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<ul id="toc-Methods_of_capture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_explored_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_explored_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Other explored methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_explored_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Moisture_swing_sorbent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moisture_swing_sorbent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Moisture swing sorbent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moisture_swing_sorbent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metal-organic_frameworks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metal-organic_frameworks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Metal-organic frameworks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metal-organic_frameworks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membranes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membranes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Membranes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membranes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Environmental impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soletair_Power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Soletair Power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soletair_Power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prometheus_Fuels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prometheus_Fuels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Prometheus Fuels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prometheus_Fuels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heirloom_Carbon_Technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heirloom_Carbon_Technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Heirloom Carbon Technologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heirloom_Carbon_Technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_companies" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Air_Capture" title="Direct Air Capture – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Direct Air Capture" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captura_directa_del_aire" title="Captura directa del aire – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Captura directa del aire" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%85_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7" title="جداسازی مستقیم کربن از هوا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جداسازی مستقیم کربن از هوا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captage_du_dioxyde_de_carbone_dans_l%27air" title="Captage du dioxyde de carbone dans l'air – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Captage du dioxyde de carbone dans l'air" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%81%EC%A0%91%EA%B3%B5%EA%B8%B0%ED%8F%AC%EC%A7%91" title="직접공기포집 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="직접공기포집" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%97%E5%9B%9E%E5%8F%8E%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" title="直接空気回収技術 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="直接空気回収技術" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3%E6%8D%95%E7%8D%B2" title="直接空氣捕獲 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="直接空氣捕獲" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q60761394#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flow diagram of direct air capture process using sodium hydroxide as the absorbent and including solvent regeneration." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Direct_Air_Capture_Process_Flow_Diagram_using_Caustic_Soda.png/380px-Direct_Air_Capture_Process_Flow_Diagram_using_Caustic_Soda.png" decoding="async" width="380" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Direct_Air_Capture_Process_Flow_Diagram_using_Caustic_Soda.png/570px-Direct_Air_Capture_Process_Flow_Diagram_using_Caustic_Soda.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Direct_Air_Capture_Process_Flow_Diagram_using_Caustic_Soda.png/760px-Direct_Air_Capture_Process_Flow_Diagram_using_Caustic_Soda.png 2x" data-file-width="1996" data-file-height="986" /></a><figcaption>Flow diagram of direct air capture process using sodium hydroxide as the absorbent and including solvent regeneration</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Direct_Air_Capture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Direct_Air_Capture.jpg/400px-Direct_Air_Capture.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Direct_Air_Capture.jpg/600px-Direct_Air_Capture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Direct_Air_Capture.jpg/800px-Direct_Air_Capture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1410" /></a><figcaption>An example of what Direct Air Capture could look like and how the process works.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Direct air capture</b> (<b>DAC</b>) is the use of chemical or physical processes to extract <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> directly from the ambient air.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the extracted CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> is then <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">sequestered</a> in safe long-term storage (called <b>direct air carbon capture and sequestration</b> (<b>DACCS</b>), the overall process will achieve <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">carbon dioxide removal</a> and be a "negative emissions technology" (NET). </p><p>The carbon dioxide (CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>) is captured directly from the ambient air; this is contrast to <a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">carbon capture and storage (CCS)</a> which captures CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> from <a href="/wiki/Point_source_pollution" title="Point source pollution">point sources</a>, such as a <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a> factory or a <a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">bioenergy</a> plant.<sup id="cite_ref-Erans_Sanz-Pérez_Hanak_et_al_2022_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erans_Sanz-Pérez_Hanak_et_al_2022-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the capture, DAC generates a concentrated stream of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> for <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">sequestration</a> or <a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_utilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon capture and utilization">utilization</a>. Carbon dioxide removal is achieved when ambient air makes contact with chemical media, typically an aqueous <a href="/wiki/Alkaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline">alkaline</a> <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a><sup id="cite_ref-:10_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Sorbent" title="Sorbent">sorbents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These chemical media are subsequently stripped of CO<sub>2</sub> through the application of energy (namely heat), resulting in a CO<sub>2</sub> stream that can undergo dehydration and compression, while simultaneously regenerating the chemical media for reuse. </p><p>When combined with long-term storage of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>, DAC is known as direct air carbon capture and storage (<b>DACCS</b> or <b>DACS</b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). DACCS can function as both a carbon dioxide removal mechanism or a carbon negative technology. As of 2023, DACCS has yet to be integrated into <a href="/wiki/Carbon_emission_trading" title="Carbon emission trading">emissions trading</a> because, at over US$1000,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the cost per ton of carbon dioxide is many times the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_price" title="Carbon price">carbon price</a> on those markets.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the end-to-end process to remain net carbon negative, DAC machines must be powered by <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> sources, since the process can be quite energy expensive. Future innovations may reduce the energy intensity of this process. </p><p>DAC was suggested in 1999 and is still in development.<sup id="cite_ref-ReviewDAC2016_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReviewDAC2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several commercial plants are planned or in operation in Europe and the US. Large-scale DAC deployment may be accelerated when connected with economical applications or policy incentives. </p><p>In contrast to carbon capture and storage (CCS) which captures emissions from a point source such as a factory, DAC reduces the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere as a whole. Thus, DAC can be used to capture emissions that originated in non-stationary sources such as airplanes.<sup id="cite_ref-Erans_Sanz-Pérez_Hanak_et_al_2022_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erans_Sanz-Pérez_Hanak_et_al_2022-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods_of_capture">Methods of capture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_air_capture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Methods of capture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2010-_Direct_Air_Capture_-_global_-_International_Energy_Agency_(IEA)_-_bar_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/2010-_Direct_Air_Capture_-_global_-_International_Energy_Agency_%28IEA%29_-_bar_chart.svg/330px-2010-_Direct_Air_Capture_-_global_-_International_Energy_Agency_%28IEA%29_-_bar_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/2010-_Direct_Air_Capture_-_global_-_International_Energy_Agency_%28IEA%29_-_bar_chart.svg/495px-2010-_Direct_Air_Capture_-_global_-_International_Energy_Agency_%28IEA%29_-_bar_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/2010-_Direct_Air_Capture_-_global_-_International_Energy_Agency_%28IEA%29_-_bar_chart.svg/660px-2010-_Direct_Air_Capture_-_global_-_International_Energy_Agency_%28IEA%29_-_bar_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption> The <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> reported growth in direct air capture global operating capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-IEA_202204_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA_202204-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>There are the three stages of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> capture in DAC: the contacting stage, the capture stage, and the separation stage. In the contacting stage, the DAC system transports atmospheric air containing CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> to the equipment using large-scale fans. Subsequently, in the CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> capture stage, CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> rapidly and effectively binds with liquid solvents in chemical reactors or solid sorbents in filters, which must possess binding energies equivalent to that of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>. Later in the CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> separation stage, external energy sources facilitate the separation of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> from the solvents or sorbents, yielding pure CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> and regenerated solvents or sorbents. Following the completion of these three stages, the separated pure CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> is either utilized or stored, while the recovered solvents or sorbents are recycled for reuse in the CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> capture process.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The low temperature DAC process uses solid sorbents (S-DAC) and the high temperature process utilizes liquid solvents (L-DAC) that feature different properties in terms of kinetics and heat transfers.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, liquid DAC (L-DAC) and solid DAC (S-DAC) represent two mature technologies for industrial deployment. Additionally, several emerging DAC technologies, including electro-swing adsorption (ESA), moisture-swing adsorption (MSA) , and membrane-based DAC (m-DAC), are in different stages of development, testing, or limited practical application.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, Ireland-based company Carbon Collect Limited<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has developed the MechanicalTree™ which simply stands in the wind to capture CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>. The company claims this 'passive capture' of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> significantly reduces the energy cost of Direct Air Capture, and that its geometry lends itself to scaling for gigaton CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> capture. </p><p>Most commercial techniques use a liquid <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a>—usually <a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">amine</a>-based or <a href="/wiki/Corrosive_substance#Chemical_terms" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrosive substance">caustic</a>—to <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(chemistry)" title="Absorption (chemistry)">absorb</a> CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> from a gas.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a common caustic solvent: <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a> reacts with CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> and precipitates a stable <a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">sodium carbonate</a>. This carbonate is heated to produce a highly pure gaseous CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> stream.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sodium hydroxide can be recycled from sodium carbonate in a process of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide#Production" title="Sodium hydroxide">causticizing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, the CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> binds to solid sorbent in the process of <a href="/wiki/Chemisorption" title="Chemisorption">chemisorption</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through heat and vacuum, the CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> is then desorbed from the solid.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the specific chemical processes that are being explored, three stand out: causticization with alkali and alkali-earth hydroxides, <a href="/wiki/Carbonation" title="Carbonation">carbonation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and organic−inorganic hybrid sorbents consisting of amines supported in porous <a href="/wiki/Adsorbents" class="mw-redirect" title="Adsorbents">adsorbents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReviewDAC2016_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReviewDAC2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_explored_methods">Other explored methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_air_capture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Other explored methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The idea of using many small dispersed DAC <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_scrubber" title="Carbon dioxide scrubber">scrubbers</a>—analogous to live plants—to create environmentally significant reduction in CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> levels, has earned the technology a name of <i>artificial trees</i> in popular media.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style></p><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Direct_air_capture&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Moisture_swing_sorbent">Moisture swing sorbent</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_air_capture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Moisture swing sorbent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a cyclical process designed in 2012 by professor <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Lackner" title="Klaus Lackner">Klaus Lackner</a>, the director of the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Negative_Carbon_Emissions" title="Center for Negative Carbon Emissions">Center for Negative Carbon Emissions</a> (CNCE), dilute CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> can be efficiently separated using an <a href="/wiki/Ion-exchange_resin" title="Ion-exchange resin">anionic exchange polymer resin</a> called Marathon MSA, which absorbs air CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> when dry, and releases it when exposed to moisture. A large part of the energy for the process is supplied by the latent heat of phase change of water.<sup id="cite_ref-Lackner2013_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lackner2013-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The technology requires further research to determine its cost-effectiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metal-organic_frameworks">Metal-organic frameworks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_air_capture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Metal-organic frameworks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_scrubber#Metal-organic_frameworks_(MOFs)" title="Carbon dioxide scrubber">Carbon dioxide scrubber § Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)</a></div> <p>Other substances which can be used are <a href="/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93organic_framework" title="Metal–organic framework">metal–organic frameworks</a> (MOFs).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Membranes">Membranes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_air_capture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Membranes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Membrane" title="Membrane">Membrane</a> separation of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> rely on semi-permeable membranes. This method requires little water and has a smaller footprint.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically polymeric membranes, either glassy or rubbery, are used for direct air capture. Glassy membranes typically exhibit high selectivity with respect to Carbon Dioxide; however, they also have low permeabilities. Membrane capture of carbon dioxide is still in development and needs further research before it can be implemented on a larger scale.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_air_capture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Environmental impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proponents of DAC argue that it is an essential component of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers posit that DAC could help contribute to the goals of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> (namely limiting the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels). However, others claim that relying on this technology is risky and might postpone emission reduction under the notion that it will be possible to fix the problem later,<sup id="cite_ref-:02_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and suggest that reducing emissions may be a better solution.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DAC relying on amine-based absorption demands significant water input. It was estimated, that to capture 3.3 gigatonnes of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> a year would require 300 km<sup>3</sup> of water, or 4% of the water used for <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>. On the other hand, using sodium hydroxide needs far less water, but the substance itself is highly caustic and dangerous.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DAC also requires much greater energy input in comparison to traditional capture from point sources, like <a href="/wiki/Flue_gas" title="Flue gas">flue gas</a>, due to the low concentration of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theoretical minimum energy required to extract CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> from ambient air is about 250 kWh per tonne of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>, while capture from natural gas and coal power plants requires, respectively, about 100 and 65 kWh per tonne of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this implied demand for energy, some have proposed using "<a href="/wiki/Small_modular_reactor" title="Small modular reactor">small nuclear power plants</a>" connected to DAC installations.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When DAC is combined with a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">carbon capture and storage (CCS)</a> system, it can produce a negative emissions plant, but it would require a <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">carbon-free electricity source</a>. The use of any <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil-fuel-generated</a> electricity would end up releasing more CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> to the atmosphere than it would capture.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, using DAC for enhanced oil recovery would cancel any supposed climate mitigation benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_air_capture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Practical applications of DAC include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_oil_recovery" title="Enhanced oil recovery">enhanced oil recovery</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:02_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>production of <a href="/wiki/Carbon-neutral_fuel" title="Carbon-neutral fuel">carbon-neutral synthetic fuel</a> and plastics,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonated_water" title="Carbonated water">beverage carbonation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:11_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">carbon sequestration</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>improving concrete strength,<sup id="cite_ref-:11_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>creating carbon-neutral concrete alternative,<sup id="cite_ref-:11_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>enhancing productivity of algae farms,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>enrichment of air in <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouses</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>These applications require different concentrations of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> product formed from the captured gas. Forms of carbon sequestration such as geological storage require pure CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> products (concentration > 99%), while other applications such as agriculture can function with more dilute products (~ 5%). Since the air that is processed through DAC originally contains 0.04% CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> (or 400 ppm), creating a pure product requires more energy than a dilute product and is thus typically more expensive.<sup id="cite_ref-Lackner2013_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lackner2013-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DAC is not an alternative to traditional, point-source carbon capture and storage (CCS), rather it is a complementary technology that could be utilized to manage carbon emissions from distributed sources, <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_emission" title="Fugitive emission">fugitive emissions</a> from the CCS network, and leakage from geological formations.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because DAC can be deployed far from the source of pollution, synthetic fuel produced with this method can use already existing fuel transport infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cost">Cost</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_air_capture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the largest hurdles to implementing DAC is the cost of separating CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> and air.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Direct_air_capture&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> it is estimated that the total system cost is over $1,000 per tonne of CO<sub>2.</sub><sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large-scale DAC deployment can be accelerated by policy incentives.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, the U.S. Department of Energy will invest $3.5 billion in four direct air capture hubs. According to the agency, the hubs have the potential to capture at least 1 million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) annually from the atmosphere. Once captured, the CO2 will be permanently stored in a geologic formation.<sup id="cite_ref-Direct_Air_Capture_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Direct_Air_Capture-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_air_capture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbon_Engineering">Carbon Engineering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_air_capture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Carbon Engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carbon_Engineering" title="Carbon Engineering">Carbon Engineering</a></div> <p>Carbon Engineering is a commercial DAC company founded in 2009 and backed, among others, by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> and <a href="/wiki/N._Murray_Edwards" title="N. Murray Edwards">Murray Edwards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Direct_air_capture&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, it runs a pilot plant in British Columbia, Canada, that has been in use since 2015<sup id="cite_ref-:8_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is able to extract about a tonne of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> a day.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An economic study of its pilot plant conducted from 2015 to 2018 estimated the cost at $94–232 per tonne of atmospheric CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> removed.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Partnering with California energy company Greyrock, Carbon Engineering converts a portion of its concentrated CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> into <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fuel" title="Synthetic fuel">synthetic fuel</a>, including gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The company uses a <a href="/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide" title="Potassium hydroxide">potassium hydroxide</a> solution. It reacts with CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> to form <a href="/wiki/Potassium_carbonate" title="Potassium carbonate">potassium carbonate</a>, which removes a certain amount of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> from the air.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climeworks">Climeworks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_air_capture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Climeworks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climeworks" title="Climeworks">Climeworks</a></div> <p>Climeworks's first industrial-scale DAC plant, which started operation in May 2017 in <a href="/wiki/Hinwil" title="Hinwil">Hinwil</a>, in the canton of Zurich, Switzerland, can capture 900 tonnes of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> per year. To lower its energy requirements, the plant uses heat from a local <a href="/wiki/Incineration" title="Incineration">waste incineration plant</a>. The CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> is used to increase vegetable yields in a nearby greenhouse.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The company stated that it costs around $600 to capture one tonne of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> from the air.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. source behind paywall (November 2023)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Climeworks" title="Climeworks">Climeworks</a> partnered with <a href="/wiki/Reykjavik_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Reykjavik Energy">Reykjavik Energy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Carbfix" title="Carbfix">Carbfix</a>, a project launched in 2007. In 2017, the CarbFix2 project was started<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and received funding from <a href="/wiki/Framework_Programmes_for_Research_and_Technological_Development#Horizon_2020" title="Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development">European<span class="nowrap"> </span>Union's Horizon<span class="nowrap"> </span>2020</a> research program. The CarbFix2 pilot plant project runs alongside a <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">geothermal power plant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hellishei%C3%B0i_Power_Station" title="Hellisheiði Power Station">Hellisheidi, Iceland</a>. In this approach, CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> is injected 700 meters under the ground and mineralizes into <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basaltic</a> <a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">bedrock</a> forming carbonate minerals. The DAC plant uses low-grade waste heat from the plant, effectively eliminating more CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> than they both produce.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 8, 2024, Climeworks activated the world's largest DAC planet named Mammoth in Iceland. It will be able to pull 36,000 tons of carbon from the atmosphere a year at full capacity, according to Climeworks, equivalent to taking around 7,800 gas-powered cars off the road for a year.<sup id="cite_ref-:50_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:50-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_Thermostat">Global Thermostat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_air_capture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Global Thermostat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Global Thermostat is private company founded in 2010, located in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, New York, with a plant in <a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville, Alabama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_31-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Global Thermostat uses amine-based sorbents bound to carbon sponges to remove CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> from the atmosphere. The company has projects ranging from 40 to 50,000 tonnes per year.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (August 2019)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources"><span title="This claim needs a reference to a independent, third-party source. (August 2019)">third-party source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The company claims to remove CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> for $120 per tonne at its facility in Huntsville.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_31-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="cannot find anywhere on its website to buy at that price (November 2023)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Direct_air_capture#Dubious" title="Talk:Direct air capture">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Global Thermostat has closed deals with <a href="/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company" title="The Coca-Cola Company">Coca-Cola</a> (which aims to use DAC to source CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> for its carbonated beverages) and <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a> which intends to start a DAC‑to‑fuel business using Global Thermostat's technology.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_31-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soletair_Power">Soletair Power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_air_capture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Soletair Power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soletair Power is a startup founded in 2016, located in <a href="/wiki/Lappeenranta" title="Lappeenranta">Lappeenranta</a>, Finland, operating in the fields of Direct Air Capture and <a href="/wiki/Power-to-X" title="Power-to-X">Power-to-X</a>. The startup is primarily backed by the Finnish technology group <a href="/wiki/W%C3%A4rtsil%C3%A4" title="Wärtsilä">Wärtsilä</a>. According to Soletair Power, its technology is the first to combine Direct Air Capture with buildings' HVAC systems. The technology captures CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> from the air running through a building's existing ventilation units inside buildings for removing atmospheric CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> while reducing the building's net emissions. The captured CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> is mineralized to concrete, stored or utilized to create synthetic products like food, textile or <a href="/wiki/Renewable_fuels" title="Renewable fuels">renewable fuel</a>. In 2020, Wärtsilä, together with Soletair Power and Q Power, created their first demonstration unit of <a href="/wiki/Power-to-X" title="Power-to-X">Power-to-X</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for Dubai <a href="/wiki/Expo_2020" title="Expo 2020">Expo 2020</a>, that can produce synthetic <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> from captured CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> from buildings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prometheus_Fuels">Prometheus Fuels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_air_capture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Prometheus Fuels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Fuels" title="Prometheus Fuels">Prometheus Fuels</a></div> <p>Is a start-up company based in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_California" title="Santa Cruz, California">Santa Cruz</a> which launched out of <a href="/wiki/Y_Combinator" title="Y Combinator">Y Combinator</a> in 2019 to remove CO<sub>2</sub> from the air and turn it into zero-net-carbon gasoline and jet fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company uses a DAC technology, <a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorbing</a> CO<sub>2</sub> from the air directly into process electrolytes, where it is converted into alcohols by <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">electrocatalysis</a>. The alcohols are then separated from the electrolytes using <a href="/wiki/Nanotube_membrane" title="Nanotube membrane">carbon nanotube membranes</a>, and upgraded to gasoline and jet fuels. Since the process uses only electricity from <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable</a> sources, the fuels are <a href="/wiki/Carbon_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutrality">carbon neutral</a> when used, emitting no net CO<sub>2</sub> to the atmosphere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heirloom_Carbon_Technologies">Heirloom Carbon Technologies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_air_capture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Heirloom Carbon Technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Heirloom's first direct air capture facility opened in <a href="/wiki/Tracy,_California" title="Tracy, California">Tracy</a>, California, in November 2023. The facility can remove up to 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">U.S. tons</a> of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> annually, which is then mixed into concrete using technologies from CarbonCure. Heirloom also has a contract with <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> in which the latter will purchase 315,000 metric tons of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> removal.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_companies">Other companies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_air_capture&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other companies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Negative_Carbon_Emissions" title="Center for Negative Carbon Emissions">Center for Negative Carbon Emissions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbfix" title="Carbfix">Carbfix</a> – a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Reykjavik_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Reykjavik Energy">Reykjavik Energy</a>, Iceland<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Impact_Center" title="Energy Impact Center">Energy Impact Center</a> – a research institute that advocates for the use nuclear energy to power direct air capture technologies<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missionzero.tech/">Mission Zero Technologies</a> — a startup in London, UK<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carbyon.com">Carbyon</a> – a startup in Eindhoven, the Netherlands</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Innovations_in_Research">Innovations in Research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_air_capture&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Innovations in Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within the research domain, the <a href="/wiki/ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich">ETH Zurich</a> team's development of a <a href="/wiki/Photoacid" title="Photoacid">photoacid</a> solution for direct air capture marks a significant innovation. This technology, still under refinement, stands out for its minimal energy requirements and its novel chemical process that enables efficient CO2 capture and release. This method's potential for scalability and its environmental benefits align it with ongoing efforts by other companies listed in this section, contributing to the global pursuit of effective and sustainable carbon capture solutions.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_air_capture&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_photosynthesis" title="Artificial photosynthesis">Artificial photosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">Carbon dioxide removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CityTrees" title="CityTrees">CityTrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smog_tower" title="Smog tower">Smog tower</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_air_capture&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output 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q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Commission._Directorate_General_for_Research_and_InnovationEuropean_Commission's_Group_of_Chief_Scientific_Advisors2018" class="citation book cs1">European Commission. Directorate General for Research and Innovation; European Commission's Group of Chief Scientific Advisors (2018). <i>Novel carbon capture and utilisation technologies</i>. Publications Office. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2777%2F01532">10.2777/01532</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-79-82006-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-79-82006-9"><bdi>978-92-79-82006-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Novel+carbon+capture+and+utilisation+technologies&rft.pub=Publications+Office&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2777%2F01532&rft.isbn=978-92-79-82006-9&rft.au=European+Commission.+Directorate+General+for+Research+and+Innovation&rft.au=European+Commission%27s+Group+of+Chief+Scientific+Advisors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+air+capture" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erans_Sanz-Pérez_Hanak_et_al_2022-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erans_Sanz-Pérez_Hanak_et_al_2022_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erans_Sanz-Pérez_Hanak_et_al_2022_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEransSanz-PérezHanakClulow2022" class="citation journal cs1">Erans, María; Sanz-Pérez, Eloy S.; Hanak, Dawid P.; Clulow, Zeynep; Reiner, David M.; Mutch, Greg A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VentureBeat&rft.atitle=Last+Energy+raises+%243+million+to+fight+climate+change+with+nuclear+energy&rft.date=2020-02-25&rft.aulast=Takahashi&rft.aufirst=Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fventurebeat.com%2F2020%2F02%2F25%2Flast-energy-raises-3-million-to-fight-climate-change-with-nuclear-energy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+air+capture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatel2022" class="citation news cs1">Patel, Prachi (28 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/carbon-removal-x-prize-finalists">"Carbon-Removal Tech Grabs Elon Musk's Check Millions poured into XPrize effort to pull CO2 out of the sky"</a>. <i>IEEE Spectrum</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220528160248/https://spectrum.ieee.org/carbon-removal-x-prize-finalists">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Spectrum&rft.atitle=Carbon-Removal+Tech+Grabs+Elon+Musk%27s+Check+Millions+poured+into+XPrize+effort+to+pull+CO2+out+of+the+sky&rft.date=2022-05-28&rft.aulast=Patel&rft.aufirst=Prachi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fcarbon-removal-x-prize-finalists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADirect+air+capture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazmer2024" class="citation web cs1">Kazmer, Rick (10 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecooldown.com/green-tech/carbon-capture-technology-pollution-light/">"Scientists make breakthrough in pollution removal with liquid that bubbles like cola: 'Our process … requires much less energy'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Cool Down</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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id="Causes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">Climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">Greenhouse effect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">Scientific consensus on climate change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">Greenhouse gases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_accounting" title="Carbon accounting">Carbon accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_leakage" title="Carbon leakage">Carbon leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture">from agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">from wetlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_energy_supply_and_consumption" title="World energy supply and consumption">World energy supply and consumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_policy_and_politics" title="History of climate change policy and politics">History of climate change policy and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_science" title="History of climate change science">History of climate change science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">James Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling" title="Charles David Keeling">Charles David Keeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Climate_Change_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Climate Change conference">United Nations Climate Change conferences</a></li> <li>Years in climate change <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_climate_change" title="2019 in climate change">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_climate_change" title="2020 in climate change">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_climate_change" title="2021 in climate change">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_climate_change" title="2022 in climate change">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_climate_change" title="2023 in climate change">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_climate_change" title="2024 in climate change">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Effects_and_issues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects and issues</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrupt_climate_change" title="Abrupt climate change">Abrupt climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic methane emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">Arctic sea ice decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic meridional overturning circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">Extreme weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_flooding" title="Coastal flooding">Coastal flooding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_heatwave" title="Marine heatwave">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">Oceans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">deoxygenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">heat content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">temperature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost#Impacts_of_climate_change" title="Permafrost">Permafrost thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">Retreat of glaciers since 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_creep" title="Season creep">Season creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">Water cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_wildfires" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and wildfires">Wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Flora and fauna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes" title="Effects of climate change on biomes">Biomes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_birds" title="Climate change and birds">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_invasive_species" title="Climate change and invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life#Climate_change" title="Human impact on marine life">Marine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_plant_biodiversity" title="Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity">Plant biodiversity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Social and economic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and agriculture in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_children" title="Climate change and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_cities" title="Climate change and cities">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_crime" title="Climate change and crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_depopulated_due_to_climate_change" title="List of areas depopulated due to climate change">Depopulation of settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmarks_destroyed_or_damaged_by_climate_change" title="List of landmarks destroyed or damaged by climate change">Destruction of cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_climate_change" title="Disability and climate change">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economic impacts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and insurance in the United States">U.S. insurance industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_gender" title="Climate change and gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health" title="Effects of climate change on human health">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health" title="Effects of climate change on mental health">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_and_climate_change" title="Human rights and climate change">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_infectious_diseases" title="Climate change and infectious diseases">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_migration" title="Climate migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_poverty" title="Climate change and poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_impact_of_climate_change" title="Psychological impact of climate change">Psychological impacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_security" title="Climate security">Security and conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_flooding" title="Urban flooding">Urban flooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Africa" title="Climate change in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Americas" title="Climate change in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Asia" title="Climate change in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Caribbean" title="Climate change in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_small_island_countries" title="Effects of climate change on small island countries">Small island countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change_by_country" title="Category:Climate change by country">by individual country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mitigation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Mitigation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economics and finance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_budget" title="Carbon budget">Carbon budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_emission_trading" title="Carbon emission trading">Carbon emission trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">Carbon offsets and credits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Standard_(carbon_offset_standard)" title="Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)">Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_price" title="Carbon price">Carbon price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_debt" title="Climate debt">Climate debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk_insurance" title="Climate risk insurance">Climate risk insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-benefits_of_climate_change_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-benefits of climate change mitigation">Co-benefits of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_climate_change_mitigation" title="Economics of climate change mitigation">Economics of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment" title="Fossil fuel divestment">Fossil fuel divestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Climate_Fund" title="Green Climate Fund">Green Climate Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low-carbon economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">Net zero emissions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">Carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">Energy transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Preserving and enhancing<br /> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sinks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_carbon" title="Blue carbon">Blue carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">Carbon dioxide removal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Direct air capture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_farming" title="Carbon farming">Carbon farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li>Forest management <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration#Forestry" title="Carbon sequestration">forestry for carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REDD_and_REDD%2B" title="REDD and REDD+">REDD and REDD+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change,_and_forestry" title="Land use, land-use change, and forestry">Land use, land-use change, and forestry</a> (LULUCF and AFOLU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Personal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individual_action_on_climate_change" title="Individual action on climate change">Individual action on climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_adaptation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Society and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_action_on_climate_change" title="Business action on climate change">Business action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">Climate action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_emergency_declaration" title="Climate emergency declaration">Climate emergency declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_movement" title="Climate movement">Climate movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_Strike_for_Climate" class="mw-redirect" title="School Strike for Climate">School Strike for Climate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">Ecological grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_governance" title="Climate governance">Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_on_climate_change" title="Public opinion on climate change">Public opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_climate_change" title="Women in climate change">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Adaptation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast" title="Climate change adaptation strategies on the German coast">Adaptation strategies on the German coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_capacity" title="Adaptive capacity">Adaptive capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_risk_reduction" title="Disaster risk reduction">Disaster risk reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem-based_adaptation" title="Ecosystem-based adaptation">Ecosystem-based adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage_(climate_change)" title="Loss and damage (climate change)">Loss and damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_retreat" title="Managed retreat">Managed retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk" title="Climate risk">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">Vulnerability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adaptation_Fund" title="The Adaptation Fund">The Adaptation Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Adaptation_Programme_of_Action" title="National Adaptation Programme of Action">National Adaptation Programme of Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_communication" title="Climate communication">Communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Performance_Index" title="Climate Change Performance Index">Climate Change Performance Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_crisis" title="Climate crisis">Climate crisis (term)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_spiral" title="Climate spiral">Climate spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_education" title="Climate change education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_climate_change" title="Media coverage of climate change">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_popular_culture" title="Climate change in popular culture">Popular culture depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_art" title="Climate change art">art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climate_change_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of climate change video games">video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warming_stripes" title="Warming stripes">Warming stripes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">International agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Climate_Pact" title="Glasgow Climate Pact">Glasgow Climate Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Mechanisms_under_Article_6_of_the_Paris_Agreement" title="Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement">Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationally_determined_contribution" title="Nationally determined contribution">Nationally determined contributions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_13" title="Sustainable Development Goal 13">Sustainable Development Goal 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Background_and_theory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Background and theory</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Measurements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_surface_temperature" title="Global surface temperature">Global surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_temperature_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental temperature record">Instrumental temperature record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_(climate)" title="Proxy (climate)">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_temperature_measurement" title="Satellite temperature measurement">Satellite temperature measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Carbon cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_carbon_cycle" title="Atmospheric carbon cycle">atmospheric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">biologic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_carbon_cycle" title="Oceanic carbon cycle">oceanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost_carbon_cycle" title="Permafrost carbon cycle">permafrost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">Carbon sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_sensitivity" title="Climate sensitivity">Climate sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate variability and change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_feedback" title="Cloud feedback">Cloud feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_forcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud forcing">Cloud forcing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_anvil_temperature_hypothesis" title="Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis">Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryosphere" title="Cryosphere">Cryosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_event_attribution" title="Extreme event attribution">Extreme event attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_feedbacks" title="Climate change feedbacks">Feedbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">Global warming potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustrative_model_of_greenhouse_effect_on_climate_change" title="Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change">Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_forcing" title="Orbital forcing">Orbital forcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">Radiative forcing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Research and modelling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_scenario" title="Climate change scenario">Climate change scenario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">Climate model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project" title="Coupled Model Intercomparison Project">Coupled Model Intercomparison Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathway" title="Representative Concentration Pathway">Representative Concentration Pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways" title="Shared Socioeconomic Pathways">Shared Socioeconomic Pathways</a></li></ul> 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