy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Apomorphy_-_Homoplasy.svg/langca-220px-Apomorphy_-_Homoplasy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Apomorphy_-_Homoplasy.svg/langca-330px-Apomorphy_-_Homoplasy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Apomorphy_-_Homoplasy.svg/langca-440px-Apomorphy_-_Homoplasy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="247" /></a><figcaption>Cladograma que mostra la terminologia utilitzada per descriure diferents patrons d'estats de caràcters ancestrals i derivats</figcaption></figure> <p>Un <b>caràcter sinapomòrfic</b>, o <b>sinapomorfia</b> (del <a href="/wiki/Grec" title="Grec">grec</a> <i>συν</i>, « comú », <i>απο</i>, « derivat de » i <i>μορφος</i>, « forma »), és un <a href="/wiki/Car%C3%A0cter_ancestral_i_car%C3%A0cter_derivat" class="mw-redirect" title="Caràcter ancestral i caràcter derivat">caràcter derivat</a> (o <a href="/wiki/Apomorfia" title="Apomorfia">apomòrfic</a>), compartit per dos o més <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0xon" title="Tàxon">tàxons</a>. El fet que estigui compartit per almenys dos tàxons certifica que la derivació no és simplement contingent sinó que és persistent i característica de noves espècies viables. </p><p>Una sinapomorfia determina així un grup <a href="/wiki/Monofil%C3%A8tic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monofilètic">monofilètic</a> estricte, o <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> -l'únic grup reconegut per la <a href="/wiki/Clad%C3%ADstica" title="Cladística">cladística</a>-. </p><p>La sinapomorfia és una noció més recent que la d'<a href="/wiki/Homologia_(evoluci%C3%B3)" class="mw-redirect" title="Homologia (evolució)">homologia</a>, la qual va sorgir de la <a href="/wiki/Filog%C3%A8nia" title="Filogènia">filogènia</a>. En efecte els òrgans anatòmics homòlegs expressen una sinapomorfia, però la sinapomorfia no concerneix obligatòriament òrgans diferenciats on calgui detectar l'homologia: es pot donar en òrgans perfectament idèntics, es pot veure en caràcters que no són anatòmics (per exemple bioquímics). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altres_casos_d'isomorfia"><span id="Altres_casos_d.27isomorfia"></span>Altres casos d'isomorfia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinapomorfia&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Altres casos d'isomorfia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sinapomorfia_i_simplesiomorfia">Sinapomorfia i simplesiomorfia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinapomorfia&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Sinapomorfia i simplesiomorfia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Synapomorphie_et_sympl%C3%A9siomorphie.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Synapomorphie_et_sympl%C3%A9siomorphie.svg/220px-Synapomorphie_et_sympl%C3%A9siomorphie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Synapomorphie_et_sympl%C3%A9siomorphie.svg/330px-Synapomorphie_et_sympl%C3%A9siomorphie.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Synapomorphie_et_sympl%C3%A9siomorphie.svg/440px-Synapomorphie_et_sympl%C3%A9siomorphie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>Il·lustració de sinapomorfia i simplesimorfia</figcaption></figure> <p>Un caràcter compartit pot ser heretat d'un ancestre comú (homologia) però no derivat (és a dir, que no hagi evolucionat d'una o més 'branques' del tàxon): aleshores és una <a href="/wiki/Plesiomorfia" title="Plesiomorfia">plesiomorfia</a>, que determina un grup <a href="/wiki/Parafil%C3%A8tic" class="mw-redirect" title="Parafilètic">parafilètic</a> -una altra part de la descendència haurà adquirit per altres el caràcter derivat-. </p><p>Sinapomorfia i <a href="/wiki/Simplesiomorfia" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplesiomorfia">simplesiomorfia</a> són així generalment complementàries, l'una indueix l'altra. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sinapomorfia_i_convergència"><span id="Sinapomorfia_i_converg.C3.A8ncia"></span>Sinapomorfia i convergència</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinapomorfia&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Sinapomorfia i convergència"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tots els organismes vius que presenten caràcters sinapomòrfics es poden agrupar dins un mateix conjunt: per exemple l'existència de plomes i la transformació de les clavícules en una fúrcula són caràcters sinapomòrfics en els ocells. </p><p>En canvi, tenir caràcters comuns en diversos tàxons no és garantia de sinapomorfia. En efecte la <a href="/wiki/Converg%C3%A8ncia_evolutiva" title="Convergència evolutiva">convergència evolutiva</a> és susceptible de fer aparéixer caràcters semblants, però no derivats ni homòlegs: per exemple l'aparició d'ales en els ratpenats (ordres <a href="/wiki/Chiroptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiroptera">Chiroptera</a>, mamífers), els <a href="/wiki/Pterygota" class="mw-redirect" title="Pterygota">Pterygota</a> (insectes alats), i els ocells (classe <a href="/wiki/Aves" class="mw-redirect" title="Aves">Aves</a>), correspon a un <a href="/wiki/Polifiletisme" title="Polifiletisme">polifiletisme</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vegeu_també"><span id="Vegeu_tamb.C3.A9"></span>Vegeu també</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinapomorfia&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Vegeu també"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clad%C3%ADstica" title="Cladística">Cladística</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Filogènia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plantilla:Filog%C3%A8nia" title="Plantilla:Filogènia"><img alt="Vegeu aquesta plantilla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/18px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/27px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/36px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></li></ul></div><div id="Filogènia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Filog%C3%A8nia" title="Filogènia">Filogènia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Camps principals</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Filog%C3%A8nia_computacional" title="Filogènia computacional">Filogènia computacional</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Filog%C3%A8nia_molecular" title="Filogènia molecular">Filogènia molecular</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Clad%C3%ADstica" title="Cladística">Cladística</a></div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Tree_of_life_int.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Tree_of_life_int.svg/222px-Tree_of_life_int.svg.png" decoding="async" width="222" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Tree_of_life_int.svg/333px-Tree_of_life_int.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Tree_of_life_int.svg/444px-Tree_of_life_int.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="454" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conceptes bàsics</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sinapomorfia</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Arbre_filogen%C3%A8tic" title="Arbre filogenètic">Arbre filogenètic</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Xarxa_filogen%C3%A8tica" title="Xarxa filogenètica">Xarxa filogenètica</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Atracci%C3%B3_entre_branques_llargues" title="Atracció entre branques llargues">Atracció entre branques llargues</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">Clade</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Llinatge_fantasma" title="Llinatge fantasma">Llinatge fantasma</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Models_d%27evoluci%C3%B3_de_l%27ADN" title="Models d'evolució de l'ADN">Models d'evolució de l'ADN</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mètodes d'inferència</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A0xima_parsim%C3%B2nia" title="Màxima parsimònia">Màxima parsimònia</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A0xima_versemblan%C3%A7a" title="Màxima versemblança">Màxima versemblança</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Neighbor-joining" title="Neighbor-joining">Neighbor-joining</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/UPGMA" title="UPGMA">UPGMA</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Infer%C3%A8ncia_Bayesiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferència Bayesiana">Inferència Bayesiana</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADnims_quadrats_ordinaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Mínims quadrats ordinaris">Mínims quadrats ordinaris</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Temes actuals</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/PhyloCode" title="PhyloCode">PhyloCode</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/DNA_barcoding" title="DNA barcoding">DNA barcoding</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">-morfia</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Simplesiomorfia" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplesiomorfia">Simplesiomorfia</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Apomorfia" title="Apomorfia">Apomorfia</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Plesiomorfia" title="Plesiomorfia">Plesiomorfia</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sinapomorfia</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Autapomorfia" title="Autapomorfia">Autapomorfia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">-filetisme</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Monofiletisme" title="Monofiletisme">Monofiletisme</a> / <a href="/wiki/Holofiletisme" title="Holofiletisme">Holofiletisme</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Parafiletisme" title="Parafiletisme">Parafiletisme</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Polifiletisme" title="Polifiletisme">Polifiletisme</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐7c55db6c78‐c4tgv Cached time: 20241025193955 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.066 seconds Real time usage: 0.329 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 148/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 12513/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 5/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip 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