Environment | MacMillan Center for International and Area Studies at Yale

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<style>.block-main-menu[aria-hidden=false]{display:block}.block-main-menu[aria-hidden=true]{display:none}</style> <style>.main-menu-toggle{display:var(--main-menu-toggle--display);height:21px;max-width:26px;min-width:26px}.main-menu-toggle span{color:var(--main-menu-toggle--color,#222);display:block;position:relative;width:75%}.main-menu-toggle span,.main-menu-toggle span:after,.main-menu-toggle span:before{background-color:currentColor;border-radius:100vw/100vw;height:2px;transition:all .2s ease-in-out}.main-menu-toggle span:after,.main-menu-toggle span:before{content:"";position:absolute;right:-25%;width:100%}.main-menu-toggle span:before{top:-8.5px}.main-menu-toggle span:after{bottom:-8.5px}.main-menu-toggle[aria-expanded=true] span{background:transparent;width:100%}.main-menu-toggle[aria-expanded=true] span:before{rotate:45deg;top:0}.main-menu-toggle[aria-expanded=true] 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span{text-wrap:nowrap}.group-archive-banner__text{margin-top:.5em}</style> <style>.animation-banner{margin-left:calc(-50vw + 50% - var(--scrollbar-width, 0px)/2*-1);margin-right:calc(-50vw + 50% - var(--scrollbar-width, 0px)/2*-1)}.animation-banner__content{margin:0 auto;max-width:1440px;padding-left:var(--safe-area-inline);padding-right:var(--safe-area-inline)}.animation-banner__cta-toggle{--_toggle-weight:1px;--_toggle-size:1rem;display:inline-block;margin-left:calc(var(--_toggle-size)*.5);position:relative;translate:0 -.125rem;width:calc(var(--_toggle-size)*.5)}.animation-banner__cta-toggle:after,.animation-banner__cta-toggle:before{background-color:var(--toggle-color,currentColor);border-bottom:var(--_toggle-weight) solid var(--toggle-color,currentColor);border-top:var(--_toggle-weight) solid var(--toggle-color,currentColor);content:"";display:block;height:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:var(--toggle-top,calc(50% - var(--_toggle-weight)));transition:all .2s ease-in-out,transform 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data-js="view-block"> <div class="view view--block-latest-by-priority view--grid view--content-stories js-view-dom-id-f058f5284402b7654f9c5324296fcb33f86dd2f4e2c2cb95db496cebcc614a1f view--2-columns"> <div class="view__content"> <div class="view__rows"> <div class="view__row view__row--0"> <article id="node-story-3004164" class="node-teaser node-teaser--story node-teaser--image-size-sm"> <header class="node-teaser__header"> <div class="node-teaser__groups"> Hellenic Studies Program </div> <div class="node-teaser__heading"> <a href="/hellenic/stories/watch-professor-costas-arkolakis-discusses-challenges-and-opportunities-clean"><span>WATCH: Professor Costas Arkolakis Discusses Challenges and Opportunities for Clean Growth</span></a> </div> <div class="node-teaser__published-date"> <time datetime="2024-10-14T08:00:00-04:00">Oct 14, 2024</time> </div> </header> <div class="node-teaser__content"> <div class="node-teaser__image"> <figure data-js="media-image" class="media media--image"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp" width="400" height="400" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_400/public/2024-08/Arkolakis%20EGC.webp?h=f8f69423&itok=VbiOIlfI 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_800/public/2024-08/Arkolakis%20EGC.webp?h=f8f69423&itok=-MCQSyJZ 2x"/> <source type="image/webp" width="320" height="320" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_320/public/2024-08/Arkolakis%20EGC.webp?h=f8f69423&itok=Ei2ACVhS 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_640/public/2024-08/Arkolakis%20EGC.webp?h=f8f69423&itok=m2PuFoCh 2x"/> <source media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/png" width="400" height="400" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_400/public/2024-08/Arkolakis%20EGC.png?h=f8f69423&itok=VbiOIlfI 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_800/public/2024-08/Arkolakis%20EGC.png?h=f8f69423&itok=-MCQSyJZ 2x"/> <source type="image/png" width="320" height="320" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_320/public/2024-08/Arkolakis%20EGC.png?h=f8f69423&itok=Ei2ACVhS 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_640/public/2024-08/Arkolakis%20EGC.png?h=f8f69423&itok=m2PuFoCh 2x"/> <img loading="lazy" width="320" height="320" alt="Costas Arkolakis" class="lazyload" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/square_320/public/2024-08/Arkolakis%20EGC.png?h=f8f69423&itok=Ei2ACVhS" /> </picture> </figure> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="view__row view__row--1"> <article id="node-story-3004137" class="node-teaser node-teaser--story node-teaser--image-size-sm"> <header class="node-teaser__header"> <div class="node-teaser__groups"> MacMillan Center </div> <div class="node-teaser__heading"> <a href="https://news.yale.edu/2024/10/04/burning-earth-assessing-centuries-ecological-and-human-exploitation?utm_source=YaleToday&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=YT_YaleToday-Staff_10-8-2024"><span>‘Burning Earth’: Assessing centuries of ecological and human exploitation</span></a> </div> <div class="node-teaser__source"> Yale News </div> <div class="node-teaser__published-date"> <time datetime="2024-10-08T08:00:00-04:00">Oct 8, 2024</time> </div> <div class="node-teaser__summary"> <div class="ck-content"><p>Sunil Amrith explains why historical abuses of the planet for profit are also linked to human injustice — and why he nonetheless remains hopeful.</p> </div> </div> </header> <div class="node-teaser__content"> <div class="node-teaser__image"> <figure data-js="media-image" class="media media--image"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp" width="400" height="400" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_400/public/amrith_2017_high-res-download_5.webp?h=294de197&itok=PvQQRUyf 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_800/public/amrith_2017_high-res-download_5.webp?h=294de197&itok=RsTHh2jI 2x"/> <source type="image/webp" width="320" height="320" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_320/public/amrith_2017_high-res-download_5.webp?h=294de197&itok=wvZrNIRb 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_640/public/amrith_2017_high-res-download_5.webp?h=294de197&itok=Iii57UPH 2x"/> <source media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/jpeg" width="400" height="400" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_400/public/amrith_2017_high-res-download_5.jpg?h=294de197&itok=PvQQRUyf 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_800/public/amrith_2017_high-res-download_5.jpg?h=294de197&itok=RsTHh2jI 2x"/> <source type="image/jpeg" width="320" height="320" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_320/public/amrith_2017_high-res-download_5.jpg?h=294de197&itok=wvZrNIRb 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_640/public/amrith_2017_high-res-download_5.jpg?h=294de197&itok=Iii57UPH 2x"/> <img loading="lazy" width="320" height="320" class="lazyload" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/square_320/public/amrith_2017_high-res-download_5.jpg?h=294de197&itok=wvZrNIRb" /> </picture> </figure> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="layout--margin-bottom-lg layout--edge-to-edge layout--published layout layout--one-column" data-theme="grayscale"> <div class="layout__content"> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region--gap-sm layout__region layout__region--first"> <div class="layout__region-item"> <div class="layout--70-30 layout--mobile-order-1-2 layout--align-center layout--published layout layout--two-column"> <div class="layout__content"> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region--gap-sm layout__region layout__region--first"> <div class="layout__region-item"> <div id="paragraph-image-25799" class="image image--mask-ultrawide-complex-1" data-js="image"> <div class="image__wrapper"> <figure data-js="media-image" class="media media--image"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 1440px)" type="image/webp" width="1440" height="720" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/ultrawide_1440/public/2024-06/xavi-moll-u-Q14NlYLEI-unsplash.webp?h=a5eb5da0&itok=crHO5zUB 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/ultrawide_2880/public/2024-06/xavi-moll-u-Q14NlYLEI-unsplash.webp?h=a5eb5da0&itok=B-Igf-S8 2x"/> <source media="all and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="907" height="453" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/ultrawide_907/public/2024-06/xavi-moll-u-Q14NlYLEI-unsplash.webp?h=a5eb5da0&itok=FjRjV2IO 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/ultrawide_1815/public/2024-06/xavi-moll-u-Q14NlYLEI-unsplash.webp?h=a5eb5da0&itok=ssMtt8Si 2x"/> <source media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp" width="720" height="360" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/ultrawide_720/public/2024-06/xavi-moll-u-Q14NlYLEI-unsplash.webp?h=a5eb5da0&itok=rGoehGDx 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/ultrawide_1440/public/2024-06/xavi-moll-u-Q14NlYLEI-unsplash.webp?h=a5eb5da0&itok=crHO5zUB 2x"/> <source type="image/webp" width="360" height="478" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/portrait_360/public/2024-06/xavi-moll-u-Q14NlYLEI-unsplash.webp?h=a5eb5da0&itok=5CGbdG4E 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/portrait_720/public/2024-06/xavi-moll-u-Q14NlYLEI-unsplash.webp?h=a5eb5da0&itok=hvXgI-lN 2x"/> <source media="all and (min-width: 1440px)" type="image/jpeg" width="1440" height="720" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/ultrawide_1440/public/2024-06/xavi-moll-u-Q14NlYLEI-unsplash.jpg?h=a5eb5da0&itok=crHO5zUB 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/ultrawide_2880/public/2024-06/xavi-moll-u-Q14NlYLEI-unsplash.jpg?h=a5eb5da0&itok=B-Igf-S8 2x"/> <source media="all and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/jpeg" width="907" height="453" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/ultrawide_907/public/2024-06/xavi-moll-u-Q14NlYLEI-unsplash.jpg?h=a5eb5da0&itok=FjRjV2IO 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/ultrawide_1815/public/2024-06/xavi-moll-u-Q14NlYLEI-unsplash.jpg?h=a5eb5da0&itok=ssMtt8Si 2x"/> <source media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/jpeg" width="720" height="360" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/ultrawide_720/public/2024-06/xavi-moll-u-Q14NlYLEI-unsplash.jpg?h=a5eb5da0&itok=rGoehGDx 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/ultrawide_1440/public/2024-06/xavi-moll-u-Q14NlYLEI-unsplash.jpg?h=a5eb5da0&itok=crHO5zUB 2x"/> <source type="image/jpeg" width="360" height="478" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/portrait_360/public/2024-06/xavi-moll-u-Q14NlYLEI-unsplash.jpg?h=a5eb5da0&itok=5CGbdG4E 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/portrait_720/public/2024-06/xavi-moll-u-Q14NlYLEI-unsplash.jpg?h=a5eb5da0&itok=hvXgI-lN 2x"/> <img loading="lazy" width="360" height="478" alt="Farm tractor in field of green grass in Spain, Maó" class="lazyload" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/portrait_360/public/2024-06/xavi-moll-u-Q14NlYLEI-unsplash.jpg?h=a5eb5da0&itok=5CGbdG4E" /> </picture> <cite class="media__credit"> <a href="https://unsplash.com/@xmollv">Xavi Moll</a></cite> </figure> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div class="layout__region-item"> <div id="paragraph-html-content-25800" class="html-content" data-js="html-content"> <div class="html-content__body"> <div class="ck-content"><p class="small-text">Program spotlight</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region-item"> <section id="paragraph-html-content-25801" class="html-content" data-js="html-content"> <header class="advanced-header-field advanced-header-field--heading-tag-h2 advanced-header-field--size-h3"> <h2 id="heading-html_content-25801" class="advanced-header-field__heading"> <a href="/agrarianstudies">Program in Agrarian Studies</a> </h2> </header> <div class="html-content__body"> <div class="ck-content"><p>An experimental, interdisciplinary effort to reshape how a new generation of scholars understands rural life and society</p> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <section class="node__headlines"> <h3>Headlines</h3> <div class="view view--embed-headlines-by-priority view--grid view--content-stories js-view-dom-id-c0034caad26afe64764bf64fca464584afb0d694e939a86884c7c6383c1c8f43 view--2-columns"> <div class="view__content"> <div class="view__rows"> <div class="view__row view__row--0"><div class="view__story-teaser"> <div class="view__groups"> Hellenic Studies Program </div> <div class="view__story-title"> <a href="/node/3004164/watch-professor-costas-arkolakis-discusses-challenges-and-opportunities-clean-growth" hreflang="en">WATCH: Professor Costas Arkolakis Discusses Challenges and Opportunities for Clean Growth</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="view__row view__row--1"><div 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