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id="toc-Bolshevism_and_private_property" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bolshevism_and_private_property"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Bolshevism and private property</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bolshevism_and_private_property-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bolsheviks_and_the_Russian_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bolsheviks_and_the_Russian_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Bolsheviks and the Russian Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bolsheviks_and_the_Russian_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_for_the_Bolsheviks_by_the_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_for_the_Bolsheviks_by_the_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Support for the Bolsheviks by the people</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Support_for_the_Bolsheviks_by_the_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Support for the Bolsheviks by the people subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Support_for_the_Bolsheviks_by_the_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Supporters_and_opponents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supporters_and_opponents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Supporters and opponents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supporters_and_opponents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_democratic_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_democratic_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Social democratic views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_democratic_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_and_historical_estimates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_and_historical_estimates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Criticism and historical estimates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_and_historical_estimates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bolshevism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C5%9Fevizm" title="Bolşevizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bolşevizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="بولشویزم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بولشویزم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Бальшавізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бальшавізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolschewismus" title="Bolschewismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bolschewismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C5%9Devismo" title="Bolŝevismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bolŝevismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="بلشویسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بلشویسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolch%C3%A9visme" title="Bolchévisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bolchévisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsjewisme" title="Bolsjewisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bolsjewisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%BC%EC%85%B0%EB%B9%84%EC%A6%98" title="볼셰비즘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="볼셰비즘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B7%D6%87%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Բոլշևիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բոլշևիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolscevismo" title="Bolscevismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bolscevismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Большевизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Большевизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevisme" title="Bolshevisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bolshevisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9C%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7%E3%83%93%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0_(%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3)" title="ボリシェビズム (思想) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ボリシェビズム (思想)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsjevisme" title="Bolsjevisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bolsjevisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="بالشویزم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بالشویزم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolszewizm" title="Bolszewizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bolszewizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Большевизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Большевизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%85" title="بالشيوزم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بالشيوزم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%99%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Бољшевизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бољшевизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Болшевизм – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Болшевизм" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C5%9Fevizm" title="Bolşevizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bolşevizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Більшовизм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Більшовизм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="بالشیویت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بالشیویت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E4%BB%80%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="布尔什维克主义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="布尔什维克主义" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Communism" title="Category:Communism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg/50px-Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg/75px-Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg/100px-Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">Communist revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">"From each according to his ability,<br />to each according to his needs"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_abolitionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market abolitionism">Market abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">Social revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_communism" title="World communism">World communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Economics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_(Marxism)" title="Socialization (Marxism)">Socialization (Marxism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_value" title="Use value">Use value</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_ideologies" title="List of communist ideologies">Variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Marxist_communism" title="Pre-Marxist communism">Pre-Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_communism" title="Primitive communism">Primitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League" title="Communist League">Communist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">First International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Third International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties" title="List of communist parties">Communist Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Council" title="World Peace Council">WPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">WFTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">WFDY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Students" title="International Union of Students">IUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_Democratic_Federation" title="Women's International Democratic Federation">WIDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Scientific_Workers" title="World Federation of Scientific Workers">WFSW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organisation_of_Journalists" class="mw-redirect" title="International Organisation of Journalists">IOR</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Communists" title="Category:Communists">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Babeuf</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter 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E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Kollontai</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Thälmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Togliatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">Padmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Freire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini" title="Pier Paolo Pasolini">Pasolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Raja" title="D. Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Berger" title="John Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Berlinguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Sison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holloway_(sociologist)" title="John Holloway (sociologist)">Holloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_Zizek" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavoj Zizek">Zizek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_S%C3%A1nchez_Gordillo" title="Juan Manuel Sánchez Gordillo">Gordillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Lordon" title="Frédéric Lordon">Lordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Kelley" title="Robin Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Prashad" title="Vijay Prashad">Prashad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Zyuganov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Hatherley" title="Owen Hatherley">Hatherley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Moufawad-Paul" title="J. Moufawad-Paul">Moufawad-Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohei_Saito" title="Kohei Saito">Saito</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Far-left politics in the United Kingdom">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Colombia" title="Communism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_France" title="Communism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_India" title="Communism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Kerala" title="Communism in Kerala">Kerala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Korea" title="Communism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Nepal" title="Communism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Peru" title="Communism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_the_Philippines" title="Communism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Poland" title="Communism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of communism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Sumatra" title="Communism in Sumatra">Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Vietnam" title="Communism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Communist_symbolism" title="Communist symbolism">Symbols</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">Hammer and sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)">Red flag (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_star" title="Red star">Red star</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Workers_of_the_world,_unite!" title="Workers of the world, unite!">Workers of the world, unite!</a>"</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Criticism </div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_propaganda" title="Communist propaganda">Communist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communist party rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Marxism" title="Criticism of Marxism">Criticism of Marxism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related  topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_communist_theorists" title="21st-century communist theorists">21st-century communist theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti_anti-communism" title="Anti anti-communism">Anti anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Anti-communist mass killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Left" title="Old Left">Old Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_and_LGBTQ_rights" title="Communism and LGBTQ rights">LGBTQ rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">Marx's theory of alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">National communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_communism_in_Romania" title="National communism in Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_communism" title="War communism">War communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #CC0000; border-bottom:1px solid #CC0000;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a> <br /> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communism" title="Template:Communism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communism" title="Template talk:Communism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Category:Marxism–Leninism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marx_Lenin_oval.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Marx_Lenin_oval.svg/100px-Marx_Lenin_oval.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Marx_Lenin_oval.svg/150px-Marx_Lenin_oval.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Marx_Lenin_oval.svg/200px-Marx_Lenin_oval.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative-command_system" title="Administrative-command system">Administrative-command system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionism">Anti-revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Central_planning" title="Planned economy">Central planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Soviet-type economic planning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">Collective farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanding_heights_of_the_economy" title="Commanding heights of the economy">Commanding heights of the economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_logic" title="Dialectical logic">Dialectical logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism">Dialectical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foco" title="Foco">Foco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensification_of_the_class_struggle_under_socialism" title="Intensification of the class struggle under socialism">Intensification of the class struggle<br />under socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_aristocracy" title="Labor aristocracy">Labor aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_atheism" title="Marxist–Leninist atheism">Marxist–Leninist atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Soviet_man" title="New Soviet man">New Soviet man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_(politics)" title="Partisan (politics)">Partiinost'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_democracy_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)" title="People's democracy (Marxism–Leninism)">People's democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">Popular front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_war" title="People's war">Protracted people's war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-criticism_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-criticism (Marxism–Leninism)">Self-criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">Socialism in one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_patriotism" title="Socialist patriotism">Socialist patriotism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_patriotism" title="Soviet patriotism">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism#Socialist_Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslav</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_the_productive_forces" title="Theory of the productive forces">Theory of the productive forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Period" title="Third Period">Third Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Wars of national liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_power" title="Unified power">Unified power</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husakism" title="Husakism">Husakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Kádárism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchevism" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchevism">Khrushchevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Ernst Thälmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan" title="Khorloogiin Choibalsan">Khorloogiin Choibalsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehmetjan_Qasim" title="Ehmetjan Qasim">Ehmetjan Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_D%C3%ADaz_(politician)" title="José Díaz (politician)">José Díaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Thorez" title="Maurice Thorez">Maurice Thorez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5_Nguy%C3%AAn_Gi%C3%A1p" title="Võ Nguyên Giáp">Võ Nguyên Giáp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Browder" title="Earl Browder">Earl Browder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Mátyás Rákosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov" title="Georgi Dimitrov">Georgi Dimitrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valko_Chervenkov" title="Valko Chervenkov">Valko Chervenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klement_Gottwald" title="Klement Gottwald">Klement Gottwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaysone_Phomvihane" title="Kaysone Phomvihane">Kaysone Phomvihane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Bakdash" title="Khalid Bakdash">Khalid Bakdash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikos_Zachariadis" title="Nikos Zachariadis">Nikos Zachariadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agostinho_Neto" title="Agostinho Neto">Agostinho Neto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BAcio_Lara" title="Lúcio Lara">Lúcio Lara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chin_Peng" title="Chin Peng">Chin Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardial_Bains" title="Hardial Bains">Hardial Bains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanz%C5%8D_Nosaka" title="Sanzō Nosaka">Sanzō Nosaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gust%C3%A1v_Hus%C3%A1k" title="Gustáv Husák">Gustáv Husák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r" title="János Kádár">János Kádár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Władysław Gomułka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samora_Machel" title="Samora Machel">Samora Machel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Thomas Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathieu_K%C3%A9r%C3%A9kou" title="Mathieu Kérékou">Mathieu Kérékou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Siad Barre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_Muhammad_Taraki" title="Nur Muhammad Taraki">Nur Muhammad Taraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Cano" title="Alfonso Cano">Alfonso Cano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohana_Wijeweera" title="Rohana Wijeweera">Rohana Wijeweera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Gus Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Pollitt" title="Harry Pollitt">Harry Pollitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpal_Brar" title="Harpal Brar">Harpal Brar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Gennady Zyuganov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todor_Zhivkov" title="Todor Zhivkov">Todor Zhivkov</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Leninism" title="Foundations of Leninism">Foundations of Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_and_Historical_Materialism" title="Dialectical and Historical Materialism">Dialectical and Historical Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(Bolsheviks)" title="History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)">The History of the Communist Party<br />of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Problems_of_Socialism_in_the_USSR" title="Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR">Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Critique_of_Soviet_Economics" title="A Critique of Soviet Economics">A Critique of Soviet Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentals_of_Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism">Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_Warfare_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla Warfare (book)">Guerrilla Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quotations_from_Chairman_Mao_Tse-tung" title="Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung">Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Ho_Chi_Minh%27s_Testament" title="President Ho Chi Minh's Testament">President Ho Chi Minh's Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Governance_of_China" title="The Governance of China">The Governance of China</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">1927–1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1953%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1953–1964)">1953–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1964%E2%80%931982)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982)">1964–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1982%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)">1982–1991</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Break_(USSR)" title="Great Break (USSR)">Great Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Industrialization in the Soviet Union">Industrialization in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War_(term)" title="Great Patriotic War (term)">Great Patriotic War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of the People's Republic of China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%931976)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)">1949–1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1976%E2%80%931989)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1976–1989)">1976–1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1989%E2%80%932002)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1989–2002)">1989–2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (2002–present)">2002–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-Stalinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Black power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By country</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li>Cambodia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">1975–79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">1979–92</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic" title="Czech Socialist Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Slovak Socialist Republic">Slovakia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Revolutionary Government">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Comintern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="Communist Party of Cuba">Communist Party of Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">Communist Party of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea" title="Communist Party of Kampuchea">Communist Party of Kampuchea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">Communist Party of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochinese_Communist_Party" title="Indochinese Communist Party">Indochinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_People%27s_Party#Forerunner_organizations_and_early_history" title="Cambodian People's Party">Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Lao People's Revolutionary Party">Lao People's Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Communist_Party" title="Nepal Communist Party">Nepal Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" title="Party of Labour of Albania">Party of Labour of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front" title="Sandinista National Liberation Front">Sandinista National Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Mass killings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity_under_communist_regimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimes against humanity under communist regimes">Crimes against humanity<br />under communist regimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communist party rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_schools_of_thought" title="Marxist schools of thought">Marxist schools of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_class" title="New class">New class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-communism" title="Post-communism">Post-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">State socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">State ideology of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">State ideology of the 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Marxism" title="Category:Marxism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marx_Engels_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels"><img alt="Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marx_Engels_icon.svg/75px-Marx_Engels_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marx_Engels_icon.svg/113px-Marx_Engels_icon.svg.png 1.5x, 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Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eighteenth_Brumaire_of_Louis_Bonaparte" title="The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte">The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundrisse" title="Grundrisse">Grundrisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_the_Gotha_Programme" title="Critique of the Gotha Programme">Critique of the Gotha Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectics_of_Nature" title="Dialectics of Nature">Dialectics of Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property_and_the_State" title="The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State">The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_Is_to_Be_Done%3F" title="What Is to Be Done?">What Is to Be Done?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Accumulation_of_Capital" title="The Accumulation of Capital">The Accumulation of Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Notebooks" title="Philosophical Notebooks">Philosophical Notebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_Communism" title="Terrorism and Communism">Terrorism and Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_State_and_Revolution" title="The State and Revolution">The State and Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essays_on_Marx%27s_Theory_of_Value" title="Essays on Marx's Theory of Value">Essays on Marx's Theory of Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_and_Class_Consciousness" title="History and Class Consciousness">History and Class Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Notebooks" title="Prison Notebooks">Prison Notebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Jacobins" title="The Black Jacobins">The Black Jacobins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Practice" title="On Practice">On Practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theses_on_the_Philosophy_of_History" title="Theses on the Philosophy of History">Theses on the Philosophy of History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectic_of_Enlightenment" title="Dialectic of Enlightenment">Dialectic of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Critique_of_Soviet_Economics" title="A Critique of Soviet Economics">A Critique of Soviet Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Long_Revolution" title="The Long Revolution">The Long Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_Warfare_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla Warfare (book)">Guerrilla Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wretched_of_the_Earth" title="The Wretched of the Earth">The Wretched of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_Capital" title="Reading Capital">Reading Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedagogy_of_the_Oppressed" title="Pedagogy of the Oppressed">Pedagogy of the Oppressed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_and_Ideological_State_Apparatuses" title="Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses">Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ways_of_Seeing" title="Ways of Seeing">Ways of Seeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_Europe_Underdeveloped_Africa" title="How Europe Underdeveloped Africa">How Europe Underdeveloped Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Justice_and_the_City" title="Social Justice and the City">Social Justice and the City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women,_Race_and_Class" title="Women, Race and Class">Women, Race and Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_the_Oppression_of_Women" title="Marxism and the Oppression of Women">Marxism and the Oppression of Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_Communities" title="Imagined Communities">Imagined Communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony_and_Socialist_Strategy" title="Hegemony and Socialist Strategy">Hegemony and Socialist Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sublime_Object_of_Ideology" title="The Sublime Object of Ideology">The Sublime Object of Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time,_Labor_and_Social_Domination" title="Time, Labor and Social Domination">Time, Labor and Social Domination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Extremes" title="The Age of Extremes">The Age of Extremes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_Capitalism" title="The Origin of Capitalism">The Origin of Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_(Hardt_and_Negri_book)" title="Empire (Hardt and Negri book)">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Victorian_Holocausts" title="Late Victorian Holocausts">Late Victorian Holocausts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_the_World_Without_Taking_Power" title="Change the World Without Taking Power">Change the World Without Taking Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliban_and_the_Witch" title="Caliban and the Witch">Caliban and the Witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Introduction_to_the_Three_Volumes_of_Karl_Marx%27s_Capital" title="An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital">An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_Realism" title="Capitalist Realism">Capitalist Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_in_the_Anthropocene" title="Capital in the Anthropocene">Capital in the Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towards_Socialism_or_Capitalism%3F" title="Towards Socialism or Capitalism?">Towards Socialism or Capitalism?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_Betrayed" title="The Revolution Betrayed">The Revolution Betrayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_and_Revolution" title="Literature and Revolution">Literature and Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Struggle_Against_Fascism_in_Germany" title="The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany">The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Their_Morals_and_Ours:_The_class_foundations_of_moral_practice" title="Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice">Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Philosophy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">Alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism">Dialectical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology#Marxist_interpretation" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy_of_nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist philosophy of nature">Philosophy of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Philosophy in the Soviet Union">Philosophy in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_ethics" title="Marxist ethics">Marxist ethics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_(Marxism)" title="Capital (Marxism)">Capital</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">accumulation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_theory" title="Crisis theory">Crisis theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_(Marxism)" title="Commodity (Marxism)">Commodity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_labour_and_concrete_labour" title="Abstract labour and concrete labour">Concrete and abstract labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factors_of_production#Marxism" title="Factors of production">Factors of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendency_of_the_rate_of_profit_to_fall" title="Tendency of the rate of profit to fall">Falling profit-rate tendency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">Means of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">Mode of production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">Capitalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productive_forces" title="Productive forces">Productive forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surplus_product" title="Surplus product">Surplus product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_necessary_labour_time" title="Socially necessary labour time">Socially necessary labour time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value-form" title="Value-form">Value-form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">Wage labour</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Sociology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Base_and_superstructure" title="Base and superstructure">Base and superstructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie#Marxist_theory" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_class_theory" title="Marxian class theory">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_fetishism" title="Commodity fetishism">Commodity fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">Cultural hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Marxism" title="Democracy in Marxism">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_democracy" title="Radical democracy">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour#Marxist_theory" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_consciousness" title="False consciousness">False consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_human_nature" title="Marx's theory of human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immiseration_thesis" title="Immiseration thesis">Immiseration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_imperialism#Marx" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_rift" title="Metabolic rift">Metabolic rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_of_production" title="Relations of production">Relations of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_the_state" title="Marx's theory of the state">State theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">Working class</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_determinism" title="Historical determinism">Historical determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">Proletarian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_historical_trajectory" title="Theory of historical trajectory">Theory of historical trajectory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Aspects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_aesthetics" title="Marxist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_archaeology" title="Marxist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_criminology" title="Marxist criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_cultural_analysis" title="Marxist cultural analysis">Cultural analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_ethics" title="Marxist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_film_theory" title="Marxist film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_geography" title="Marxist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_historiography" title="Marxist historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_literary_criticism" title="Marxist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_religion" title="Marxism and religion">Marxism and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Common variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.2em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/Structural_Marxism" title="Structural Marxism">Structural</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Gramscianism" title="Neo-Gramscianism">Neo-Gramscianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_school" title="Regulation school">Regulation school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism%E2%80%93Third_Worldism" title="Maoism–Third Worldism">Third-worldist</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.2em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/History_and_Class_Consciousness#Summary" title="History and Class Consciousness">Hegelian</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Humanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Marx-Lekt%C3%BCre" title="Neue Marx-Lektüre">Neue Marx-Lektüre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Marxism" title="Open Marxism">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Marxism" title="Political Marxism">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_School" title="Praxis School">Praxis School</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.2em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Both</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_radical_tradition" title="Black radical tradition">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Marxism" title="Classical Marxism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxism" title="Neo-Marxism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Marxism" title="Post-Marxism">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_schools_of_thought" title="Marxist schools of thought">Other variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Marxism" title="Analytical Marxism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austromarxism" title="Austromarxism">Austromarxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Marxism" title="Centrist Marxism">Centrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_Marxism" title="Instrumental Marxism">Instrumental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism">Nkrumaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Situationist">Situationist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wertkritik" class="mw-redirect" title="Wertkritik">Wertkritik</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_contributors_to_Marxist_theory" title="List of contributors to Marxist theory">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Lafargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaak_Illich_Rubin" title="Isaak Illich Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Liebknecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Kollontai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bogdanov" title="Alexander Bogdanov">Bogdanov</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Grossman" title="Henryk Grossman">Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Zinoviev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bloch" title="Ernst Bloch">Bloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Korsch" title="Karl Korsch">Korsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge">Serge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirsaid_Sultan-Galiev" title="Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev">Galiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Pashukanis" title="Evgeny Pashukanis">Pashukanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Bordiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_Mari%C3%A1tegui" title="José Carlos Mariátegui">Mariátegui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Horkheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Palme_Dutt" title="R. Palme Dutt">Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kalecki" title="Michał Kalecki">Kalecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cox" title="Oliver Cox">Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">Padmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Deutscher" title="Isaac Deutscher">Deutscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sweezy" title="Paul Sweezy">Sweezy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arghiri_Emmanuel" title="Arghiri Emmanuel">Emmanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hill_(historian)" title="Christopher Hill (historian)">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bettelheim" title="Charles Bettelheim">Bettelheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Draper" title="Hal Draper">Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Jones" title="Claudia Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Hinton" title="William H. Hinton">Hinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Freire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalavaner_Sivanandan" title="Ambalavaner Sivanandan">Sivanandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Miliband" title="Ralph Miliband">Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%ADlcar_Cabral" title="Amílcar Cabral">Cabral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Kos%C3%ADk" title="Karel Kosík">Kosik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Berger" title="John Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Liebman" title="Marcel Liebman">Liebman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Heller" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnes Heller">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros_(philosopher)" title="István Mészáros (philosopher)">Mészáros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Connor_(academic)" title="James O'Connor (academic)">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Wallerstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mies" title="Maria Mies">Mies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Tronti" title="Mario Tronti">Tronti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Nairn" title="Tom Nairn">Nairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Parenti" title="Michael Parenti">Parenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Gonzalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Dussel" title="Enrique Dussel">Dussel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bahro" title="Rudolf Bahro">Bahro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicos_Poulantzas" title="Nicos Poulantzas">Poulantzas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianni_Vattimo" title="Gianni Vattimo">Vattimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marta_Harnecker" title="Marta Harnecker">Harnecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmar_Altvater" title="Elmar Altvater">Altvater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Anderson" title="Perry Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_L%C3%B6wy" title="Michael Löwy">Löwy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lise_Vogel" title="Lise Vogel">Vogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Sison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Easthope" title="Antony Easthope">Easthope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Berman" title="Marshall Berman">Berman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Przeworski" title="Adam Przeworski">Przeworski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._A._Cohen" title="G. A. Cohen">Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ran_Therborn" title="Göran Therborn">Therborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Losurdo" title="Domenico Losurdo">Losurdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Ture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moishe_Postone" title="Moishe Postone">Postone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rodney" title="Walter Rodney">Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himani_Bannerji" title="Himani Bannerji">Bannerji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Chakravorty_Spivak" title="Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak">Spivak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlers:_The_Mythology_of_the_White_Proletariat" title="Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat">Sakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Meiksins_Wood" title="Ellen Meiksins Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvia_Federici" title="Silvia Federici">Federici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. Wolff">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Balibar" title="Étienne Balibar">Balibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Eagleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kurz" title="Robert Kurz">Kurz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Hartsock" title="Nancy Hartsock">Hartsock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Rowbotham" title="Sheila Rowbotham">Rowbotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Geras" title="Norman Geras">Geras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brenner" title="Robert Brenner">Brenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doreen_Massey_(geographer)" title="Doreen Massey (geographer)">Massey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Cleaver" title="Harry Cleaver">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bishop" title="Maurice Bishop">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Haraway" title="Donna Haraway">Haraway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Panitch" title="Leo Panitch">Panitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Clarke_(sociologist)" title="Simon Clarke (sociologist)">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Jessop" title="Bob Jessop">Jessop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Davis_(scholar)" title="Mike Davis (scholar)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Olin_Wright" title="Erik Olin Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Fraser" title="Nancy Fraser">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Burawoy" title="Michael Burawoy">Burawoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holloway_(sociologist)" title="John Holloway (sociologist)">Holloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Rose" title="Gillian Rose">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Screpanti" title="Ernesto Screpanti">Screpanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1sp%C3%A1r_Mikl%C3%B3s_Tam%C3%A1s" title="Gáspár Miklós Tamás">Tamás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Cano" title="Alfonso Cano">Cano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Berardi" title="Franco Berardi">Berardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Hennessy" title="Rosemary Hennessy">Hennessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDonnell" title="John McDonnell">McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costas_Douzinas" title="Costas Douzinas">Douzinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Roediger" title="David Roediger">Roediger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bellamy_Foster" title="John Bellamy Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradha_Ghandy" title="Anuradha Ghandy">Ghandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Heinrich" title="Michael Heinrich">Heinrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Prashad" title="Vijay Prashad">Prashad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Kelley" title="Robin Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Lordon" title="Frédéric Lordon">Lordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Garc%C3%ADa_Linera" title="Álvaro García Linera">Linera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Minqi" title="Li Minqi">Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Coulthard" title="Glen Coulthard">Coulthard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Malm" title="Andreas Malm">Malm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Seymour_(21st-century_writer)" title="Richard Seymour (21st-century writer)">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Toscano" title="Alberto Toscano">Toscano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithi_Bhattacharya" title="Tithi Bhattacharya">Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Moufawad-Paul" title="J. Moufawad-Paul">Moufawad-Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Srnicek" title="Nick Srnicek">Srnicek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sre%C4%87ko_Horvat" title="Srećko Horvat">Horvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agon_Hamza" title="Agon Hamza">Hamza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohei_Saito" title="Kohei Saito">Saito</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Journals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipode_(journal)" title="Antipode (journal)">Antipode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_%26_Class" title="Capital & Class">Capital & Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism_Nature_Socialism" title="Capitalism Nature Socialism">Capitalism Nature Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellations_(journal)" title="Constellations (journal)">Constellations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique:_Journal_of_Socialist_Theory" title="Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory">Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Materialism_(journal)" title="Historical Materialism (journal)">Historical Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediations_(journal)" title="Mediations (journal)">Mediations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_%26_Class" title="Race & Class">Race & Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rethinking_Marxism" title="Rethinking Marxism">Rethinking Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_%26_Society" title="Science & Society">Science & Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Register" title="Socialist Register">Socialist Register</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_communist_theorists" title="21st-century communist theorists">21st-century communist theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_destruction" title="Creative destruction">Creative destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict theory">Conflict theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Marxism" title="Criticism of Marxism">Criticism of Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a 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plainlist" style="line-height:1.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Marxism" title="Outline of Marxism">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Stalinism" title="Category:Stalinism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marx_-_Engels_-_Lenin_-_Stalin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Marx_-_Engels_-_Lenin_-_Stalin.svg/100px-Marx_-_Engels_-_Lenin_-_Stalin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Marx_-_Engels_-_Lenin_-_Stalin.svg/150px-Marx_-_Engels_-_Lenin_-_Stalin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Marx_-_Engels_-_Lenin_-_Stalin.svg/200px-Marx_-_Engels_-_Lenin_-_Stalin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intensification_of_the_class_struggle_under_socialism" title="Intensification of the class struggle under socialism">Aggravation of class struggle under socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionism">Anti-revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Joseph Stalin's cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Break_(USSR)" title="Great Break (USSR)">Great Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korenizatsiia" title="Korenizatsiia">Korenizatsiia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Soviet_man" title="New Soviet man">New Soviet man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">Popular front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-criticism_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-criticism (Marxism–Leninism)">Self-criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">Socialism in one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_socialist_patriotism" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet socialist patriotism">Soviet socialist patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stakhanovite_movement" title="Stakhanovite movement">Stakhanovite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plan_for_the_Transformation_of_Nature" title="Great Plan for the Transformation of Nature">Transformation of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemelyan_Yaroslavsky" title="Yemelyan Yaroslavsky">Yemelyan Yaroslavsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">William Z. Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov" title="Georgi Dimitrov">Georgi Dimitrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Ernst Thälmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergo_Ordzhonikidze" title="Sergo Ordzhonikidze">Sergo Ordzhonikidze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Kuybyshev" title="Valerian Kuybyshev">Valerian Kuybyshev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Pollitt" title="Harry Pollitt">Harry Pollitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Mátyás Rákosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan" title="Khorloogiin Choibalsan">Khorloogiin Choibalsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Zhdanov" title="Andrei Zhdanov">Andrei Zhdanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valko_Chervenkov" title="Valko Chervenkov">Valko Chervenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikos_Zachariadis" title="Nikos Zachariadis">Nikos Zachariadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ochab" title="Edward Ochab">Edward Ochab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C5%9Fescu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolae Ceauşescu">Nicolae Ceauşescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kryuchkov" title="Vladimir Kryuchkov">Vladimir Kryuchkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Andreyeva" title="Nina Andreyeva">Nina Andreyeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Gennady Zyuganov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Aleksandr Dugin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Leninism" title="Foundations of Leninism">Foundations of Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)">The History of the Communist Party<br />of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_and_Historical_Materialism" title="Dialectical and Historical Materialism">Dialectical and Historical Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Problems_of_Socialism_in_the_USSR" title="Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR">Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentals_of_Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism">Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">1927–1953</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_five-year_plan_(Soviet_Union)" title="First five-year plan (Soviet Union)">First five-year plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Break_(USSR)" title="Great Break (USSR)">Great Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivisation in the Soviet Union">Collectivisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialisation in the Soviet Union">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_trials" title="Moscow trials">Moscow trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_atomic_bomb_project" title="Soviet atomic bomb project">Soviet atomic bomb project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Joseph_Stalin" title="Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin">Death and funeral of Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-Stalinization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th Congress of the Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev 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V. Limonov">The Other Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Bloc_%E2%80%94_For_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin Bloc — For the USSR">Stalin Bloc — For the USSR</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinist left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-Stalinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Joseph_Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of Joseph Stalin">Rise of Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_and_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin and antisemitism">Stalin and antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">Stalin era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Society" title="Stalin Society">Stalin Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_agitation" title="Anti-Soviet agitation">Anti-Soviet agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">Authoritarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Nazism_and_Stalinism" title="Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism">Comparison to Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">National communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino–Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Soviet–Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #CC0000; border-bottom solid #CC0000;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stalinism_sidebar" title="Template:Stalinism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stalinism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Stalinism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stalinism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stalinism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bolshevism</b> (derived from <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolshevik</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">revolutionary socialist</a> current of Soviet <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninist</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a> political thought and political regime associated with the formation of a rigidly centralized, cohesive and disciplined party of social revolution, focused on overthrowing the existing <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist</a> state system, seizing power and establishing the "<a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tarasov_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tarasov-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bolshevism originated at the beginning of the 20th century in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> and was associated with the activities of the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolshevik</a> faction within the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, Bolshevism's main theorist. Other theoreticians included <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yevgeni_Preobrazhensky" title="Yevgeni Preobrazhensky">Yevgeni Preobrazhensky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tarasov_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tarasov-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Bolshevism was based on Marxist philosophy, it also absorbed elements of the ideology and practice of the socialist revolutionaries of the second half of the 19th century (<a href="/wiki/Sergey_Nechayev" title="Sergey Nechayev">Sergey Nechaev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Tkachev" title="Pyotr Tkachev">Pyotr Tkachev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Chernyshevsky" title="Nikolay Chernyshevsky">Nikolay Chernyshevsky</a>) and was influenced by Russian <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialism" title="Agrarian socialism">agrarian socialist</a> movements like the <a href="/wiki/Narodniks" title="Narodniks">Narodniks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsipov2004–2017_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsipov2004–2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZevelevSviridenkoShelokhaev2000_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZevelevSviridenkoShelokhaev2000-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1917, the Bolshevik Party won a majority in the revolutionary workers' councils (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">soviets</a>) which had been formed throughout Russia following the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a>. It subsequently organized the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, which overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Provisional Government</a> and replaced it with a state power under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">soviets</a>, led by the Bolsheviks along with other left-wing socialists. </p><p>Some researchers<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attribute to Bolshevik theory the program of Joseph Stalin, who headed the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">All–Union Communist Party</a> (Bolsheviks) and at the same time possessed full state power in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. However, others (both Stalin's contemporaries and later) do not confuse "Bolshevism" and "<a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a>" proper, considering them to be multidirectional (revolutionary and <a href="/wiki/Thermidorians" title="Thermidorians">thermidorian</a>) phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The expression "Bolshevism", and later "Communism", has become established in Western historiography in the sense of a certain set of features of Soviet power in a certain political period. At present, the name "Bolsheviks" is actively used by various groups of <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyists</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concepts">Concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolshevism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolshevism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dictatorship of the proletariat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ; color: #202122;background-color: ivory;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Either the dictatorship of the landowners and capitalists, or the dictatorship of the proletariat [...] There is no middle course [...] There is no middle course anywhere in the world, nor can there be. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Lenin, claiming that people had only two choices; a choice between two different, but distinct class dictatorships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996154–155_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996154–155-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>Lenin, according to his interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_the_state" title="Marx's theory of the state">Marx's theory of the state</a>, believed <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> to be unattainable anywhere in the world before the proletariat seized power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996154–155_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996154–155-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Marxist theory, the state is a vehicle for oppression and is headed by a <a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">ruling class</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996154–155_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996154–155-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an "organ of class rule".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed that during his lifetime, the only viable solution was dictatorship since the war was heading into a final conflict between the "progressive forces of socialism and the degenerate forces of capitalism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996155_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996155-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Russian Revolution of 1917</a> was already a failure according to its original aim, which was to act as an inspiration for a world revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996155_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996155-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the initial <a href="/wiki/Anti-statist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-statist">anti-statist</a> posture and the active campaigning for <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a> was replaced with dictatorship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996155_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996155-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the perspective of the Bolsheviks, the rationale for this change was Russia's lack of development, its status as the sole socialist state in the world, its encirclement by imperialist powers, and its internal encirclement by the peasantry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996156_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996156-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marx, similar to Lenin, considered it fundamentally irrelevant whether a bourgeois state was ruled according to a <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentarian</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutionally monarchic</a> political system because this did not change the <a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">mode of production</a> itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996155–156_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996155–156-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These systems, regardless of whether they are ruled by an oligarchy or by mass participation, were ultimately all a <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_bourgeoisie" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictatorship of the bourgeoisie">dictatorship of the bourgeoisie</a> by definition because the bourgeoisie, by the very condition of their class and its interests, would promote and implement policies in their class interests and thus in defense of capitalism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996157–158_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996157–158-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a difference, though; Lenin, after <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%9323" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions of 1917–23">the failures of the world revolutions</a>, argued that this did not necessarily have to change under the dictatorship of the proletariat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996158_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996158-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reasoning came from wholly practical considerations: the majority of the country's inhabitants were not communists and the party could not introduce parliamentary democracy since that was inconsistent with their ideology and would lead to the party losing power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996158_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996158-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He therefore concluded that "[t]he form of government has absolutely nothing to do with" the nature of the dictatorship of the proletariat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996158_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996158-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bukharin and Trotsky agreed with Lenin, both claiming that the revolution had only destroyed the old, but failing completely in creating anything sort of new.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996158–159_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996158–159-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lenin had now concluded that the dictatorship of the proletariat would not alter the relationship of power between persons, but rather "transform their productive relations so that, in the long run, the realm of necessity could be overcome and, with that, genuine social freedom realised".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996159_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996159-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was in the period of 1920–1921 that Soviet leaders and ideologists began differentiating between socialism and communism; hitherto the two terms had been used to describe similar conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996159_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996159-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From then, the two terms developed separate meanings. According to Soviet ideology, Russia was in the transition from capitalism to socialism (referred to interchangeably under Lenin as the dictatorship of the proletariat), socialism being the intermediate stage to communism, with the latter being the final stage which follows after socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996159_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996159-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By now, the party leaders believed that universal mass participation and true democracy could only take form in the last stage, if only because of Russia's current conditions at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996159_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996159-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:25em; ; color: #202122;background-color: ivory;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>[Because] the proletariat is still so divided, so degraded, so corrupted in parts [...] that an organization taking in the whole proletariat cannot directly exercise proletarian dictatorship. It can be exercised only by a vanguard that has absorbed the revolutionary energy of the class. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— Lenin, explaining the increasingly dictatorial nature of the regime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996161_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996161-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>In early Bolshevik discourse, the term "dictatorship of the proletariat" was of little significance; the few times it was mentioned, it was likened to the form of government which had existed in the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996159_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996159-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> and the social and material devastation that followed, however, its meaning was transformed from communal democracy to disciplined totalitarian rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996160_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996160-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By now, Lenin had concluded that only a proletarian regime as oppressive as its opponents could survive in this world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996160–161_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996160–161-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The powers previously bestowed upon the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">soviets</a> were now given to the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars" title="Council of People's Commissars">Council of People's Commissars</a>; the central government was in turn to be governed by "an army of steeled revolutionary Communists [by Communists he referred to the Party]".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996161_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996161-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter to <a href="/wiki/Gavril_Myasnikov" title="Gavril Myasnikov">Gavril Myasnikov</a>, Lenin in late 1920 explained his new reinterpretation of the term "dictatorship of the proletariat";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996162_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996162-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Dictatorship means nothing more nor less than authority untrammelled by any laws, absolutely unrestricted by any rules whatever, and based directly on force. The term 'dictatorship' <i>has no other meaning but this</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996162_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996162-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Lenin justified these policies by claiming that all states were class states by nature, and that these states were maintained through <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996162_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996162-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This meant that the dictatorship of the proletariat in the Soviet Union could only be "won and maintained by the use of violence against the bourgeoisie".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996162_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996162-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main problem with this analysis is that the Party came to view anyone opposing or holding alternate views of the party as bourgeoisie.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996162_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996162-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The worst enemy remained the moderates, however, which were "objectively" considered to be "the real agents of the bourgeoisie in the working class movement, the labour lieutenants of the capitalist class".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996162–163_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996162–163-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Consequently, "bourgeoisie" became synonymous with "opponent" and with people who disagreed with the party in general.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996163_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996163-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These oppressive measures led to another reinterpretation of the dictatorship of the proletariat and socialism in general; it was now defined as a purely economic system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996165_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996165-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slogans and theoretical works about democratic mass participation and collective decision-making were now replaced with texts which supported authoritarian management.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996165_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996165-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considering the situation, the party believed it had to use the same powers as the bourgeoisie to transform Russia, for there was no other alternative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996165–166_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996165–166-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lenin began arguing that the proletariat, similar to the bourgeoisie, did not have a single preference for a form of government, and because of that dictatorship was acceptable to both the party and the proletariat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996166_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996166-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a meeting with party officials, Lenin stated—in line with his economist view of socialism—that "[i]ndustry is indispensable, democracy is not", further arguing that "we do not promise any democracy or any freedom".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996166_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996166-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolshevism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Anti-imperialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ; color: #202122;background-color: ivory;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Imperialism is capitalism at a stage of development at which the dominance of monopolies and finance-capital is established; in which the export of capital has acquired pronounced importance; in which the division of the world among the international trusts has begun; in which the divisions of all territories of the globe among the biggest capitalist powers has been completed. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Lenin, citing the main features of capitalism in the age of imperialism in <i>Imperialism: the Highest Stage of Capitalism</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995352_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995352-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>The Marxist theory on imperialism was conceived by Lenin in his book, <i><a href="/wiki/Imperialism:_the_Highest_Stage_of_Capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperialism: the Highest Stage of Capitalism">Imperialism: the Highest Stage of Capitalism</a></i> (published in 1917).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995339_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995339-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was written in response to the theoretical crisis within Marxist thought, which occurred due to capitalism's recovery in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995339_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995339-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Lenin, imperialism was a specific stage of development of capitalism; a stage he referred to as <a href="/wiki/State_monopoly_capitalism" title="State monopoly capitalism">state monopoly capitalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995339_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995339-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Marxist movement was split on how to solve capitalism's resurgence and revitalisation after the great depression of the late-19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995344–347_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995344–347-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Eduard Bernstein</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> (SDP), considered capitalism' revitalisation as proof that capitalism was evolving into a more humane system, further adding that the basic aims of socialists were not to overthrow the state, but rather to take power through elections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995344–347_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995344–347-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a>, from the SDP, held a highly <a href="/wiki/Dogmatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogmatism">dogmatic</a> view, claiming that there was no crisis within Marxist theory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995344–347_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995344–347-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both of them, however, denied or belittled the role of class contradictions in society after the crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995344–347_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995344–347-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, Lenin believed that capitalism' resurgence was the beginning of a new phase of capitalism; this stage being created because of a strengthening of class contradiction, not because of its reduction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995344–347_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995344–347-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lenin did not know when the imperialist stage of capitalism began, and claimed it would be foolish to look for a specific year, however he did assert it began at the beginning of the 20th century (at least in Europe).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995352_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995352-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lenin believed that the economic crisis of 1900 accelerated and intensified the concentration of industry and banking, which led to the transformation of the finance capital connection to industry into the monopoly of large banks."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995353_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995353-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Imperialism: the Highest Stage of Capitalism</i>, Lenin wrote; "the twentieth century marks the turning-point from the old capitalism to the new, from the domination of capital in general to the domination of finance capital."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995353_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995353-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lenin's defines imperialism as the monopoly stage of capitalism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995354_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995354-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite radical anti-imperialism being an original core value of Bolshevism, the Soviet Union from 1939 onward was widely viewed as a <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> imperial power whose ideology could not allow it to admit its own imperialism. Through the Soviet ideological viewpoint, pro-Soviet factions in each country were the only legitimate voice of "the people" regardless of whether they were minority factions. All other factions were simply class enemies of "the people", inherently illegitimate rulers regardless of whether they were majority factions. Thus, in this view, any country that became Soviet or a Soviet ally naturally did so via a legitimate voluntary desire, even if the requesters needed Soviet help to accomplish it. The principal examples were the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Soviet invasion of Finland</a> yielding the annexation of Finnish parts of <a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Soviet occupation of the Baltic states</a>, and the postwar de facto dominance over the <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">satellite states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> under a pretense of total independence. In the <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet era</a> even many Ukrainians, Georgians, and Armenians feel that their countries were forcibly annexed by the Bolsheviks, but this has been a problematic view because the pro-Soviet factions in these societies were once sizable as well. Each faction felt that the other did not represent the <a href="/wiki/No_true_Scotsman" title="No true Scotsman">true</a> national interest. This <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a>–like paradox has been seen in the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation</a>, as pro-Russian Crimeans have been viewed as illegitimate by pro-Ukrainian Crimeans, and vice versa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peaceful_coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolshevism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Peaceful coexistence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ; color: #202122;background-color: ivory;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>The loss by imperialism of its dominating role in world affairs and the utmost expansion of the sphere in which the laws of socialist foreign policy operate are a distinctive feature of the present stage of social development. The main direction of this development is toward even greater changes in the correlation of forces in the world arena in favour of socialism." </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Inozemtsev" title="Nikolay Inozemtsev">Nikolay Inozemtsev</a>, a Soviet foreign policy analyst, referring to series of events (which he believed) would lead to the ultimate victory of socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans199372_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans199372-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>"Peaceful coexistence" was an ideological concept introduced under Khrushchev's rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans199371_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans199371-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the concept has been interpreted by fellow communists as proposing an end to the conflict between the systems of capitalism and socialism, Khrushchev saw it instead as a continuation of the conflict in every area with the exception in the military field.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans199371–72_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans199371–72-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept claimed that the two systems were developed "by way of diametrically opposed laws", which led to "opposite principles in foreign policy."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans199372_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans199372-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept was steeped in Leninist and Stalinist thought.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans199372_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans199372-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lenin believed that international politics were dominated by <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a>, and Stalin stressed in the 1940s the growing <a href="/wiki/Polarization_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarization (politics)">polarization</a> which was occurring in the capitalist and socialist systems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans199372_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans199372-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khrushchev's peaceful coexistence was based on practical changes which had occurred; he accused the old "two camp" theory of neglecting the <a href="/wiki/Non-aligned_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-aligned movement">non-aligned movement</a> and the national <a href="/wiki/Liberation_movement" title="Liberation movement">liberation movements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans199372_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans199372-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khrushchev considered these "grey areas", in which the conflict between capitalism and socialism would be fought.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans199372_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans199372-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He still stressed that the main contradiction in international relations were those of capitalism and socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans199372_30-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans199372-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet Government under Khrushchev stressed the importance of peaceful coexistence, claiming it had to form the basis of Soviet foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans199372_30-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans199372-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Failure to do, they believed, would lead to <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear conflict">nuclear conflict</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans199372_30-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans199372-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, Soviet theorists still considered peaceful coexistence as a continuation of the class struggle between the capitalist and socialist worlds, just not one based on armed conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans199372_30-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans199372-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khrushchev believed that the conflict, in its current phase, was mainly economical.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans199372_30-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans199372-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The emphasis on peaceful coexistence did not mean that the Soviet Union accepted a static world, with clear lines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans199372_30-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans199372-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They continued to uphold the creed that socialism was inevitable, and they sincerely believed that the world had reached a stage in which the "correlations of forces" were moving towards socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans199372_30-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans199372-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, with the establishment of socialist regimes in Eastern Europe and Asia, Soviet foreign policy-planners believed that capitalism had lost its dominance as an economic system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans199372_30-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans199372-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socialism_in_one_country">Socialism in one country</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolshevism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Socialism in one country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">Socialism in one country</a></div> <p>The concept of "socialism in one country" was conceived by Stalin in his struggle against <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> and his concept of <a href="/wiki/Permanent_revolution" title="Permanent revolution">permanent revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003126_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003126-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1924, Trotsky published his pamphlet <i><a href="/wiki/Lessons_of_October" title="Lessons of October">Lessons of October</a></i> in which he stated that socialism in the Soviet Union would fail because of the backward state of economic development unless a <a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">world revolution</a> began.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003126_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003126-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stalin responded to Trotsky's pamphlet with his article, "<a href="/w/index.php?title=October_and_Comrade_Trotsky%27s_Theory_of_Permanent_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="October and Comrade Trotsky's Theory of Permanent Revolution (page does not exist)">October and Comrade Trotsky's Theory of Permanent Revolution</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003127_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003127-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In it, Stalin stated, that he did not believe an inevitable conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">working class</a> and the peasants would take place, further adding that "socialism in one country is completely possible and probable".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003127_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003127-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stalin held the view common amongst most Bolsheviks at the time; there was possibility of real success for socialism in the Soviet Union despite the country's backwardness and international isolation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003127_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003127-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <a href="/wiki/Grigoriy_Zinoviev" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigoriy Zinoviev">Grigoriy Zinoviev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a>, together with Stalin, opposed Trotsky's theory of permanent revolution, they diverged on how socialism could be built.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003127_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003127-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Bukharin, Zinoviev and Kamenev supported the resolution of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=14th_Conference_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14th Conference of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (page does not exist)">14th Conference</a> (held in 1925) which stated that "we cannot complete the building of socialism due to our technological backwardness."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003127_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003127-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the rather cynical attitude, Zinoviev and Kamenev did believe that a defective form of socialism could be constructed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003127_34-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003127-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the 14th Conference, Stalin reiterated his position, claiming that socialism in one country was feasible despite the capitalist blockade of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003128_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003128-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the conference, Stalin wrote "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Concerning_the_Results_of_the_XIV_Conference_of_the_RCP(b)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Concerning the Results of the XIV Conference of the RCP(b) (page does not exist)">Concerning the Results of the XIV Conference of the RCP(b)</a>", in which he stated that the peasantry would not turn against the socialist system because he believed they had a self-interest in preserving.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003128_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003128-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The contradictions which would arise with the peasantry during the socialist transition, Stalin surmised, could "be overcome by our own efforts".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003128_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003128-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He concluded that the only viable threat to socialism in the Soviet Union was a military intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003129_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003129-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 1925, Stalin received a letter from a party official which stated that his position of "Socialism in One Country" was in contradiction with <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> own writings on the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003129_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003129-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stalin countered, stating that Engels' writings 'reflected' "the era of pre-monopoly capitalism, the pre-imperialist era when there were not yet the conditions of an uneven, abrupt development of the capitalist countries."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003129_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003129-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1925 onwards, Bukharin began writing extensively on the subject, and in 1926, Stalin wrote <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_Questions_of_Leninism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="On Questions of Leninism (page does not exist)">On Questions of Leninism</a></i>, which contained his best-known writings on the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003129_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003129-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trotsky, with the publishing of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leninism_(book)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leninism (book) (page does not exist)">Leninism</a></i>, began countering Bukharin's and Stalin's arguments, claiming that socialism in one country was possible, but only in the short-run, and claimed that without a <a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">world revolution</a> it would be impossible to safeguard the Soviet Union from the "restoration of <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> relations".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003129_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003129-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zinoviev on the other hand, disagreed with both Trotsky and Bukharin and Stalin, holding instead steadfast to Lenin's own position from 1917 to 1922, and continued to claim that only a defecting form of socialism could be constructed in the Soviet Union without a world revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003129–130_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003129–130-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bukharin, by now, began arguing for the creation of an <a href="/wiki/Autarkic" class="mw-redirect" title="Autarkic">autarkic</a> economic model, while Trotsky, in contrast, claimed that the Soviet Union had to participate in the <a href="/wiki/International_division_of_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="International division of labour">international division of labour</a> to develop.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003130_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003130-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to Trotsky and Bukharin, Stalin did not believe a world revolution was possible, claiming in 1938 that a world revolution was in fact impossible, and claiming that Engels was wrong on the matter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003133_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003133-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th Congress</a>, Stalin took the theory to its inevitable conclusion, claiming that the <a href="/wiki/Pure_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure communism">communist mode of production</a> could be conceived in one country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003133_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003133-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He rationalised this by claiming that the state could exist in a communist society, as long as the Soviet Union was encircled by capitalism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003133_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003133-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, surprisingly, with the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">establishment of satellite states in Eastern Europe</a>, Stalin claimed that socialism in one country was only possible in a large country like the Soviet Union, and that the other states, in order to survive, had to follow the Soviet line.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003134–135_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003134–135-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolshevism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Bolshevism has existed as a current of political thought and as a political party since 1903.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVladimir_Lenin" class="citation journal cs1">Vladimir Lenin. "Childhood Disease of "Leftism" in Communism". <i>Full Composition of Writings</i>. <b>41</b> (Vladimir Lenin ed.): 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Full+Composition+of+Writings&rft.atitle=Childhood+Disease+of+%22Leftism%22+in+Communism&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=6&rft.au=Vladimir+Lenin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolshevism" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-PSS_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSS-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The concept of Bolshevism arose at the Second Congress of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a> (1903) as a result of the split of the party into two factions: supporters of Lenin and the rest.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>K 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the main reasons for the split was the question of a party of a new type. In the course of work on the Charter of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, Vladimir Lenin and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Martov" title="Julius Martov">Yuliy Martov</a> proposed two different wordings of the clause on party membership. According to Lenin's wording, a party member is a citizen who recognizes the program and charter, pays membership fees and works in one of the party organizations. Martov suggested limiting the charter to the first two requirements. During the elections to the central organs of the party, the majority was won by supporters of the Leninist formulation, after which Lenin began to call his faction "Bolsheviks", while Martov called his supporters "Mensheviks". Although in the subsequent history of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, Lenin's supporters often found themselves in the minority, they were assigned the politically advantageous name "Bolsheviks".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>K 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2002179_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2002179-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Lenin's biographer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Service_(historian)" title="Robert Service (historian)">Robert Service</a> points out, the division of the newly created party into two factions "plunged Russian Marxists into a state of shock". All but the extreme left Petersburg Marxists disagreed with Lenin's party policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2002187_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2002187-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/4th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="4th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Fourth Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party</a> in 1906, the organizational unity of the party was temporarily restored. At the <a href="/wiki/5th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="5th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Fifth Congress</a>, the Central Committee was elected, which, due to disagreements between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks, turned out to be unworkable, and the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Centre" title="Bolshevik Centre">Bolshevik Center</a>, headed by Vladimir Lenin, which was created during the Congress by Bolshevik delegates at one of its factional meetings, arbitrarily took over the leadership of the Bolshevik organizations of the party. </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Conference" title="Prague Conference">Sixth (Prague) Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party</a>, held on January 18–30, 1912, which constituted itself as the all–party conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party and the supreme organ of the party, almost exclusively Lenin's supporters were represented. By this time, the central committee of the party had virtually ceased to exist (its last plenum was held in January 1910), and the party found itself without an official leading center. In this regard, a Bolshevik Central Committee was elected at the Prague Conference. </p><p>In 1916, Lenin wrote his work <i><a href="/wiki/Imperialism,_the_Highest_Stage_of_Capitalism" title="Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism">Imperialism as the Highest Stage of Capitalism</a></i>, which was a major contribution to the development of classical Marxism in the new conditions. In this work the thesis about the unevenness of economic and political development of capitalism in the epoch of imperialism was expressed and theoretically grounded, which leads to the conclusion about the possibility of the victory of socialism initially in a few or in one single country, which is not yet economically developed enough – such as Russia – provided that the head of the revolutionary movement will be a disciplined avant–garde, ready to go all the way to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a>. </p><p>Immediately after the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War</a>, Lenin and his supporters advanced the slogan of the defeat of tsarism in the war and the transformation of the imperialist war into a civil war. It was with this that Lenin's criticism of the so–called "<a href="/wiki/Social_patriotism" title="Social patriotism">social–chauvinists</a>", who supported their governments in the world war, was connected.<sup id="cite_ref-lenin26_1_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lenin26_1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lenin26_2_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lenin26_2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lenin viewed the civil war as "an inevitable continuation, development and intensification of the class struggle".<sup id="cite_ref-lenin30_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lenin30-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the beginning of the February Revolution, the leading figures of the Bolshevik faction were mainly in exile or in emigration, and therefore the Bolsheviks did not take an organized part in it. The Bolshevik leaders who returned from exile, who, along with the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries, became members of the Petrograd Soviet, at first tended to cooperate with the Provisional Government. From the very beginning, while still abroad, Lenin insisted on the immediate break of the Petrograd Soviet with the Provisional Government in order to actively prepare for the transition from the bourgeois–democratic to the next, "proletarian" stage of the revolution, the seizure of power and the end of the war. Returning to Russia, he came up with a new program of action for the Bolshevik party – the <a href="/wiki/April_Theses" title="April Theses">April Theses</a> – in which he put on the agenda the demand for the transfer of all power to the Soviets in the interests of the proletariat and the poorest peasantry. Faced with resistance even among the representatives of "theoretical", "scientific" Bolshevism, Lenin managed to overcome it, relying on the support of the lower classes – local party organizations, adherents of immediate practical action.<sup id="cite_ref-BB1_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BB1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the course of the unfolding controversy about the possibility of socialism in Russia, Lenin rejected all the critical arguments of the Mensheviks, socialist revolutionaries and other political opponents about the country's unpreparedness for a socialist revolution due to its economic backwardness, weakness, lack of culture and organization of the working masses, including the proletariat, about the danger the split of the revolutionary democratic forces and the inevitability of a civil war. </p><p>In April 1917, the split of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party was finalized. During a heated discussion at the 7th All–Russian (April) Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks) ( April 24–29), the April Theses received the support of the majority of delegates from the localities and formed the basis of the policy of the entire party. The Bolshevik faction became known as the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a> was renamed the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks) at the 7th (April) Conference in 1917. In March 1918, the party adopted the name of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>K 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in December 1925, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">All–Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</a>. At the 19th Congress in October 1952, the All–Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>. </p><p>In 1990, at the last, <a href="/wiki/28th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>, during the legalization of political platforms within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Platform_of_the_CPSU" title="Bolshevik Platform of the CPSU">Bolshevik Platform</a> was formed, giving rise to several modern political parties and social movements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bolshevism_and_private_property">Bolshevism and private property</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolshevism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bolshevism and private property"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Realizing the Leninist slogan "plunder the loot", the Bolsheviks en masse carried out a complete confiscation (expropriation) from the owners of private property, which they considered acquired through the exploitation of the working people, that is, the robbery of the workers. At the same time, the Bolsheviks never found out whether private property was obtained through their own labor, or through the exploitation of other people, whether the owners adequately paid for hired labor, what part of the confiscated private property the owner created with his own labor.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bolsheviks_and_the_Russian_Revolution">Bolsheviks and the Russian Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolshevism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bolsheviks and the Russian Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During and before the Russian Revolution, the Bolsheviks and their ideology led up to the formation of the Communist Party.<sup id="cite_ref-:212_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:212-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vladimir Lenin and his ideas for "a workers' socialist state" heavily dominated the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-:212_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:212-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This is how the famous Social Democrat <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Parvus" title="Alexander Parvus">Alexander Parvus</a> wrote about the topic in 1918:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParvus2017108_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParvus2017108-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The essence of Bolshevism is simple – to ignite the revolution everywhere, not choosing the time, regardless of the political situation and other historical realities. Whoever is against is the enemy, and the conversation with the enemies is short – they are subject to urgent and unconditional destruction.</p></blockquote> <p>Bolshevik figures such as <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Lunacharsky" title="Anatoly Lunacharsky">Anatoly Lunacharsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moisei_Uritsky" title="Moisei Uritsky">Moisei Uritsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Manuilsky" title="Dmitry Manuilsky">Dmitry Manuilsky</a> agreed that Lenin’s influence on the Bolshevik party was decisive but the October insurrection was carried out according to Trotsky’s, not to Lenin’s plan.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Support_for_the_Bolsheviks_by_the_people">Support for the Bolsheviks by the people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolshevism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Support for the Bolsheviks by the people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the British historian <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Figes" title="Orlando Figes">Orlando Figes</a>, the opinion that the Bolsheviks were raised to the top of power by massive popular support for their party was not true. According to Figes, the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Uprising in Petrograd</a> was a coup d'état supported by only a small part of the population. Figes explains the success of the Bolsheviks by the fact that the latter were the only political party that uncompromisingly advocated the slogan "all power to the Soviets", which gained great popularity in 1917 after the unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Kornilov_affair" title="Kornilov affair">Revolt of General Kornilov</a>. As Figes points out, in the fall of 1917, there was a stream of resolutions from factories, from villages, from army units, calling for the formation of a Soviet government. At the same time, the authors of the resolutions understood "the power of the Soviets" as the <a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Congress_of_Soviets" title="All-Russian Congress of Soviets">All–Russian Council</a> with the participation of all socialist parties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenton2017160Orlando_Figes._Lenin_And_the_Revolution_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenton2017160Orlando_Figes._Lenin_And_the_Revolution-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the commitment of the Bolsheviks to the principle of Soviet power was not at all so unconditional. In July 1917, when the Bolshevik Party was unable to obtain a majority in the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, it "temporarily removed" the slogan "all Power to the Soviets!". After the October coup, during the so–called "<a href="/wiki/Establishment_of_Soviet_power_in_Russia_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Establishment of Soviet power in Russia (1917–1918)">triumphal march of Soviet power</a>" in those cases when individual Soviets did not agree to become the organs of the dictatorship of the Russian Social–Democratic Workers' Party (Bolsheviks), the Bolsheviks did not hesitate to disperse them and replace them by emergency bodies – <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_committee_(Soviet)" title="Revolutionary committee (Soviet)">revolutionary committees</a>, military revolutionary committees, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexander Parvus wrote in 1918:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParvus2017107_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParvus2017107-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The present Soviets terrorize not only the reactionaries and capitalists, but also the democratically inclined bourgeoisie and even all socialist workers' organizations that disagree with their opinion. They dispersed the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Russian Constituent Assembly">Constituent Assembly</a> and are holding on, having lost their moral authority in the eyes of the masses, exclusively with bayonets.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supporters_and_opponents">Supporters and opponents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolshevism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Supporters and opponents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Programme_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)_approved_at_the_8th_Party_Congress_(1919).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Programme_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29_approved_at_the_8th_Party_Congress_%281919%29.jpg/200px-Programme_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29_approved_at_the_8th_Party_Congress_%281919%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Programme_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29_approved_at_the_8th_Party_Congress_%281919%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Program of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), 1919</figcaption></figure> <p>The Bolsheviks were supported, although not without criticism of their political practice,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimak2004189–198_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlimak2004189–198-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left–wing</a> theorists in Europe, such as <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Karl Liebknecht</a>. </p><p>At the same time, this political trend rejected the <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">centrist</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democrats</a>, for example, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the extreme left supporters of "<a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">workers' council communism</a>", for example, <a href="/wiki/Otto_R%C3%BChle_(politician,_1874)" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Rühle (politician, 1874)">Otto Rühle</a><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Antonie Pannekoek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The answer to the extreme leftist criticism was given by Lenin in the brochure "Childhood Illness of "Leftism" in Communism", in turn <a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Antonie Pannekoek</a> answered to Vladimir Lenin in the work "World Revolution and Communist Tactics". </p><p>In the 1920s and 1930s, the <a href="/wiki/Left_Opposition" title="Left Opposition">Left Opposition</a> to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a> adopted the self–designation "<a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolshevik</a>–<a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninists</a>", thereby emphasizing its continuity with the revolutionary tradition as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Thermidor" title="Thermidor">Thermidorian</a> <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">political trials of the 1930s</a>, most of the "Leninist Guards" were <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">repressed</a>. Proceeding from this, there is an opinion that Bolshevism as a phenomenon has left the historical scene:<sup id="cite_ref-Tarasov_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tarasov-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...[Stalin] managed to destroy almost all of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a>'s comrades–in–arms in <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Russia</a>, becoming by 1928–1939 "the Russian Bonaparte–<a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a>" in the country, "especially double types of cultures of the <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">pre–bourgeois order</a>, that is, the cultures of the <a href="/wiki/Chinovnik" title="Chinovnik">bureaucratic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a>" (and <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorist</a> – we add), which <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a> feared so much, grew up in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimak2004289_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlimak2004289-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>But on the other hand, a number of scientists are of the opinion that Bolshevism has undergone changes over time, and as a phenomenon, it ended only in the early 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-ioffe_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioffe-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some modern scholars agree that Bolshevism: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...was a desperate attempt to escape from the world of the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burgher_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgher (title)">philistine</a>. (This, incidentally, refutes the assertion that Bolshevism is equated with <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>. Fascism, unlike Bolshevism, was based on philistinism – its flesh and spirit).<sup id="cite_ref-ioffe_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioffe-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In Western political science, some authors analyze Bolshevism from the standpoint of similarities and differences with <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociologist</a> Boris Kagarlitsky, one of the central contradictions of the post–revolutionary policy of the Bolsheviks is defined as a consequence of the historically developed socio–political situation in Russia: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But events did not develop at the will of one person or even one party. Both Lenin himself and his comrades were already hostages of the revolutionary process, which was moving forward according to its own logic. To win in the struggle that had begun, they had to do what they themselves did not expect of themselves, to build a <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> that only partially met their ideas about what to strive for, but which allowed the revolution to survive and win.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In journalism, some authors also understand it as a synonym for extreme extremism, ideological fanaticism, intolerance, and a propensity for violence.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_democratic_views">Social democratic views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolshevism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Social democratic views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bolshevism was criticized by the <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social Democrats</a>. Thus, the famous Social Democrat <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Parvus" title="Alexander Parvus">Alexander Parvus</a> wrote in 1918:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParvus2017109_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParvus2017109-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> is a reflection of the social history of <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, refracted through the prism of <a href="/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">German philosophy</a>, then Bolshevism is Marxism, emasculated by amateurs and refracted through the prism of Russian ignorance.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_and_historical_estimates">Criticism and historical estimates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolshevism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Criticism and historical estimates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the philosopher and linguist <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Trubetzkoy" title="Nikolai Trubetzkoy">Nikolay Trubetskoy</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The positive significance of Bolshevism may be that having removed the mask and showed everyone <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> in his undisguised form, he led many through confidence in the reality of Satan to faith in God.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>"We and Others", <i>Eurasian Times</i>, Berlin, 1925</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The authors of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Book_of_Communism" title="The Black Book of Communism">The Black Book of Communism</a></i> note:<sup id="cite_ref-BB1_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BB1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>From the moment of its organizational formation in 1903, this party differed from all other currents of both Russian and world social democracy primarily by its voluntarist strategy of overthrowing the existing order and its concept of party organization – a rigidly structured, disciplined one, consisting of selected professional revolutionaries, parties are the antipode of vague mass parties, widely open to sympathizers, to the struggle of opinions and discussions, that is, the way the Russian Mensheviks and almost all European Social Democrats were.</p></blockquote> <p>Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, answering questions in the <a href="/wiki/Federation_Council_(Russia)" title="Federation Council (Russia)">Federation Council</a> on June 27, 2012, accused the Bolshevik leadership of betraying national interests – "the Bolsheviks committed an act of <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">national betrayal</a>..." as a result of which Russia lost the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> – "...the result of the betrayal of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">then government</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolshevism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist-Revolutionaries" title="Left Socialist-Revolutionaries">Left Socialist-Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolshevism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Despite the ordinal number adopted in Soviet historiography, the London Congress was actually a constituent one, since the <a href="/wiki/1st_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="1st Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Minsk Congress</a> had no practical significance</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is an opinion that the adoption of such an unprofitable name of the faction was a major blunder for Martov and, on the contrary: the consolidation of the momentary electoral success in the name of the faction was a strong political move of Lenin</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The famous theorist of Marxism <a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a> explained the change in the name of Lenin's party as follows: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[The Bolsheviks] destroyed the democracy that the people had conquered in the March revolution. Accordingly, the Bolsheviks ceased to call themselves social democrats, and adopted the name of communists. <br /> True, they do not want to completely abandon democracy. Lenin, in his speech on April 28, calls the Soviet organization "the highest type of democracy", "a complete break with its bourgeois caricature". For the proletarian and the poor peasant, complete freedom has now been restored. <br /> But democracy is still understood as the equality of political rights for all citizens. The privileged layers have always enjoyed freedom. But this is not called democracy.</p></blockquote> Quote by: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revarchiv.narod.ru/kautsky/oeuvre/diktatur.html">Karl Kautsky. "Dictatorship of the Proletariat"</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolshevism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party in 1912. Documents and Materials – Moscow: Russian Political Encyclopedia, 2008 – 1120 Pages – (Series "Political Parties of Russia. Late 19th – First Third of the 20th Century. Documentary Heritage") – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-8243-0390-8" title="Special:BookSources/5-8243-0390-8">5-8243-0390-8</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-8243-0954-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-8243-0954-6">978-5-8243-0954-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tarasov-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tarasov_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tarasov_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tarasov_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Tarasov" title="Alexander Tarasov">Alexander Tarasov</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scepsis.ru/library/id_1592.html">The Sacred Function of the Revolutionary Subject</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsipov2004–2017-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsipov2004–2017_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsipov2004–2017">Osipov 2004–2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZevelevSviridenkoShelokhaev2000-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZevelevSviridenkoShelokhaev2000_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZevelevSviridenkoShelokhaev2000">Zevelev, Sviridenko & Shelokhaev 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kursach.com/biblio/0010021/21.htm">Vladik Nersesyants. History of Political and Legal Doctrines</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See various works by <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martemyan_Ryutin" title="Martemyan Ryutin">Martemyan Ryutin</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scepsis.ru/library/id_939.html">Stalin and the Crisis of the Proletarian Dictatorship</a>), <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Raskolnikov" title="Fyodor Raskolnikov">Fyodor Raskolnikov</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scepsis.ru/library/id_446.html">An Open Letter to Stalin</a>), <a href="/wiki/Boris_Kagarlitsky" title="Boris Kagarlitsky">Boris Kagarlitsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Tarasov" title="Alexander Tarasov">Alexander Tarasov</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996154–155-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996154–155_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996154–155_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996154–155_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarding1996">Harding 1996</a>, pp. 154–155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenin1918" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin, Vladimir</a> (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/staterev/ch01.htm">"Class Society and the State"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/staterev/"><i>The State and Revolution</i></a>. Vol. 25 (Collected Works). <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a> (published 1999)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Class+Society+and+the+State&rft.btitle=The+State+and+Revolution&rft.pub=Marxists+Internet+Archive&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Lenin&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Flenin%2Fworks%2F1917%2Fstaterev%2Fch01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolshevism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996155-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996155_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996155_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996155_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarding1996">Harding 1996</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996156-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996156_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarding1996">Harding 1996</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996155–156-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996155–156_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarding1996">Harding 1996</a>, pp. 155–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996157–158-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996157–158_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarding1996">Harding 1996</a>, pp. 157–158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996158-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996158_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996158_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996158_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarding1996">Harding 1996</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996158–159-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996158–159_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarding1996">Harding 1996</a>, pp. 158–159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996159-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996159_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996159_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996159_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996159_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996159_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarding1996">Harding 1996</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996161-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996161_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996161_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarding1996">Harding 1996</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996160-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996160_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarding1996">Harding 1996</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996160–161-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996160–161_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarding1996">Harding 1996</a>, pp. 160–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996162-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996162_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996162_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996162_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996162_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996162_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarding1996">Harding 1996</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996162–163-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996162–163_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarding1996">Harding 1996</a>, pp. 162–163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996163-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996163_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarding1996">Harding 1996</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996165-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996165_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996165_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarding1996">Harding 1996</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996165–166-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996165–166_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarding1996">Harding 1996</a>, pp. 165–166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding1996166-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996166_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding1996166_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarding1996">Harding 1996</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995352-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995352_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995352_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDonough1995">McDonough 1995</a>, p. 352.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995339-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995339_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995339_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995339_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDonough1995">McDonough 1995</a>, p. 339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995344–347-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995344–347_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995344–347_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995344–347_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995344–347_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995344–347_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDonough1995">McDonough 1995</a>, pp. 344–347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995353-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995353_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995353_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDonough1995">McDonough 1995</a>, p. 353.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995354-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough1995354_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDonough1995">McDonough 1995</a>, p. 354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans199372-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans199372_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans199372_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans199372_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans199372_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans199372_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans199372_30-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans199372_30-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans199372_30-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans199372_30-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans199372_30-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans199372_30-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans199372_30-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans199372_30-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans199372_30-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans1993">Evans 1993</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans199371-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans199371_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans1993">Evans 1993</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans199371–72-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans199371–72_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans1993">Evans 1993</a>, pp. 71–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003126-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003126_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003126_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Ree2003">van Ree 2003</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003127-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003127_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003127_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003127_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003127_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003127_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003127_34-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Ree2003">van Ree 2003</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003128-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003128_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003128_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003128_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Ree2003">van Ree 2003</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003129-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003129_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003129_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003129_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003129_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003129_36-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Ree2003">van Ree 2003</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003129–130-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003129–130_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Ree2003">van Ree 2003</a>, pp. 129–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003130-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003130_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Ree2003">van Ree 2003</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003133-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003133_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003133_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003133_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Ree2003">van Ree 2003</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003134–135-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Ree2003134–135_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Ree2003">van Ree 2003</a>, pp. 134–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PSS-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PSS_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVladimir_Lenin" class="citation journal cs1">Vladimir Lenin. "Childhood Disease of "Leftism" in Communism". <i>Full Composition of Writings</i>. <b>41</b> (Vladimir Lenin ed.): 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Full+Composition+of+Writings&rft.atitle=Childhood+Disease+of+%22Leftism%22+in+Communism&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=6&rft.au=Vladimir+Lenin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolshevism" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vilenin.eu/t41/pXXXV">Text</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2002179-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2002179_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2002">Service 2002</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEService2002187-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEService2002187_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService2002">Service 2002</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lenin26_1-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lenin26_1_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vladimir Lenin. Full Composition of Writings – 5th Edition – Moscow: Publishing House of Political Literature, 1967. Volume 26. "On the Defeat of Your Government in the Imperialist War. 1915". Pages 286–291</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lenin26_2-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lenin26_2_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vladimir Lenin. Full Composition of Writings – 5th Edition – Moscow: Publishing House of Political Literature, 1967. Volume 26. "Socialism and War (Attitude of the Russian Social–Democratic Labor Party to War). 1915". Pages 307–350</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lenin30-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lenin30_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vladimir Lenin. Full Composition of Writings – 5th Edition – Moscow: Publishing House of Political Literature, 1967. Volume 30. "The Military Program of the Proletarian Revolution". September 1916. Pages 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BB1-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BB1_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BB1_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210808120745/http://www.goldentime.ru/nbk_01.htm">"Stéphane Courtois, Nicolas Werth, Jean–Louis Pannet, Andrzej Paczkowski, Karel Bartoszek, Jean–Louis Margolen, With the Participation of Remy Coffer, Pierre Rigulo, Pascal Fontaine, Yves Santamaria, Sylvain Buluc, "The Black Book of Communism: Crime, Terror, Repression", Three Centuries of History, Moscow, 1999, Translated Under the Direction of Evgeny Khramov. Part 1. "The State Against Its People". Chapter 1. Paradoxes of October"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goldentime.ru/nbk_01.htm">the original</a> on August 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St%C3%A9phane+Courtois%2C+Nicolas+Werth%2C+Jean%E2%80%93Louis+Pannet%2C+Andrzej+Paczkowski%2C+Karel+Bartoszek%2C+Jean%E2%80%93Louis+Margolen%2C+With+the+Participation+of+Remy+Coffer%2C+Pierre+Rigulo%2C+Pascal+Fontaine%2C+Yves+Santamaria%2C+Sylvain+Buluc%2C+%22The+Black+Book+of+Communism%3A+Crime%2C+Terror%2C+Repression%22%2C+Three+Centuries+of+History%2C+Moscow%2C+1999%2C+Translated+Under+the+Direction+of+Evgeny+Khramov.+Part+1.+%22The+State+Against+Its+People%22.+Chapter+1.+Paradoxes+of+October&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goldentime.ru%2Fnbk_01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolshevism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vilenin.eu/t36/p268">Vladimir Lenin. Full Composition of Writings. Volume 36. Vladimir Lenin, Meeting of the All–Russian Central Executive Committee On April 29, 1918. Page 269</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibliotekar.ru/encSlov/4/77.htm">Encyclopedic Dictionary of Winged Words and Expressions. Rob the Loot</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131004053501/http://topetot.ru/4617.html">"Confiscation of the Means of Production From the Capitalists in the First Months of the Socialist Revolution (November 1917 – June 1918)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topetot.ru/4617.html">the original</a> on October 4, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Confiscation+of+the+Means+of+Production+From+the+Capitalists+in+the+First+Months+of+the+Socialist+Revolution+%28November+1917+%E2%80%93+June+1918%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftopetot.ru%2F4617.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolshevism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yuri Felshtinsky, Georgy Chernyavsky. Leon Trotsky. Book Two. Bolshevik. 1917–1923. Chapter 6. Bolshevik Dictator. 8. Confiscation of Church Property</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vilenin.eu/t35/p107">"Theses of the Law on Confiscation of Homes with Rented Apartments. Vladimir Lenin. Full Composition of Writings. Volume 35. Page 108"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Theses+of+the+Law+on+Confiscation+of+Homes+with+Rented+Apartments.+Vladimir+Lenin.+Full+Composition+of+Writings.+Volume+35.+Page+108&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvilenin.eu%2Ft35%2Fp107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolshevism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005164850/http://istmat.info/node/28148">"Decree on the Audit of Steel Boxes in Banks"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://istmat.info/node/28148">the original</a> on October 5, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Decree+on+the+Audit+of+Steel+Boxes+in+Banks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fistmat.info%2Fnode%2F28148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolshevism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Igor Bunich. Party Gold</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vilenin.eu/t35/p155">"Note to Felix Dzerzhinsky with the Draft Decree on the Fight Against Counter–Revolutionaries and Saboteurs. Vladimir Lenin. Complete Works, Volume 35, Page 156"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Note+to+Felix+Dzerzhinsky+with+the+Draft+Decree+on+the+Fight+Against+Counter%E2%80%93Revolutionaries+and+Saboteurs.+Vladimir+Lenin.+Complete+Works%2C+Volume+35%2C+Page+156&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvilenin.eu%2Ft35%2Fp155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolshevism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:212-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:212_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:212_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackBrewerShawChandler2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(historian)" title="Jeremy Black (historian)">Black, Jeremy</a>; Brewer, Paul; Shaw, Anthony; Chandler, Malcolm; Cheshire, Gerard; Cranfield, Ingrid; Ralph Lewis, Brenda; Sutherland, Joe; Vint, Robert (2003). <i>World History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath, Somerset</a>: Parragon Books. p. 340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-75258-227-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-75258-227-5"><bdi>0-75258-227-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History&rft.place=Bath%2C+Somerset&rft.pages=340&rft.pub=Parragon+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-75258-227-5&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Brewer%2C+Paul&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Anthony&rft.au=Chandler%2C+Malcolm&rft.au=Cheshire%2C+Gerard&rft.au=Cranfield%2C+Ingrid&rft.au=Ralph+Lewis%2C+Brenda&rft.au=Sutherland%2C+Joe&rft.au=Vint%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolshevism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParvus2017108-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParvus2017108_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParvus2017">Parvus 2017</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher2015" class="citation book cs1">Deutscher, Isaac (January 5, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YGznDwAAQBAJ&q=isaac+deutscher+trotsky+the+prophet"><i>The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky</i></a>. Verso Books. p. 1283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-721-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-721-5"><bdi>978-1-78168-721-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet%3A+The+Life+of+Leon+Trotsky&rft.pages=1283&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2015-01-05&rft.isbn=978-1-78168-721-5&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYGznDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Disaac%2Bdeutscher%2Btrotsky%2Bthe%2Bprophet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolshevism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenton2017160Orlando_Figes._Lenin_And_the_Revolution-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenton2017160Orlando_Figes._Lenin_And_the_Revolution_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrenton2017">Brenton 2017</a>, p. 160, Orlando Figes. Lenin And the Revolution.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4007881">Pavel Kostogryzov. Bolsheviks and Soviets: Dynamics of Relations During the Period of "Triumphal Procession" and "Strengthening of Soviet Power" (On the Materials of the Urals) // Problems of the History of Society, State and Law. Digest of Articles. 1st Edition. Yekaterinburg: Ural State Law Academy, 2013 – Pages 289–309</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParvus2017107-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParvus2017107_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParvus2017">Parvus 2017</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlimak2004189–198-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimak2004189–198_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlimak2004">Plimak 2004</a>, p. 189–198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some of the mistakes of this criticism were examined by <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Georg Lukács</a> in his work «Critical Notes on the Brochure of Rosa Luxemburg "Russian Revolution"» // Georg Lukacs. History and Class Consciousness. Moscow: Logos–Altera, 2003. Pages 346–365</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revarchiv.narod.ru/kautsky/oeuvre/fromdemocracy.html">From Democracy to State Slavery</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Otto_R%C3%BChle_(politician,_1874)" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Rühle (politician, 1874)">Otto Rühle</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avtonom.org/lib/theory/leftcom/ruhle1.html">The Fight Against Fascism Begins With the Fight Against Bolshevism</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Otto_R%C3%BChle_(politician,_1874)" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Rühle (politician, 1874)">Otto Rühle</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revolt.anho.org/archives/267">The Main Questions of the Organization</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Antonie Pannekoek</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.left-dis.nl/r/apparty.htm">"Party and Class"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vladimir Lenin. Full Composition of Writings. Volume 45. Pages 389</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlimak2004289-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlimak2004289_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlimak2004">Plimak 2004</a>, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ioffe-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ioffe_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ioffe_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heinrich Ioffe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nkj.ru/archive/articles/1345/">The Rise and Fall of Bolshevism</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zwei Gesichter des Totalitarismus: Bolschewismus und Nationalsozialismus im Vergleich; 16 Skizzen / Leonid Luks. — Köln [u.a.]: Böhlau, 2007. — 306 S.; 23 cm. — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-412-20007-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-412-20007-7">978-3-412-20007-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090605215839/http://www.politstudies.ru/N2004fulltext/1991/4/6.htm">"Archived copy (I)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politstudies.ru/N2004fulltext/1991/4/6.htm">the original</a> on June 5, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy+%28I%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politstudies.ru%2FN2004fulltext%2F1991%2F4%2F6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolshevism" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090605221908/http://www.politstudies.ru/N2004fulltext/1991/3/6.htm">"Archived Copy (II)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politstudies.ru/N2004fulltext/1991/3/6.htm">the original</a> on June 5, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+Copy+%28II%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politstudies.ru%2FN2004fulltext%2F1991%2F3%2F6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolshevism" class="Z3988"></span> Leonid Lux. Communist Theorists About Fascism: Insights And Miscalculations</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Kagarlitsky" title="Boris Kagarlitsky">Boris Kagarlitsky</a>. Marxism: Not Recommended for Teaching. Moscow: Algorithm, Eksmo, 2005. Page 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Latest Philosophical Dictionary / Compiled by Alexander Gritsanov – Minsk: V. M. Skakun Publishing House, 1999 – 896 Pages</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParvus2017109-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParvus2017109_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParvus2017">Parvus 2017</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://izvestia.ru/news/528739">"Putin Accused the Bolsheviks of National Treason"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">News</a>. June 27, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Putin+Accused+the+Bolsheviks+of+National+Treason&rft.pub=News&rft.date=2012-06-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fizvestia.ru%2Fnews%2F528739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolshevism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoris_Mezhuev2012" class="citation web cs1">Boris Mezhuev (June 28, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://izvestia.ru/news/528844">"Honor the Losers"</a>. News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honor+the+Losers&rft.pub=News&rft.date=2012-06-28&rft.au=Boris+Mezhuev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fizvestia.ru%2Fnews%2F528844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolshevism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolshevism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Berdyaev" title="Nikolai Berdyaev">Berdyaev, Nikolay</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vehi.net/berdyaev/istoki/index.html">The Origins and Meaning of Russian Communism. Moscow, 1990</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenton2017" class="citation book cs1">Brenton, Anthony (2017). <i>Historical Inevitability? Key Events of the Russian Revolution (Collection of Articles)</i>. Moscow: Alpina Non–Fiction. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-91671-757-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-91671-757-0"><bdi>978-5-91671-757-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Inevitability%3F+Key+Events+of+the+Russian+Revolution+%28Collection+of+Articles%29&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Alpina+Non%E2%80%93Fiction&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-5-91671-757-0&rft.aulast=Brenton&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolshevism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1993" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Alfred (1993). <i>Soviet Marxism–Leninism: The Decline of an Ideology</i>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94763-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94763-7"><bdi>978-0-275-94763-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%3A+The+Decline+of+an+Ideology&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-275-94763-7&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolshevism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelshtinsky2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Felshtinsky" title="Yuri Felshtinsky">Felshtinsky, Yuri</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.ru/POLITOLOG/felshtinskij.txt"><i>Leaders In the Law</i></a>. Moscow: Terra. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-275-01878-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-275-01878-3"><bdi>978-5-275-01878-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leaders+In+the+Law&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Terra&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-5-275-01878-3&rft.aulast=Felshtinsky&rft.aufirst=Yuri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.ru%2FPOLITOLOG%2Ffelshtinskij.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolshevism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding1996" class="citation book cs1">Harding, Neil (1996). <i>Leninism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-66482-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-66482-7"><bdi>978-0-333-66482-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leninism&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-333-66482-7&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolshevism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonough1995" class="citation news cs1">McDonough, Terrence (1995). "Lenin, Imperialism, and the Stages of Capitalist Development". <i><a href="/wiki/Science_%26_Society" title="Science & Society">Science & Society</a></i>. Vol. 59, no. 3. <a href="/wiki/Guilford_Press" title="Guilford Press">Guilford Press</a>. pp. 339–367. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40403507">40403507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Lenin%2C+Imperialism%2C+and+the+Stages+of+Capitalist+Development&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=339-367&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40403507%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=McDonough&rft.aufirst=Terrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolshevism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises, Ludwig von</a>. Socialism. Economic And Sociological Analysis – Moscow: "Catallaxy", 1994 – Page 416 – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-86366-022-8" title="Special:BookSources/5-86366-022-8">5-86366-022-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Secret_Pages_of_History" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Nicolaevsky" title="Boris Nicolaevsky">Nikolaevsky, Boris</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.ru/HISTORY/FELSHTINSKY/tajnye_stranicy.txt"><i>Secret Pages of History</i></a>. Humanitarian Literature Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-87121-007-4" title="Special:BookSources/5-87121-007-4"><bdi>5-87121-007-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+Pages+of+History&rft.pub=Humanitarian+Literature+Publishing+House&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=5-87121-007-4&rft.aulast=Nikolaevsky&rft.aufirst=Boris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flib.ru%2FHISTORY%2FFELSHTINSKY%2Ftajnye_stranicy.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolshevism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsipov2004–2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yury_Osipov" title="Yury Osipov">Osipov, Yury</a> (2004–2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211006123841/https://bigenc.ru/domestic_history/text/1876767"><i>Bolsheviks</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_Encyclopedia" title="Great Russian Encyclopedia">Great Russian Encyclopedia</a>: In 35 Volumes. Moscow: Great Russian Encyclopedia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigenc.ru/domestic_history/text/1876767">the original</a> on October 6, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bolsheviks&rft.place=Moscow&rft.series=Great+Russian+Encyclopedia%3A+In+35+Volumes&rft.pub=Great+Russian+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2004%2F2017&rft.aulast=Osipov&rft.aufirst=Yury&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbigenc.ru%2Fdomestic_history%2Ftext%2F1876767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolshevism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParvus2017" class="citation book cs1">Parvus, Alexander (2017). <i>In the Fight For the Truth</i>. Moscow: Alpina Publisher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-9614-6465-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-9614-6465-8"><bdi>978-5-9614-6465-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Fight+For+the+Truth&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Alpina+Publisher&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-5-9614-6465-8&rft.aulast=Parvus&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolshevism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlimak2004" class="citation book cs1">Plimak, Evgeny (2004). <i>Transitional Politics. Lenin's Experience</i>. Moscow: The Whole World. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-7777-0298-8" title="Special:BookSources/5-7777-0298-8"><bdi>5-7777-0298-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transitional+Politics.+Lenin%27s+Experience&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=The+Whole+World&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=5-7777-0298-8&rft.aulast=Plimak&rft.aufirst=Evgeny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolshevism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFService2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Service_(historian)" title="Robert Service (historian)">Service, Robert</a> (2002). <i><a href="/wiki/Lenin:_A_Biography" title="Lenin: A Biography">Lenin. Biography</a></i>. Translated by G. I. Levitan. Moscow: Potpourri. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/985-438-591-4" title="Special:BookSources/985-438-591-4"><bdi>985-438-591-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin.+Biography&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Potpourri&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=985-438-591-4&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolshevism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell, Bertrand</a>. The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism / [Author's Epilogue by V. S. Markov; Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, Scientific Council "History of Revolutions and Social Movements"] – Moscow: <a href="/wiki/Nauka_(publisher)" title="Nauka (publisher)">Science</a>, 1991</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Ree2003" class="citation book cs1">van Ree, Erik (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tLZy9dhBsPgC"><i>The Political Thought of Joseph Stalin: A Study in Twentieth Century Revolutionary Patriotism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-78604-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-78604-5"><bdi>978-1-135-78604-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Thought+of+Joseph+Stalin%3A+A+Study+in+Twentieth+Century+Revolutionary+Patriotism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-135-78604-5&rft.aulast=van+Ree&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtLZy9dhBsPgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolshevism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZevelevSviridenkoShelokhaev2000" class="citation book cs1">Zevelev, Alexander; Sviridenko, Yuri; Shelokhaev, Valentin (2000). "Chapter 12. Bolsheviks". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://read.virmk.ru/p/paty_rus/12.htm"><i>Political Parties of Russia: History and Modernity</i></a>. Moscow: <a href="/wiki/ROSSPEN" title="ROSSPEN">Russian Political Encyclopedia</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-8243-0068-2" title="Special:BookSources/5-8243-0068-2"><bdi>5-8243-0068-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+12.+Bolsheviks&rft.btitle=Political+Parties+of+Russia%3A+History+and+Modernity&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Russian+Political+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=5-8243-0068-2&rft.aulast=Zevelev&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Sviridenko%2C+Yuri&rft.au=Shelokhaev%2C+Valentin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fread.virmk.ru%2Fp%2Fpaty_rus%2F12.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolshevism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vladimir_Lenin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vladimir_Lenin" title="Template:Vladimir Lenin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vladimir_Lenin" title="Template talk:Vladimir Lenin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vladimir_Lenin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vladimir Lenin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vladimir_Lenin" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin_bibliography" title="Vladimir Lenin bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speeches_given_by_Vladimir_Lenin" title="List of speeches given by Vladimir Lenin">List of speeches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Development_of_Capitalism_in_Russia" title="The Development of Capitalism in Russia">The Development of Capitalism in Russia</a></i> (1899)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_to_Be_Done%3F" title="What Is to Be Done?">What Is To Be Done?</a></i> (1902)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One_Step_Forward,_Two_Steps_Back" title="One Step Forward, Two Steps Back">One Step Forward, Two Steps Back</a></i> (1904)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Tactics_of_Social_Democracy_in_the_Democratic_Revolution" title="Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution">Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Materialism_and_Empirio-criticism" title="Materialism and Empirio-criticism">Materialism and Empirio-criticism</a></i> (1909)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Notebooks" title="Philosophical Notebooks">Philosophical Notebooks</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Sources_and_Three_Component_Parts_of_Marxism" title="The Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism">The Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Right_of_Nations_to_Self-Determination" title="The Right of Nations to Self-Determination">The Right of Nations to Self-Determination</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperialism,_the_Highest_Stage_of_Capitalism" title="Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism">Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism</a></i> (1916)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_State_and_Revolution" title="The State and Revolution">The State and Revolution</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Proletarian_Revolution_and_the_Renegade_Kautsky" title="The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky">The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky</a></i> (1918)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%22Left-Wing%22_Communism:_An_Infantile_Disorder" title=""Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder">"Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder</a></i> (1920)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_Testament" title="Lenin's Testament">Testament</a></i> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Joseph_Stalin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Joseph_Stalin" title="Template:Joseph Stalin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Joseph_Stalin" title="Template talk:Joseph Stalin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Joseph_Stalin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Joseph Stalin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Joseph_Stalin" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> (1922–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Council_of_Ministers_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union">Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union</a> (1946–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History<br />and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Joseph_Stalin" title="Early life of Joseph Stalin">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin_during_the_Russian_Revolution,_Civil_War,_and_the_Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Stalin during the Russian Revolution, Civil War, and the Polish–Soviet War">Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, Polish–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Joseph_Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of Joseph Stalin">Rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">Rule as Soviet leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Joseph_Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Political views of Joseph Stalin">Political views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Joseph Stalin's cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Joseph_Stalin" title="Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin">Death and state funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excess_mortality_in_the_Soviet_Union_under_Joseph_Stalin" title="Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin">Death toll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1921%E2%80%931928)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)">Anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)</a>/<a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1928%E2%80%931941)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)">(1928–1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolkhoz" title="Kolkhoz">Kolkhoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovkhoz" title="Sovkhoz">Sovkhoz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_five-year_plan_(Soviet_Union)" title="First five-year plan (Soviet Union)">First five-year plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)" title="Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)">Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">16th</a> / <a href="/wiki/17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">17th Congress of the Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Menshevik_Trial" title="1931 Menshevik Trial">1931 Menshevik Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Xinjiang" title="Soviet invasion of Xinjiang">Soviet invasion of Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_rebellion_in_Xinjiang_(1937)" title="Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)">1937 Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Soviet_Union_legislative_election" title="1937 Soviet Union legislative election">1937 legislative election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th Congress of the Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Peace_Treaty" title="Moscow Peace Treaty">Moscow Peace Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_Axis_talks" title="German–Soviet Axis talks">German–Soviet Axis talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact" title="Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact">Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Great Patriotic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_atomic_bomb_project" title="Soviet atomic bomb project">Soviet atomic bomb project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_Treaty_of_Friendship_and_Alliance" title="Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance">Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Soviet_Union_legislative_election" title="1946 Soviet Union legislative election">1946 legislative election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">1946 Iran crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_Treaty_of_Friendship,_Alliance_and_Mutual_Assistance" title="Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance">Sino-Soviet Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_Soviet_Union_legislative_election" title="1950 Soviet Union legislative election">1950 legislative election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th Congress of the Communist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korenizatsiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Korenizatsiya">Korenizatsiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_One_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism in One Country">Socialism in One Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Break_(USSR)" title="Great Break (USSR)">Great Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggravation_of_class_struggle_under_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Aggravation of class struggle under socialism">Aggravation of class struggle under socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Construction_Projects_of_Communism" title="Great Construction Projects of Communism">Great Construction Projects of Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineers_of_the_human_soul" title="Engineers of the human soul">Engineers of the human soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Soviet_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1936 Soviet Constitution">1936 Soviet Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Soviet_man" title="New Soviet man">New Soviet man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stakhanovite" class="mw-redirect" title="Stakhanovite">Stakhanovite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin%27s_plan_for_the_transformation_of_nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin's plan for the transformation of nature">Transformation of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backwardness_brings_on_beatings_by_others" title="Backwardness brings on beatings by others">Backwardness brings on beatings by others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crimes, repressions,<br />and controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1906_Bolshevik_raid_on_the_Tsarevich_Giorgi" title="1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi">1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Tiflis_bank_robbery" title="1907 Tiflis bank robbery">1907 Tiflis bank robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">National delimitation in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian Affair">Georgian Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decossackization" class="mw-redirect" title="Decossackization">Decossackization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekulakization" title="Dekulakization">Dekulakization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wittorf_affair" title="Wittorf affair">Wittorf affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Break_(USSR)" title="Great Break (USSR)">Great Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour" title="Cathedral of Christ the Saviour">Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1932%E2%80%9333" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet famine of 1932–33">Soviet famine of 1932–33</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kirov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Kirov">Murder of Sergey Kirov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case_of_Trotskyist_Anti-Soviet_Military_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization">Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD_prisoner_massacres" title="NKVD prisoner massacres">NKVD prisoner massacres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NKVD_prisoner_massacre_in_Berezhany" title="NKVD prisoner massacre in Berezhany">Berezhany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezwecz-Taklinovo_Death_Road" title="Berezwecz-Taklinovo Death Road">Berezwecz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD_prisoner_massacre_in_Dubno" title="NKVD prisoner massacre in Dubno">Dubno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_Chortkiv_Prison" title="Evacuation of Chortkiv Prison">Chortkiv </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurapaty" title="Kurapaty">Kurapaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katy%C5%84_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyń massacre">Katyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD_prisoner_massacre_in_Lutsk" title="NKVD prisoner massacre in Lutsk">Lutsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD_prisoner_massacres_in_Lviv" title="NKVD prisoner massacres in Lviv">Lviv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medvedev_Forest_massacre" title="Medvedev Forest massacre">Medvedev Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD_prisoner_massacre_in_Sambir" title="NKVD prisoner massacre in Sambir">Sambir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valozhyn-Tarasovo_Death_Road" title="Valozhyn-Tarasovo Death Road">Valozhyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vileyka-Barysaw_Death_Road" title="Vileyka-Barysaw Death Road">Vileyka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinnytsia_massacre" title="Vinnytsia massacre">Vinnytsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD_prisoner_massacre_in_Zolochiv" title="NKVD prisoner massacre in Zolochiv">Zolochiv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Trials">Moscow Trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Lux" title="Hotel Lux">Hotel Lux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_repressions_in_Azerbaijan" title="Stalinist repressions in Azerbaijan">Repressions in Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ideological repression in science <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suppressed_research_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppressed research in the Soviet Union">Suppressed research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysenkoism" title="Lysenkoism">Lysenkoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japhetic_theory" title="Japhetic theory">Japhetic theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavists_case" title="Slavists case">Slavists case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Census_(1937)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Census (1937)">1937 Soviet Census</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge_of_the_Red_Army_in_1941" class="mw-redirect" title="Purge of the Red Army in 1941">1941 Red Army purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_offensive_plans_controversy" title="Soviet offensive plans controversy">Soviet offensive plans controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth_Conspiracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler Youth Conspiracy">Hitler Youth Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin_and_antisemitism" title="Joseph Stalin and antisemitism">Allegations of antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Population transfer</a> (<a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_population_transfers" title="German–Soviet population transfers">German–Soviet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet deportations">Deportations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Chechens_and_Ingush" class="mw-redirect" title="Deportation of Chechens and Ingush">Operation "Lentil"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet deportations from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Koreans_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_North" title="Operation North">Operation "North"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation "Priboi"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazino_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazino affair">Nazino affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_settlements_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced settlements in the Soviet Union">Forced settlement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_on_trees" title="Tax on trees">Tax on trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1946%E2%80%9347" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet famine of 1946–47">1946–1947 Soviet famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad Affair">Leningrad Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Mingrelian Affair">Mingrelian Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">Rootless cosmopolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Murdered_Poets" title="Night of the Murdered Poets">Night of the Murdered Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">Censorship of images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Anarchism_or_Socialism%3F" title="Anarchism or Socialism?">Anarchism or Socialism?</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_the_National_Question" title="Marxism and the National Question">Marxism and the National Question</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Leninism" title="Foundations of Leninism">Foundations of Leninism</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dizzy_with_Success" title="Dizzy with Success">Dizzy with Success</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_the_Peoples_of_Russia" title="Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia">Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin%27s_ten_blows" title="Stalin's ten blows">"Ten Blows" speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin%27s_alleged_speech_of_19_August_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin's alleged speech of 19 August 1939">Alleged 19 August 1939 speech</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Falsifiers_of_History" title="Falsifiers of History">Falsifiers of History</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Note" title="Stalin Note">Stalin Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)"><i>The History of the Communist Party</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Soviet_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1936 Soviet Constitution">1936 Soviet Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin%27s_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin's poetry">Stalin's poetry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_and_Historical_Materialism" title="Dialectical and Historical Materialism">Dialectical and Historical Materialism</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_No._227" title="Order No. 227">Order No. 227</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_No._270" title="Order No. 270">Order No. 270</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_Problems_of_Linguistics" title="Marxism and Problems of Linguistics">Marxism and Problems of Linguistics</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Problems_of_Socialism_in_the_USSR" title="Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR">Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-Stalinization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th Congress of the Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pospelov_Commission" title="Pospelov Commission">Pospelov Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(Soviet)" title="Rehabilitation (Soviet)">Rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Gomulka thaw (Polish October)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Nonconformist_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Nonconformist Art">Soviet Nonconformist Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvernik_Commission" title="Shvernik Commission">Shvernik Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">22nd Congress of the Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Era of Stagnation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Criticism and<br />opposition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Epigram" title="Stalin Epigram">Stalin Epigram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_Testament" title="Lenin's Testament">Lenin's Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryutin_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryutin Affair">Ryutin Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinist left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kremlin_Plot" title="Kremlin Plot">Kremlin Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Communists" title="True Communists">True Communists</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darkness_at_Noon" title="Darkness at Noon">Darkness at Noon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Nazism_and_Stalinism" title="Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism">Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Soviet_Story" title="The Soviet Story">The Soviet Story</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin_and_antisemitism" title="Joseph Stalin and antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Remembrance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IS_tank_family" title="IS tank family">Iosif Stalin tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_locomotive_class_IS" title="Soviet locomotive class IS">Iosif Stalin locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalissimo_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Generalissimo of the Soviet Union">Generalissimo of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_Joseph_Stalin" title="List of statues of Joseph Stalin">Stalin statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Moscow" title="Pantheon, Moscow">Pantheon, Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Georgian_demonstrations" title="1956 Georgian demonstrations">1956 Georgian demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honours_bestowed_upon_Joseph_Stalin" title="List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin">List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Joseph_Stalin,_Berlin" title="Statue of Joseph Stalin, Berlin">Statue of Joseph Stalin, Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Monument_(Budapest)" title="Stalin Monument (Budapest)">Stalin Monument in Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Monument_(Prague)" title="Stalin Monument (Prague)">Stalin Monument in Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin_Museum,_Gori" title="Joseph Stalin Museum, Gori">Joseph Stalin Museum, Gori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi_Stalin_Museum" title="Batumi Stalin Museum">Batumi Stalin Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_after_Joseph_Stalin" title="List of places named after Joseph Stalin">Places named after Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Stalin_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="State Stalin Prize">State Stalin Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin Peace Prize">Stalin Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Society" title="Stalin Society">Stalin Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin_Bloc_%E2%80%93_For_the_USSR" title="Stalin Bloc – For the USSR">Stalin Bloc – For the USSR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse:_Stalin" title="Apocalypse: Stalin">Apocalypse: Stalin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Besarion_Jughashvili" title="Besarion Jughashvili">Besarion Jughashvili</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(father)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keke_Geladze" title="Keke Geladze">Keke Geladze</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(mother)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kato_Svanidze" title="Kato Svanidze">Kato Svanidze</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(first wife)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Dzhugashvili" title="Yakov Dzhugashvili">Yakov Dzhugashvili</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(son)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Kuzakov" title="Konstantin Kuzakov">Konstantin Kuzakov</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(son)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artyom_Sergeyev" title="Artyom Sergeyev">Artyom Sergeyev</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(adopted son)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadezhda_Alliluyeva" title="Nadezhda Alliluyeva">Nadezhda Alliluyeva</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(second wife)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Stalin" title="Vasily Stalin">Vasily Stalin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(son)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Alliluyeva" title="Svetlana Alliluyeva">Svetlana Alliluyeva</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(daughter)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Dzhugashvili" title="Yevgeny Dzhugashvili">Yevgeny Dzhugashvili</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(grandson)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galina_Dzhugashvili" title="Galina Dzhugashvili">Galina Dzhugashvili</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(granddaughter)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Alliluyev" title="Joseph Alliluyev">Joseph Alliluyev</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(grandson)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Alliluyev" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Alliluyev">Sergei Alliluyev</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(second father-in-law)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Svanidze" title="Alexander Svanidze">Alexander Svanidze</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(brother-in-law)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Zhdanov" title="Yuri Zhdanov">Yuri Zhdanov</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(son-in-law)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wesley_Peters" title="William Wesley Peters">William Wesley Peters</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(son-in-law)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stalin%27s_residences" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin's residences">Stalin's residences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stalin%27s_house,_Gori" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin's house, Gori">Stalin's house, Gori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_Theological_Seminary" title="Tbilisi Theological Seminary">Tiflis Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kureika_(village)" title="Kureika (village)">Kureika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kremlin">Room at Kremlin</a></li> <li>Dachas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuntsevo_Dacha" title="Kuntsevo Dacha">Kuntsevo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sochi_Dacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sochi Dacha (page does not exist)">Sochi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uspenskoye_Dacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uspenskoye Dacha (page does not exist)">Uspenskoye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semyonovskoye_Dacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semyonovskoye Dacha (page does not exist)">Semyonovskoye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Athos_Dacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Athos Dacha (page does not exist)">New Athos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kholodnaya_Rechka_Dacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kholodnaya Rechka Dacha (page does not exist)">Kholodnaya Rechka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Ritsa_Dacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Ritsa Dacha (page does not exist)">Lake Ritsa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sukhumi_Dacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sukhumi Dacha (page does not exist)">Sukhumi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalin%27s_bunker,_Samara" title="Stalin's bunker, Samara">Stalin's bunker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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