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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legends</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legends-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legends subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Birth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_with_asuras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_with_asuras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>War with asuras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_with_asuras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vedic_text_and_epics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vedic_text_and_epics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Vedic text and epics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vedic_text_and_epics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanskrit_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanskrit_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Sanskrit literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanskrit_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tamil_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tamil_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Tamil literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tamil_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Buddhist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconography_and_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography_and_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Iconography and depictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconography_and_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theology_and_historical_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology_and_historical_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Theology and historical development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theology_and_historical_development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theology and historical development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theology_and_historical_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Other religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Worship</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Worship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Worship subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mantras_and_hymns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mantras_and_hymns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Mantras and hymns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mantras_and_hymns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Temples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>Outside India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kartikeya</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanda" title="Skanda – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Skanda" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7_(%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%87)" title="كارتيكيا (إله) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كارتيكيا (إله)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95" title="কাৰ্তিক – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কাৰ্তিক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartik%C3%A9ya" title="Kartikéya – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kartikéya" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_(%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE)" title="কার্তিক (দেবতা) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কার্তিক (দেবতা)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF" title="कार्तिकेय – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कार्तिकेय" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kartikeya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murugan" title="Murugan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Murugan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karttikeya" title="Karttikeya – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Karttikeya" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanda" title="Skanda – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Skanda" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81rtikeja" title="Kārtikeja – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kārtikeja" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karttikeya" title="Karttikeya – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Karttikeya" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="موروگان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موروگان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A2rttikeya" title="Kârttikeya – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kârttikeya" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AF" title="કાર્તિકેય – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કાર્તિકેય" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%ED%8B%B0%EC%BC%80%EC%95%BC" title="카르티케야 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카르티케야" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF" title="कार्तिकेय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कार्तिकेय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kartikeya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karttikeya" title="Karttikeya – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Karttikeya" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%94" title="סקאנדה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סקאנדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kartikeya" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF" title="ಸುಬ್ರಹ್ಮಣ್ಯ ಸ್ವಾಮಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸುಬ್ರಹ್ಮಣ್ಯ ಸ್ವಾಮಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მურუგანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მურუგანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kartikeya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanda" title="Skanda – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Skanda" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1rtik%C3%A9ja" title="Kártikéja – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kártikéja" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF" title="कार्तिकेय – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="कार्तिकेय" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kartikeya" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB" title="സുബ്രഹ്മണ്യൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സുബ്രഹ്മണ്യൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF" title="कार्तिकेय – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कार्तिकेय" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მურუგანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მურუგანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7_(%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%87)" title="كارتيكيا (إله) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كارتيكيا (إله)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subramaniam_(dewa)" title="Subramaniam (dewa) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Subramaniam (dewa)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Kartikeya" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murugan" title="Murugan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Murugan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF" title="कार्तिकेय – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कार्तिकेय" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF" title="कार्तिकेय – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कार्तिकेय" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80" title="スカンダ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スカンダ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%87%E0%AD%9F" title="କାର୍ତ୍ତିକେୟ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କାର୍ତ୍ତିକେୟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95" title="ਕਾਰਤਿਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਰਤਿਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%91" title="ព្រះស្កន្ទ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ព្រះស្កន្ទ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karttikeja" title="Karttikeja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karttikeja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escanda_(hindu%C3%ADsmo)" title="Escanda (hinduísmo) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escanda (hinduísmo)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Сканда – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сканда" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83" title="कार्त्तिकेयः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कार्त्तिकेयः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9D" title="මුරුගන් දෙවියෝ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මුරුගන් දෙවියෝ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kartikeya" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murugan" title="Murugan – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Murugan" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karttikeya" title="Karttikeya – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Karttikeya" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="முருகன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முருகன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Сканда – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сканда" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%A3%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%96%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="షణ్ముఖుడు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="షణ్ముఖుడు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="พระขันธกุมาร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระขันธกุมาร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murugan" title="Murugan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Murugan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Картикея – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Картикея" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%92" title="کارتیکے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کارتیکے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%A4%E5%BB%BA%E9%99%80" title="室建陀 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="室建陀" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%A4%E5%BB%BA%E9%99%80" title="室建陀 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="室建陀" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q380817#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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For the 2007 film, see <a href="/wiki/Muruga_(film)" title="Muruga (film)">Muruga (film)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Murugan" redirects here. For the people with the name, see <a href="/wiki/Murugan_(surname)" title="Murugan (surname)">Murugan (surname)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the given names, see <a href="/wiki/Karthikeyan" title="Karthikeyan">Karthikeyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karthik_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Karthik (disambiguation)">Karthik, Kartik</a> or, see <a href="/wiki/Karthika_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Karthika (disambiguation)">Karthika (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #FFC569;">Kartikeya</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-size: 110%;">God of Victory and War<br />Commander of the Gods<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil199187_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil199187-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Batu_Caves,_Lord_Murugan_Statue._2019-12-01_10-49-22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Batu_Caves%2C_Lord_Murugan_Statue._2019-12-01_10-49-22.jpg/220px-Batu_Caves%2C_Lord_Murugan_Statue._2019-12-01_10-49-22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Batu_Caves%2C_Lord_Murugan_Statue._2019-12-01_10-49-22.jpg/330px-Batu_Caves%2C_Lord_Murugan_Statue._2019-12-01_10-49-22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Batu_Caves%2C_Lord_Murugan_Statue._2019-12-01_10-49-22.jpg/440px-Batu_Caves%2C_Lord_Murugan_Statue._2019-12-01_10-49-22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="5760" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Statue of Kartikeya at <a href="/wiki/Batu_Caves" title="Batu Caves">Batu Caves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Murugan, Subrahmanya, Kumara, Skanda, Saravana, Arumukha, Devasenapati, Shanmukha, Kathirvela, Guha, Swaminatha, Velayuda, Vēļ<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumar2008179_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumar2008179-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPillai200417_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPillai200417-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Deva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siddhar" title="Siddhar">Siddhar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abode</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Six_Abodes_of_Murugan" title="Six Abodes of Murugan">Arupadai veedu (Six Abodes of Murugan)</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Palani_Hills" title="Palani Hills">Palani Hills</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Kailasha" title="Kailasha">Kailasha</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Classical_planet" title="Classical planet">Planet</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mangala" title="Mangala">Mangala</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Om Saravana Bhava <br /> Vetrivel Muruganukku Arogara</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Weapon</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vel" title="Vel">Vel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography#Symbols_associated_with_individual_devas" title="Hindu iconography">Symbol</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rooster" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooster">Rooster</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Day</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tuesday" title="Tuesday">Tuesday</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">Mount</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indian_peafowl" title="Indian peafowl">Peacock</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Gender</th><td class="infobox-data">Male</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Festivals</th><td class="infobox-data"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karthika_Deepam" title="Karthika Deepam">Karthika Deepam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kartik_Purnima" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartik Purnima">Kartik Purnima</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Panguni_Uthiram" title="Panguni Uthiram">Panguni Uthiram</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Surasamharam" title="Surasamharam">Surasamharam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thaipusam" title="Thaipusam">Thaipusam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vaikasi_Visakam" title="Vaikasi Visakam">Vaikasi Visakam</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFC569;">Genealogy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/90px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/135px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/180px-1_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"><b>Historical</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> <p><b>Traditional</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></i></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Vedic Deities:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Post-Vedic:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Mokṣa-related topics:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Divisions</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Rigveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Yajurveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Samaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Atharvaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)"><i>Agama</i>s (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Society</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">Gotra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Art</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Hindu iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">Indian aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Architecture</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talamana" title="Talamana">Talamana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Music</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_music" title="Hindu music">Hindu music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shruti_(music)" title="Shruti (music)">Shruti (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svara" title="Svara">Svara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alank%C4%81ra" title="Alankāra">Alankāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">Tala (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">Raga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangita" title="Sangita">Sangita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadya" title="Vadya">Vadya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Food & Diet Customs</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Diet in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Time Keeping Practices</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchangam" title="Panchangam">Panchangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Shaka era</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Pilgrimage</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other society-related topics:</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_organisations" title="List of Hindu organisations">Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Reform movements</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; 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text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Kaumaram" title="Category:Kaumaram">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Murugan_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Murugan_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg/150px-Murugan_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Murugan_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg/225px-Murugan_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Murugan_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg/300px-Murugan_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2545" data-file-height="3474" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#FFC569; border-bottom:#FFFFFF 2px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu gods"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: black; text-decoration: inherit;">Deities</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kartikeya</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Related</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_hindu_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hindu gods">Consorts</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devasena" title="Devasena">Devasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valli" title="Valli">Valli</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#FFC569; border-bottom:#FFFFFF 2px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_symbolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu symbolism"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: black; text-decoration: inherit;">Symbols</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Dhvaja" title="Dhvaja">Flag</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cock_flag" title="Cock flag">Rooster flag</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">Vahana</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peacock" class="mw-redirect" title="Peacock">Peacock</a> (Paravani)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_objects_(Hindu_mythology)" title="List of mythological objects (Hindu mythology)">Weapon</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vel" title="Vel">Vel</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#FFC569; border-bottom:#FFFFFF 2px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: black; text-decoration: inherit;">Texts and scriptures</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanda_Shasti_Kavasam" title="Kanda Shasti Kavasam">Kanda Shasti Kavasam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumarasambhava" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumarasambhava">Kumarasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurukarruppatai" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirumurukarruppatai">Tirumurukarruppatai</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#FFC569; border-bottom:#FFFFFF 2px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Six_Abodes_of_Murugan" title="Six Abodes of Murugan"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: black; text-decoration: inherit;">Six sacred abodes</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhandayuthapani_Swamy_Temple" title="Dhandayuthapani Swamy Temple">Palani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murugan_Temple,_Pazhamudircholai" title="Murugan Temple, Pazhamudircholai">Pazhamudircholai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminatha_Swamy_Temple" title="Swaminatha Swamy Temple">Swamimalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramaniya_Swamy_Temple,_Tiruchendur" title="Subramaniya Swamy Temple, Tiruchendur">Tiruchendur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramaniya_Swamy_Temple,_Thiruparankundram" title="Subramaniya Swamy Temple, Thiruparankundram">Tiruparankundram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramaniya_Swamy_Temple,_Tiruttani" title="Subramaniya Swamy Temple, Tiruttani">Tiruttani</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#FFC569; border-bottom:#FFFFFF 2px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: black; text-decoration: inherit;">Other temples</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of Hindu temples in Tamil Nadu"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: black; text-decoration: inherit;">Tamil Nadu</span></a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chennimalai_Murugan_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennimalai Murugan Temple">Chennimalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandaswami_Temple,_Georgetown" title="Kandaswami Temple, Georgetown">Kandakottam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalugasalamoorthy_temple" title="Kalugasalamoorthy temple">Kalugumalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaran_Kundram" title="Kumaran Kundram">Kumaran Kundram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumarakottam_Temple" title="Kumarakottam Temple">Kumarakkottam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanmughanathar_Temple,_Kunnakudi" title="Shanmughanathar Temple, Kunnakudi">Kunnakudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolanjiappar_temple" title="Kolanjiappar temple">Manavalanallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maruthamalai_Marudhachalamurthy_Temple" title="Maruthamalai Marudhachalamurthy Temple">Maruthamalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachaimalai_Subramanya_Swamy_Temple" title="Pachaimalai Subramanya Swamy Temple">Pachaimalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkal_Singaravelan_Temple" title="Sikkal Singaravelan Temple">Sikkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siruvapuri_Sri_Balasubrahmanyam_temple" title="Siruvapuri Sri Balasubrahmanyam temple">Siruvapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thindal_Murugan_Temple" title="Thindal Murugan Temple">Thindalmalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruporur_Kandaswamy_temple" title="Thiruporur Kandaswamy temple">Thiruporur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadapalani_Andavar_Temple" title="Vadapalani Andavar Temple">Vadapalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallakottai_Subramaniyaswami_temple" title="Vallakottai Subramaniyaswami temple">Vallakkottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayalur_Murugan_Temple" title="Vayalur Murugan Temple">Vayalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viralimalai_Murugan_temple" title="Viralimalai Murugan temple">Viralimalai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Rest of India</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghati_Subramanya" title="Ghati Subramanya">Ghati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haripad_Sree_Subrahmanya_Swamy_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Haripad Sree Subrahmanya Swamy temple">Haripad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidangoor_Subramanya_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidangoor Subramanya Temple">Kidangoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodumbu_Subramanya_Swamy_Temple" title="Kodumbu Subramanya Swamy Temple">Kodumbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukke_Subramanya_Temple" title="Kukke Subramanya Temple">Kukke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neendoor_Subrahmanya_Swami_Temple" title="Neendoor Subrahmanya Swami Temple">Neendoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya_Temple,_Pehowa" title="Kartikeya Temple, Pehowa">Pehowa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Outside India</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batu_Caves" title="Batu Caves">Batu Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataragama_temple" title="Kataragama temple">Katargama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Kandaswamy_Kovil,_Brickfields" title="Sri Kandaswamy Kovil, Brickfields">Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maviddapuram_Kandaswamy_Temple" title="Maviddapuram Kandaswamy Temple">Maviddapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nallur_Kandaswamy_temple" title="Nallur Kandaswamy temple">Nallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Marathandavar_Bala_Dhandayuthapani_Alayam" title="Sri Marathandavar Bala Dhandayuthapani Alayam">Pahang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arulmigu_Balathandayuthapani_Temple,_Penang" class="mw-redirect" title="Arulmigu Balathandayuthapani Temple, Penang">Penang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Thendayuthapani_Temple" title="Sri Thendayuthapani Temple">Singapore</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#FFC569; border-bottom:#FFFFFF 2px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu festivals"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: black; text-decoration: inherit;">Festivals</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chitra_Pournami_(festival)" title="Chitra Pournami (festival)">Chitra Pournami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surasamharam" title="Surasamharam">Kandha Sashti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karthikai_Deepam" class="mw-redirect" title="Karthikai Deepam">Karthikai Deepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartika_Purnima" title="Kartika Purnima">Kartika Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panguni_Uthiram" title="Panguni Uthiram">Panguni Uthiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaipusam" title="Thaipusam">Thaipusam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikasi_Visakam" title="Vaikasi Visakam">Vaikasi Visakam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/16px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/31px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kaumaram" title="Template:Kaumaram"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kaumaram" title="Template talk:Kaumaram"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kaumaram" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kaumaram"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kartikeya</b> (<a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kārtikeya</i></span></i>), also known as <b>Skanda</b>, <b>Subrahmanya</b>, <b>Shanmukha</b> and <b>Murugan</b>, is the <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_war_deities" title="List of war deities">god of war</a>. He is generally described as the son of the deities <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> and the brother of <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a>. </p><p>Kartikeya has been an important deity in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> since <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">ancient times</a>. It has been postulated that the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Tamil</a> deity of Murugan was syncretized with the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic</a> deity of Skanda following the <a href="/wiki/Sangam_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam era">Sangam era</a>. He is regarded as the "God of the <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamil</a> people" and is hailed as the lord of <a href="/wiki/Palani_Hills" title="Palani Hills">Palani hills</a>, the tutelary deity of the <a href="/wiki/Sangam_landscape" title="Sangam landscape">Kurinji</a> region whose cult gained immense popularity. <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">literary works</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Nakk%C4%ABra%E1%B9%89%C3%A3r" title="Nakkīraṉãr">Nakkīraṉãr</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Arunagirinathar" title="Arunagirinathar">Arunagirinathar</a> are devoted to Murugan. Archaeological evidence from the first century CE and earlier shows an association of his iconography with <a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a>, the Hindu god of fire, indicating that Kartikeya was a significant deity in early Hinduism. </p><p>The iconography of Kartikeya varies significantly. He is typically represented as an <a href="/wiki/Eternal_youth" title="Eternal youth">ever-youthful</a> man, riding or near an <a href="/wiki/Indian_peafowl" title="Indian peafowl">Indian peafowl</a> (named Paravani), and sometimes with an <a href="/wiki/Cock_flag" title="Cock flag">emblem of a rooster</a> on his banner. He wields a <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">spear</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Vel" title="Vel">vel</a>, supposedly given to him by his mother Parvati. While most icons represent him with only one head, some have six heads, a reflection of legends surrounding his birth wherein he was fused from six boys or borne of six conceptions. He is described to have aged quickly from childhood, becoming a warrior, leading the army of the <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">devas</a> and credited with destroying <a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">rakshasas</a> including <a href="/wiki/Tarakasura" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarakasura">Tarakasura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surapadma" class="mw-redirect" title="Surapadma">Surapadma</a>. He is regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosopher</a> who taught the pursuit of an ethical life and the theology of <a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Hindu denomination</a> that primarily venerates Kartikeya. Apart from significant Kaumaram worship and temples in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, he is worshipped as Mahasena and Kumara in <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East India</a>. He is also worshipped in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> (notably in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>), other countries with significant populations of Tamil origin (including <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>), <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> countries (including <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>), and countries with significant <a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indian migrant populations</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_nomenclature">Etymology and nomenclature</h2></div> <p>The epithet <i>Kartikeya</i> is linked to the circumstances surrounding the deity's birth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002655–656_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002655–656-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></i>, six divine sparks emerged from <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, forming six separate baby boys. These boys were raised by <a href="/wiki/Handmaiden" title="Handmaiden">handmaidens</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%9Bttik%C4%81" title="Kṛttikā">Krittikas</a>. Later, <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> fused them into one, creating the six-headed Kartikeya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECivaraman200655_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECivaraman200655-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kartikeya means "of the Krittikas" in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002655–656_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002655–656-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApte1988146_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApte1988146-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Hindu literature, he is known by 108 different names, though other names also exist in common usage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKozlowskiJackson2013140_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKozlowskiJackson2013140-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most common amongst these include Skanda (from <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">skand-</i></span>, 'to leap or to attack'), Murugan ('handsome'), Kumara ('youthful'), Subrahmanya ('transparent'), Senthil ('victorious'), Vēlaṇ ('wielder of <a href="/wiki/Vel" title="Vel">vel</a>'), Swaminatha ('ruler of gods'), Saravaṇabhava ('born amongst the reeds'), Arumukha or Shanmukha ('six faced'), Dhanadapani ('wielder of mace') and Kandha ('cloud').<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClothey19781,_22–25,_35–39,_49–58,_214–216_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey19781,_22–25,_35–39,_49–58,_214–216-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGopal199080_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGopal199080-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On ancient coins featuring his images, his name appears inscribed as Kumara, Brahmanya, or Brahmanyadeva.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann2011104–106_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann2011104–106-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On some ancient <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythian</a> coins, his name appears in Greek script as Skanda, Kumara, and Vishaka.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas187760-62_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas187760-62-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann2011123–124_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann2011123–124-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legends">Legends</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth">Birth</h3></div> <p>Various Indian literary works recount different stories surrounding the birth of Kartikeya. In <a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> (seventh to fourth century BCE), he is described as the child of deities <a href="/wiki/Rudra" title="Rudra">Rudra</a> and Parvati, with his birth aided by <a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ganga_(goddess)" title="Ganga (goddess)">Ganga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClothey197851_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197851-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Shalya_Parva" title="Shalya Parva">Shalya Parva</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anushasana_Parva" title="Anushasana Parva">Anushasana Parva</a> of the third-century BCE <a href="/wiki/Hindu_epic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu epic">Hindu epic</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> narrate the legend of Skanda, presenting him as the son of Maheshvara (Shiva) and Parvati: Shiva and Parvati were disturbed during sex, causing Shiva to inadvertently spill his <a href="/wiki/Semen" title="Semen">semen</a>. The semen was then incubated in the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>, preserved by the heat of the god Agni, and eventually born as baby Kartikeya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002655–656_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002655–656-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClothey197849–51,_54–55_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197849–51,_54–55-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">asura</a> <a href="/wiki/Tarakasura" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarakasura">Tarakasura</a> performed <a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">tapas</a> to propitiate the creator god <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>. Brahma granted him two boons: one, that none shall be his equal in all of the <a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">three worlds</a>, and two, that only a son of Shiva could slay him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal201067_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal201067-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanamali201372_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanamali201372-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Shiva was a yogi and thus unlikely to bear children, Tarakasura was armed with near <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortality</a>. In his quest to rule the three worlds, he expelled the <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">devas</a> from <a href="/wiki/Svarga" title="Svarga">Svarga</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>, the king of devas, devised a scheme to disrupt Shiva’s meditation and beguile him with thoughts of love, so that he could sire an offspring and thusly end Tarakasura's immortality. Shiva was engaged in <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a>, and hardly noticed the courtship of <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Himavat" title="Himavat">Himavan</a> who sought him as her consort. Indra tasked <a href="/wiki/List_of_love_and_lust_deities" title="List of love and lust deities">god of love</a> <a href="/wiki/Kamadeva" title="Kamadeva">Kamadeva</a> and his consort <a href="/wiki/Rati" title="Rati">Rati</a> to disturb Shiva. Shiva was furious with the act and burnt Kamadeva to ashes. But Shiva's attention then turned towards Parvati, who had performed tapas in order to win his affection, and married her, then conceiving Kartikeya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanamali201372_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanamali201372-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karttikeya,_God_of_War,_Seated_on_a_Peacock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Karttikeya%2C_God_of_War%2C_Seated_on_a_Peacock.jpg/170px-Karttikeya%2C_God_of_War%2C_Seated_on_a_Peacock.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Karttikeya%2C_God_of_War%2C_Seated_on_a_Peacock.jpg/255px-Karttikeya%2C_God_of_War%2C_Seated_on_a_Peacock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Karttikeya%2C_God_of_War%2C_Seated_on_a_Peacock.jpg/340px-Karttikeya%2C_God_of_War%2C_Seated_on_a_Peacock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Six-headed Kartikeya seated on a peacock, twelfth century CE</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the seventeeth-century CE text <i>Kanda Puranam</i> (the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> rendition of the older <i>Skanda Purana)</i>, the asura brothers Surapadma, Simhamukha and Tarakasura performed tapas to Shiva, who granted them with various weapons and a wish wherein they could only be killed by the son of Shiva, which offered them near-immortality. They subsequently oppressed other celestial beings including the devas, and started a reign of tyranny in the <a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">three worlds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECivaraman200655_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECivaraman200655-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandelman201333_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandelman201333-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the devas pleaded to Shiva for his assistance, he manifested five additional heads on his body, and a divine spark emerged from each of them. Initially, the wind god <a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a> carried the sparks, later handing them to the fire god Agni because of the unbearable heat. Agni deposited the sparks in the Ganges river. The water in the Ganges began to evaporate due to the intense heat of the sparks. Ganga took them to Saravana lake, where the sparks developed into six baby boys.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECivaraman200655_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECivaraman200655-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The six boys were then raised by the Krittikas and they were later fused into one by Parvati. Thus, the six-headed Kartikeya was born, conceived to answer the devas' pleas for help and deliver them from the asuras.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandelman201331_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandelman201331-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Kumarasambhava" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumarasambhava">Kumarasambhava</a></i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Birth of Kumara</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) from the fifth-century CE narrates a similar story on his birth wherein Agni carries the <a href="/wiki/Semen" title="Semen">semen</a> of Shiva and deposits them in <a href="/wiki/Bhagirathi_River" title="Bhagirathi River">Bhagirathi River</a> (headstream of Ganges). When the Krittikas bathe in the river, they are impregnated and give birth to Kartikeya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalidasa1901120-135_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalidasa1901120-135-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An alternate account of Kartikeya's parentage is narrated in the <a href="/wiki/Vana_Parva" title="Vana Parva">Vana Parva</a> of the <i>Mahabharata</i>, where he is described as the son of <a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Svaha" title="Svaha">Svaha</a>. It is narrated that Agni goes to meet the wives of the <a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> (seven great sages) and, while none of the wives reciprocates Agni's feelings of love, Svaha is present and attracted to Agni. Svaha takes the form of six of the wives, one by one, and has sex with Agni six times. She is unable to take the form of Arundhati, <a href="/wiki/Vasistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasistha">Vasishtha</a>'s wife, because of Arundhati's extraordinary virtuous powers. Svaha deposits the semen of Agni into the reeds of Ganges river, where it develops and is born as the six-headed Skanda.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClothey197851–52_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197851–52-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skanda,_from_Kannuaj.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Skanda%2C_from_Kannuaj.jpg/150px-Skanda%2C_from_Kannuaj.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Skanda%2C_from_Kannuaj.jpg/225px-Skanda%2C_from_Kannuaj.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Skanda%2C_from_Kannuaj.jpg/300px-Skanda%2C_from_Kannuaj.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1774" data-file-height="2547" /></a><figcaption>Kartikeya wielding a <a href="/wiki/Vel" title="Vel">vel</a>, sculpture from <a href="/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj">Kannauj</a>, 8th century CE</figcaption></figure> <p>In <i>Kanda Puranam</i>, Kartikeya is portrayed as a child playing in the <a href="/wiki/Cosmos" title="Cosmos">cosmos</a>. In his childhood, he fiddles with the orbits of <a href="/wiki/Planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Planets">planets</a>, stacks the mountains in <a href="/wiki/Kailasha" title="Kailasha">Kailasha</a> on top of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meru" title="Mount Meru">Mount Meru</a> and stops the flow of River Ganges, among other feats. He imprisons Brahma as he could not explain the meaning of <i><a href="/wiki/Aum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aum">Aum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandelman201331_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandelman201331-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Shiva asks for the meaning of the <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a>, Kartikeya teaches it to his father.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVadivella_Belle2018178_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVadivella_Belle2018178-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClothey197882_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197882-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i>Mahabharata</i>, the devas and gods gift him various objects and animals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClothey197855–56_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197855–56-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As per <i>Kanda Puranam</i>, sage <a href="/wiki/Narada" title="Narada">Narada</a> once visited Shiva at Kailasha and presented him with a <i><a href="/wiki/Jnana_Palam" title="Jnana Palam">Gnana palam</a></i> (fruit of knowledge).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAthyal320_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAthyal320-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fruit is generally regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mango</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1991141_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1991141-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shiva expressed his intention of dividing the fruit between his two sons, <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> and Kartikeya, but Narada counseled that the fruit could not be divided. So, it was decided to award the fruit to whomsoever first circled the world thrice. Accepting the challenge, Kartikeya started his journey around the globe atop his <a href="/wiki/Peafowl" title="Peafowl">peacock</a> <a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">mount</a>. However, Ganesha surmised that the world was no more than his parents Shiva and Shakti combined, circumambulated them, and won the fruit. When Kartikeya returned, he was furious to learn that his efforts had been in vain, and felt cheated. He discarded all his material belongings and left Kailasha to take up abode in the <a href="/wiki/Palani_Hills" title="Palani Hills">Palani Hills</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhoothalingam201648-52_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhoothalingam201648-52-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishna2017185_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishna2017185-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Fred Clothey, Kartikeya did this out of a felt need to mature from boyhood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClothey197886,_118_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197886,_118-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Kamil_Zvelebil" title="Kamil Zvelebil">Kamil Zvelebil</a>, Kartikeya represents the actual fruit of wisdom for his devotees rather than any physical fruit such as a mango or a pomegranate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil197331_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil197331-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_with_asuras">War with asuras</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muruga_defeats_Surapadman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Muruga_defeats_Surapadman.jpg/150px-Muruga_defeats_Surapadman.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Muruga_defeats_Surapadman.jpg/225px-Muruga_defeats_Surapadman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Muruga_defeats_Surapadman.jpg/300px-Muruga_defeats_Surapadman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>A painting depicting Kartikeya facing off <a href="/wiki/Surapadma" class="mw-redirect" title="Surapadma">Surapadma</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Though Kartikeya had powers derived from Shiva, he was innocent and playful. Shiva granted him celestial weapons and the divine spear <a href="/wiki/Vel" title="Vel">vel</a>, an embodiment of the power of <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a> (Parvati). On obtaining the vel, Kartikeya was imparted with the knowledge of distinguishing between good and evil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandelman201332_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandelman201332-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Texts <i>Kanda Puranam</i> and <i>Kumarasambhavam</i> recount a war fought by Kartikeya against the asuras. As Kartikeya was born to save the devas from the tyrnany of the asuras, he was appointed as the commander of the devas and engaged in conflict with the asuras.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalidasa1901120-135_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalidasa1901120-135-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shiva granted him an army of 30,000 warriors to assist in the war against the oppressive asura brothers, whom Kartikeya was born to defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClothey197855_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197855-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kartikeya was assisted by nine warriors, headed by <a href="/wiki/Virabahu" title="Virabahu">Virabahu</a>, who served as sub-commanders of his army. These nine men were borne by nine lesser clones of Shakti who appeared from her <a href="/wiki/Silambu" title="Silambu">silambu</a> (anklet).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVadivella_Belle2018178_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVadivella_Belle2018178-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kartikeya believed that asuras and devas were all descendants of Shiva and that if asuras were to correct their ways, the conflict could be avoided. He sent messengers to communicate as much and to give the asuras a fair warning, which they ignored.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandelman201332_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandelman201332-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kartikeya killed Tarakasura and his lieutenant Krowchaka with his vel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVadivella_Belle2018178_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVadivella_Belle2018178-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Tarakasura was confused at facing Shiva's son, as he thought his war was not with Shiva, Kartikeya felt it necessary to vanquish him, as his vision was occluded by <a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandelman201332_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandelman201332-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zvelebil interprets this episode as the coming of age of Kartikeya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil197318_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil197318-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kartikeya killed the next brother Simhamukha and faced off with Surapadma in the final battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandelman201333_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandelman201333-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surapadma took a large form with multiple heads, arms and legs trying to intimidate Kartikeya. When Kartikeya threw his vel, Surapadma escaped to the sea and took the form of a large <a href="/wiki/Mango_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Mango tree">mango tree</a>, which spread across the three worlds. Kartikeya used his vel to split the tree in half, with each half transforming into a <a href="/wiki/Peacock" class="mw-redirect" title="Peacock">peacock</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Rooster" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooster">rooster</a>, respectively. After Surapadma was killed, Kartikeya took the peacock as his <a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">vahana</a> and the rooster as his <a href="/wiki/Pennon" title="Pennon">pennant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandelman201334_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandelman201334-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Holy_Family,_Shiva,_Parvati,_with_their_sons_Ganesha_and_Karttikeya,_National_Museum,_New_Delhi_(cropped2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/The_Holy_Family%2C_Shiva%2C_Parvati%2C_with_their_sons_Ganesha_and_Karttikeya%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi_%28cropped2%29.jpg/150px-The_Holy_Family%2C_Shiva%2C_Parvati%2C_with_their_sons_Ganesha_and_Karttikeya%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi_%28cropped2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/The_Holy_Family%2C_Shiva%2C_Parvati%2C_with_their_sons_Ganesha_and_Karttikeya%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi_%28cropped2%29.jpg/225px-The_Holy_Family%2C_Shiva%2C_Parvati%2C_with_their_sons_Ganesha_and_Karttikeya%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi_%28cropped2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/The_Holy_Family%2C_Shiva%2C_Parvati%2C_with_their_sons_Ganesha_and_Karttikeya%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi_%28cropped2%29.jpg/300px-The_Holy_Family%2C_Shiva%2C_Parvati%2C_with_their_sons_Ganesha_and_Karttikeya%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi_%28cropped2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2787" data-file-height="3405" /></a><figcaption>A 18th century CE painting depicting <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> with their sons <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> and Kartikeya.</figcaption></figure> <p>Indian religious literature describes Kartikeya and Ganesha as sons of Shiva and Parvati. <a href="/wiki/Shavite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shavite">Shavite</a> puranas such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ganesha_Purana" title="Ganesha Purana">Ganesha Purana</a></i>, <i>Shiva Purana</i> and <i>Skanda Purana</i> state that Ganesha is the elder of the two.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClothey197842_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197842-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Mahabharata</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> mention various other brothers and sisters of Skanda or Kartikeya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChatterjee197091_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChatterjee197091-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the northern and eastern Indian traditions, Kartikeya is generally regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Celibate" class="mw-redirect" title="Celibate">celibate</a> bachelor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaradara1993113–114_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaradara1993113–114-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Sanskrit literature</a>, Kartikeya is married to <a href="/wiki/Devasena" title="Devasena">Devasena</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Army of Devas</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>; as her husband was 'Devasenapati' <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Commander of army of Devas</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002185-186_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002185-186-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Devasena is described as the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Daksha" title="Daksha">Daksha</a> in the <i>Mahabharata</i>, while <i>Skanda Purana</i> considers her as the daughter of Indra and his wife <a href="/wiki/Shachi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shachi">Shachi</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a>, he has two consorts: Devayanai (identified with Devasena) and <a href="/wiki/Valli" title="Valli">Valli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaradara1993113–114_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaradara1993113–114-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Kanda Puranam</i>, Devayanai (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Divine elephant</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>; as she was brought up by <a href="/wiki/Airavata" title="Airavata">Airavata</a>, the elephant<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010251_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010251-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is depicted as the daughter of Indra, who was given in marriage to Kartikeya for his help in saving the devas from the asuras. Kartikeya is also said to have married Valli, the daughter of a <a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">tribal chief</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarayan2007149_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarayan2007149-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Tamil folklore, both Devasena and Valli were daughters of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> in the previous birth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPattnaik200029_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPattnaik200029-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When they <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnated</a>, Devasena was adopted as the daughter of Indra as a result of her penance and Valli was born on the Earth. However, both were destined to marry the son of Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandelman201356_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandelman201356-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vedic_text_and_epics">Vedic text and epics</h3></div> <p>There are references in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> to "Skanda", which can be interpreted to refer to Kartikeya. For example, the term <i>Kumara</i> appears in hymn 5.2 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rig Veda">Rig Veda</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClothey197849–51_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197849–51-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The verses mention a brightly-colored boy hurling weapons, evoking motifs associated with Kartikeya such as his bright glowing skin and his possession of divine weapons including the <a href="/wiki/Vel" title="Vel">vel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClothey197846–51_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197846–51-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These motifs are also found in other Vedic texts, such as in sections 6.1-3 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Shatapatha_Brahmana" title="Shatapatha Brahmana">Shatapatha Brahmana</a></i>: while Kumara is one of the names used to mention Kartikeya, the mythology in the earlier Vedic texts is different. In these, Agni is described as Kumara, whose mother is <a href="/wiki/Ushas" title="Ushas">Ushas</a> (goddess Dawn) and whose father is Purusha.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClothey197848–51_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197848–51-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Section 10.1 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Aranyaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Taittiriya Aranyaka">Taittiriya Aranyaka</a></i> mentions <i>Sanmukha</i> (six faced one), while the <i>Baudhayana Dharmasutra</i> mentions a householder's rite of passage that involves prayers to Skanda (Kartikeya) and his brother Ganapati (Ganesha) together.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClothey197850–51_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197850–51-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chapter 7 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya Upanishad</a></i> (eighth to sixth century BCE) equates Sanat-Kumara (eternal son) and Skanda, as he teaches the sage <a href="/wiki/Narada" title="Narada">Narada</a> to discover his own <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a> (soul, self) as a means to ultimate knowledge, true peace, and liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClothey197849–50_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197849–50-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume192150_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume192150-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest clear evidence of Kartikeya's importance emerges in the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Itihasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Itihasa">epics</a>, such as the <i>Ramayana</i> and the <i>Mahabharata</i>, where his story is recited.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002655–656_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002655–656-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClothey197849,_54–55_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197849,_54–55-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanskrit_literature">Sanskrit literature</h3></div> <p>Mentions of Skanda are found in the works of <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a> (fifth century BCE), in <a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a>'s <i>Mahabhasya</i> and <a href="/wiki/Kautilya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kautilya">Kautilya</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></i> (third to second century BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClothey197849–53_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197849–53-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kalidasa" title="Kalidasa">Kalidasa</a>'s epic poem <i>Kumarasambhava</i> from the fifth-century CE features the life and story of Kartikeya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeifetz19901_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeifetz19901-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kartikeya forms the main theme of <i>Skanda Purana</i>, the largest <i><a href="/wiki/Puranas#Mahapuranas" title="Puranas">Mahapurana</a></i>, a genre of eighteen <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> religious texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagare1996ix_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagare1996ix-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text contains over 81,000 verses, and is part of <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivite</a> literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker20144–6_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker20144–6-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the text is named after Skanda (Kartikeya), he does not feature either more or less prominently in the text than in other Shiva-related Puranas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986114,_229–238_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986114,_229–238-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text has been an important historical record and influence on the Hindu traditions related to war-god Skanda.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986114,_229–238_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986114,_229–238-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurukkal1961131_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurukkal1961131-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest text titled <i>Skanda Purana</i> likely existed by the sixth century CE, but the <i>Skanda Purana</i> that has survived into the modern era exists in many versions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoniger199359–83_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger199359–83-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann2011187_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann2011187-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker20141–3_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker20141–3-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tamil_literature">Tamil literature</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Penang_thaipusam_Silver_chariot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Penang_thaipusam_Silver_chariot.jpg/220px-Penang_thaipusam_Silver_chariot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Penang_thaipusam_Silver_chariot.jpg/330px-Penang_thaipusam_Silver_chariot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Penang_thaipusam_Silver_chariot.jpg/440px-Penang_thaipusam_Silver_chariot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="793" /></a><figcaption>Kartikeya worshipped in a procession in the Tamil festival of <a href="/wiki/Thaipusam" title="Thaipusam">Thaipusam</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ancient Tamil text <i><a href="/wiki/Tolkappiyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkappiyam">Tolkappiyam</a></i> from the second century BCE mentions <i>Ceyon</i> ("the red one"), identified with Murugan, whose name is mentioned as <i>Murukan</i> ("the youth").<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extant <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a> works dated between the third century BCE and the fifth century CE glorify Murugan, "the red god seated on the blue peacock, who is ever young and resplendent," as "the favoured god of the Tamils."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinha197957_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinha197957-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Korravai" title="Korravai">Korravai</a> is often identified as the mother of Murugan.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurukarruppatai" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirumurukarruppatai">Tirumurukarruppatai</a></i>, estimated to be have been written in the second to fourth century CE, is an ancient Tamil epic dedicated to Murugan. He is called <i>Murugu</i> and described as a god of beauty and youth, with such exaltations as "his body glows like the sun rising from the emerald sea". It describes him with six faces—each with a function, and twelve arms, and tells of the temples dedicated to him in the hilly regions and of his victory over evil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1973125–127_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1973125–127-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancient Tamil lexicon <i>Pinkalandai</i> identifies the name <i>Vel</i> with the slayer of Tarakasura.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Paripatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Paripatal">Paripatal</a></i>, a Sangam literary work from the third century CE, refers to Kartikeya as <i>Sevvel</i> ("red spear") and as <i>Neduvel</i> ("great spear").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalasubrahmanyam19668_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalasubrahmanyam19668-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESubramanian1978161_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubramanian1978161-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhist">Buddhist</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda (Buddhism)</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirvana Sutra">Mahaparinirvana Sutra</a> mentions Kumara as one of the eighty gods worshipped by the common people. The <i>Arya Kanikrodhavajrakumarabodhisattava Sadhanavidhi Sutra</i> (T 1796) features a section for the recitation of a mantra dedicated to the deity, where he is also paired with <a href="/wiki/Isvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Isvara">Isvara</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yi_Xing" title="Yi Xing">Yi Xing</a>'s Commentary of the Mahavairocana Tantra clarifies that Kumara is the son of Isvara.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sixteenth-century Siamese text <i>Jinakalamali</i> mentions him as a guardian god.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrichObeyesekere1988176-180_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrichObeyesekere1988176-180-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography_and_depictions">Iconography and depictions</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Murugan_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Murugan_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg/220px-Murugan_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Murugan_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg/330px-Murugan_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Murugan_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg/440px-Murugan_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2545" data-file-height="3474" /></a><figcaption>The six-headed Kartikeya with his two consorts on a peacock, painting by <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ravi_Varma" title="Raja Ravi Varma">Raja Ravi Varma</a> (1848–1906)</figcaption></figure> <p>Ancient <a href="/wiki/Yaudheya" title="Yaudheya">Yaudheya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan period</a> coins dated to the first and second centuries CE show Kartikeya with either one or six heads, with one-headed depictions being more common.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann2011111–114_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann2011111–114-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, sculptures show him with either one or six heads, with the six head iconography dated to post-<a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a> era.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann2011113–114,_122–126_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann2011113–114,_122–126-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artwork found in <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a> dated to the Kushan period shows him with one head, dressed in a <a href="/wiki/Dhoti" title="Dhoti">dhoti</a> (a cloth wrapped at the waist, covering the legs) <a href="/wiki/Armour" title="Armour">armour</a>, wielding a <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">spear</a> in his right hand with a <a href="/wiki/Rooster" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooster">rooster</a> on his left.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann2011122–126_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann2011122–126-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESrinivasan2007333–335_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESrinivasan2007333–335-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artworks from Gandhara show him in <a href="/wiki/Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian">Scythian</a> dress, likely reflecting the local dress culture of the time, with a rooster-like bird that may draw from <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> influence to symbolize Kartikeya's agility and maneuverability as a warrior god.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann2011124–126_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann2011124–126-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kartikeya's iconography portrays him as a youthful god, dressed as a warrior with attributes of a hunter and a philosopher.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlphonse1997167_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlphonse1997167-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He wields a divine spear known as the <a href="/wiki/Vel" title="Vel">vel</a>, granted to him by Parvati. The vel signifies his power, or <i>shakti</i>, and symbolizes valor, bravery and righteousness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKozlowskiJackson2013140_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKozlowskiJackson2013140-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is sometimes depicted with other weapons, including a sword, a javelin, a mace, a discus and a bow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann2011123-126_with_footnotes_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann2011123-126_with_footnotes-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESrinivasan2007333–336,_515–516_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESrinivasan2007333–336,_515–516-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">vahana</a> or mount is depicted as a <a href="/wiki/Indian_peafowl" title="Indian peafowl">peacock</a>, known as Paravani.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While he was depicted with an <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephant</a> mount in early iconography, his iconography of a six faced lord on a peacock mount became firmly enshrined after the sixth century CE, along with the progression of his role from that of a warrior to that of a philosopher-teacher, and his increasing prominence in the <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivite</a> cannon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVadivella_Belle2018194_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVadivella_Belle2018194-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i>Skanda Purana</i>, when Kartikeya faced asura Surapadma, the latter turned into a <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mango</a> tree, which was then split in half by Kartikeya using his vel. One half of the tree became his mount, the peacock, while the other half became the rooster entrenched on his flag.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKozlowskiJackson2013140_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKozlowskiJackson2013140-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theology_and_historical_development">Theology and historical development</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; border-width: 2px; color: #202122;background-color: #FFE0BB;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><b>Guha (Muruga)</b> </p> <div class="poem"> <p>You who has form and who is formless,<br /> you who are both being and non-being,<br /> who are the fragrance and the blossom,<br /> who are the jewel and its lustre,<br /> who are the seed of life and life itself,<br /> who are the means and the existence itself,<br /> who are the supreme guru, come<br /> and bestow your grace, O Guha [Murugan] </p> </div> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><i>Kantaranuputi 51</i>, <a href="/wiki/Arunagirinathar" title="Arunagirinathar">Arunagirinathar</a><br />(Translator: Kamil Zvelebil), <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1973243_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1973243-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>Consistent elements of Kartikeya's narrative across the diverse corpus of legends relating to him include his birth by a surrogate in difficult circumstances, his upbringing by a host of mothers, and his later reunion with his biological family. According to Fred Clothey, Muruga thus symbolizes a union of polarities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClothey19783_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey19783-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is considered a uniter, championing the attributes of both <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> (which revere Shiva and Vishnu as their supreme deities, respectively).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClothey19783–4_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey19783–4-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kartikeya's theology is most developed in the Tamil texts and in the <a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a> tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002655–656_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002655–656-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClothey19781–2_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey19781–2-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is described as <i>dheivam</i> (abstract neuter divinity, <i><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">nirguna brahman</a></i>), as <i>kadavul</i> (divinity in nature, in everything), as <i>Devan</i> (masculine deity), and as <i>iraivativam</i> (concrete manifestation of the sacred, <i><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">saguna brahman</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClothey197810–14_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197810–14-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Fred Clothey, as Murugan, he embodies the "cultural and religious whole that comprises South Indian Shaivism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClothey19783_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey19783-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is a central philosopher and a key exponent of Shaiva Siddhanta theology, as well as the patron deity of the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002[httpsarchiveorgdetailsillustratedencyc0000lochpagen416_450]_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002[httpsarchiveorgdetailsillustratedencyc0000lochpagen416_450]-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamaswamy2007152-153_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamaswamy2007152-153-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally, Murugan was not worshipped as a god, but rather as an exalted ancestor, heroic warrior and accomplished <a href="/wiki/Siddhar" title="Siddhar">Siddhar</a> born in the <a href="/wiki/Kurinji" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurinji">Kurinji</a> landscape. In that role he was seen as a guardian who consistently defended the Tamils against foreign invasions with the stories of his astonishing and miraculous deeds increasing his stature in the community, who began to view him as god.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the major events in the narrative of Murugan's life take place during his youth, which encouraged the worship of Murugan as a child-god.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClothey197851_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197851-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:114px;max-width:114px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:167px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kumara,_The_Divine_General_LACMA_M.85.279.3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Kumara%2C_The_Divine_General_LACMA_M.85.279.3.jpg/112px-Kumara%2C_The_Divine_General_LACMA_M.85.279.3.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Kumara%2C_The_Divine_General_LACMA_M.85.279.3.jpg/168px-Kumara%2C_The_Divine_General_LACMA_M.85.279.3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Kumara%2C_The_Divine_General_LACMA_M.85.279.3.jpg/224px-Kumara%2C_The_Divine_General_LACMA_M.85.279.3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1410" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Kartikeya from <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan era</a>, second century CE</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:167px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:YaudheyaCoin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/YaudheyaCoin.jpg/172px-YaudheyaCoin.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/YaudheyaCoin.jpg/258px-YaudheyaCoin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/YaudheyaCoin.jpg/344px-YaudheyaCoin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Coins of the <a href="/wiki/Yaudheyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaudheyas">Yaudheyas</a> featuring Kartikeya</div></div></div></div></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Varadaraja_V._Raman" title="Varadaraja V. Raman">Raman Varadara</a>, Murugan, originally regarded as a Tamil deity, underwent a process of adoption and incorporation into the pantheon of North Indian deities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaradara1993113–114_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaradara1993113–114-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, <a href="/wiki/G._S._Ghurye" title="G. S. Ghurye">G. S. Ghurye</a> states that according to the archeological and epigraphical evidence, the contemporary deity worshipped as Murugan, Subrahmanya and Kartikeya is a composite of two influences: Skanda from the south, and Mahasena from the north. He as the warrior-philosopher god was the patron deity for many ancient northern and western Hindu kingdoms, and of the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a>, according to Ghurye. After the seventh century, Skanda's importance diminished while his brother Ganesha's importance rose in the west and north, while in the south the legends of Murugan continued to grow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhurye1977152-167_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhurye1977152-167-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPillai1997159-160_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPillai1997159-160-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Norman Cutler, Kartikeya-Murugan-Skanda of South and North India coalesced over time, but some aspects of the South Indian iconography and mythology for Murugan have remained unique to Tamil Nadu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECutler2008146_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECutler2008146-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Fred Clothey, the evidence suggests that mythology relating to Kartikeya became widespread in North India sometime around 200 BCE or later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClothey197845–46_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197845–46-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to textual evidence, his importance is affirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archeological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">numismatic</a> record of this period. For example, he is found in numismatic evidence linked to the <a href="/wiki/Yaudheya" title="Yaudheya">Yaudheyas</a>, a confederation of warriors in North India who are mentioned by the ancient Sanskrit grammarian Pāṇini.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann2011101-105_with_footnotes_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann2011101-105_with_footnotes-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan era</a>, that included rule over the northwest <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, more coins featuring Kartikeya were minted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann2011101-105_with_footnotes_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann2011101-105_with_footnotes-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also found on ancient <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythian</a> coins, where his various names are minted in <a href="/wiki/Greek_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek script">Greek script</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas187760-62_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas187760-62-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Skanda was regarded as a philosopher in his role as Subramanhya, while Murugan was similarly regarded as the teacher of Tamil literature and poetry. In the late <a href="/wiki/Chola_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola empire">Chola period</a> from the sixth to thirteenth centuries CE, Murugan was firmly established in the role of a teacher and philosopher, while his militaristic depictions waned. Despite the changes, his portrayal was multi-faceted, with significant differences between Skanda and Murugan until the late <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijayanagara empire">Vijayanagara period</a>, when he was accepted as a single deity with diverse facets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVadivella_Belle2018140_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVadivella_Belle2018140-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_religions">Other religions</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skanda_Bodhisattva.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Skanda_Bodhisattva.jpeg/170px-Skanda_Bodhisattva.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Skanda_Bodhisattva.jpeg/255px-Skanda_Bodhisattva.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Skanda_Bodhisattva.jpeg/340px-Skanda_Bodhisattva.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1302" data-file-height="1736" /></a><figcaption>Skanda Bodhisattva is the <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> protector in <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013452_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013452-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Above: Skanda's statue in <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a> province, China</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a>, he is described as a manifestation of Mahābrahmārāja with five hair coils and a handsome face emanating purple-golden light that surpasses the light of the other devas. In <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a> (also sometimes known as Kumāra) is known as Weituo, a young heavenly general, the guardian deity of local monasteries and the protector of Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dhamma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann201132_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann201132-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward2006373,_380–381_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2006373,_380–381-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Henrik Sorensen, this representation became common after the <a href="/wiki/Tang_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang period">Tang period</a>, and became well established in the late <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESorensen2011124-125_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorensen2011124-125-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also regarded as one of the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-Four_Protective_Deities" title="Twenty-Four Protective Deities">twenty-four celestial guardian deities</a>, who are a grouping of originally Hindu and Taoist deities adopted into Chinese Buddhism as <a href="/wiki/Dharmapala" title="Dharmapala">dharmapalas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodousSoothill200412,_23_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodousSoothill200412,_23-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skanda was also adopted by <a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korean Buddhism</a>, and he appears in Korean Buddhist woodblock prints and paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESorensen2011124-125_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorensen2011124-125-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gombrich" title="Richard Gombrich">Richard Gombrich</a>, Skanda has been an important deity in the <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhist</a> pantheon in countries such as <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>. The <i>Nikaya Samgraha</i> describes Skanda Kumara as a guardian deity of the land, along with Upulvan (Vishnu), <a href="/wiki/Saman_(deity)" title="Saman (deity)">Saman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vibhishana" title="Vibhishana">Vibhisana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrichObeyesekere1988176-180_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrichObeyesekere1988176-180-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Sri Lanka, Skanda, as <a href="/wiki/Kataragama_deviyo" title="Kataragama deviyo">Kataragama deviyo</a>, is a popular deity among both <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Hindus" title="Tamil Hindus">Tamil Hindus</a> and Sinhalese Buddhists. While many <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan Buddhists</a> regard him as a <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a>, he is also associated with sensuality and retribution. Anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Gananath_Obeyesekere" title="Gananath Obeyesekere">Gananath Obeyesekere</a> has suggested that the deity's popularity among Buddhists is due to his purported power to grant emotional gratification, which is in stark contrast to the sensual restraint that characterizes Buddhist practice in Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrainor2001123_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrainor2001123-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>According to <a href="/wiki/Asko_Parpola" title="Asko Parpola">Asko Parpola</a>, the Jain deity <a href="/wiki/Naigamesha" title="Naigamesha">Naigamesa</a>, who is also referred to as Hari-Naigamesin, is depicted in early Jain texts as riding the peacock and as the leader of the divine army, both characteristics of Kartikeya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParpola2015285_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParpola2015285-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worship">Worship</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Practices">Practices</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kavadi_dancer_6039398.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Kavadi_dancer_6039398.jpg/220px-Kavadi_dancer_6039398.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Kavadi_dancer_6039398.jpg/330px-Kavadi_dancer_6039398.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Kavadi_dancer_6039398.jpg/440px-Kavadi_dancer_6039398.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Kavadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kavadi">Kavadi</a> procession</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Kavadi_Aattam" title="Kavadi Aattam">Kavadi Aattam</a> is a ceremonial act of sacrifice and offering to Murugan practiced by his devotees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent2005170-174_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent2005170-174-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its origin has been linked to a mythic anecdote about <a href="/wiki/Idumban" title="Idumban">Idumban</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhoothalingam201618_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhoothalingam201618-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It symbolizes a form of <a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">debt bondage</a> through the bearing of a physical burden called <i>Kavadi</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">burden</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). The Kavadi is a physical burden which consists of two semicircular pieces of wood or steel which are bent and attached to a cross structure in its simplest form, which is then balanced on the shoulders of the devotee. By bearing the Kavadi, the devotees <a href="/wiki/Procession" title="Procession">processionally</a> implore Murugan for assistance, usually as a means of balancing a spiritual debt or on behalf of a loved one who is in need of help or healing. Worshipers often carry pots of <a href="/wiki/Cow_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Cow milk">cow milk</a> as an offering (<i>pal kavadi</i>). The most extreme and spectacular practice is the carrying of <i>el kavadi</i>, a portable altar up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) tall and weighing up to 30 kg (66 lb) decorated with peacock feathers, which is attached to the body of the devotee through multiple skewers and metal hooks pierced into the skin on the chest and back.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent2005170-174_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent2005170-174-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohHo2009176_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohHo2009176-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong199210_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong199210-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume202089_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume202089-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once all sages and gods assembled in <a href="/wiki/Kailasha" title="Kailasha">Kailasha</a>, the abode of Shiva, which resulted in the tilting of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> due to an increase in weight on the <a href="/wiki/Hemispheres_of_Earth" title="Hemispheres of Earth">hemisphere</a> where the gathered stood. Shiva asked sage <a href="/wiki/Agasthya" class="mw-redirect" title="Agasthya">Agasthya</a> to move towards the south to restore the balance. Agasthya employed an <a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">asura</a> named Idumban to carry two hills called <i>Sivagiri</i> and <i>Sakthigiri</i> (Mountains of Shiva and <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a>) on his shoulders to be placed in the south, to balance the weight. Idumban carried the hills and set southward, stopping en-route to place them down for a while and rest. When he tried to lift them again, he was unable to move one of the hills. He found a youth standing atop the hill and fought with him, only to be defeated. Agasthya identified the youth as Kartikeya, and the two discussed the dispute. The hill was left to remain at its resting location, which later became <a href="/wiki/Palani" title="Palani">Palani</a>. Kartikeya later resurrected Idumban as his devotee. The mythology behind Idumban carrying the hills on the shoulder may have influenced the practice of Kavadi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhoothalingam201618_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhoothalingam201618-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_day_of_devotion_%E2%80%93_Thaipusam_in_Singapore_(4316108409).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_day_of_devotion_%E2%80%93_Thaipusam_in_Singapore_%284316108409%29.jpg/220px-A_day_of_devotion_%E2%80%93_Thaipusam_in_Singapore_%284316108409%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_day_of_devotion_%E2%80%93_Thaipusam_in_Singapore_%284316108409%29.jpg/330px-A_day_of_devotion_%E2%80%93_Thaipusam_in_Singapore_%284316108409%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_day_of_devotion_%E2%80%93_Thaipusam_in_Singapore_%284316108409%29.jpg/440px-A_day_of_devotion_%E2%80%93_Thaipusam_in_Singapore_%284316108409%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="948" /></a><figcaption>Ritual piercing with vel skewers in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Worshipers also practice a form of <a href="/wiki/Mortification_of_the_flesh" title="Mortification of the flesh">mortification of the flesh</a> by <a href="/wiki/Self-flagellation" title="Self-flagellation">flagellation</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Body_piercing" title="Body piercing">piercing</a> their skin, tongue or cheeks with <i>vel</i> skewers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJavier2014387_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJavier2014387-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These practices are suppressed in India, where public <a href="/wiki/Self-harm" title="Self-harm">self-mutilation</a> is prohibited by law.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy2005462_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy2005462-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vibuthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Vibuthi">Vibuthi</a>, a type of sacred ash, is spread across the body, including the piercing sites. Drumming and chanting of verses help the devotees to enter a state of <a href="/wiki/Trance" title="Trance">trance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJavier2014387_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJavier2014387-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Devotees usually prepare for the rituals by keeping clean, doing regular prayers, following a <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">vegetarian diet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasting in religion">fasting</a> while remaining <a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">celibate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2016334_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2016334-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They make pilgrimage to the temples of Kartikeya on bare feet and dance along the route while bearing these burdens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbram2003517_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbram2003517-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tonsure" title="Tonsure">Tonsuring</a> is performed by devotees as the ritual fulfillment of a vow to discard their hair in imitation of the form that Kartikeya assumed in childhood.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newborns may undergo a ritual of tonsuring and <a href="/wiki/Ear_piercing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ear piercing">ear piercing</a> at temples dedicated to Kartikeya.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Palani_Panchamirtham" title="Palani Panchamirtham">Panchamritam</a></i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">mixture of five</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is a sacred sweet mixture made of <a href="/wiki/Virupakshi_Hill_Banana" title="Virupakshi Hill Banana">banana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">ghee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaggery" title="Jaggery">jaggery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Date_fruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Date fruit">date fruits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sugar_candy" title="Sugar candy">Sugar candies</a>, which is <a href="/wiki/Prasada" title="Prasada">offered</a> to Kartikeya. It is believed to have been prepared before by Ganesha to soothe his brother Kartikeya after their battle for the divine fruit of knowledge. The practice is followed in modern times in temples where the devotees are provided the mixture as a <a href="/wiki/Prasad" class="mw-redirect" title="Prasad">prasad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhoothalingam201618_110-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhoothalingam201618-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mantras_and_hymns">Mantras and hymns</h3></div> <p><i>Vetrivel Muruganukku Arogara</i> (meaning 'victory for vel wielding Murugan') is a Tamil <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a> commonly chanted by devotees while worshiping Kartikeya.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Om Saravana Bhava</i> is a common chant used by the devotees to invoke Kartikeya.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></i> (meaning 'holy praise' or 'divine glory') is a fifteenth century <a href="/wiki/Anthology" title="Anthology">anthology</a> of Tamil religious songs composed by <a href="/wiki/Arunagirinathar" title="Arunagirinathar">Arunagirinathar</a> in veneration of Murugan.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Kanda_Shasti_Kavasam" title="Kanda Shasti Kavasam">Kanda Shasti Kavasam</a></i> is a Tamil devotional song composed by <a href="/wiki/Devaraya_Swamigal" title="Devaraya Swamigal">Devaraya Swamigal</a> in the ninteenth century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temples">Temples</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palani_Hill.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Palani_Hill.JPG/220px-Palani_Hill.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Palani_Hill.JPG/330px-Palani_Hill.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Palani_Hill.JPG/440px-Palani_Hill.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palani_Murugan_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Palani Murugan Temple">Palani Murugan Temple</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Six_Abodes_of_Murugan" title="Six Abodes of Murugan">Six Abodes of Murugan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Murugan (Kartikeya), being known as the God of the Tamils, has many temples dedicated to him across <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>. An old Tamil saying states that wherever there is a hill, there will be a temple dedicated to Murugan.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As he is venerated as the lord of <a href="/wiki/Kurinji_(thinai)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurinji (thinai)">Kurinji</a>, which is a mountainous region, most of his temples are located on hillocks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamaswamy2007293_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamaswamy2007293-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most renowned among them are the <a href="/wiki/Six_Abodes_of_Murugan" title="Six Abodes of Murugan">Six Abodes of Murugan</a>, a set of six temples at <a href="/wiki/Thiruparankundram_Murugan_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruparankundram Murugan temple">Thiruparankundram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiruchendur_Murugan_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruchendur Murugan Temple">Tiruchendur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palani_Murugan_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Palani Murugan Temple">Palani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swaminathaswamy_Temple,_Swamimalai" class="mw-redirect" title="Swaminathaswamy Temple, Swamimalai">Swamimalai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subramaniya_Swamy_Temple,_Tiruttani" title="Subramaniya Swamy Temple, Tiruttani">Tiruttani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pazhamudircholai" class="mw-redirect" title="Pazhamudircholai">Pazhamudircholai</a> which are mentioned in Sangam literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar1982190_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyar1982190-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other major temples dedicated to Murugan are located at <a href="/wiki/Kandaswami_Temple,_Georgetown" title="Kandaswami Temple, Georgetown">Kandakottam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumaran_Kundram" title="Kumaran Kundram">Kumaran Kundram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumarakottam_Temple" title="Kumarakottam Temple">Kumarakkottam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolanjiappar_temple" title="Kolanjiappar temple">Manavalanallur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marudhamalai_(temple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marudhamalai (temple)">Marudamalai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pachaimalai_Subramanya_Swamy_Temple" title="Pachaimalai Subramanya Swamy Temple">Pachaimalai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikkal_Singaravelan_Temple" title="Sikkal Singaravelan Temple">Sikkal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siruvapuri_Sri_Balasubrahmanyam_temple" title="Siruvapuri Sri Balasubrahmanyam temple">Siruvapuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thiruporur_Kandaswamy_temple" title="Thiruporur Kandaswamy temple">Thiruporur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vadapalani_Andavar_Temple" title="Vadapalani Andavar Temple">Vadapalani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vallakottai_Subramaniyaswami_temple" title="Vallakottai Subramaniyaswami temple">Vallakottai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vayalur_Murugan_Temple" title="Vayalur Murugan Temple">Vayalur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Viralimalai_Murugan_temple" title="Viralimalai Murugan temple">Viralimalai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Places of worship dedicated to Subramanya in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> include temples at <a href="/wiki/Haripad_Sree_Subrahmanya_Swamy_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Haripad Sree Subrahmanya Swamy temple">Haripad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neendoor_Subrahmanya_Swami_Temple" title="Neendoor Subrahmanya Swami Temple">Neendoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidangoor_Subramanya_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidangoor Subramanya Temple">Kidangoor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kodumbu_Subramanya_Swamy_Temple" title="Kodumbu Subramanya Swamy Temple">Kodumbu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathew2017377_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathew2017377-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>, he is worshipped under the names Subrahmanya, Kumara Swamy, and Skanda, with major temples at <a href="/wiki/Mopidevi" title="Mopidevi">Mopidevi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Biccavolu" title="Biccavolu">Biccavolu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skandagiri,<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mallam,<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Indrakeeladri, Vijayawada.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Kukke_Subramanya_Temple" title="Kukke Subramanya Temple">Kukke Subramanya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghati_Subramanya" title="Ghati Subramanya">Ghati Subramanya</a> temples in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, he is worshipped as Subrahmanya and is regarded as the lord of the <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">serpents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, Kartikeya is associated with childbirth and is worshipped in Kartik temples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPattanaik2014_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPattanaik2014-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temples also exist in the rest of India in <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya_Temple,_Pehowa" title="Kartikeya Temple, Pehowa">Pehowa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Manali,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Manali, Himachal Pradesh">Manali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chamba,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Chamba, Himachal Pradesh">Chamba</a> in <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rudraprayag" title="Rudraprayag">Rudraprayag</a> in <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Outside_India">Outside India</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nallur_Kandasamy_front_entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nallur_Kandasamy_front_entrance.jpg/220px-Nallur_Kandasamy_front_entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nallur_Kandasamy_front_entrance.jpg/330px-Nallur_Kandasamy_front_entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nallur_Kandasamy_front_entrance.jpg/440px-Nallur_Kandasamy_front_entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nallur_Kandaswamy_temple" title="Nallur Kandaswamy temple">Nallur Kandaswamy temple</a> at <a href="/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna">Jaffna</a> is dedicated to Kartikeya</figcaption></figure> <p>Kartikeya is worshipped as Kumar in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nepal_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nepal-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, Murugan is predominantly worshipped by Tamil people as Murugan and by the <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a> as <a href="/wiki/Kataragama_deviyo" title="Kataragama deviyo">Kataragama deviyo</a>, a guardian deity. Numerous Murugan temples exist throughout the island, including <a href="/wiki/Kataragama_temple" title="Kataragama temple">Kataragama temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nallur_Kandaswamy_temple" title="Nallur Kandaswamy temple">Nallur Kandaswamy temple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maviddapuram_Kandaswamy_Temple" title="Maviddapuram Kandaswamy Temple">Maviddapuram Kandaswamy Temple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-P_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Murugan is revered in regions with significant population of Tamil people and people of Tamil origin, including those in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> countries including <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, countries with significant Indian migrants including the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJavier2014387_114-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJavier2014387-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sri Subramanyar Temple at the <a href="/wiki/Batu_Caves" title="Batu Caves">Batu Caves</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> is dedicated to Murugan, who is depicted in a 42.7-meter-high statue at the entrance, one of the largest Murugan statues in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are some other temples in Malaysia such as <a href="/wiki/Arulmigu_Balathandayuthapani_Temple,_Penang" class="mw-redirect" title="Arulmigu Balathandayuthapani Temple, Penang">Balathandayuthapani Temple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nattukkottai_Chettiar_Temple,_Penang" title="Nattukkottai Chettiar Temple, Penang">Nattukkottai Chettiar Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Marathandavar_Bala_Dhandayuthapani_Alayam" title="Sri Marathandavar Bala Dhandayuthapani Alayam">Marathandavar Temple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Kandaswamy_Kovil,_Brickfields" title="Sri Kandaswamy Kovil, Brickfields">Kandaswamy Kovil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-malaysianTemples_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malaysianTemples-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Thendayuthapani_Temple" title="Sri Thendayuthapani Temple">Sri Thendayuthapani Temple</a> is a major Hindu temple in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Murugan temples also exist in several western countries like United States of America,<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada,<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves2014173_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves2014173-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kartik_Puja_of_West_Bengal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kartik_Puja_of_West_Bengal.jpg/220px-Kartik_Puja_of_West_Bengal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kartik_Puja_of_West_Bengal.jpg/330px-Kartik_Puja_of_West_Bengal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kartik_Puja_of_West_Bengal.jpg/440px-Kartik_Puja_of_West_Bengal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1154" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Kartikeya is offered toys, along with sweets and other ritualistic materials during Kartik puja in Bengal.</figcaption></figure> <p>A number of festivals relating to Kartikeya are observed: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thaipusam" title="Thaipusam">Thaipusam</a> is celebrated on the <a href="/wiki/Purnima" title="Purnima">full moon day</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_calendar" title="Tamil calendar">Tamil month</a> of Thai on the confluence of <a href="/wiki/Nakshatra" title="Nakshatra">star</a> <a href="/wiki/Pushya" title="Pushya">Pusam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy2005462_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy2005462-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The festival is celebrated to commemorate the victory of Murugan over the asuras, and includes ritualistic practices of Kavadi Aattam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJavier2014387_114-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJavier2014387-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panguni_Uthiram" title="Panguni Uthiram">Panguni Uthiram</a> occurs on the <a href="/wiki/Purnima" title="Purnima">purnima</a> (full moon day) of the month of <a href="/wiki/Phalguna" title="Phalguna">Panguni</a>, on the confluence of the star Uttiram.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamaswamy2017131_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamaswamy2017131-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The festival marks the celebration of Murugan's marriage to Devasena.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPechilis2013155_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPechilis2013155-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karthika_Deepam" title="Karthika Deepam">Karthika Deepam</a> is a festival of lights celebrated on the purnima of the month of <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81rtika_(month)" title="Kārtika (month)">Kartika</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpagnoliSamanna1999133_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpagnoliSamanna1999133-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikasi_Visakam" title="Vaikasi Visakam">Vaikasi Visakam</a> celebrates the birthday of Murugan, and occurs during the confluence of star <a href="/wiki/Visaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Visaka">Visaka</a> in the month of <a href="/wiki/Vaikasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaikasi">Vaikasi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surasamharam" title="Surasamharam">Kanda Sashti</a> falls variously on the months of <a href="/wiki/Ashvin_(month)" title="Ashvin (month)">Aippasi</a> or Kartikai of the Tamil calendar, and commemorates the victory of Murugan over the demon Surapadma.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East India</a>, Kartikeya is worshiped on the last day of the month of Kartik, when a clay model of the deity is kept for a newlywed couple (usually by their friends) before the door of their house. The deity is worshiped the next day in the evening and is offered toys. The deity is also worshiped during the <a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a> festival, in which Kartikeya is represented as a young man riding a peacock and wielding a bow and arrows. He is stated to be Kumara, that is, a bachelor as he is unmarried.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPattanaik2014_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPattanaik2014-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Nepal, Sithi Nakha (Kumar Shasthi) is celebrated on the sixth day of the waxing moon, according to the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a>, in the lunar month of <a href="/wiki/Jyeshtha_(month)" title="Jyeshtha (month)">Jestha</a>. The festival is celebrated by cleaning water sources and offering a feast.<sup id="cite_ref-Nepal_149-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nepal-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kartikeya's marital status varies across regions. In <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South Indian</a> traditions, he has two wives — Deivanai (identified with Devasena) and Valli whereas some <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> scriptures only mention Devasena (also known as <a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a>) as his wife. He is also considered celibate in parts of <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010251_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010251-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaradara1993113–114_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaradara1993113–114-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>कुमारं</b> माता युवतिः समुब्धं गुहा बिभर्ति न ददाति पित्रे । अनीकमस्य न मिनज्जनासः पुरः पश्यन्ति निहितमरतौ ॥१॥ कमेतं त्वं युवते कुमारं पेषी बिभर्षि महिषी जजान । पूर्वीर्हि गर्भः शरदो ववर्धापश्यं जातं यदसूत माता ॥२॥ हिरण्यदन्तं शुचिवर्णमारात्क्षेत्रादपश्यमायुधा मिमानम् । ददानो अस्मा अमृतं विपृक्वत्किं मामनिन्द्राः कृणवन्ननुक्थाः ॥३॥ क्षेत्रादपश्यं सनुतश्चरन्तं सुमद्यूथं न पुरु शोभमानम् । न ता अगृभ्रन्नजनिष्ट हि षः पलिक्नीरिद्युवतयो भवन्ति ॥४॥ (...) <a class="external text" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ऋग्वेद:_सूक्तं_५.२">Hymn 5.2, Wikisource</a>;<br />English: "The youthful Mother keeps the Boy in secret pressed to her close, nor yields him to the Father. But, when he lies upon the arm, the people see his unfading countenance before them. [5.2.1] What child is this thou carriest as handmaid, O Youthful One? The Consort-Queen hath bome him. The Babe unborn increased through many autumns. I saw him born what time his Mother bare him. [5.2.2] I saw him from afar gold-toothed, bright-coloured, hurling his weapons from his habitation, What time I gave him Amrta free from mixture. How can the Indraless, the hymnless harm me? [5.2.3] I saw him moving from the place he dwells in, even as with a herd, brilliantly shining. These seized him not: he had been born already. They who were grey with age again grow youthful. [5.2.4]<br />– Translated by Ralph T.H. Griffith, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rig_Veda/Mandala_5/Hymn_2">Wikisource</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Verse 7.26.2 states Kumara is Skanda, but there are stylistic differences between this verse and the rest of the chapter. This may be because this verse was interpolated into the text at a later date.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1921283_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1921283-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As per <i>Pinkalandai</i>, Vel means either the slayer of Tarakasura, the <a href="/wiki/Chalukya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalukya">Chalukya</a> kings or the god of love. The Chalukya kings were called as "Velpularasar" in the Tamil lexicons meaning rulers of Vel country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumar2008179_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumar2008179-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPillai200417_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPillai200417-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Mann states that Skanda-Kumara may be composite deity linked to Greek deities pair called <a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Dioscuri</a> (Castor and Pollux), given the numismatic overlap in their iconography and similar warrior-god mythologies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlemingMann2014234–246_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlemingMann2014234–246-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil199187-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil199187_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZvelebil1991">Zvelebil 1991</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumar2008179-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumar2008179_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKumar2008179_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKumar2008">Kumar 2008</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPillai200417-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPillai200417_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPillai200417_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPillai2004">Pillai 2004</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010251-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010251_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010251_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalal2010">Dalal 2010</a>, p. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaradara1993113–114-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaradara1993113–114_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaradara1993113–114_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaradara1993113–114_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaradara1993113–114_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaradara1993">Varadara 1993</a>, pp. 113–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002655–656-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002655–656_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002655–656_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002655–656_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002655–656_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2002655–656_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLochtefeld2002">Lochtefeld 2002</a>, pp. 655–656.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECivaraman200655-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECivaraman200655_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECivaraman200655_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECivaraman200655_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCivaraman2006">Civaraman 2006</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEApte1988146-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApte1988146_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFApte1988">Apte 1988</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKozlowskiJackson2013140-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKozlowskiJackson2013140_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKozlowskiJackson2013140_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKozlowskiJackson2013140_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKozlowskiJackson2013">Kozlowski & Jackson 2013</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Skanda">"Skanda | Hindu deity"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181203193129/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Skanda">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Skanda+%7C+Hindu+deity&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FSkanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey19781,_22–25,_35–39,_49–58,_214–216-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClothey19781,_22–25,_35–39,_49–58,_214–216_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClothey1978">Clothey 1978</a>, pp. 1, 22–25, 35–39, 49–58, 214–216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGopal199080-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGopal199080_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGopal1990">Gopal 1990</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann2011104–106-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann2011104–106_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMann2011">Mann 2011</a>, pp. 104–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas187760-62-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas187760-62_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas187760-62_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1877">Thomas 1877</a>, p. 60-62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann2011123–124-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann2011123–124_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMann2011">Mann 2011</a>, pp. 123–124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197851-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClothey197851_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClothey197851_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClothey1978">Clothey 1978</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197849–51,_54–55-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClothey197849–51,_54–55_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClothey1978">Clothey 1978</a>, pp. 49–51, 54–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal201067-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal201067_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalal2010">Dalal 2010</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanamali201372-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanamali201372_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanamali201372_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVanamali2013">Vanamali 2013</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandelman201333-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandelman201333_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandelman201333_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHandelman2013">Handelman 2013</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandelman201331-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandelman201331_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandelman201331_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHandelman2013">Handelman 2013</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalidasa1901120-135-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalidasa1901120-135_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalidasa1901120-135_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKalidasa1901">Kalidasa 1901</a>, p. 120-135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197851–52-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClothey197851–52_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClothey1978">Clothey 1978</a>, pp. 51–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVadivella_Belle2018178-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVadivella_Belle2018178_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVadivella_Belle2018178_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVadivella_Belle2018178_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVadivella_Belle2018">Vadivella Belle 2018</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197882-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClothey197882_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClothey1978">Clothey 1978</a>, pp. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197855–56-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClothey197855–56_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClothey1978">Clothey 1978</a>, pp. 55–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAthyal320-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAthyal320_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAthyal">Athyal</a>, p. 320.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFAthyal (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1991141-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1991141_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1991">Collins 1991</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhoothalingam201648-52-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhoothalingam201648-52_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhoothalingam2016">Bhoothalingam 2016</a>, p. 48-52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishna2017185-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishna2017185_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrishna2017">Krishna 2017</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197886,_118-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClothey197886,_118_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClothey1978">Clothey 1978</a>, pp. 86, 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil197331-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil197331_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZvelebil1973">Zvelebil 1973</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandelman201332-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandelman201332_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandelman201332_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandelman201332_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHandelman2013">Handelman 2013</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClothey197855-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClothey197855_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClothey1978">Clothey 1978</a>, pp. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil197318-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil197318_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZvelebil1973">Zvelebil 1973</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandelman201334-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandelman201334_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHandelman2013">Handelman 2013</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Gaṇeśapurāṇa Krīḍākhaṇḍa</i>. <a href="/wiki/Harrassowitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrassowitz">Harrassowitz</a>. 2008. p. ix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05472-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05472-0"><bdi>978-3-447-05472-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Tamil+Nadu&rft.atitle=Tonsuring+and+ear+piercing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tamilnadutourism.com%2Ftraditions%2Ftonsuring-and-ear-piercing.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/hundreds-of-devotees-go-on-padayatra-to-palani-hill-temple-for-thai-poosam/article67762269.ece">"Hundreds of devotees go on padayatra to Palani hill temple for Thai Poosam"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 21 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Hundreds+of+devotees+go+on+padayatra+to+Palani+hill+temple+for+Thai+Poosam&rft.date=2024-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2FMadurai%2Fhundreds-of-devotees-go-on-padayatra-to-palani-hill-temple-for-thai-poosam%2Farticle67762269.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tamil.asianetnews.com/tamilnadu/kanda-sashti-arogara-for-vetrivel-murugan-surasamaharam-without-devotees-in-thiruchendur--r2bdz1">"Arogara for Vetrivel Murugan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Asianet_News" title="Asianet News">Asianet News</a></i> (in Tamil). 9 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asianet+News&rft.atitle=Arogara+for+Vetrivel+Murugan&rft.date=2021-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftamil.asianetnews.com%2Ftamilnadu%2Fkanda-sashti-arogara-for-vetrivel-murugan-surasamaharam-without-devotees-in-thiruchendur--r2bdz1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.jagran.com/spiritual/skanda-shashti-august-2024-10-powerful-lord-murugan-mantras-to-chant-for-success-and-prosperity-10179493">"Ten powerful Murugan mantras"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jagran_Prakashan" title="Jagran Prakashan">Jagran Prakashan</a></i>. 9 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Primus Books. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-380-60721-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-380-60721-4"><bdi>978-9-380-60721-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ritual%2C+Caste%2C+and+Religion+in+Colonial+South+India&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9-380-60721-4&rft.aulast=Bergunder&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Frese%2C+Heiko&rft.au=Schr%C3%B6der%2C+Ulrike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOcEM2IsnA1AC%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaman2022" class="citation book cs1">Raman, Srilata (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ocx0EAAAQBAJ&dq=Tiruppuka%E1%B8%BB&pg=PT30"><i>The Transformation of Tamil Religion: Ramalinga Swamigal (1823–1874) and Modern Dravidian Sainthood</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-74473-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-74473-3"><bdi>978-1-317-74473-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transformation+of+Tamil+Religion%3A+Ramalinga+Swamigal+%281823%E2%80%931874%29+and+Modern+Dravidian+Sainthood&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-317-74473-3&rft.aulast=Raman&rft.aufirst=Srilata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOcx0EAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DTiruppuka%25E1%25B8%25BB%26pg%3DPT30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlagesan2013" class="citation book cs1">Alagesan, Serndanur Ramanathan (2013). <i>Skanda Shasti Kavacham</i> (4th ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vikatan&rft.atitle=Know+the+story+of+Kanda+Shasti+Kavasam&rft.date=2016-10-31&rft.aulast=Krishnan&rft.aufirst=Valaiyappetai+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vikatan.com%2Fspiritual%2Ftemples%2F71000-the-story-of-shasti-kavasam---valayappettai-rkrishnan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maalaimalar.com/aanmiga-kalanjiyam/kundru-irukkum-idamellam-kumaran-iruppan-717624">"Kundru Irukkum Idamellam Kumaran Iruppan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Maalai_Malar" title="Maalai Malar">Maalai Malar</a></i> (in Tamil). 10 May 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240604132334/https://www.maalaimalar.com/aanmiga-kalanjiyam/kundru-irukkum-idamellam-kumaran-iruppan-717624">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maalai+Malar&rft.atitle=Kundru+Irukkum+Idamellam+Kumaran+Iruppan&rft.date=2024-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maalaimalar.com%2Faanmiga-kalanjiyam%2Fkundru-irukkum-idamellam-kumaran-iruppan-717624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamaswamy2007293-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamaswamy2007293_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamaswamy2007">Ramaswamy 2007</a>, p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAiyar1982190-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAiyar1982190_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAiyar1982">Aiyar 1982</a>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tapioca.co.in/famous-24-subramanya-swamymurugantemples-in-tamilnadu">"Famous 24 Subramanya Swamy temples"</a>. <i>Tapioca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240518043215/https://tapioca.co.in/famous-24-subramanya-swamymurugantemples-in-tamilnadu">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tapioca&rft.atitle=Famous+24+Subramanya+Swamy+temples&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftapioca.co.in%2Ffamous-24-subramanya-swamymurugantemples-in-tamilnadu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathew2017377-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathew2017377_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMathew2017">Mathew 2017</a>, p. 377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.keralatourism.org/1000festivals//index.php/preview/festival_info?fest_id=813">"Sree Subramanya Swamy Temple"</a>. <i>Kerala Tourism</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180817193434/https://www.keralatourism.org/1000festivals//index.php/preview/festival_info?fest_id=813">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kerala+Tourism&rft.atitle=Sree+Subramanya+Swamy+Temple&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.keralatourism.org%2F1000festivals%2F%2Findex.php%2Fpreview%2Ffestival_info%3Ffest_id%3D813&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mopidevitemple.org/#">"Sir Subrahmanyeswara Swamy Temple"</a>. <i>Mopi Devi Temple</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180815170438/http://www.mopidevitemple.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mopi+Devi+Temple&rft.atitle=Sir+Subrahmanyeswara+Swamy+Temple&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mopidevitemple.org%2F%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://srisubrahmanyadevalayam.com/">"Sri Subrahmanya Devalayam"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180822154936/http://srisubrahmanyadevalayam.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sri+Subrahmanya+Devalayam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsrisubrahmanyadevalayam.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.srisubrahmanyaswamydevalayamskandagiri.org/">"Sri Subrahmanya Devalayam, Skandagiri"</a>. <i>Sri Subrahmanya Devalayam</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180806003509/http://srisubrahmanyaswamydevalayamskandagiri.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sri+Subrahmanya+Devalayam&rft.atitle=Sri+Subrahmanya+Devalayam%2C+Skandagiri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.srisubrahmanyaswamydevalayamskandagiri.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g679014-d2476339-Reviews-Sri_Subrahmanyaswamy_Temple_Skandagiri_Secunderabad-Secunderabad_Hyderabad_Distri.html">"Sri Subrahmanyaswamy Temple, Skandagiri, Secunderabad"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Trip_Advisor" class="mw-redirect" title="Trip Advisor">Trip Advisor</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180815164224/https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g679014-d2476339-Reviews-Sri_Subrahmanyaswamy_Temple_Skandagiri_Secunderabad-Secunderabad_Hyderabad_Distri.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trip+Advisor&rft.atitle=Sri+Subrahmanyaswamy+Temple%2C+Skandagiri%2C+Secunderabad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tripadvisor.com%2FAttraction_Review-g679014-d2476339-Reviews-Sri_Subrahmanyaswamy_Temple_Skandagiri_Secunderabad-Secunderabad_Hyderabad_Distri.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prudwi.com/temples/andhrapradesh/mallamu-subramanya-swamy-temple/509">"Mallamu Subramanyaswamy temple"</a>. <i>Prudwi</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180815171327/https://www.prudwi.com/temples/andhrapradesh/mallamu-subramanya-swamy-temple/509">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prudwi&rft.atitle=Mallamu+Subramanyaswamy+temple&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prudwi.com%2Ftemples%2Fandhrapradesh%2Fmallamu-subramanya-swamy-temple%2F509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://1nellore.com/426/sri-subramanyeswara-swamy-temple-mallam/">"Sri Subramanyeswara Swamy Temple, Mallam"</a>. <i>1nellore</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180815164602/http://1nellore.com/426/sri-subramanyeswara-swamy-temple-mallam/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1nellore&rft.atitle=Sri+Subramanyeswara+Swamy+Temple%2C+Mallam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F1nellore.com%2F426%2Fsri-subramanyeswara-swamy-temple-mallam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vijayawadaonline.in/city-guide/sri-subramanya-swamy-temple-in-vijayawada">"Sri Subramanya Swamy Temple in Vijayawada, Indrakeeladri Hill Temple"</a>. <i>Vijayawadaonline.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220119055545/https://www.vijayawadaonline.in/city-guide/sri-subramanya-swamy-temple-in-vijayawada">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vijayawadaonline.in&rft.atitle=Sri+Subramanya+Swamy+Temple+in+Vijayawada%2C+Indrakeeladri+Hill+Temple&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vijayawadaonline.in%2Fcity-guide%2Fsri-subramanya-swamy-temple-in-vijayawada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100428165151/http://www.mangalore.com/documents/subramanya.html">"Kukke Subrahmanya Temple"</a>. <i>Mangalore.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mangalore.com/documents/subramanya.html">the original</a> on 28 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mangalore.com&rft.atitle=Kukke+Subrahmanya+Temple&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mangalore.com%2Fdocuments%2Fsubramanya.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kukke.org/en/home.aspx">"Kukke Subramanya Temple"</a>. <i>Kukke</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180815164346/https://www.kukke.org/en/home.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kukke&rft.atitle=Kukke+Subramanya+Temple&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kukke.org%2Fen%2Fhome.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPattanaik2014-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPattanaik2014_144-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPattanaik2014_144-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPattanaik2014">Pattanaik 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haryanatourism.gov.in/Destination/kartikeya-temple">"Kartikeya Temple"</a>. <i>Haryana Tourism</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180815164553/http://www.haryanatourism.gov.in/Destination/kartikeya-temple">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kullu+Dussehra&rft.pub=Government+of+Himachal+Pradesh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkulludussehra.hp.gov.in%2Fdevtas-of-manali%2Fkartik-swami%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024171617/https://bharmourview.com/bharmour/chaurasi-temple/kelang-or-kartikeya-temple">"Kelang or Kartikeya Temple"</a>. <i>Bharmour View</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tallest+statue+of+deity+unveiled&rft.aulast=Star&rft.aufirst=The&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2006%2F01%2F31%2Ftallest-statue-of-deity-unveiled%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Batu-Caves">"Batu Caves"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180815170927/https://www.britannica.com/place/Batu-Caves">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Batu+Caves&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FBatu-Caves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-malaysianTemples-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-malaysianTemples_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ichss.org/tour.html">"Tour Information"</a>. <i>ICHSS</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181027134159/http://www.ichss.org/tour.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICHSS&rft.atitle=Tour+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ichss.org%2Ftour.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA2016" class="citation web cs1">A, Jeyaraj (16 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipohecho.com.my/v4/article/2016/07/16/hindu-temples-in-ipoh">"Hindu Temples In Ipoh"</a>. <i>Ipohecho</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180902220525/http://www.ipohecho.com.my/v4/article/2016/07/16/hindu-temples-in-ipoh">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ipohecho&rft.atitle=Hindu+Temples+In+Ipoh&rft.date=2016-07-16&rft.aulast=A&rft.aufirst=Jeyaraj&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipohecho.com.my%2Fv4%2Farticle%2F2016%2F07%2F16%2Fhindu-temples-in-ipoh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inspirock.com/malaysia/ipoh/ipoh-kallumalai-murugan-temple-a8364696527">"Ipoh Kallumalai Murugan Temple, Ipoh"</a>. <i>Inspirock</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180902220538/https://www.inspirock.com/malaysia/ipoh/ipoh-kallumalai-murugan-temple-a8364696527">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inspirock&rft.atitle=Ipoh+Kallumalai+Murugan+Temple%2C+Ipoh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inspirock.com%2Fmalaysia%2Fipoh%2Fipoh-kallumalai-murugan-temple-a8364696527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2008/03/31/10000-celebrate-masi-magam-festival-sannayasi-andavar-temple-in-cheng/">"10,000 celebrate Masi Magam festival Sannayasi Andavar Temple in Cheng"</a>. <i>The Star</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180902183850/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2008/03/31/10000-celebrate-masi-magam-festival-sannayasi-andavar-temple-in-cheng/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=10%2C000+celebrate+Masi+Magam+festival+Sannayasi+Andavar+Temple+in+Cheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fcommunity%2F2008%2F03%2F31%2F10000-celebrate-masi-magam-festival-sannayasi-andavar-temple-in-cheng%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sttemple.com/sri-thendayuthapani-temple/about-st-temple.html">"Home Page of Sri Thendayuthapani Temple"</a>. <i>Sri Thendayuthapani Temple</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150706030159/http://www.sttemple.com/sri-thendayuthapani-temple/about-st-temple.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sri+Thendayuthapani+Temple&rft.atitle=Home+Page+of+Sri+Thendayuthapani+Temple&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sttemple.com%2Fsri-thendayuthapani-temple%2Fabout-st-temple.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shivamurugantemple.org/">"Shiva Murugan Temple"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080414232132/http://www.shivamurugantemple.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shiva+Murugan+Temple&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shivamurugantemple.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chathamnewsrecord.com/stories/hindu-temple-headed-for-banks-of-deep-river,1845?/">"Hindu temple headed for banks of Deep River"</a>. <i>The Chatham News + Record</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803174643/https://chathamnewsrecord.com/stories/hindu-temple-headed-for-banks-of-deep-river,1845?/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chatham+News+%2B+Record&rft.atitle=Hindu+temple+headed+for+banks+of+Deep+River&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchathamnewsrecord.com%2Fstories%2Fhindu-temple-headed-for-banks-of-deep-river%2C1845%3F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sivananda.org/temple/deities.php">"Explanation of Deities"</a>. <i>Sivananda.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180822204801/http://www.sivananda.org/temple/deities.php">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sivananda.org&rft.atitle=Explanation+of+Deities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sivananda.org%2Ftemple%2Fdeities.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.highgatehillmurugan.org/">"High Gate Hill Temple"</a>. <i>High Gate Hill Murugan</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180809065851/http://highgatehillmurugan.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=High+Gate+Hill+Murugan&rft.atitle=High+Gate+Hill+Temple&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.highgatehillmurugan.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.londonsrimurugan.org/">"The London Sri Murugan"</a>. <i>London Sri Murugan Temple</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180809144124/http://londonsrimurugan.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+Sri+Murugan+Temple&rft.atitle=The+London+Sri+Murugan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.londonsrimurugan.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beta.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-details/?subid=0&regid=1141315">"Leicester Shri Murugan (Hindu) Temple"</a>. <i>Registered charities in England</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180816194443/http://beta.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-details/?subid=0&regid=1141315">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Registered+charities+in+England&rft.atitle=Leicester+Shri+Murugan+%28Hindu%29+Temple&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbeta.charitycommission.gov.uk%2Fcharity-details%2F%3Fsubid%3D0%26regid%3D1141315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goleicestershire.com/thedms.aspx?dms=3&venue=2532266">"Sri Murugan Temple"</a>. <i>Official visitor website for Leicestershire</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180817023039/http://www.goleicestershire.com/thedms.aspx?dms=3&venue=2532266">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+visitor+website+for+Leicestershire&rft.atitle=Sri+Murugan+Temple&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goleicestershire.com%2Fthedms.aspx%3Fdms%3D3%26venue%3D2532266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.skandavale.org/lord-murugan-temple/">"Lord Murugan Temple"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180816194729/https://www.skandavale.org/lord-murugan-temple/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lord+Murugan+Temple&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.skandavale.org%2Flord-murugan-temple%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sydneymurugan.org.au/murugan2/index.php/services/daily-opening-times">"Sydeny Murugan Temple"</a>. <i>Sydney Murugal Temple</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180816194442/http://www.sydneymurugan.org.au/murugan2/index.php/services/daily-opening-times">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Murugal+Temple&rft.atitle=Sydeny+Murugan+Temple&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sydneymurugan.org.au%2Fmurugan2%2Findex.php%2Fservices%2Fdaily-opening-times&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perthmurugan.org.au/OurTimings.aspx">"Perth Bala Murugan"</a>. <i>Perth Murugan Temple</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180816194707/http://www.perthmurugan.org.au/OurTimings.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perth+Murugan+Temple&rft.atitle=Perth+Bala+Murugan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perthmurugan.org.au%2FOurTimings.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kumarantemple.org.au/">"Kundrathu Kumaran Temple"</a>. <i>Kumaran Temple</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180816232007/http://www.kumarantemple.org.au/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kumaran+Temple&rft.atitle=Kundrathu+Kumaran+Temple&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kumarantemple.org.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nzmurugan.org.nz/">"New Zealand Thirumurugan Temple"</a>. <i>New Zealand Murugan Temple</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180815125050/http://nzmurugan.org.nz/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Murugan+Temple&rft.atitle=New+Zealand+Thirumurugan+Temple&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnzmurugan.org.nz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReeves2014173-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReeves2014173_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReeves2014">Reeves 2014</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.mayurapathy-murugan-berlin.com/architectural-history/">"Architectural History – Sri Mayurapathy Murugan Temple Berlin"</a>. <i>Mayurapathy Murugan</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220809200203/http://en.mayurapathy-murugan-berlin.com/architectural-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mayurapathy+Murugan&rft.atitle=Architectural+History+%E2%80%93+Sri+Mayurapathy+Murugan+Temple+Berlin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.mayurapathy-murugan-berlin.com%2Farchitectural-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.secretcitytravel.com/berlin-august-2014/unusual-sights-in-berlin-hindu-temple.shtml">"Unusual sightseeing in Berlin: a Hindu temple beside a highway"</a>. <i>Secretcitytravel.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221129043637/http://www.secretcitytravel.com/berlin-august-2014/unusual-sights-in-berlin-hindu-temple.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Secretcitytravel.com&rft.atitle=Unusual+sightseeing+in+Berlin%3A+a+Hindu+temple+beside+a+highway&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.secretcitytravel.com%2Fberlin-august-2014%2Funusual-sights-in-berlin-hindu-temple.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150215200913/http://religionenschweiz.ch/hinduismus.html">"Hinduismus : Religionen in der Schweiz / Religions en Suissse : Universität Luzern"</a>. <i>Religionenschweiz</i>. 2 June 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religionenschweiz.ch/hinduismus.html">the original</a> on 15 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Religionenschweiz&rft.atitle=Hinduismus+%3A+Religionen+in+der+Schweiz+%2F+Religions+en+Suissse+%3A+Universit%C3%A4t+Luzern&rft.date=2009-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religionenschweiz.ch%2Fhinduismus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamaswamy2017131-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamaswamy2017131_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamaswamy2017">Ramaswamy 2017</a>, p. 131.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFRamaswamy2017 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPechilis2013155-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPechilis2013155_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPechilis2013">Pechilis 2013</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpagnoliSamanna1999133-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpagnoliSamanna1999133_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpagnoliSamanna1999">Spagnoli & Samanna 1999</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/festivals/vaikasi-visakam-2023-date-time-significance-and-how-it-is-celebrated/articleshow/100700169.cms">"Vaikasi Visakam 2023: Date, Time, Significance"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 3 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240213155012/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/festivals/vaikasi-visakam-2023-date-time-significance-and-how-it-is-celebrated/articleshow/100700169.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Vaikasi+Visakam+2023%3A+Date%2C+Time%2C+Significance&rft.date=2023-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Freligion%2Ffestivals%2Fvaikasi-visakam-2023-date-time-significance-and-how-it-is-celebrated%2Farticleshow%2F100700169.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/arts/theatre/the-fall-of-demons/article4244670.ece">"The fall of demons"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 27 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603104248/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/the-fall-of-demons/article4244670.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=The+fall+of+demons&rft.date=2012-12-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Farts%2Ftheatre%2Fthe-fall-of-demons%2Farticle4244670.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbram2003" class="citation book cs1">Abram, David (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sEhJBfbhTAAC"><i>South India</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Rough_Guides" title="Rough Guides">Rough Guides</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-843-53103-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-843-53103-6"><bdi>978-1-843-53103-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+India&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-843-53103-6&rft.aulast=Abram&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsEhJBfbhTAAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAiyar1982" class="citation book cs1">Aiyar, P. 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R. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.528786"><i>Early Chola Art Part 1</i></a>. New Asia Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Chola+Art+Part+1&rft.pub=New+Asia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Balasubrahmanyam&rft.aufirst=S.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.ernet.528786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhoothalingam2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Krithika" title="Krithika">Bhoothalingam, Mathuram</a> (2016). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Temples+of+India+Myths+and+Legends&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Information+and+Broadcasting%2C+Government+of+India&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-8-123-01661-0&rft.aulast=Bhoothalingam&rft.aufirst=Mathuram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DptDrjgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuswellLopez2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Buswell_Jr." title="Robert Buswell Jr.">Buswell, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/Donald_S._Lopez_Jr." title="Donald S. Lopez Jr.">Lopez, Donald</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA452"><i>The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-400-84805-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-400-84805-8"><bdi>978-1-400-84805-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603103824/https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA452#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-400-84805-8&rft.aulast=Buswell&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Lopez%2C+Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDXN2AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjee1970" class="citation book cs1">Chatterjee, Asim Kumar (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.117898/2015.117898.The-Cult-Of-Skanda-karttikeya-In-Ancient-India_djvu.txt"><i>The Cult of Skanda-Kārttikeya in Ancient India</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cult+of+Skanda-K%C4%81rttikeya+in+Ancient+India&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Chatterjee&rft.aufirst=Asim+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.117898%2F2015.117898.The-Cult-Of-Skanda-karttikeya-In-Ancient-India_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCivaraman2006" class="citation book cs1">Civaraman, Akila (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SXwDdBdMJPwC"><i>Kandha Puranam</i></a>. Giri Trading. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-179-50397-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-179-50397-3"><bdi>978-8-179-50397-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240820142627/https://books.google.com/books?id=SXwDdBdMJPwC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kandha+Puranam&rft.pub=Giri+Trading&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-8-179-50397-3&rft.aulast=Civaraman&rft.aufirst=Akila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSXwDdBdMJPwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClothey1978" class="citation book cs1">Clothey, Fred W. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0AevljBmCRQC"><i>The Many Faces of Murukan̲: The History and Meaning of a South Indian God</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-279-7632-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-279-7632-1"><bdi>978-90-279-7632-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Many+Faces+of+Murukan%CC%B2%3A+The+History+and+Meaning+of+a+South+Indian+God&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-90-279-7632-1&rft.aulast=Clothey&rft.aufirst=Fred+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0AevljBmCRQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1991" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Marie Elizabeth (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HH9LAQAAMAAJ"><i>Murugan's Lance: Power and Ritual. The Hindu Tamil Festival of Thaipusam in Penang, Malaysia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240821043552/https://books.google.com/books?id=HH9LAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Murugan%27s+Lance%3A+Power+and+Ritual.+The+Hindu+Tamil+Festival+of+Thaipusam+in+Penang%2C+Malaysia&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Marie+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHH9LAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutler2008" class="citation book cs1">Cutler, Norman (2008). Flood, Gavin (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SKBxa-MNqA8C"><i>The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-99868-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-99868-7"><bdi>978-0-470-99868-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329144114/https://books.google.com/books?id=SKBxa-MNqA8C">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Hinduism&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-99868-7&rft.aulast=Cutler&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSKBxa-MNqA8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalal2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roshen_Dalal" title="Roshen Dalal">Dalal, Roshen</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&pg=PA251"><i>The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341517-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341517-6"><bdi>978-0-14-341517-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religions+of+India%3A+A+Concise+Guide+to+Nine+Major+Faiths&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-14-341517-6&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Roshen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpNmfdAKFpkQC%26pg%3DPA251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoniger1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger" title="Wendy Doniger">Doniger, Wendy</a>, ed. (1993). <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Purāṇa</i></span> Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts</i>. <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York" title="State University of New York">State University of New York</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-791-41382-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-791-41382-1"><bdi>978-0-791-41382-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22International+Alphabet+of+Sanskrit+transliteration%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22sa-Latn%22%3EPur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E+Perennis%3A+Reciprocity+and+Transformation+in+Hindu+and+Jaina+Texts&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-791-41382-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeong1992" class="citation book cs1">Leong, Gregory (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iHQNAQAAMAAJ"><i>Festivals of Malaysia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-679-78388-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-679-78388-9"><bdi>978-9-679-78388-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Festivals+of+Malaysia&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-9-679-78388-9&rft.aulast=Leong&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiHQNAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlemingMann2014" class="citation book cs1">Fleming, Benjamin; Mann, Richard (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kDYsAwAAQBAJ"><i>Material Culture and Asian Religions: Text, Image, Object</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-01373-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-01373-8"><bdi>978-1-135-01373-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240821043624/https://books.google.com/books?id=kDYsAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Material+Culture+and+Asian+Religions%3A+Text%2C+Image%2C+Object&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-135-01373-8&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.au=Mann%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkDYsAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhurye1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Govind_Sadashiv_Ghurye" class="mw-redirect" title="Govind Sadashiv Ghurye">Ghurye, Govind Sadashiv</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HLMtAAAAMAAJ"><i>Indian Acculturation: Agastya and Skanda</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Popular_Prakashan" title="Popular Prakashan">Popular Prakashan</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231226081935/https://books.google.com/books?id=HLMtAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Acculturation%3A+Agastya+and+Skanda&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Ghurye&rft.aufirst=Govind+Sadashiv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHLMtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGombrichObeyesekere1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gombrich" title="Richard Gombrich">Gombrich, Richard Francis</a>; Obeyesekere, Gananath (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rpN9atSFua0C"><i>Buddhism Transformed: Religious Change in Sri Lanka</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-120-80702-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-120-80702-0"><bdi>978-8-120-80702-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240820142629/https://books.google.com/books?id=rpN9atSFua0C">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+Transformed%3A+Religious+Change+in+Sri+Lanka&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-8-120-80702-0&rft.aulast=Gombrich&rft.aufirst=Richard+Francis&rft.au=Obeyesekere%2C+Gananath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrpN9atSFua0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGopal1990" class="citation book cs1">Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada"><i>India through the ages</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_and_Broadcasting_(India)" title="Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)">Ministry of Information and Broadcasting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+through+the+ages&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Information+and+Broadcasting%2C+Government+of+India&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Gopal&rft.aufirst=Madan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiathroughages00mada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGopinatha_Rao1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/T._A._Gopinatha_Rao" title="T. A. Gopinatha Rao">Gopinatha Rao, T. A.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MJD-KresBwIC"><i>Elements of Hindu iconography</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0878-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0878-2"><bdi>978-81-208-0878-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111033003/https://books.google.com/books?id=MJD-KresBwIC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Hindu+iconography&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0878-2&rft.aulast=Gopinatha+Rao&rft.aufirst=T.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMJD-KresBwIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandelman2013" class="citation book cs1">Handelman, Don (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bWJTAQAAQBAJ"><i>One God, Two Goddesses, Three Studies of South Indian Cosmology</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-25739-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-25739-9"><bdi>978-9-004-25739-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+God%2C+Two+Goddesses%2C+Three+Studies+of+South+Indian+Cosmology&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9-004-25739-9&rft.aulast=Handelman&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbWJTAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeifetz1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hank_Heifetz" title="Hank Heifetz">Heifetz, Hank</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29743892"><i>The origin of the young god : Kālidāsa's Kumārasaṃbhava</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-120-80754-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-120-80754-9"><bdi>978-8-120-80754-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29743892">29743892</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603103756/https://search.worldcat.org/title/29743892">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origin+of+the+young+god+%3A+K%C4%81lid%C4%81sa%27s+Kum%C4%81rasa%E1%B9%83bhava&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29743892&rft.isbn=978-8-120-80754-9&rft.aulast=Heifetz&rft.aufirst=Hank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F29743892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodousSoothill2004" class="citation book cs1">Hodous, Lewis; Soothill, William Edward (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hAJHBQAAQBAJ"><i>A dictionary of Chinese Buddhist terms : with Sanskrit and English equivalents and a Sanskrit-Pali index</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13579-122-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-13579-122-3"><bdi>978-1-13579-122-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/275253538">275253538</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+Chinese+Buddhist+terms+%3A+with+Sanskrit+and+English+equivalents+and+a+Sanskrit-Pali+index&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F275253538&rft.isbn=978-1-13579-122-3&rft.aulast=Hodous&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rft.au=Soothill%2C+William+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhAJHBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward2006" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Angela Falco (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PGuPsNCaJdwC"><i>Chinese Sculpture</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10065-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10065-5"><bdi>978-0-300-10065-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Sculpture&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10065-5&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Angela+Falco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPGuPsNCaJdwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHume1921" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ernest_Hume" title="Robert Ernest Hume">Hume, Robert</a> (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thirteenprincipa028442mbp"><i>The Thirteen Principal Upanishads</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19563-743-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19563-743-4"><bdi>978-0-19563-743-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thirteen+Principal+Upanishads&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1921&rft.isbn=978-0-19563-743-4&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthirteenprincipa028442mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHume2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lynne_Hume" title="Lynne Hume">Hume, Lynne</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JWGtAwAAQBAJ"><i>Portals: Opening Doorways to Other Realities Through the Senses</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-18987-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-18987-2"><bdi>978-1-000-18987-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135305/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Portals/JWGtAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portals%3A+Opening+Doorways+to+Other+Realities+Through+the+Senses&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-000-18987-2&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=Lynne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJWGtAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJavier2014" class="citation book cs1">Javier, A.G. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NebIEAAAQBAJ"><i>They Do What: A Cultural Encyclopedia of Extraordinary and Exotic Customs from Around the World</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-216-15549-2" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-216-15549-2"><bdi>979-8-216-15549-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240821043557/https://books.google.com/books?id=NebIEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=They+Do+What%3A+A+Cultural+Encyclopedia+of+Extraordinary+and+Exotic+Customs+from+Around+the+World&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=979-8-216-15549-2&rft.aulast=Javier&rft.aufirst=A.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNebIEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesRyan2006" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC"><i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-816-07564-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-816-07564-5"><bdi>978-0-816-07564-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221020070415/https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-816-07564-5&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Constance&rft.au=Ryan%2C+James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOgMmceadQ3gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalidasa1901" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kalidasa" title="Kalidasa">Kalidasa</a> (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zTcpAAAAYAAJ"><i>Works of Kalidasa:Kumarasambhava</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240821045435/https://books.google.com/books?id=zTcpAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Works+of+Kalidasa%3AKumarasambhava&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft.date=1901&rft.au=Kalidasa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzTcpAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaur1979" class="citation journal cs1">Kaur, Jagdish (1979). "Bibliographical Sources for Himalayan Pilgrimages and Tourism Studies: Uttarakhand". <i>Tourism Recreation Research</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 13–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02508281.1979.11014968">10.1080/02508281.1979.11014968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tourism+Recreation+Research&rft.atitle=Bibliographical+Sources+for+Himalayan+Pilgrimages+and+Tourism+Studies%3A+Uttarakhand&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-16&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02508281.1979.11014968&rft.aulast=Kaur&rft.aufirst=Jagdish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKent2005" class="citation book cs1">Kent, Alexandra (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ateYBgAAQBAJ"><i>Divinity and Diversity: A Hindu Revitalization Movement in Malaysia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-791-11489-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-791-11489-2"><bdi>978-8-791-11489-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716135304/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Divinity_and_Diversity/ateYBgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divinity+and+Diversity%3A+A+Hindu+Revitalization+Movement+in+Malaysia&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-8-791-11489-2&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DateYBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnapp2005" class="citation book cs1">Knapp, Stephen (2005). <i>The Heart of Hinduism: The Eastern Path to Freedom, Empowerment, and Illumination</i>. <a href="/wiki/IUniverse" title="IUniverse">iUniverse</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5953-5075-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5953-5075-9"><bdi>978-0-5953-5075-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heart+of+Hinduism%3A+The+Eastern+Path+to+Freedom%2C+Empowerment%2C+and+Illumination&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-5953-5075-9&rft.aulast=Knapp&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohHo2009" class="citation book cs1">Koh, Jaime; Ho, Lee-Ling (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bOfEEAAAQBAJ"><i>Culture and Customs of Singapore and Malaysia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-Clio" title="ABC-Clio">ABC-Clio</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-5116-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-5116-7"><bdi>978-0-3133-5116-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240821043557/https://books.google.com/books?id=bOfEEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Singapore+and+Malaysia&rft.pub=ABC-Clio&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-3133-5116-7&rft.aulast=Koh&rft.aufirst=Jaime&rft.au=Ho%2C+Lee-Ling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbOfEEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKozlowskiJackson2013" class="citation book cs1">Kozlowski, Frances; Jackson, Chris (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSnJAAAAQBAJ"><i>Driven by the Divine: A Seven Year Journey with Shivalinga Swamy and Vinnuacharya</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Author_Solutions" title="Author Solutions">Author Solutions</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4525-7892-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4525-7892-7"><bdi>978-1-4525-7892-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240821044109/https://books.google.com/books?id=RSnJAAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Driven+by+the+Divine%3A+A+Seven+Year+Journey+with+Shivalinga+Swamy+and+Vinnuacharya&rft.pub=Author+Solutions&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4525-7892-7&rft.aulast=Kozlowski&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft.au=Jackson%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRSnJAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishna2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nanditha_Krishna" title="Nanditha Krishna">Krishna, Nanditha</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gp1IDwAAQBAJ"><i>Hinduism and Nature</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Random_House" title="Penguin Random House">Penguin Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-387-32654-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-387-32654-5"><bdi>978-9-387-32654-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240821044110/https://books.google.com/books?id=gp1IDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism+and+Nature&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-9-387-32654-5&rft.aulast=Krishna&rft.aufirst=Nanditha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgp1IDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2008" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Raj (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e8o5HyC0-FUC"><i>Encyclopaedia Of Untouchables : Ancient Medieval And Modern</i></a>. Gyan Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7835-664-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7835-664-8"><bdi>978-81-7835-664-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630055731/https://books.google.com/books?id=e8o5HyC0-FUC">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Of+Untouchables+%3A+Ancient+Medieval+And+Modern&rft.pub=Gyan+Publishing+House&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-7835-664-8&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Raj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De8o5HyC0-FUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurukkal1961" class="citation book cs1">Kurukkal, K. K. (1961). <i>A Study of the Kartikeya Cult as reflected in the Epics and the Puranas</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ceylon" title="University of Ceylon">University of Ceylon</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Study+of+the+Kartikeya+Cult+as+reflected+in+the+Epics+and+the+Puranas&rft.pub=University+of+Ceylon&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Kurukkal&rft.aufirst=K.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLal1992" class="citation book cs1">Lal, Mohan (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C"><i>Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi" title="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-12601-221-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-12601-221-3"><bdi>978-8-12601-221-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Indian+Literature&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-8-12601-221-3&rft.aulast=Lal&rft.aufirst=Mohan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKnPoYxrRfc0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">Lochtefeld, James G. (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch"><i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/The_Rosen_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rosen Publishing Group">The Rosen Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-823-93180-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-823-93180-4"><bdi>978-0-823-93180-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%3A+N-Z&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-823-93180-4&rft.aulast=Lochtefeld&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedencyc0000loch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2011" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Richard D. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YcYyAQAAQBAJ"><i>The Rise of Mahāsena: The Transformation of Skanda-Kārttikeya in North India from the Kuṣāṇa to Gupta Empires</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-21886-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-21886-4"><bdi>978-9-004-21886-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Mah%C4%81sena%3A+The+Transformation+of+Skanda-K%C4%81rttikeya+in+North+India+from+the+Ku%E1%B9%A3%C4%81%E1%B9%87a+to+Gupta+Empires&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9-004-21886-4&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Richard+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYcYyAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathew2017" class="citation book cs1">Mathew, Biju (September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=II5DwAAQBAJ"><i>Pilgrimage to Temple Heritage</i></a>. Info Kerala Communications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-192-12844-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-192-12844-3"><bdi>978-8-192-12844-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240820142635/https://books.google.com/books?id=_II5DwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilgrimage+to+Temple+Heritage&rft.pub=Info+Kerala+Communications&rft.date=2017-09&rft.isbn=978-8-192-12844-3&rft.aulast=Mathew&rft.aufirst=Biju&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DII5DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeenakshi1997" class="citation book cs1">Meenakshi, K. (1997). <i>Tolkappiyam and Ashtadhyayi</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Tamil_Studies" title="International Institute of Tamil Studies">International Institute of Tamil Studies</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolkappiyam+and+Ashtadhyayi&rft.pub=International+Institute+of+Tamil+Studies&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Meenakshi&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarayan2007" class="citation book cs1">Narayan, M. K. V. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ewRfp4qpvt4C"><i>Flipside of Hindu Symbolism: Sociological and Scientific Linkages in Hinduism</i></a>. Fultus Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-596-82117-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-596-82117-0"><bdi>978-1-596-82117-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flipside+of+Hindu+Symbolism%3A+Sociological+and+Scientific+Linkages+in+Hinduism&rft.pub=Fultus+Corporation&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-596-82117-0&rft.aulast=Narayan&rft.aufirst=M.+K.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DewRfp4qpvt4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParpola2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Asko_Parpola" title="Asko Parpola">Parpola, Asko</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ld3XCQAAQBAJ"><i>The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-190-22691-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-190-22691-6"><bdi>978-0-190-22691-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240604015511/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ld3XCQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Hinduism%3A+The+Early+Aryans+and+the+Indus+Civilization&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-190-22691-6&rft.aulast=Parpola&rft.aufirst=Asko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLd3XCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattanaik2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Devdutt_Pattanaik" title="Devdutt Pattanaik">Pattanaik, Devdutt</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rjL3ogbdJNkC"><i>The Goddess in India: The Five Faces of the Eternal Feminine</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Inner_Traditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner Traditions">Inner Traditions</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-892-81807-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-892-81807-5"><bdi>978-0-892-81807-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Goddess+in+India%3A+The+Five+Faces+of+the+Eternal+Feminine&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-892-81807-5&rft.aulast=Pattanaik&rft.aufirst=Devdutt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrjL3ogbdJNkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattanaik2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Devdutt_Pattanaik" title="Devdutt Pattanaik">Pattanaik, Devdutt</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AB4UEQAAQBAJ"><i>7 Secrets of the Goddess</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Westland_Books" title="Westland Books">Westland</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-384-03058-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-384-03058-2"><bdi>978-9-384-03058-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240821044111/https://books.google.com/books?id=AB4UEQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=7+Secrets+of+the+Goddess&rft.pub=Westland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-9-384-03058-2&rft.aulast=Pattanaik&rft.aufirst=Devdutt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAB4UEQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPechilis2013" class="citation book cs1">Pechilis, Karen (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4eLFBQAAQBAJ"><i>Interpreting Devotion: The Poetry and Legacy of a Female Bhakti Saint of India</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-50704-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-50704-5"><bdi>978-1-136-50704-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240820143145/https://books.google.com/books?id=4eLFBQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interpreting+Devotion%3A+The+Poetry+and+Legacy+of+a+Female+Bhakti+Saint+of+India&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-50704-5&rft.aulast=Pechilis&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4eLFBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPillai1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/S._Devadas_Pillai" title="S. Devadas Pillai">Pillai, S. Devadas</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P3uD22Ghqs4C"><i>Indian Sociology Through Ghurye, a Dictionary</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Popular_Prakashan" title="Popular Prakashan">Popular Prakashan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-807-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-807-1"><bdi>978-81-7154-807-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Sociology+Through+Ghurye%2C+a+Dictionary&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-7154-807-1&rft.aulast=Pillai&rft.aufirst=S.+Devadas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP3uD22Ghqs4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPillai2004" class="citation book cs1">Pillai, V. J. Thamby (2004). <i>Origin on the Tamil Vellalas (T.A.- Vol. 1 Pt.10)</i>. <a href="/wiki/Asian_Educational_Services" title="Asian Educational Services">Asian Educational Services</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin+on+the+Tamil+Vellalas+%28T.A.-+Vol.+1+Pt.10%29&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Pillai&rft.aufirst=V.+J.+Thamby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamanujan2014" class="citation book cs1">Ramanujan, S. R. (2014). <i>The Lord of Vengadam A Historical Perspective</i>. <a href="/wiki/Partridge_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Partridge Publishing">Partridge Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-48283-463-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-48283-463-5"><bdi>978-1-48283-463-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lord+of+Vengadam+A+Historical+Perspective&rft.pub=Partridge+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-48283-463-5&rft.aulast=Ramanujan&rft.aufirst=S.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamaswamy2007" class="citation book cs1">Ramaswamy, Vijaya (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ"><i>Historical Dictionary of the Tamils</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarecrow Press">Scarecrow Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-810-86445-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-810-86445-0"><bdi>978-0-810-86445-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240821044112/https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Tamils&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-810-86445-0&rft.aulast=Ramaswamy&rft.aufirst=Vijaya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DALUvDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeves2014" class="citation book cs1">Reeves, Peter (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4N5UAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Encyclopedia of the Sri Lankan Diaspora</i></a>. Didier Millet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-814-26083-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-814-26083-1"><bdi>978-9-814-26083-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240820143249/https://books.google.com/books?id=4N5UAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Sri+Lankan+Diaspora&rft.pub=Didier+Millet&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-9-814-26083-1&rft.aulast=Reeves&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4N5UAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocher1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ludo_Rocher" title="Ludo Rocher">Rocher, Ludo</a> (1986). <i>The Puranas</i>. <a href="/wiki/Otto_Harrassowitz_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Harrassowitz Verlag">Otto Harrassowitz Verlag</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-02522-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-02522-5"><bdi>978-3-447-02522-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Puranas&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-3-447-02522-5&rft.aulast=Rocher&rft.aufirst=Ludo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2005" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Christian (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ETPEAAAQBAJ"><i>Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8510-9689-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8510-9689-3"><bdi>978-1-8510-9689-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240821044113/https://books.google.com/books?id=-ETPEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Festivals%3A+A+Multicultural+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-8510-9689-3&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-ETPEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinha1979" class="citation book cs1">Sinha, Kanchan (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4cFAAAAMAAJ"><i>Kartikeya in Indian art and literature</i></a>. Sundeep Prakashan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240821044119/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4cFAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kartikeya+in+Indian+art+and+literature&rft.pub=Sundeep+Prakashan&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Sinha&rft.aufirst=Kanchan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ4cFAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorensen2011" class="citation book cs1">Sorensen, Henrik (2011). Orzech, Charles; Sorensen, Henrik; Payne, Richard (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F0XNX3N1a2AC&pg=PA124"><i>Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia</i></a>. BRILL Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-18491-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-18491-6"><bdi>978-9-004-18491-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603104207/https://books.google.com/books?id=F0XNX3N1a2AC&pg=PA124#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Esoteric+Buddhism+and+the+Tantras+in+East+Asia&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9-004-18491-6&rft.aulast=Sorensen&rft.aufirst=Henrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF0XNX3N1a2AC%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpagnoliSamanna1999" class="citation book cs1">Spagnoli, Cathy; Samanna, Paramasivam (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6_Aci8KA7JEC"><i>Jasmine and Coconuts: South Indian Tales</i></a>. Libraries Unlimited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-563-08576-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-563-08576-5"><bdi>978-1-563-08576-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240821044736/https://books.google.com/books?id=6_Aci8KA7JEC">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jasmine+and+Coconuts%3A+South+Indian+Tales&rft.pub=Libraries+Unlimited&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-563-08576-5&rft.aulast=Spagnoli&rft.aufirst=Cathy&rft.au=Samanna%2C+Paramasivam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6_Aci8KA7JEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Doris_Meth_Srinivasan" title="Doris Meth Srinivasan">Srinivasan, Doris</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dCz8NczNbcMC"><i>On the Cusp of an Era: Art in the Pre-Kuṣāṇa World</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Academic</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-15451-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-15451-3"><bdi>978-9-004-15451-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Cusp+of+an+Era%3A+Art+in+the+Pre-Ku%E1%B9%A3%C4%81%E1%B9%87a+World&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9-004-15451-3&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Doris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdCz8NczNbcMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Doris_Meth_Srinivasan" title="Doris Meth Srinivasan">Srinivasan, Doris</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC"><i>Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Academic</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-10758-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-10758-8"><bdi>978-9-004-10758-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230120224139/https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Many+Heads%2C+Arms%2C+and+Eyes%3A+Origin%2C+Meaning%2C+and+Form+of+Multiplicity+in+Indian+Art&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-9-004-10758-8&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Doris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvZheP9dIX9wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubramanian1978" class="citation book cs1">Subramanian, A., ed. (1978). <i>New Dimensions in the Study of Tamil Culture</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Dimensions+in+the+Study+of+Tamil+Culture&rft.date=1978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTagare1996" class="citation book cs1">Tagare, Ganesh Vasudeo (1996). <i>Studies in Skanda Purāṇa</i>. <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-120-81260-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-120-81260-4"><bdi>978-8-120-81260-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Skanda+Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-8-120-81260-4&rft.aulast=Tagare&rft.aufirst=Ganesh+Vasudeo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTagare2007" class="citation book cs1">Tagare, Ganesh Vasudeo (2007). <i>The Skanda-Purana</i>. <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Skanda-Purana&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Tagare&rft.aufirst=Ganesh+Vasudeo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1877" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Thomas_(poet)" title="Edward Thomas (poet)">Thomas, Edward</a> (1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924022953529/page/n95"><i>Jainism: Or, The Early Faith of Aṣoka</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Tr%C3%BCbner" title="Nicholas Trübner">Trubner & Company</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jainism%3A+Or%2C+The+Early+Faith+of+A%E1%B9%A3oka&rft.pub=Trubner+%26+Company&rft.date=1877&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924022953529%2Fpage%2Fn95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrainor2001" class="citation book cs1">Trainor, Kevin (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buddhism00kevi/page/123"><i>Buddhism: The Illustrated Guide</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-195-21849-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-195-21849-7"><bdi>978-0-195-21849-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism%3A+The+Illustrated+Guide&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-195-21849-7&rft.aulast=Trainor&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuddhism00kevi%2Fpage%2F123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVadivella_Belle2018" class="citation book cs1">Vadivella Belle, Carl (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=opsnDwAAQBAJ"><i>Thaipusam in Malaysia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISEAS_Yusof_Ishak_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="ISEAS Yusof Ishak Institute">ISEAS Yusof Ishak Institute</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-814-78666-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-814-78666-9"><bdi>978-9-814-78666-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221214024757/https://books.google.com/books?id=opsnDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thaipusam+in+Malaysia&rft.pub=ISEAS+Yusof+Ishak+Institute&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-9-814-78666-9&rft.aulast=Vadivella+Belle&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DopsnDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanamali2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vanamali" title="Vanamali">Vanamali</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BmAoDwAAQBAJ"><i>Shiva: Stories and Teachings from the Shiva Mahapurana</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62055-249-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62055-249-0"><bdi>978-1-62055-249-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240821044623/https://books.google.com/books?id=BmAoDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shiva%3A+Stories+and+Teachings+from+the+Shiva+Mahapurana&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-62055-249-0&rft.au=Vanamali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBmAoDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaradara1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Varadaraja_V._Raman" title="Varadaraja V. Raman">Varadara, Raman</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GWIkmUq8lIUC"><i>Glimpses of Indian Heritage</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Popular_Prakashan" title="Popular Prakashan">Popular Prakashan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-171-54758-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-171-54758-6"><bdi>978-8-171-54758-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glimpses+of+Indian+Heritage&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-8-171-54758-6&rft.aulast=Varadara&rft.aufirst=Raman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGWIkmUq8lIUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVettam1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vettam_Mani" title="Vettam Mani">Vettam, Mani</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Puranic Encyclopedia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-12080-597-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-12080-597-2"><bdi>978-8-12080-597-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Puranic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-8-12080-597-2&rft.aulast=Vettam&rft.aufirst=Mani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpuranicencyclopa00maniuoft%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2016" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Victoria (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7RjOEAAAQBAJ"><i>Celebrating Life Customs Around the World: From Baby Showers to Funerals</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-Clio" title="ABC-Clio">ABC-Clio</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-440-83659-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-440-83659-6"><bdi>978-1-440-83659-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230806183814/https://books.google.com/books?id=7rjOEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celebrating+Life+Customs+Around+the+World%3A+From+Baby+Showers+to+Funerals&rft.pub=ABC-Clio&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-440-83659-6&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7RjOEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZvelebil1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kamil_Zvelebil" title="Kamil Zvelebil">Zvelebil, Kamil</a> (1973). <i>The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-03591-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-03591-1"><bdi>978-9-004-03591-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Smile+of+Murugan%3A+On+Tamil+Literature+of+South+India&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-9-004-03591-1&rft.aulast=Zvelebil&rft.aufirst=Kamil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZvelebil1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kamil_Zvelebil" title="Kamil Zvelebil">Zvelebil, Kamil</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nnIcAAAAIAAJ"><i>Tamil Traditions on Subrahmaṇya-Murugan</i></a>. Institute for Asian Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamil+Traditions+on+Subrahma%E1%B9%87ya-Murugan&rft.pub=Institute+for+Asian+Studies&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Zvelebil&rft.aufirst=Kamil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnnIcAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKartikeya" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 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href="/wiki/Bhairava" title="Bhairava">Bhairava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshinamurti" title="Dakshinamurti">Dakshinamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harihara" title="Harihara">Harihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishana" title="Ishana">Ishana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataraja" title="Nataraja">Nataraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadyojata" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadyojata">Sadyojata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatpurusha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatpurusha">Tatpurusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamadeva" title="Vamadeva">Vamadeva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardhanarishvara" title="Ardhanarishvara">Ardhanarishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kartikeya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devasena" title="Devasena">Devasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valli" title="Valli">Valli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandi_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nandi (mythology)">Nandi</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg/100px-India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg/150px-India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg/200px-India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shivarahasya_Purana" title="Shivarahasya Purana">Shivarahasya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutras_of_Vasugupta" title="Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta">Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a>/<a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Om_Namah_Shivaya" title="Om Namah Shivaya">Om Namah Shivaya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rudrashtakam" title="Rudrashtakam">Rudrashtakam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81mrityunjaya_Mantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāmrityunjaya Mantra">Mahāmrityunjaya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Tandava_Stotra" title="Shiva Tandava Stotra">Shiva Tandava</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sahasranama" title="Shiva Sahasranama">Sahasranama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Chalisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiv Chalisa">Chalisa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shri_Rudram" title="Shri Rudram">Shri Rudram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Mahimna_Stotra" title="Shiva Mahimna Stotra">Shiva Mahimna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hara_Hara_Mahadeva" title="Hara Hara Mahadeva">Hara Hara Mahadeva</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghori" title="Aghori">Aghori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaula_(Hinduism)" title="Kaula (Hinduism)">Kaula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Trika Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Veera Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha_Siddhanta" title="Siddha Siddhanta">Siddha Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Advaita" title="Shiva Advaita">Shiva Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Shaiva Smartas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Festivals and observances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanwar_Yatra" title="Kanwar Yatra">Kanwar Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradosha" title="Pradosha">Pradosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Puja" title="Shiva Puja">Shiva Puja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shiva_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiva temple">Shiva temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panch_Kedar" title="Panch Kedar">Panch Kedar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kedarnath_Temple" title="Kedarnath Temple">Kedarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungnath" title="Tungnath">Tungnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudranath" title="Rudranath">Rudranath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaheshwar" title="Madhyamaheshwar">Madhyamaheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpeshwar" title="Kalpeshwar">Kalpeshwar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Sabhai" title="Pancha Sabhai">Pancha Sabhai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vadaranyeswarar_Temple" title="Sri Vadaranyeswarar Temple">Rathinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataraja_Temple,_Chidambaram" title="Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram">Pon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Temple" title="Meenakshi Temple">Velli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellaiappar_Temple" title="Nellaiappar Temple">Thamiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukutralam" title="Thirukutralam">Chitiram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta_Sthalam" title="Pancha Bhuta Sthalam">Pancha Bhuta Sthalam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nataraja_Temple,_Chidambaram" title="Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram">Chidambaram (Ether)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srikalahasteeswara_temple" title="Srikalahasteeswara temple">Tirukalahasti (Air)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachalesvara_Temple" title="Arunachalesvara Temple">Tiruvannamalai (Fire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambukeswarar_Temple,_Thiruvanaikaval" title="Jambukeswarar Temple, Thiruvanaikaval">Tiruvanaikaval (Water)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekambareswarar_Temple_(Kanchipuram)" title="Ekambareswarar Temple (Kanchipuram)">Kanchipuram (Earth)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jyotirlinga" title="Jyotirlinga">Jyotirlingas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhimashankar_Temple" title="Bhimashankar Temple">Bhimashankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grishneshwar_Temple" title="Grishneshwar Temple">Grishneshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedarnath_Temple" title="Kedarnath Temple">Kedarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjuna_Jyotirlinga" class="mw-redirect" title="Mallikarjuna Jyotirlinga">Mallikarjun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakaleshwar_Jyotirlinga" title="Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga">Mahakaleshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nageshvara_Jyotirlinga" title="Nageshvara Jyotirlinga">Nageshvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omkareshwar_Temple" title="Omkareshwar Temple">Omkareshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanathaswamy_Temple" title="Ramanathaswamy Temple">Ramanathaswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somnath_temple" title="Somnath temple">Somnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimbakeshwar_Shiva_Temple" title="Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple">Trimbakeshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaidyanath_Jyotirlinga" title="Vaidyanath Jyotirlinga">Vaidyanath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashi_Vishwanath_Temple" title="Kashi Vishwanath Temple">Vishwanath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amarnath_Temple" title="Amarnath Temple">Amarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadisvara_Temple,_Thanjavur" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur">Brihadeeswarar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Manasarovar" title="Lake Manasarovar">Kailash Mansarovar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katas_Raj_Temples" title="Katas Raj Temples">Katas Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingaraja_Temple" title="Lingaraja Temple">Lingaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Temple" title="Meenakshi Temple">Meenakshi Sundareshwarar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardhanareeswarar_temple,_Tiruchengode" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardhanareeswarar temple, Tiruchengode">Tiruchengode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadakkunnathan_Temple" title="Vadakkunnathan Temple">Vadakkum Nathan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">Lingam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rasalingam" title="Rasalingam">Rasalingam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha" title="Siddha">Siddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibhuti" title="Vibhuti">Vibhuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sahasranama" title="Shiva Sahasranama">Other names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/21px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/28px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a></span> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a><br /> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" 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data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Hinduism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Hinduism">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div 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