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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-To_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#To_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>To present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-To_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Major awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Original_company" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original_company"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Original company</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_company-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Original_staff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original_staff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Original staff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_staff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_alumni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_alumni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable alumni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_alumni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Negro Ensemble Company</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">1967<span class="noprint">; 57 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1967</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Theatre group</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, United States</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Artistic director(s)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooks" title="Robert Hooks">Robert Hooks</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_S._Krone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerald S. Krone (page does not exist)">Gerald S. Krone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Turner_Ward" title="Douglas Turner Ward">Douglas Turner Ward</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable members</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Allen" title="Debbie Allen">Debbie Allen</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Amos" title="John Amos">John Amos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angela_Bassett" title="Angela Bassett">Angela Bassett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avery_Brooks" title="Avery Brooks">Avery Brooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Lee_Browne" title="Roscoe Lee Browne">Roscoe Lee Browne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Caesar" title="Adolph Caesar">Adolph Caesar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Cash" title="Rosalind Cash">Rosalind Cash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keith_David" title="Keith David">Keith David</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Duke" title="Bill Duke">Bill Duke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judyann_Elder" title="Judyann Elder">Judyann Elder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giancarlo_Esposito" title="Giancarlo Esposito">Giancarlo Esposito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Fishburne" title="Laurence Fishburne">Laurence Fishburne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danny_Glover" title="Danny Glover">Danny Glover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Gossett_Jr." title="Louis Gossett Jr.">Louis Gossett Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Alan_Grier" title="David Alan Grier">David Alan Grier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moses_Gunn" title="Moses Gunn">Moses Gunn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Harris" title="Julius Harris">Julius Harris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Hemsley" title="Sherman Hemsley">Sherman Hemsley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Hooks" title="Kevin Hooks">Kevin Hooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson" title="Samuel L. Jackson">Samuel L. Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleavon_Little" title="Cleavon Little">Cleavon Little</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delroy_Lindo" title="Delroy Lindo">Delroy Lindo</a>, <a href="/wiki/S._Epatha_Merkerson" title="S. Epatha Merkerson">S. Epatha Merkerson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garrett_Morris" title="Garrett Morris">Garrett Morris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denise_Nicholas" title="Denise Nicholas">Denise Nicholas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ron_O%27Neal" title="Ron O'Neal">Ron O'Neal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheryl_Lee_Ralph" title="Sheryl Lee Ralph">Sheryl Lee Ralph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phylicia_Rashad" title="Phylicia Rashad">Phylicia Rashad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esther_Rolle" title="Esther Rolle">Esther Rolle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Roundtree" title="Richard Roundtree">Richard Roundtree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clarice_Taylor" title="Clarice Taylor">Clarice Taylor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glynn_Turman" title="Glynn Turman">Glynn Turman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denzel_Washington" title="Denzel Washington">Denzel Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Weldon" title="Charles Weldon">Charles Weldon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Whitfield" title="Lynn Whitfield">Lynn Whitfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dick_Anthony_Williams" title="Dick Anthony Williams">Dick Anthony Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samm-Art_Williams" title="Samm-Art Williams">Samm-Art Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Willis" title="Victor Willis">Victor Willis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hattie_Winston" title="Hattie Winston">Hattie Winston</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.necinc.org/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17082843#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Negro Ensemble Company</b> (NEC) is a <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Theater_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Theater company">theater company</a> and workshop established in 1967 by producer-actor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooks" title="Robert Hooks">Robert Hooks</a>, playwright <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Turner_Ward" title="Douglas Turner Ward">Douglas Turner Ward</a>, and theater manager Gerald S. Krone,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with funding from the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a>. The company's focus on original works with themes based in the <a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">black experience</a> with an international perspective created a canon of theatrical works and an audience for writers who came later, such as <a href="/wiki/August_Wilson" title="August Wilson">August Wilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suzan-Lori_Parks" title="Suzan-Lori Parks">Suzan-Lori Parks</a>, and others. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beginnings">Beginnings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negro_Ensemble_Company&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Beginnings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Negro Ensemble Company was created in 1964 when Hooks created a tuition-free acting workshop for urban youth which he named the Group Theatre Workshop (GTW), in tribute to <a href="/wiki/Harold_Clurman" title="Harold Clurman">Harold Clurman</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Group_Theatre_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Group Theatre (New York)">The Group Theatre</a>. The group became a refuge for young <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minority</a> actors, with a focus on black theatre. He and his associate <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Ann_Teer" title="Barbara Ann Teer">Barbara Ann Teer</a> produced in a one-night showcase for friends and family of the actors. The plays chosen were <a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Brooks" title="Gwendolyn Brooks">Gwendolyn Brooks</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/We_Real_Cool" title="We Real Cool">We Real Cool</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Turner_Ward" title="Douglas Turner Ward">Douglas Turner Ward</a>'s <i>Happy Ending</i>. </p><p>Jerry Tallmer, reviewer for the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></i>, happened to attend this showcase and gave it a glowing review.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This inspired Hooks to produce <i>Happy Ending</i> and Ward's <i>Day of Absence</i> as a double bill presented by Robert Hooks Productions. After raising $35,000 from <a href="/wiki/Music_executive" title="Music executive">music executives</a> <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Avant" title="Clarence Avant">Clarence Avant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al_Bell" title="Al Bell">Al Bell</a>, Hooks booked the <a href="/wiki/St._Mark%27s_Playhouse" title="St. Mark's Playhouse">St. Mark's Playhouse</a> (where many black performers had performed in the long-running show, <a href="/wiki/The_Blacks_(play)" title="The Blacks (play)"><i>The Blacks</i></a>) and hired <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_S._Krone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerald S. Krone (page does not exist)">Gerald Krone</a> as company manager. </p><p>Ward was invited by the <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a></i> to write an <a href="/wiki/Opinion_piece" title="Opinion piece">opinion piece</a> for its Sunday edition on the state of black theatre. His piece, "American Theatre: For Whites Only?", published in August 1966, was a scathing indictment of America's theatre establishment and posited the need for a unique black theatre institution.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This article caused McNeil Lowery of the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a> contact Ward to set up a meeting with Ward, Hooks, and Krone.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Invited to present a proposal, they came with a bid for an ensemble company much like <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Berliner_Ensemble" title="Berliner Ensemble">Berliner Ensemble</a>. The concept of a true ensemble company (a nucleus of actors performing a roster of plays back-to-back within each season) was uncommon in American theatre. A theatre based on the black experience, created and staffed by black artists, was even more of a departure. In the legacy of the Group Theatre Workshop, this new theatre incorporated a workshop providing tuition-free acting, directing, writing, and theatre administration instruction, which was intended to raise a new generation of theatre professionals. The proposal was accepted and they were awarded a three-year, $1.5 million grant to establish the company. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negro_Ensemble_Company&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the beginning, they resisted demands that the new company be located in <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a> and instead, sought out a space downtown where they could build on the existing theatre audience while cultivating an informed black theatre-going audience that hadn't previously existed on a significant scale. They chose the <a href="/wiki/St._Mark%27s_Playhouse" title="St. Mark's Playhouse">St. Mark's Playhouse</a> primarily because of its flexible configuration. </p><p>During this era of <a href="/wiki/Black_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power">Black Power</a>, the decision to use the term, "Negro", rather than the more current, "Black", was controversial. The name was intended as a tribute to the <a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a> and the legacy of its artists (<a href="/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes">Langston Hughes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zora_Neal_Hurston" class="mw-redirect" title="Zora Neal Hurston">Zora Neal Hurston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Countee_Cullen" title="Countee Cullen">Countee Cullen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jessie_Fauset" class="mw-redirect" title="Jessie Fauset">Jessie Fauset</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_McKay" title="Claude McKay">Claude McKay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Waters" title="Ethel Waters">Ethel Waters</a>, etc.), some of whom were still alive and living in New York at the time. The term, "New Negro", made popular by philosopher and journalist <a href="/wiki/Alain_Locke" class="mw-redirect" title="Alain Locke">Alain Locke</a>, was used during the Harlem Renaissance to invoke an outspoken advocacy of dignity and a refusal to submit to the practices and laws of <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow">Jim Crow</a>. </p><p>Krone, who was serving as administrative director for the company, was Caucasian, which caused some vocal protest from <a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">black nationalists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="To_present">To present</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negro_Ensemble_Company&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: To present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When introducing the Negro Ensemble Company, the three founders wanted to inform New York and the world that they were not "an exclusionary... but an inclusive... black theatre; an arts institution dedicated to discovering, nurturing and expanding a theatrical exploration of what it was to be black within in a 'world view' perspective<i>."</i><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of this approach was to acknowledge that playwrights of many races, ethnicities, and nationalities had been, and currently, were writing about the experiences of <a href="/wiki/African_people" class="mw-redirect" title="African people">Africans</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>, and about <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>. </p><p>The first repertory season, 1967–1968, was not without controversy. The company presented <i><a href="/wiki/Summer_of_the_Seventeenth_Doll" title="Summer of the Seventeenth Doll">Summer of the Seventeenth Doll</a></i> by Australian playwright <a href="/wiki/Ray_Lawler" title="Ray Lawler">Ray Lawler</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Kongi%27s_Harvest" title="Kongi's Harvest">Kongi's Harvest</a></i> by Nigerian playwright <a href="/wiki/Wole_Soyinka" title="Wole Soyinka">Wole Soyinka</a>, <i>Daddy Goodness</i> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wright_(author)" title="Richard Wright (author)">Richard Wright</a>, and as their first play, <i>Song of the Lusitanian Bogey</i> by Swedish-German playwright <a href="/wiki/Peter_Weiss" title="Peter Weiss">Peter Weiss</a>. The Weiss play addresses the oppression of black people from an international perspective, set in colonized <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>. Some black activists protested, accusing NEC of taking "white money" and for producing the work of a white playwright. On one occasion, activists attempted to storm the theatre during a performance of the Weiss play. Soon afterward, the NEC production of <i>Song of the Lusitanian Bogey</i> in London created further controversy, where the company was heckled by <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a> protesters who resented the play's <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-imperialist</a> message. </p><p>Many of the plays produced by the Negro Ensemble Company dealt with complex, sometimes disturbing, and often ignored aspects of the black experience and the American experience. The company's nurturing of black playwrights (such as <a href="/wiki/Lonne_Elder_III" title="Lonne Elder III">Lonne Elder III</a> with <i><a href="/wiki/Ceremonies_in_Dark_Old_Men" title="Ceremonies in Dark Old Men">Ceremonies in Dark Old Men</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fuller" title="Charles Fuller">Charles Fuller</a> with <i><a href="/wiki/Zooman_and_The_Sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Zooman and The Sign">Zooman and The Sign</a></i>) over four decades contributed to the body of plays and performance literature that form the backbone of the African-American theatrical canon.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the company often received glowing reviews, had sold-out audiences, and was producing some of the critically acclaimed theatre of the era, the early 1970s found the Negro Ensemble Company in financial trouble. The 145-seat theatre had become too small to generate the revenue needed for its ambitious projects. During the 1972-73 season, the resident company was disbanded, staff was cut, workshops were cancelled, and salaries were deferred. The decision was made to produce only one new play per year. </p><p>The play chosen that year was <i><a href="/wiki/The_River_Niger" title="The River Niger">The River Niger</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Walker_(playwright)" title="Joseph A. Walker (playwright)">Joseph A. Walker</a>. A poetic play set in Harlem during the turbulent racial redefining of the 1970s, the work depicts the struggles of a proud black family divided between the past and the future. This was the first NEC production to transfer to <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a>, where it ran for nine months, won a <a href="/wiki/Tony_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Tony Award">Tony Award for Best Play</a>, and embarked on a national tour. This helped to ensure the continued existence of the NEC. </p><p>In July 1980, the NEC relocated to a new 299-seat home at Theatre Four at 424 West 55th Street, where it would remain until 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1981, the NEC presented what would be its most successful production. <i><a href="/wiki/A_Soldier%27s_Play" title="A Soldier's Play">A Soldier's Play</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fuller" title="Charles Fuller">Charles Fuller</a> is the story of the murder of a black soldier on a Southern army base during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and the subsequent investigation by a black army captain. It examines black pride and black self-hatred, and won both the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Drama_Critics%27_Circle" title="New York Drama Critics' Circle">New York Drama Critics Circle</a> Best Play awards. The original cast included <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Caesar" title="Adolph Caesar">Adolph Caesar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denzel_Washington" title="Denzel Washington">Denzel Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson" title="Samuel L. Jackson">Samuel L. Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brent_Jennings" title="Brent Jennings">Brent Jennings</a>, Steven Anthony Jones, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brown_(actor)" title="Charles Brown (actor)">Charles Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larry_Riley_(actor)" title="Larry Riley (actor)">Larry Riley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Friedman" title="Peter Friedman">Peter Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotter_Smith" title="Cotter Smith">Cotter Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Pickens_Jr." title="James Pickens Jr.">James Pickens Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Lee_(actor)" title="Eugene Lee (actor)">Eugene Lee</a>, and Stephen Zettler. In 1984, it was made into a movie, featuring several original cast members and NEC alumni (notably <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Caesar" title="Adolph Caesar">Adolph Caesar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denzel_Washington" title="Denzel Washington">Denzel Washington</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Alan_Grier" title="David Alan Grier">David Alan Grier</a>). The film of <i><a href="/wiki/A_Soldier%27s_Story" title="A Soldier's Story">A Soldier's Story</a></i> was nominated for three <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a>. </p><p>In 2005, the Negro Ensemble Company, Inc., a restructured incarnation of the original Negro Ensemble Company, was formed, with NEC alumna <a href="/wiki/Charles_Weldon" title="Charles Weldon">Charles Weldon</a> as <a href="/wiki/Artistic_director" title="Artistic director">Artistic Director</a>. It was among 406 <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> arts and <a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">social service</a> institutions to receive part of a $20 million grant from the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnegie Corporation">Carnegie Corporation</a>, which was made possible through a donation by <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Mayor" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City Mayor">New York City Mayor</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_awards">Major awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negro_Ensemble_Company&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Major awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Drama" title="Pulitzer Prize for Drama">Pulitzer Prize for Drama</a></dt></dl> <ul><li>1982 – <i><a href="/wiki/A_Soldier%27s_Play" title="A Soldier's Play">A Soldier’s Play</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Tony_Awards" title="Tony Awards">Tony Awards</a></dt></dl> <ul><li>1969 – Special Achievement</li> <li>1973 – <i><a href="/wiki/The_River_Niger" title="The River Niger">The River Niger</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Obie_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Obie Awards">Obie Awards</a></dt></dl> <ul><li>1968 – Citation for Excellence</li> <li>1971 – <i><a href="/wiki/Dream_on_Monkey_Mountain" title="Dream on Monkey Mountain">Dream on Monkey Mountain</a></i></li> <li>1973 – <i><a href="/wiki/The_River_Niger" title="The River Niger">The River Niger</a></i></li> <li>1974 – <i>The Great McDaddy</i></li> <li>1975 – <i>The First Breeze of Summer</i></li> <li>1977 – <i>Eden</i></li> <li>1979 – <i><a href="/wiki/Nevis_Mountain_Dew" title="Nevis Mountain Dew">Nevis Mountain Dew</a></i></li> <li>1980 – <i>Lagrima del Diablo</i></li> <li>1981 – <i><a href="/wiki/Zooman_and_The_Sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Zooman and The Sign">Zooman and The Sign</a></i></li> <li>1981 – Sustained Achievement</li> <li>1982 – <i><a href="/wiki/A_Soldier%27s_Play" title="A Soldier's Play">A Soldier’s Play</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Drama_Desk" class="mw-redirect" title="Drama Desk">Vernon Rice Drama Desk Award</a></dt></dl> <ul><li>1968 – Negro Ensemble Company</li> <li>1969 – <i><a href="/wiki/Ceremonies_in_Dark_Old_Men" title="Ceremonies in Dark Old Men">Ceremonies in Dark Old Men</a></i></li> <li>1972 – <i>Sty of the Blind Pig</i></li> <li>1973 – <i><a href="/wiki/The_River_Niger" title="The River Niger">The River Niger</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Dramatists_Guild" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatists Guild">Dramatists Guild Award</a></dt></dl> <ul><li>1976 – <i>The First Breeze of Summer</i></li> <li>1982 – <i><a href="/wiki/A_Soldier%27s_Play" title="A Soldier's Play">A Soldier’s Play</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/New_York_Drama_Critics%27_Circle" title="New York Drama Critics' Circle">New York Drama Critics’ Circle Award</a></dt></dl> <ul><li>1982 – <i><a href="/wiki/A_Soldier%27s_Play" title="A Soldier's Play">A Soldier’s Play</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/American_Theatre_Wing" title="American Theatre Wing">American Theatre Wing Award</a></dt></dl> <ul><li>1983 – Negro Ensemble Company</li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Derwent_Awards" title="Clarence Derwent Awards">Clarence Derwent Awards</a></dt></dl> <ul><li>1976 – <i>The First Breeze of Summer</i></li> <li>1982 – <i><a href="/wiki/A_Soldier%27s_Play" title="A Soldier's Play">A Soldier’s Play</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/AUDELCO" title="AUDELCO">Audelco Award</a></dt></dl> <ul><li>1977 – <i>Eden</i></li> <li>1980 – <i>Home</i></li></ul> <dl><dt>Margo Jones Award</dt></dl> <ul><li>1975 – <i>The First Breeze of Summer</i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Outer_Critics_Circle_Awards" title="Outer Critics Circle Awards">Outer Critics Circle Awards</a></dt></dl> <ul><li>1980 – <i>Home</i></li> <li>1982 – <i><a href="/wiki/A_Soldier%27s_Play" title="A Soldier's Play">A Soldier’s Play</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt>Eudora Welty Television Award</dt></dl> <ul><li>1978 – <i>The First Breeze of Summer</i></li></ul> <dl><dt>James A. Vaughn Award for Excellence in American Theatre</dt></dl> <ul><li>1980 – Negro Ensemble Company</li></ul> <dl><dt>Premio Roma Award</dt></dl> <ul><li>1969 – <i>Song of the Lusitanian Bogey</i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Theatre_Club" title="Manhattan Theatre Club">Manhattan Theatre Club Award</a></dt></dl> <ul><li>1982 – <i><a href="/wiki/A_Soldier%27s_Play" title="A Soldier's Play">A Soldier’s Play</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis University Creative Award</a></dt></dl> <ul><li>1970 – Negro Ensemble Company</li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Council_on_the_Arts" title="New York State Council on the Arts">New York State Arts Council Award</a></dt></dl> <ul><li>1976 – Negro Ensemble Company</li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Medallion_(New_York_City_award)" title="Bronze Medallion (New York City award)">Bronze Medallion of New York City</a></dt></dl> <ul><li>1977 – Negro Ensemble Company</li></ul> <dl><dt>New England Theatre Conference Special Award</dt></dl> <ul><li>1981 – Negro Ensemble Company</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Original_company">Original company</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negro_Ensemble_Company&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Original company"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Norman Bush</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Cash" title="Rosalind Cash">Rosalind Cash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Downing_(actor)" title="David Downing (actor)">David Downing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Foster" title="Frances Foster">Frances Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_French_(actor)" title="Arthur French (actor)">Arthur French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Gunn" title="Moses Gunn">Moses Gunn</a></li> <li>William Jay</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judyann_Elder" title="Judyann Elder">Judyann (Jonsson) Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denise_Nicholas" title="Denise Nicholas">Denise Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Rolle" title="Esther Rolle">Esther Rolle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarice_Taylor" title="Clarice Taylor">Clarice Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattie_Winston" title="Hattie Winston">Hattie Winston</a></li> <li>Allie Woods</li> <li>Production Stage Manager: <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Cambridge" title="Edmund Cambridge">Edmund Cambridge</a></li> <li>Stage Managers: <a href="/wiki/Horacena_J._Taylor" title="Horacena J. Taylor">Horacena J. Taylor</a>, James S. Lucas, ‘Femi Sarah Heggie</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Original_staff">Original staff</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negro_Ensemble_Company&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Original staff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Acting: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Mann" title="Paul Mann">Paul Mann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Richards" title="Lloyd Richards">Lloyd Richards</a>, Ron Mack, Luther James, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Cambridge" title="Edmund Cambridge">Edmund Cambridge</a></li> <li>Directing: <a href="/wiki/Michael_A._Schultz" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael A. Schultz">Michael A. Schultz</a></li> <li>Playwriting: <a href="/wiki/Lonne_Elder_III" title="Lonne Elder III">Lonne Elder III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Carter_(playwright)" title="Steve Carter (playwright)">Steve Carter</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gus_Edwards_(playwright)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gus Edwards (playwright) (page does not exist)">Gus Edwards</a></li> <li>Set design: Edward Burbridge</li> <li>Costuming: Gertha Brock</li> <li>Dance/choreography: Louis Johnson, <a href="/wiki/Talley_Beatty" title="Talley Beatty">Talley Beatty</a></li> <li>Vocal coach (for actors): <a href="/wiki/Kristin_Linklater" title="Kristin Linklater">Kristin Linklater</a></li> <li>Singing coach: Margaret Harris</li> <li>Theatre administration: Gerald S. Krone, Carolyn Jones, Fred Garrett</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_alumni">Notable alumni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negro_Ensemble_Company&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notable alumni"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Ackroyd" title="David Ackroyd">David Ackroyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Alice" title="Mary Alice">Mary Alice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Allen" title="Debbie Allen">Debbie Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Amos" title="John Amos">John Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Ayler" title="Ethel Ayler">Ethel Ayler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Bassett" title="Angela Bassett">Angela Bassett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Benjamin" title="Paul Benjamin">Paul Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Billings" title="Earl Billings">Earl Billings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avery_Brooks" title="Avery Brooks">Avery Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Brown_(actor)" title="Charles Brown (actor)">Charles Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Brown_(actor)" title="Graham Brown (actor)">Graham Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Lee_Browne" title="Roscoe Lee Browne">Roscoe Lee Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Burghardt" title="Arthur Burghardt">Arthur Burghardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Caesar" title="Adolph Caesar">Adolph Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Scott_Caldwell" title="L. Scott Caldwell">L. Scott Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Cambridge" title="Edmund Cambridge">Edmund Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Cambridge" title="Godfrey Cambridge">Godfrey Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Cash" title="Rosalind Cash">Rosalind Cash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Chisholm_(actor)" title="Anthony Chisholm (actor)">Anthony Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Cobbs" title="Bill Cobbs">Bill Cobbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_Cook" title="Dwight Cook">Dwight Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Cook_(actor)" title="Lawrence Cook (actor)">Lawrence Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_David" title="Keith David">Keith David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaya_DaCosta" title="Yaya DaCosta">Yaya DaCosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Downing_(actor)" title="David Downing (actor)">David Downing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Duke" title="Bill Duke">Bill Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._L._Duke" title="O. L. Duke">O. L. 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Kelly Wright">C. Kelly Wright</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negro_Ensemble_Company&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Genzlinger, Neil, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/28/theater/gerald-krone-dead.html">"Gerald Krone, 86, Founder Of Negro Theater Troupe Dies at 86"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, New York Edition, Section D, p. 6, March 9, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerry Tallmer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thevillager.com/villager_301/readingbetween.html">"Reading Between Races"</a>, <i>The Villager</i>, February 4, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.nypl.org/scm/20880">"Negro Ensemble Company records, 1967–1993"</a>, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, The New York Public Library.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mmd7uyXqr7sC&pg=PA186">"Top Down: The Ford Foundation, Black Power, and the Reinvention of Racial Liberalism"</a>, Karen Ferguson, 2013 University of Pennsylvania.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neil Genzlinger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/28/theater/gerald-krone-dead.html">"Gerald Krone, a Negro Ensemble Company Founder, Dies at 86"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, February 28, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackpast.org/?q=aah/negro-ensemble-company-1967">"Negro Ensemble Company, The (1967–)"</a>, BlackPast.org.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/negro-ensemble-co/about-the-negro-ensemble-co/666/">"About the Negro Ensemble Co."</a>, American Masters, August 18, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_LWwe2Kgh_gC&pg=PA46&lpg=PA46">"Not the Other Avant-Garde: The Transnational Foundations of Avant-Garde Performance"</a>, James M. Harding, John Rouse, University of Michigan Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John J. O'Connor, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/14/theater/profile-of-negro-ensemble-company.html">"NY Times: Profile of Negro Ensemble Company"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, Sept. 14, 1987.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.nypl.org/scm/20880">"Negro Ensemble Company records 1967-1993"</a>. <i>Archives & Manuscripts</i>. The New York Public Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archives+%26+Manuscripts&rft.atitle=Negro+Ensemble+Company+records+1967-1993&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.nypl.org%2Fscm%2F20880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANegro+Ensemble+Company" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sam Roberts, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/06/nyregion/city-groups-get-bloomberg-gift-of-20-million.html">"City Groups Get Bloomberg Gift of $20 Million"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, July 6, 2005.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Special_Tony_Award" title="Template:Special Tony Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Special_Tony_Award" title="Template talk:Special Tony Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Special_Tony_Award" 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A. MacDonald / <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Sardi_Sr." title="Vincent Sardi Sr.">Vincent Sardi Sr.</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Vera Allen / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Beisman" title="Paul Beisman">Paul Beisman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joe_E._Brown" title="Joe E. Brown">Joe E. Brown</a> / Cast of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Importance_of_Being_Earnest" title="The Importance of Being Earnest">The Importance of Being Earnest</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Dowling" title="Robert W. Dowling">Robert W. Dowling</a> / Experimental Theatre Inc. / Rosalind Gilder / <a href="/wiki/June_Lockhart" title="June Lockhart">June Lockhart</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mary_Martin" title="Mary Martin">Mary Martin</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Pierce_(backstage_doorman)" title="George Pierce (backstage doorman)">George Pierce</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Whitmore" title="James Whitmore">James Whitmore</a> (1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>No award</i> (1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Evans_(actor)" title="Maurice Evans (actor)">Maurice Evans</a> / Philip Faversham / <a href="/wiki/Brock_Pemberton" title="Brock Pemberton">Brock Pemberton</a> (1950)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Ruth Green (1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Boyer" title="Charles Boyer">Charles Boyer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Kook" title="Edward Kook">Edward Kook</a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danny_Kaye" title="Danny Kaye">Danny Kaye</a> / <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Lillie" title="Beatrice Lillie">Beatrice Lillie</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>No award</i> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Proscenium Productions (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Fourth Street Chekov Theatre / <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Center" title="New York City Center">City Center</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="New York Public Library for the Performing Arts">The New York Public Library Theatre Collection</a> / The Shakespearewrights / <i><a href="/wiki/The_Threepenny_Opera" title="The Threepenny Opera">The Threepenny Opera</a></i> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Shakespeare_Theatre" title="American Shakespeare Theatre">American Shakespeare Festival</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Barrault" title="Jean-Louis Barrault">Jean-Louis Barrault</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Russell_Bennett" title="Robert Russell Bennett">Robert Russell Bennett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willie_Hammerstein" title="Willie Hammerstein">William Hammerstein</a> / Joseph Harbuck / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Shyre" title="Paul Shyre">Paul Shyre</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louise_Heims_Beck" title="Louise Heims Beck">Mrs. Martin Beck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_in_the_Park_(New_York_City)" title="Shakespeare in the Park (New York City)">New York Shakespeare Festival</a> (1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russel_Crouse" title="Russel Crouse">Russel Crouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Howard_Lindsay" title="Howard Lindsay">Howard Lindsay</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Gielgud" title="John Gielgud">John Gielgud</a> / Cast of <i><a href="/wiki/La_Plume_de_Ma_Tante" title="La Plume de Ma Tante">La Plume de Ma Tante</a></i> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burgess_Meredith" title="Burgess Meredith">Burgess Meredith</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Thurber" title="James Thurber">James Thurber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller_III" title="John D. Rockefeller III">John D. Rockefeller III</a> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Merrick" title="David Merrick">David Merrick</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Guild" title="Theatre Guild">The Theatre Guild</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brooks_Atkinson" title="Brooks Atkinson">Brooks Atkinson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers" title="Richard Rodgers">Richard Rodgers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Franco_Zeffirelli" title="Franco Zeffirelli">Franco Zeffirelli</a> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bennett" title="Alan Bennett">Alan Bennett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cook" title="Peter Cook">Peter Cook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Miller" title="Jonathan Miller">Jonathan Miller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Moore" title="Dudley Moore">Dudley Moore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irving_Berlin" title="Irving Berlin">Irving Berlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/W._McNeil_Lowry" title="W. McNeil Lowry">W. McNeil Lowry</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eva_Le_Gallienne" title="Eva Le Gallienne">Eva Le Gallienne</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Miller" title="Gilbert Miller">Gilbert Miller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smith_(designer)" title="Oliver Smith (designer)">Oliver Smith</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Menken" title="Helen Menken">Helen Menken</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>No award</i> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">APA-Phoenix Theatre / <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Bailey" title="Pearl Bailey">Pearl Bailey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Channing" title="Carol Channing">Carol Channing</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Chevalier" title="Maurice Chevalier">Maurice Chevalier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich" title="Marlene Dietrich">Marlene Dietrich</a> / <a href="/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn" title="Audrey Hepburn">Audrey Hepburn</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Merrick" title="David Merrick">David Merrick</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Burnett" title="Carol Burnett">Carol Burnett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rex_Harrison" title="Rex Harrison">Rex Harrison</a> / <a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre" title="Royal National Theatre">The National Theatre Company of Great Britain</a> / The <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Negro Ensemble Company</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward">Noël Coward</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Fontanne" title="Lynn Fontanne">Lynn Fontanne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Lunt" title="Alfred Lunt">Alfred Lunt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_in_the_Park_(New_York_City)" title="Shakespeare in the Park (New York City)">New York Shakespeare Festival</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbra_Streisand" title="Barbra Streisand">Barbra Streisand</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Ingram Ash / <a href="/wiki/Elliot_Norton" title="Elliot Norton">Elliot Norton</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Playbill" title="Playbill">Playbill</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Roger_L._Stevens" title="Roger L. Stevens">Roger L. Stevens</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Fiddler_on_the_Roof" title="Fiddler on the Roof">Fiddler on the Roof</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Merman" title="Ethel Merman">Ethel Merman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers" title="Richard Rodgers">Richard Rodgers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Guild" title="Theatre Guild">The Theatre Guild</a>-American Theatre Society (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Community_Fund" title="Entertainment Community Fund">The Actors Fund of America</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">John Lindsay</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Shubert_Organization" title="The Shubert Organization">Shubert Organization</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Actors%27_Equity_Association" title="Actors' Equity Association">Actors' Equity Association</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/A_Moon_for_the_Misbegotten" title="A Moon for the Misbegotten">A Moon for the Misbegotten</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Candide_(operetta)" title="Candide (operetta)">Candide</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cook" title="Peter Cook">Peter Cook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Moore" title="Dudley Moore">Dudley Moore</a> / Harold Friedlander / <a href="/wiki/Bette_Midler" title="Bette Midler">Bette Midler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Liza_Minnelli" title="Liza Minnelli">Liza Minnelli</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Development_Fund" title="Theatre Development Fund">Theatre Development Fund</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_F._Wharton_(lawyer)" title="John F. Wharton (lawyer)">John F. Wharton</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Al_Hirschfeld" title="Al Hirschfeld">Al Hirschfeld</a> (1975)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C0C0C0;;width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Abbott" title="George Abbott">George Abbott</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Burton" title="Richard Burton">Richard Burton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Circle_in_the_Square_Theatre" title="Circle in the Square Theatre">Circle in the Square Theatre</a> / Thomas H. Fitzgerald / <a href="/wiki/Mathilde_Pincus" title="Mathilde Pincus">Mathilde Pincus</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Crawford" title="Cheryl Crawford">Cheryl Crawford</a> / Equity Liberty Theatre / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Manilow" title="Barry Manilow">Barry Manilow</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_of_the_Deaf" title="National Theatre of the Deaf">National Theatre of the Deaf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross" title="Diana Ross">Diana Ross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lily_Tomlin" title="Lily Tomlin">Lily Tomlin</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irving_Berlin" title="Irving Berlin">Irving Berlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stan_Dragoti" title="Stan Dragoti">Stan Dragoti</a> and Charles Moss (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Walter F. Diehl / <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill_Theater_Center" title="Eugene O'Neill Theater Center">Eugene O'Neill Memorial Theater Center</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers" title="Richard Rodgers">Richard Rodgers</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Richard Fitzgerald / <a href="/wiki/Helen_Hayes" title="Helen Hayes">Helen Hayes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mary_Tyler_Moore" title="Mary Tyler Moore">Mary Tyler Moore</a> / Hobe Morrison (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lena_Horne" title="Lena Horne">Lena Horne</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radio_City_Music_Hall" title="Radio City Music Hall">Radio City Music Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Community_Fund" title="Entertainment Community Fund">The Actors Fund of America</a> / <a href="/wiki/WarnerMedia" title="WarnerMedia">Warner Communications</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>No award</i> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Chorus_Line" title="A Chorus Line">A Chorus Line</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Feller" title="Peter Feller">Peter Feller</a> / <i>La Tragedie de Carmen</i> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yul_Brynner" title="Yul Brynner">Yul Brynner</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Council_on_the_Arts" title="New York State Council on the Arts">New York State Council on the Arts</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>No award</i> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Abbott" title="George Abbott">George Abbott</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Mason" title="Jackie Mason">Jackie Mason</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Academy_of_Music" title="Brooklyn Academy of Music">Brooklyn Academy of Music</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>No award</i> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>No award</i> (1990–1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma!" title="Oklahoma!">Oklahoma!</a></i> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hume_Cronyn" title="Hume Cronyn">Hume Cronyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Tandy" title="Jessica Tandy">Jessica Tandy</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carol_Channing" title="Carol Channing">Carol Channing</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a> / Harvey Sabinson (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>No award</i> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_B._Jacobs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard B. Jacobs">Bernard B. Jacobs</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Edward E. Colton / Ben Edwards (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Uta_Hagen" title="Uta Hagen">Uta Hagen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Miller" title="Arthur Miller">Arthur Miller</a> / Isabelle Stevenson (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dame_Edna_Everage#2000–2009" title="Dame Edna Everage">Dame Edna: The Royal Tour</a></i> / T. Edward Hambleton (2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C0C0C0;;width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gemignani" title="Paul Gemignani">Paul Gemignani</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Julie_Harris" title="Julie Harris">Julie Harris</a> / Robert Whitehead (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cy_Feuer" title="Cy Feuer">Cy Feuer</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Russell_Simmons" title="Russell Simmons">Russell Simmons</a>' Def Poetry Jam on Broadway</i> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_M._Nederlander" title="James M. Nederlander">James M. Nederlander</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Albee" title="Edward Albee">Edward Albee</a> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Jones_(stage_actress)" title="Sarah Jones (stage actress)">Sarah Jones</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harold_Prince" title="Harold Prince">Harold Prince</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>No award</i> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Russell_Bennett" title="Robert Russell Bennett">Robert Russell Bennett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim" title="Stephen Sondheim">Stephen Sondheim</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Herman" title="Jerry Herman">Jerry Herman</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Ayckbourn" title="Alan Ayckbourn">Alan Ayckbourn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marian_Seldes" title="Marian Seldes">Marian Seldes</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Athol_Fugard" title="Athol Fugard">Athol Fugard</a> / Philip J. Smith (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Actors%27_Equity_Association" title="Actors' Equity Association">Actors' Equity Association</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Jackman" title="Hugh Jackman">Hugh Jackman</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Gersten" title="Bernard Gersten">Bernard Gersten</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ming_Cho_Lee" title="Ming Cho Lee">Ming Cho Lee</a> / Paul Libin (2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Greenwood" title="Jane Greenwood">Jane Greenwood</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Cameron_Mitchell" title="John Cameron Mitchell">John Cameron Mitchell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Tune" title="Tommy Tune">Tommy Tune</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Harnick" title="Sheldon Harnick">Sheldon Harnick</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marshall_W._Mason" title="Marshall W. Mason">Marshall W. Mason</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a> / Miles Wilkin (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Jones" title="James Earl Jones">James Earl Jones</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Leguizamo" title="John Leguizamo">John Leguizamo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber" title="Andrew Lloyd Webber">Andrew Lloyd Webber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Chita_Rivera" title="Chita Rivera">Chita Rivera</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen" title="Bruce Springsteen">Bruce Springsteen</a> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Harris" title="Rosemary Harris">Rosemary Harris</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marin_Mazzie" title="Marin Mazzie">Marin Mazzie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Terrence_McNally" title="Terrence McNally">Terrence McNally</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Tilders" title="Sonny Tilders">Sonny Tilders</a> and Creature Technology Company / Jason Michael Webb / <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wheeler_(musician)" title="Harold Wheeler (musician)">Harold Wheeler</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">The Broadway Advocacy Coalition / <a href="/wiki/David_Byrne" title="David Byrne">David Byrne's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/American_Utopia_(film)" title="American Utopia (film)">American Utopia</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_Love_Supreme" title="Freestyle Love Supreme">Freestyle Love Supreme</a> / <a href="/wiki/Graciela_Daniele" title="Graciela Daniele">Graciela Daniele</a> (2020/21)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Lansbury" title="Angela Lansbury">Angela Lansbury</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_C._Nicola" title="James C. Nicola">James C. Nicola</a> (2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joel_Grey" title="Joel Grey">Joel Grey</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Kander" title="John Kander">John Kander</a> (2023)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Edelman" title="Alex Edelman">Alex Edelman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abe_Jacob" title="Abe Jacob">Abe Jacob</a> / Nikiya Mathis / <a href="/wiki/Jack_O%27Brien_(director)" title="Jack O'Brien (director)">Jack O'Brien</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_C._Wolfe" title="George C. Wolfe">George C. Wolfe</a> (2024)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17082843#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17082843#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17082843#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/132637321">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88244751">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6kq1xfq">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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