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class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_no.wikipedia.org&uselang=nb" class=""><span>Doner</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Opprett_konto&returnto=Middelnedertysk" title="Du oppfordres til å opprette en konto og logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk" class=""><span>Opprett konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Logg_inn&returnto=Middelnedertysk" title="Du oppfordres til å logge inn, men det er ikke 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<li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_lenker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_lenker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Eksterne lenker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_lenker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Middelnedertysk</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 25 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelnedertysk" title="Middelnedertysk – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Middelnedertysk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelnederduits" title="Middelnederduits – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Middelnederduits" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%89" title="الألمانية الدنيا الوسطى – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الألمانية الدنيا الوسطى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Среднодолнонемски език – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Среднодолнонемски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitj%C3%A0_baix_alemany" title="Mitjà baix alemany – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mitjà baix alemany" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittelniederdeutsche_Sprache" title="Mittelniederdeutsche Sprache – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mittelniederdeutsche Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Middle Low German" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajo_alem%C3%A1n_medio" title="Bajo alemán medio – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bajo alemán medio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezmalaltgermana_lingvo" title="Mezmalaltgermana lingvo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mezmalaltgermana lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moyen_bas_allemand" title="Moyen bas allemand – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Moyen bas allemand" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnederd%C3%BAtsk" title="Midnederdútsk – vestfrisisk" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Midnederdútsk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vestfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EC%84%B8_%EC%A0%80%EC%A7%80_%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC%EC%96%B4" title="중세 저지 독일어 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중세 저지 독일어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srednjoniskonjema%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Srednjoniskonjemački jezik – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Srednjoniskonjemački jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Saksen_Pertengahan" title="Bahasa Saksen Pertengahan – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Saksen Pertengahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6z%C3%A9paln%C3%A9met_nyelv" title="Középalnémet nyelv – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Középalnémet nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Среднодолногермански јазик – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Среднодолногермански јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelnederduits" title="Middelnederduits – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Middelnederduits" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelsassisk" title="Middelsassisk – nedersaksisk" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Middelsassisk" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="nedersaksisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelsassische_Spraak" title="Middelsassische Spraak – nedertysk" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Middelsassische Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="nedertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_%C5%9Brednio-dolno-niemiecki" title="Język średnio-dolno-niemiecki – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język średnio-dolno-niemiecki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Средненижненемецкий язык – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Средненижненемецкий язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Middle Low German" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="ภาษาเยอรมันต่ำกลาง – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาเยอรมันต่ำกลาง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Середньонижньонімецька мова – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Середньонижньонімецька мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="中世纪低地德语 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中世纪低地德语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q505674#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Rediger lenker til artikkelen på andre språk" class="wbc-editpage">Rediger lenker</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Middelnedertysk" title="Vis innholdssiden [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikkel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diskusjon:Middelnedertysk&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Diskusjon om innholdssiden (ikke skrevet ennå) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskusjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Bytt språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">norsk bokmål</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visninger"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Middelnedertysk"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middelnedertysk&veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middelnedertysk&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne siden [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middelnedertysk&action=history" title="Tidligere sideversjoner av denne siden [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verktøy" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Verktøy</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Verktøy</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Flere alternativer" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handlinger </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Middelnedertysk"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middelnedertysk&veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middelnedertysk&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne siden [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middelnedertysk&action=history"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generelt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Lenker_hit/Middelnedertysk" title="Liste over alle wikisider som lenker hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Lenker hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Relaterte_endringer/Middelnedertysk" rel="nofollow" title="Siste endringer i sider som blir lenket fra denne siden [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterte endringer</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=no" title="Last opp filer [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Last opp fil</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Spesialsider" title="Liste over alle spesialsider [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesialsider</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middelnedertysk&oldid=23898156" title="Permanent lenke til denne versjonen av siden"><span>Permanent lenke</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middelnedertysk&action=info" title="Mer informasjon om denne siden"><span>Sideinformasjon</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Siteringshjelp&page=Middelnedertysk&id=23898156&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasjon om hvordan denne siden kan siteres"><span>Siter denne siden</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fno.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMiddelnedertysk"><span>Hent forkortet URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fno.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMiddelnedertysk"><span>Last ned QR-kode</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Skriv ut / eksporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Middelnedertysk&action=show-download-screen"><span>Last ned som PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middelnedertysk&printable=yes" title="Utskriftsvennlig versjon av denne siden [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Utskriftsvennlig versjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> På andre prosjekter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Middelnederduits" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q505674" title="Lenke til koblet dataregisterelement [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-element</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" 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th{padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.bilde td{text-align:center;font-weight:normal;border:none;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.overskrift td{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;background-color:#eee;border:none;padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.geografi tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.biografi tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.transport tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bygning tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.infrastruktur tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bred tr.overskrift td{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.ekstrabred tr.overskrift td{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bordered tr.rad th{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bordered tr.rad td{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc}</style><table class="infobox infoboks bred"><tbody><tr class="hode overskrift"><th colspan="4">Middelnedertysk</th></tr> <tr class="bilde" valign="top"><td colspan="4" class="sentrert"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Extent_of_the_Hansa-optimiert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Extent_of_the_Hansa-optimiert.jpg/250px-Extent_of_the_Hansa-optimiert.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Extent_of_the_Hansa-optimiert.jpg/375px-Extent_of_the_Hansa-optimiert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Extent_of_the_Hansa-optimiert.jpg/500px-Extent_of_the_Hansa-optimiert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3605" data-file-height="2061" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr> <tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Region</th><td colspan="2">Landområdene rundt den sørlige del av <a href="/wiki/%C3%98stersj%C3%B8en" title="Østersjøen">Østersjøen</a> og den sørøstlige delen av <a href="/wiki/Nordsj%C3%B8en" title="Nordsjøen">Nordsjøen</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Utdødd</th><td colspan="2">Utviklet seg til moderne <a href="/wiki/Nedertysk" title="Nedertysk">nedertysk</a> og <a href="/wiki/Nederlandsk" title="Nederlandsk">nederlandsk</a>; i stor grad fortrengt av <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8ytysk" title="Høytysk">høytysk</a> i tyskspråklige områder</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Spr%C3%A5kfamilie" title="Språkfamilie">Lingvistisk<br />klassifikasjon</a></th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Indoeuropeiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Indoeuropeiske språk">Indoeuropeisk</a><br /><span style="margin-left:.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Germanske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Germanske språk">Germansk</a></span><br /><span style="margin-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Vestgermanske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Vestgermanske språk">Vestgermansk</a></span><br /><span style="margin-left:2em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordsj%C3%B8germansk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nordsjøgermansk (ikke skrevet ennå)">Nordsjøgermansk</a></span><br /><span style="margin-left:2.5em;"><b>Middelnedertysk</b></span></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Skriftsystem" title="Skriftsystem">Skriftsystem</a></th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Det_latinske_alfabetet" title="Det latinske alfabetet">det latinske alfabetet</a> </td></tr><tr class="overskrift"><td colspan="4">Språkkoder</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td colspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/gml">gml</a> </td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Glottolog</th><td colspan="2" class=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/midd1318">midd1318</a> </td></tr><tr class="rad"><td colspan="4" class="center wikipedia-lenke"><hr /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="lenke=::"><img alt="lenke=::" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/15px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/23px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/30px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a></span> <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gml_:&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gml : (ikke skrevet ennå)">Wikipedia på middelnedertysk</a></b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://no.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kategori:middelnedertysk" title="wikt:Kategori:middelnedertysk"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/15px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/23px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/30px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://no.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kategori:Middelnedertysk" class="extiw" title="wikt:Kategori:Middelnedertysk">Middelnedertysk på Wiktionary</a><br /></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Middelnedertysk</b> er et moderne begrep som brukes med varierende inklusivitet om et utviklingsstadium i <a href="/wiki/Nedertysk" title="Nedertysk">nedertysk</a> og eventuelt <a href="/wiki/Nederlandsk" title="Nederlandsk">nederlandsk</a>. Dette utgjorde et dialektkontinuum som ble snakket langs <a href="/wiki/Nordsj%C3%B8en" title="Nordsjøen">Nordsjø</a>- og <a href="/wiki/%C3%98stersj%C3%B8en" title="Østersjøen">Østersjøkysten</a> og som strakk seg fra <a href="/wiki/Nederlandene" title="Nederlandene">Nederlandene</a> i vest til de baltiske landene i øst. Det var et dominerende <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> og <a href="/wiki/Diplomati" title="Diplomati">diplomatisk</a> språk og handelsspråk i hele <a href="/wiki/Nord-Europa" title="Nord-Europa">Nord-Europa</a> i høy- og senmiddelalderen, og var <a href="/wiki/Hansaforbundet" title="Hansaforbundet">Hansaforbundets</a> offisielle språk. Middelnedertysk fikk også stor innflytelse på skandinaviske språk. I Tyskland har nedertysk i moderne tid blitt fortrengt av <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8ytysk" title="Høytysk">høytysk</a> som offisielt språk og i stor grad som talespråk, mens den vestlige videreføringen <a href="/wiki/Nederlandsk" title="Nederlandsk">nederlandsk</a> (og <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">afrikaans</a>) er levende språk i dag. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historie">Historie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middelnedertysk&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Historie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middelnedertysk&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Historie"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Middelnedertysk er et moderne begrep skapt av lingvister i ny tid, og har vært brukt med varierende inklusivitet. Det forstås først og fremst i motsetning til <a href="/wiki/Middelh%C3%B8ytysk" title="Middelhøytysk">middelhøytysk</a> som ble brukt lengre sør. Dermed brukes begrepet i en del litteratur som et samlebegrep for hele dialektkontinuumet som strakk seg fra Nederlandene i vest til de baltiske statene i øst, dvs. om det tysk–nederlandske dialektkontinuumet langs <a href="/wiki/Nordsj%C3%B8en" title="Nordsjøen">Nordsjøen</a> og <a href="/wiki/%C3%98stersj%C3%B8en" title="Østersjøen">Østersjøen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Middelnedertysk kan deles inn i to mer distinkte dialektgrupper: Middelsaksisk og middelnederlandsk. En del moderne litteratur bruker begrepet middelnedertysk i en mer avgrenset betydning som synonymt med middelsaksisk. I lingvistikk brukes middelnedertysk også ofte som språkhistorisk betegnelse om ord av usikker opprinnelse, som kan være enten middelsaksisk eller middelnederlandsk. </p><p>Middelsaksisk utviklet seg fra <a href="/wiki/Gammelsaksisk" title="Gammelsaksisk">gammelsaksisk</a> og kjennes i skriftlig form siden <a href="/wiki/1225" title="1225">1225</a>/<a href="/wiki/1234" title="1234">1234</a> gjennom verket <i><a href="/wiki/Sachsenspiegel" title="Sachsenspiegel">Sachsenspiegel</a></i> (Saksenspeilet). Middelsaksisk ble talt i det moderne nordlige Tyskland, langs Østersjøkysten og som handelsspråk i Nederland, særlig av hanseatiske kjøpmenn. Middelnederlandsk var en videreutvikling av gammelnederlandsk og betegnet nedertyske språkvarieteter som bygget på <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gammelfrankisk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gammelfrankisk (ikke skrevet ennå)">gammelfrankiske</a> dialekter, som ble talt av <a href="/wiki/Frankere" title="Frankere">frankerne</a> i dagens Nederland, Belgia og det vestlige Tyskland. Middelsaksisk og middelnederlandsk med forløpere utgjorde et nært beslektet kontinuum av dialekter, og fulgte ikke de moderne nasjonale grensene. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Extent_of_the_Hansa-optimiert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Extent_of_the_Hansa-optimiert.jpg/250px-Extent_of_the_Hansa-optimiert.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Extent_of_the_Hansa-optimiert.jpg/375px-Extent_of_the_Hansa-optimiert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Extent_of_the_Hansa-optimiert.jpg/500px-Extent_of_the_Hansa-optimiert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3605" data-file-height="2061" /></a><figcaption>Hansaforbundet og kjerneområdet for middelnedertysk språk rundt 1400. Middelnedertysk ble talt fra Nederlandene i vest til de baltiske landene i øst.</figcaption></figure> <p>Det middelnedertyske språk var i <a href="/wiki/Hansa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hansa">hansatiden</a> fra ca. 1300 til ca. 1600 det førende skriftspråk i den nordlige del av Sentral-Europa og tjente som <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> i hele Nord-Europa fra <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> i vest til <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a> i øst, og fra <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a> i nord til <a href="/wiki/Westfalen" title="Westfalen">Westfalen</a> i syd. Det ble også, ved siden av latin, brukt i diplomatiet og for juridiske dokumenter. Hansaforbundets korrespondanse brukte middelnedertysk. På <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a>, i <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reval" class="mw-redirect" title="Reval">Reval</a> (Tallinn) og <a href="/wiki/Dorpat" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorpat">Dorpat</a> (Tartu) var middelnedertysk et fremtredende språk. Dette resulterte i en sterk innflytelse på de skandinaviske språk (dansk, svensk og norsk), som har opptatt en stor del av sitt moderne ordforråd fra middelnedertysk (i bred forstand). Mange nordister anslår at over halvparten av det skandinaviske ordforrådet er av middelnedertysk opprinnelse. </p><p>Opprinnelig utviklet det nedertyske skriftspråk seg i den østfalske kulturelle høyborg <a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a>, hvor det utvilsomt også ble utsatt for betydelig høytysk innflytelse. Senere forflyttet språkets tyngdepunkt seg nordover til hansestedene. </p><p>Viktige litterære verker skrevet på middelnedertysk inkluderer: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sachsenspiegel" title="Sachsenspiegel">Sachsenspiegel</a>, en samling av saksiske lover fra 1225, som har påvirket europeisk lovgivning i betydelig grad frem til det 19. århundre</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reynke_de_Voss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reynke de Voss (ikke skrevet ennå)">Reynke de Voss</a>, Lübeck, 1498, en dyrefabel, som ble oversatt til mange språk, og bearbeidet som <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reineke_Fuchs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reineke Fuchs (ikke skrevet ennå)">Reineke Fuchs</a></i> av <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a>.</li></ul> <p>Fra middelnedertysk i bred forstand har utviklet seg følgende moderne språk: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandsk" title="Nederlandsk">Nederlandsk</a> og <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nedersaksisk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nedersaksisk (ikke skrevet ennå)">Nedersaksisk</a>, bedre kjent som plattysk, som omfatter tallrike dialekter (westfalsk, østfrisisk, holsteinsk etc.)</li> <li>De tallrike østnedertyske dialekter, som døde ut til fordel for gammel- og vestnedertyske dialekter</li></ul> <p>Det middelnedertyske språks ordforråd er beskrevet i <i>Mittelniederdeutsches Handwörterbuch</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middelnedertysk&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middelnedertysk&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://germanic-studies.org/Middle-Low-German-loanwords-in-the-Scandinavian-languages.htm">Mainland Scandinavian: Loans from Middle Low German</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_lenker">Eksterne lenker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middelnedertysk&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eksterne lenker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middelnedertysk&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eksterne lenker"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="bjeller languageicon" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);cursor:help;" title="engelsk">(en)</span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Middelnederduits" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Middelnederduits">Middelnederduits</a> – kategori av bilder, video eller lyd på <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Commons</a> <span class="noprint plainlinks wikidata-linkback wd_p373"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q505674?uselang=nb#P373" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://andpuzik.narod.ru/Mnd.htm">Mittelniederdeutsch</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.uni-hamburg.de/hamburgisches_ub/">Das Virtuelle Hamburgische Urkundenbuch</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plattmaster.de/medeloller.htm">Mittelniederdeutsche Schriftsprache im Vergleich mit modernem Plattdeutsch</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/19980710161714/http://www.bis.uni-oldenburg.de/~havekost/needer/rey1-1.htm">Reynke de Voss</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://germanic-studies.org/Middle-Low-German-loanwords-in-the-Scandinavian-languages.htm">Mainland Scandinavian: Loans from Middle Low German</a></i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23230704">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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