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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Design_and_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_and_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Design and structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_and_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">GUM (department store)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUM" title="GUM – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="GUM" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6vl%C9%99t_Universal_Ma%C4%9Fazas%C4%B1" title="Dövlət Universal Mağazası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dövlət Universal Mağazası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%A3%D0%9C" title="ГУМ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="ГУМ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUM" title="GUM – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="GUM" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUM" title="GUM – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="GUM" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warenhaus_GUM" title="Warenhaus GUM – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Warenhaus GUM" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUM" title="GUM – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="GUM" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUM" title="GUM – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="GUM" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ctata_%C4%89iovendejo_(Moskvo)" title="Ŝtata ĉiovendejo (Moskvo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝtata ĉiovendejo (Moskvo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goum" title="Goum – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Goum" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%BC_(%EB%B0%B1%ED%99%94%EC%A0%90)" title="굼 (백화점) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="굼 (백화점)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%88%D5%92%D5%84" title="ԳՈՒՄ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ԳՈՒՄ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUM" title="GUM – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="GUM" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUM_(toko_serba_ada)" title="GUM (toko serba ada) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="GUM (toko serba ada)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUM_(centro_commerciale)" title="GUM (centro commerciale) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="GUM (centro commerciale)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9D" title="גום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantopolium_principale_(Moscua)" title="Pantopolium principale (Moscua) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pantopolium principale (Moscua)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUM_(veikals)" title="GUM (veikals) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="GUM (veikals)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUM_%C3%A1ruh%C3%A1z" title="GUM áruház – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="GUM áruház" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%9C%D0%B0" title="Државна универзална стоковна куќа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Државна универзална стоковна куќа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUM_(gedung_serbaneka)" title="GUM (gedung serbaneka) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="GUM (gedung serbaneka)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOeM" title="GOeM – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="GOeM" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A0%E7%99%BE%E8%B2%A8%E5%BA%97" title="グム百貨店 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グム百貨店" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUM" title="GUM – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="GUM" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosudarstwiennyj_Uniwiersalnyj_Magazin" title="Gosudarstwiennyj Uniwiersalnyj Magazin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gosudarstwiennyj Uniwiersalnyj Magazin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUM_(loja_de_departamento)" title="GUM (loja de departamento) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="GUM (loja de departamento)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%A3%D0%9C" title="ГУМ – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="ГУМ" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosudarstvennyj_universa%C4%BEnyj_magazin" title="Gosudarstvennyj universaľnyj magazin – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gosudarstvennyj universaľnyj magazin" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veleblagovnica_GUM" title="Veleblagovnica GUM – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Veleblagovnica GUM" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%A3%D0%9C" title="ГУМ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="ГУМ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUM" title="GUM – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="GUM" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUM" title="GUM – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="GUM" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUM" title="GUM – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="GUM" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUM" title="GUM – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="GUM" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%99%BE%E8%B4%A7%E5%95%86%E5%9C%BA" title="国家百货商场 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="国家百货商场" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q549498#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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37.62139</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Russian department store group</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GUM,_Moscow,_Russia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/GUM%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg/220px-GUM%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/GUM%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg/330px-GUM%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/GUM%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg/440px-GUM%2C_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1844" data-file-height="1208" /></a><figcaption>The GUM façade faces Red Square</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_05-2017_img34_Kitay-Gorod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Moscow_05-2017_img34_Kitay-Gorod.jpg/220px-Moscow_05-2017_img34_Kitay-Gorod.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Moscow_05-2017_img34_Kitay-Gorod.jpg/330px-Moscow_05-2017_img34_Kitay-Gorod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Moscow_05-2017_img34_Kitay-Gorod.jpg/440px-Moscow_05-2017_img34_Kitay-Gorod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4058" data-file-height="2705" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of GUM roof</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Upper_Trade_Rows,_Mosc%C3%BA,_Rusia,_2016-10-03,_DD_03-04_HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Upper_Trade_Rows%2C_Mosc%C3%BA%2C_Rusia%2C_2016-10-03%2C_DD_03-04_HDR.jpg/220px-Upper_Trade_Rows%2C_Mosc%C3%BA%2C_Rusia%2C_2016-10-03%2C_DD_03-04_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Upper_Trade_Rows%2C_Mosc%C3%BA%2C_Rusia%2C_2016-10-03%2C_DD_03-04_HDR.jpg/330px-Upper_Trade_Rows%2C_Mosc%C3%BA%2C_Rusia%2C_2016-10-03%2C_DD_03-04_HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Upper_Trade_Rows%2C_Mosc%C3%BA%2C_Rusia%2C_2016-10-03%2C_DD_03-04_HDR.jpg/440px-Upper_Trade_Rows%2C_Mosc%C3%BA%2C_Rusia%2C_2016-10-03%2C_DD_03-04_HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5655" data-file-height="3053" /></a><figcaption>Upper Trading Rows by night</figcaption></figure> <p><b>GUM</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">ГУМ</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a shopping center in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Russia. It was also the main <a href="/wiki/Department_store" title="Department store">department store</a> in many cities of the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>; similarly named stores operated in some <a href="/wiki/Soviet_republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet republics">Soviet republics</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet states</a>. </p><p>The most famous GUM is the large store facing <a href="/wiki/Red_Square" title="Red Square">Red Square</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kitai-gorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitai-gorod">Kitai-gorod</a> area – itself traditionally a mall of <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. Originally, and today again, the building functions as a <a href="/wiki/Shopping_mall" title="Shopping mall">shopping mall</a>. During most of the Soviet period it was essentially a department store as there was one vendor: the Soviet State. Before the 1920s the location was known as the <b>Upper Trading Rows</b> (Russian: <span lang="ru">Верхние торговые ряды</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Verhnije torgovyje rjady</i></span>). </p><p>As of 2021, GUM carries over 100 different brands,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has cafes and restaurants<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inside the mall. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Moscow_GUM">Moscow GUM</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GUM_(department_store)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Moscow GUM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design_and_structure">Design and structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GUM_(department_store)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Design and structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Structure_of_the_Roof_of_Upper_Trading_Rows_by_Vladimir_Shukhov_6.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Structure_of_the_Roof_of_Upper_Trading_Rows_by_Vladimir_Shukhov_6.JPG/220px-Structure_of_the_Roof_of_Upper_Trading_Rows_by_Vladimir_Shukhov_6.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Structure_of_the_Roof_of_Upper_Trading_Rows_by_Vladimir_Shukhov_6.JPG/330px-Structure_of_the_Roof_of_Upper_Trading_Rows_by_Vladimir_Shukhov_6.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Structure_of_the_Roof_of_Upper_Trading_Rows_by_Vladimir_Shukhov_6.JPG/440px-Structure_of_the_Roof_of_Upper_Trading_Rows_by_Vladimir_Shukhov_6.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="2616" /></a><figcaption>Structure of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Shukhov" title="Vladimir Shukhov">Shukhov's</a> roof</figcaption></figure> <p>With the façade extending for 242 m (794 ft) along the eastern side of Red Square, the Upper Trading Rows were built between 1890 and 1893 by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pomerantsev" title="Alexander Pomerantsev">Alexander Pomerantsev</a> (responsible for architecture) and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Shukhov" title="Vladimir Shukhov">Vladimir Shukhov</a> (responsible for engineering). The trapezoidal building features a combination of elements of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revival">Russian medieval architecture</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> framework and <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> roof, a similar style to the great 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway station">railway stations</a> of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. <a href="/wiki/William_Craft_Brumfield" title="William Craft Brumfield">William Craft Brumfield</a> described the GUM building as "a tribute both to Shukhov's design and to the technical proficiency of <a href="/wiki/Russian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian architecture">Russian architecture</a> toward the end of the 19th century".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The glass-roofed design made the building unique at the time of construction. The roof, the diameter of which is 14 m (46 ft), looks light, but it is a firm construction made of more than 50,000 metal pods (about 743 t (819 short tons)), capable of supporting snowfall accumulation. Illumination is provided by huge arched skylights of iron and glass, each weighing some 740 t (820 short tons) and containing in excess of 20,000 panes of glass. The facade is divided into several horizontal tiers, lined with red Finnish granite, <a href="/wiki/Tarusa" title="Tarusa">Tarusa</a> marble, and limestone. Each arcade is on three levels, linked by walkways of reinforced concrete. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GUM_(department_store)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goum_1893.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Goum_1893.jpg/220px-Goum_1893.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Goum_1893.jpg/330px-Goum_1893.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Goum_1893.jpg/440px-Goum_1893.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Inside the store in 1893: elongated shop galleries are bridged with innovative metal-and-glass vaults, designed by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Shukhov" title="Vladimir Shukhov">Vladimir Shukhov</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_GUM_Middle_Line_view_from_2nd_floor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Moscow_GUM_Middle_Line_view_from_2nd_floor.jpg/220px-Moscow_GUM_Middle_Line_view_from_2nd_floor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Moscow_GUM_Middle_Line_view_from_2nd_floor.jpg/330px-Moscow_GUM_Middle_Line_view_from_2nd_floor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Moscow_GUM_Middle_Line_view_from_2nd_floor.jpg/440px-Moscow_GUM_Middle_Line_view_from_2nd_floor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3339" data-file-height="3071" /></a><figcaption>Inside view of the structure and finish applied to the building</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Catherine_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine II of Russia">Catherine II of Russia</a> commissioned <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Quarenghi" title="Giacomo Quarenghi">Giacomo Quarenghi</a>, a Neoclassical architect from Italy, to design a huge trade area along the east side of Red Square. However, that building was lost to the <a href="/wiki/1812_Fire_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="1812 Fire of Moscow">1812 Fire of Moscow</a> and replaced by trading rows designed by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bove" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Bove">Joseph Bove</a>. In turn, the current structure opened in 1894, replacing Bove's.<sup id="cite_ref-artclassic_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-artclassic-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Russian Revolution of 1917</a>, the building contained some 1,200 <a href="/wiki/Retailing#Shops_and_Stores" class="mw-redirect" title="Retailing">stores</a>. After the Revolution, GUM was <a href="/wiki/Nationalized" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalized">nationalized</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">NEP</a> period (1921–28), however, GUM as a State Department Store operated as a model retail enterprise for consumers throughout Russia regardless of class, gender, and ethnicity. GUM's stores were used to further Bolshevik goals of rebuilding private enterprise along socialist lines and "democratizing consumption for workers and peasants nationwide". In the end, GUM's efforts to build <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> through <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerism</a> were unsuccessful and arguably "only succeeded in alienating consumers from state stores and instituting a culture of complaint and entitlement".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GUM continued to be used as a department store until <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> converted it into office space in 1928 for the committee in charge of his first <a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">Five Year Plan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-artclassic_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-artclassic-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> of Stalin's wife <a href="/wiki/Nadezhda_Alliluyeva-Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nadezhda Alliluyeva-Stalin">Nadezhda</a> in 1932, the GUM was used briefly to display her body.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After reopening as a department store in 1953, GUM became one of the few stores in the Soviet Union that did not have shortages of <a href="/wiki/Consumer" title="Consumer">consumer</a> goods, and the <a href="/wiki/Queue_area" title="Queue area">queues</a> of shoppers were long, often extending entirely across Red Square.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several times during the 1960s and 1970s, the Second Secretary of the Communist Party <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Suslov" title="Mikhail Suslov">Mikhail Suslov</a>, who hated having a department store facing <a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_Mausoleum" title="Lenin's Mausoleum">Lenin's Mausoleum</a>, tried to convert GUM into an exhibition hall and museum showcasing the achievements of the Soviet Union and Communism, without the knowledge of General Secretary <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a>. Each time, however, Brezhnev was tipped off and put a stop to such plans.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of the Soviet era, GUM was partially, then fully, privatized, and it had a number of owners before it ended up being owned by the supermarket company <a href="/wiki/Perekrestok_(supermarket_chain)" title="Perekrestok (supermarket chain)">Perekrestok</a>. In May 2005, a 50.25% interest was sold to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosco_di_Ciliegi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bosco di Ciliegi (page does not exist)">Bosco di Ciliegi</a>, a Russian <a href="/wiki/Luxury_goods" title="Luxury goods">luxury goods</a> distributor and boutique operator. As a private shopping mall, it was renamed in such a fashion that it could maintain its old acronym. The first word <i>gosudarstvennyj</i> ('state') has been replaced with <i>glavnyj</i> ('main'), so that GUM is now an abbreviation for "Main Universal Store". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GUM_(department_store)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TsUM_(Moscow)" title="TsUM (Moscow)">TsUM</a>, another large department store in Moscow.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_(department_store)" title="Passage (department store)">Passage</a>, a department store in <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg, Russia">St. Petersburg, Russia</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GUM_(department_store)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Today it's an abbreviation of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> <i><b>G</b>lavnyj <b>U</b>niversaljnyj <b>M</b>agazin</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">«Главный универсальный магазин»</span></span>), which means 'Main Universal Store' in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. During Soviet times (until <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">1991</a>), the abbreviation was used for <i><b>G</b>osudarstvennyj <b>U</b>niversaljnyj <b>M</b>agazin</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">«Государственный универсальный магазин»</span></span>), which means 'State Department Store'.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GUM_(department_store)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gumrussia.com/shops/">"All stores of GUM"</a>. <i>gumrussia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gumrussia.com&rft.atitle=All+stores+of+GUM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgumrussia.com%2Fshops%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGUM+%28department+store%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gumrussia.com/cafe/">"Cafes and restaurants in the main department of the country"</a>. <i>gumrussia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gumrussia.com&rft.atitle=Cafes+and+restaurants+in+the+main+department+of+the+country&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgumrussia.com%2Fcafe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGUM+%28department+store%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrumfield1991" class="citation book cs1">Brumfield, William Craft (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft1g5004bj/"><i>The Origins of Modernism in Russian Architecture</i></a>. Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06929-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06929-3"><bdi>0-520-06929-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Modernism+in+Russian+Architecture&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Los+Angeles%2C+Oxford&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-520-06929-3&rft.aulast=Brumfield&rft.aufirst=William+Craft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fark.cdlib.org%2Fark%3A%2F13030%2Fft1g5004bj%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGUM+%28department+store%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-artclassic-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-artclassic_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-artclassic_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPomeratzev,_Alexander" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pomeratzev, Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034435/http://artclassic.edu.ru/catalog.asp?ob_no=%2017223"><bdi lang="ru">Верхние торговые ряды на Красной площади в Москве. 1890–1893</bdi></a> (in Russian). Russian Educational Portal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artclassic.edu.ru/catalog.asp?ob_no=%2017223">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%8B+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5.+1890%E2%80%931893&rft.pub=Russian+Educational+Portal&rft.au=Pomeratzev%2C+Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fartclassic.edu.ru%2Fcatalog.asp%3Fob_no%3D%252017223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGUM+%28department+store%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilton2004" class="citation journal cs1">Hilton, Marjorie L. (2004). "Retailing the Revolution: The State Department Store (GUM) and Soviet Society in the 1920s". <i>Journal of Social History</i>. <b>37</b> (4). Oxford University Press: 939–964, 1127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjsh.2004.0049">10.1353/jsh.2004.0049</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4529">0022-4529</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144010294">144010294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=Retailing+the+Revolution%3A+The+State+Department+Store+%28GUM%29+and+Soviet+Society+in+the+1920s&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=939-964%2C+1127&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144010294%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-4529&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjsh.2004.0049&rft.aulast=Hilton&rft.aufirst=Marjorie+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGUM+%28department+store%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolesnik,_Alexander" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kolesnik, Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.rus.ec/b/66909/read">"Chronicles of Stalin's family"</a> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Librusek" class="mw-redirect" title="Librusek">Librusek</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chronicles+of+Stalin%27s+family&rft.pub=Librusek&rft.au=Kolesnik%2C+Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flib.rus.ec%2Fb%2F66909%2Fread&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGUM+%28department+store%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gum.ru/history">"History of GUM"</a> (in Russian). Official GUM website<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+GUM&rft.pub=Official+GUM+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgum.ru%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGUM+%28department+store%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThelman2012" class="citation web cs1">Thelman, Joseph (December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jew-observer.com/istoriya/chelovek-v-galoshax/">"The Man in Galoshes"</a>. <i>Jew Observer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jew+Observer&rft.atitle=The+Man+in+Galoshes&rft.date=2012-12&rft.aulast=Thelman&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjew-observer.com%2Fistoriya%2Fchelovek-v-galoshax%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGUM+%28department+store%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GUM_(department_store)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brumfield, William Craft (1991) <i>The Origins of Modernism in Russian Architecture</i>, University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06929-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06929-3">0-520-06929-3</a></li> <li>English, Elizabeth Cooper (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI9989589/">"Arkhitektura i mnimosti": The origins of Soviet avant-garde rationalist architecture in the Russian mystical-philosophical and mathematical intellectual tradition"</a>, a dissertation in architecture, University of Pennsylvania</li> <li>Hilton, Marjorie L. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.proquest.com/docview/198982460">"Retailing the Revolution: The State Department Store (GUM) and Soviet Society in the 1920s"</a>. <i>Journal of Social History</i>, (Oxford University Press) 37 (4): 939–964; 1127. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0022-4529">0022-4529</a></li> <li>Rainer Graefe, Jos Tomlow: "Vladimir G. Suchov 1853–1939. Die Kunst der sparsamen Konstruktion." 192 S., Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart, 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-421-02984-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-421-02984-9">3-421-02984-9</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GUM_(department_store)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Moscow_GUM" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Moscow GUM">Moscow GUM</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gumrussia.com/">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=20016929">GUM</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Structurae" title="Structurae">Structurae</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shukhov.org/shukhov.html">Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.passportmagazine.ru/article/1289/">The Roof of GUM</a></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=GUM_(department_store)&params=55_45_17_N_37_37_17_E_region:RU-MOW_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">55°45′17″N</span> <span class="longitude">37°37′17″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">55.75472°N 37.62139°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">55.75472; 37.62139</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GUM_(department_store)&oldid=1253751320">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GUM_(department_store)&oldid=1253751320</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Department_stores_of_Russia" title="Category:Department stores of Russia">Department stores of Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Department_stores_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Department stores of the Soviet Union">Department stores of the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Moscow" title="Category:Buildings and structures in Moscow">Buildings and structures in Moscow</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roof_structures_by_Vladimir_Shukhov" title="Category:Roof structures by Vladimir 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