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href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forerunners_to_the_shopping_mall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forerunners_to_the_shopping_mall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Forerunners to the shopping mall </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forerunners_to_the_shopping_mall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Downtown_pedestrian_malls_and_use_of_term_mall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Downtown_pedestrian_malls_and_use_of_term_mall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Downtown pedestrian malls and use of term mall </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Downtown_pedestrian_malls_and_use_of_term_mall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enclosed_malls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enclosed_malls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Enclosed malls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enclosed_malls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_of_shopping_malls_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_of_shopping_malls_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Decline of shopping malls in the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_of_shopping_malls_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Design </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Design subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vertical_malls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vertical_malls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Vertical malls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vertical_malls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Components </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Components-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Components subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Food_court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Food court </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Department_stores" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Department_stores"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Department stores </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Department_stores-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Regional differences </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regional_differences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Regional differences subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Regional_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-U.K._and_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.K._and_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 U.K. and Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.K._and_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management_and_legal_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management_and_legal_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Management and legal issues </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Management_and_legal_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Management and legal issues subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Management_and_legal_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shopping_property_management_firms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shopping_property_management_firms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Shopping property management firms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shopping_property_management_firms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Legal issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World's_largest_malls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World's_largest_malls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 World's largest malls </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World's_largest_malls-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle World's largest malls subsection </button> <ul id="toc-World's_largest_malls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Combination_retail_and_wholesale_shopping_malls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combination_retail_and_wholesale_shopping_malls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Combination retail and wholesale shopping malls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combination_retail_and_wholesale_shopping_malls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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data-title="বিপণিবিতান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syapingmol" title="Syapingmol – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Syapingmol" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maelfa" title="Maelfa – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Maelfa" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="بازار بزرگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بازار بزرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal" title="Mal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE" title="മാൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2" title="ਸ਼ੋਪਿੰਗ ਮੋਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ੋਪਿੰਗ ਮੋਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefelo_la_mabenkele" title="Lefelo la mabenkele – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Lefelo la mabenkele" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mall" title="Mall – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mall" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%86%DA%B5" title="مۆڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مۆڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" 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							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Special:Badtitle/Message">reviewed</a> on 16 November 2024.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Large indoor shopping center, usually anchored by department stores</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about large, usually enclosed, shopping centers anchored by traditional department stores. For an overview of all types of shopping centers, see <a href="/wiki/Shopping_center" title="Shopping center">Shopping center</a>. For pedestrian malls, see <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">Pedestrian zone</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_Mall_of_America_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/2018_Mall_of_America_01.jpg/220px-2018_Mall_of_America_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/2018_Mall_of_America_01.jpg/330px-2018_Mall_of_America_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/2018_Mall_of_America_01.jpg/440px-2018_Mall_of_America_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mall_of_America" title="Mall of America">Mall of America</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Minnesota" title="Bloomington, Minnesota">Bloomington, Minnesota</a>, the largest mall in the United States</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Edmonton_Mall,_Edmonton,_Alberta_(22094236672).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/West_Edmonton_Mall%2C_Edmonton%2C_Alberta_%2822094236672%29.jpg/220px-West_Edmonton_Mall%2C_Edmonton%2C_Alberta_%2822094236672%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/West_Edmonton_Mall%2C_Edmonton%2C_Alberta_%2822094236672%29.jpg/330px-West_Edmonton_Mall%2C_Edmonton%2C_Alberta_%2822094236672%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/West_Edmonton_Mall%2C_Edmonton%2C_Alberta_%2822094236672%29.jpg/440px-West_Edmonton_Mall%2C_Edmonton%2C_Alberta_%2822094236672%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/West_Edmonton_Mall" title="West Edmonton Mall">West Edmonton Mall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edmonton,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmonton, Alberta">Edmonton, Alberta</a>, the largest mall in Canada</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Westfield_Garden_State_Plaza_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Westfield_Garden_State_Plaza_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Westfield_Garden_State_Plaza_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Westfield_Garden_State_Plaza_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Westfield_Garden_State_Plaza_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Westfield_Garden_State_Plaza_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Westfield_Garden_State_Plaza_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="1136" /></a><figcaption>The interior of <a href="/wiki/Garden_State_Plaza" title="Garden State Plaza">Garden State Plaza</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#List_of_types_of_shopping_centers_(including_malls)">megamall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paramus,_New_Jersey" title="Paramus, New Jersey">Paramus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bergen_County,_New_Jersey" title="Bergen County, New Jersey">Bergen County</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Borough_(New_Jersey)" title="Borough (New Jersey)">borough</a> with the world's highest concentration of shopping malls.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranmall_Overview.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Iranmall_Overview.jpg/220px-Iranmall_Overview.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Iranmall_Overview.jpg/330px-Iranmall_Overview.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Iranmall_Overview.jpg/440px-Iranmall_Overview.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3078" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Iran_Mall" title="Iran Mall">The Iran Mall</a>, the world's largest mall in Iran.</figcaption></figure> A shopping mall (or simply mall) is a large indoor <a href="/wiki/Shopping_center" title="Shopping center">shopping center</a>, usually <a href="/wiki/Anchor_tenant" title="Anchor tenant">anchored</a> by <a href="/wiki/Department_store" title="Department store">department stores</a>. The term mall originally meant <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">a pedestrian promenade</a> with shops along it, but in the late 1960s, it began to be used as a generic term for the large enclosed shopping centers that were becoming increasingly commonplace.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rielly-2">[2]</a> In the United Kingdom and other countries, shopping malls may be called shopping centres. In recent decades, malls have declined considerably in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, particularly in subprime locations, and some have closed and become so-called "<a href="/wiki/Dead_mall" title="Dead mall">dead malls</a>".<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Successful exceptions have added entertainment and experiential features, added <a href="/wiki/Big-box_store" title="Big-box store">big-box stores</a> as anchors, or converted to other specialized shopping center formats such as <a href="/wiki/Power_center_(retail)" title="Power center (retail)">power centers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_centers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle centers">lifestyle centers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Factory_outlet" class="mw-redirect" title="Factory outlet">factory outlet</a> centers, and <a href="/wiki/Festival_marketplace" title="Festival marketplace">festival marketplaces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ICSC_Characteristics-4">[4]</a> In Canada, shopping centres have frequently been replaced with mixed-use high-rise communities.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> In many <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European countries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asian countries</a>, shopping malls continue to grow and thrive.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-2"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shopping_mall&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mall_of_Tripla_sis%C3%A4kuvia_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Mall_of_Tripla_sis%C3%A4kuvia_2.jpg/220px-Mall_of_Tripla_sis%C3%A4kuvia_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Mall_of_Tripla_sis%C3%A4kuvia_2.jpg/330px-Mall_of_Tripla_sis%C3%A4kuvia_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Mall_of_Tripla_sis%C3%A4kuvia_2.jpg/440px-Mall_of_Tripla_sis%C3%A4kuvia_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The interior structure of <a href="/wiki/Mall_of_Tripla" title="Mall of Tripla">Mall of Tripla</a> in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki, Finland</a></figcaption></figure> In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Arab_States_of_the_Persian_Gulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab States of the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf countries</a>, and India, the term shopping mall is usually applied to enclosed retail structures (and is generally abbreviated to simply mall), while shopping center usually refers to open-air retail complexes; both types of facilities usually have large <a href="/wiki/Parking_lot" title="Parking lot">parking lots</a>, face major traffic <a href="/wiki/Arterial_road" title="Arterial road">arterials</a>, and have few pedestrian connections to surrounding neighborhoods.<a href="#cite_note-Urban_Geography:_A_Global_Perspective-7">[7]</a> Outside of North America, the terms shopping precinct and shopping <a href="/wiki/Arcade_(architecture)" title="Arcade (architecture)">arcade</a> are also used. In the UK, such complexes are considered shopping centres though shopping centre covers many more sizes and types of centers than the North American mall. Other countries follow UK usage. In <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian English</a>, and often in Australia and New Zealand, the term mall may be used informally but shopping center or merely center will feature in the name of the complex (such as <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Eaton_Centre" title="Toronto Eaton Centre">Toronto Eaton Centre</a>). The term mall is less-commonly a part of the name of the complex.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research?</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SM_Mall_of_Asia_Aerial_Shot.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/SM_Mall_of_Asia_Aerial_Shot.JPG/220px-SM_Mall_of_Asia_Aerial_Shot.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/SM_Mall_of_Asia_Aerial_Shot.JPG/330px-SM_Mall_of_Asia_Aerial_Shot.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/SM_Mall_of_Asia_Aerial_Shot.JPG/440px-SM_Mall_of_Asia_Aerial_Shot.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/SM_Mall_of_Asia" title="SM Mall of Asia">SM Mall of Asia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pasay" title="Pasay">Pasay</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">reclaimed</a> mall in the Philippines</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shopping_mall&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Shopping_center#Types" title="Shopping center">Shopping center § Types</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/International_Council_of_Shopping_Centers" title="International Council of Shopping Centers">International Council of Shopping Centers</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, classifies two types of shopping centers as malls: regional malls and superregional malls. A regional mall, per the International Council of Shopping Centers, is a shopping mall with 400,000 sq ft (37,000 m2) to 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m2) <a href="/wiki/Gross_leasable_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross leasable area">gross leasable area</a> with at least two <a href="/wiki/Anchor_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchor store">anchor stores</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ISCS_definitions-2015-8">[8]</a> A super-regional mall, per the International Council of Shopping Centers, is a shopping mall with over 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m2) of gross leasable area, three or more anchors, mass merchant, more variety, fashion <a href="/wiki/Apparel" class="mw-redirect" title="Apparel">apparel</a>, and serves as the dominant shopping venue for the region (25 miles or 40 km) in which it is located.<a href="#cite_note-ISCS_definitions-2015-8">[8]</a> Not classified as malls are smaller formats such as <a href="/wiki/Strip_mall" title="Strip mall">strip malls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neighborhood_shopping_center" title="Neighborhood shopping center">neighborhood shopping centers</a>, and specialized formats such as <a href="/wiki/Power_center_(retail)" title="Power center (retail)">power centers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Festival_marketplace" title="Festival marketplace">festival marketplaces</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Outlet_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Outlet center">outlet centers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ICSC_Characteristics-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shopping_mall&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forerunners_to_the_shopping_mall">Forerunners to the shopping mall</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shopping_mall&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Forerunners to the shopping mall">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burlington_Arcade_2444.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Burlington_Arcade_2444.JPG/220px-Burlington_Arcade_2444.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Burlington_Arcade_2444.JPG/330px-Burlington_Arcade_2444.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Burlington_Arcade_2444.JPG/440px-Burlington_Arcade_2444.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Burlington_Arcade" title="Burlington Arcade">Burlington Arcade</a> in London, with shop fronts inside (pictured), opened in 1819</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Vuitton_in_Galeria_V._Emanuele,_Milan,_Italy_(9471446737).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Louis_Vuitton_in_Galeria_V._Emanuele%2C_Milan%2C_Italy_%289471446737%29.jpg/220px-Louis_Vuitton_in_Galeria_V._Emanuele%2C_Milan%2C_Italy_%289471446737%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Louis_Vuitton_in_Galeria_V._Emanuele%2C_Milan%2C_Italy_%289471446737%29.jpg/330px-Louis_Vuitton_in_Galeria_V._Emanuele%2C_Milan%2C_Italy_%289471446737%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Louis_Vuitton_in_Galeria_V._Emanuele%2C_Milan%2C_Italy_%289471446737%29.jpg/440px-Louis_Vuitton_in_Galeria_V._Emanuele%2C_Milan%2C_Italy_%289471446737%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Galleria_Vittorio_Emanuele_II" title="Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II">Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II</a> interior in Milan which opened in 1877</figcaption></figure> Shopping centers in general may have their origins in public markets and, in the Middle East, covered <a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">bazaars</a>. In 1798, the first covered shopping passage was built in Paris, the <a href="/wiki/Passage_du_Caire" class="mw-redirect" title="Passage du Caire">Passage du Caire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Burlington_Arcade" title="Burlington Arcade">Burlington Arcade</a> in London was opened in 1819.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Arcade" title="Westminster Arcade">The Arcade</a> in <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence, Rhode Island</a>, built in 1828, claims to be the first shopping arcade in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Western European cities in particular built many arcade-style shopping centers. The <a href="/wiki/Galleria_Vittorio_Emanuele_II" title="Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II">Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II</a> in Milan, which opened in 1877, was larger than its predecessors, and inspired the use of the term "galleria" for many other shopping arcades and malls.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In the mid-20th century, with the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobile</a> culture in the United States, a new style of shopping center was created away from <a href="/wiki/Downtown" title="Downtown">downtowns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Early shopping centers designed for the automobile include <a href="/wiki/Market_Square_(Lake_Forest,_Illinois)" title="Market Square (Lake Forest, Illinois)">Market Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Forest,_Illinois" title="Lake Forest, Illinois">Lake Forest, Illinois</a> (1916), and <a href="/wiki/Country_Club_Plaza" title="Country Club Plaza">Country Club Plaza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a> (1924).<a href="#cite_note-Moore-15">[15]</a> The suburban shopping center concept evolved further in the United States after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, with larger open-air shopping centers anchored by major department stores, such as the 550,000-square-foot (51,000 m2) <a href="/wiki/Broadway-Crenshaw_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadway-Crenshaw Center">Broadway-Crenshaw Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, built in 1947 and anchored by a five-story <a href="/wiki/The_Broadway" title="The Broadway">Broadway</a> and a <a href="/wiki/May_Company_California" title="May Company California">May Company California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-times-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Downtown_pedestrian_malls_and_use_of_term_mall">Downtown pedestrian malls and use of term mall</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shopping_mall&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Downtown pedestrian malls and use of term mall">edit</a>]</div> In the late 1950s and into the 1960s, the term "shopping mall" was first used, but in the original sense of the word "mall", meaning a pedestrian promenade in the U.S., or in U.K. usage, a "shopping precinct". Early downtown pedestrianized malls included the <a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo_Mall" title="Kalamazoo Mall">Kalamazoo Mall</a> (the first, in 1959), "Shoppers' See-Way" in <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Road_Mall" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln Road Mall">Lincoln Road Mall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Miami_Beach,_Florida" title="Miami Beach, Florida">Miami Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Street_Promenade" title="Third Street Promenade">Santa Monica Mall</a> (1965).<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Bergen_Town_Center" title="Bergen Town Center">Bergen Mall</a> opened in 1957 using the name "mall" and inspired other suburban shopping centers to rebrand themselves as malls, these types of properties were still referred to as "shopping centers" until the late 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-howard-20">[20]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enclosed_malls">Enclosed malls</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shopping_mall&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Enclosed malls">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lule%C3%A5_Shopping_1955.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lule%C3%A5_Shopping_1955.jpg/220px-Lule%C3%A5_Shopping_1955.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lule%C3%A5_Shopping_1955.jpg/330px-Lule%C3%A5_Shopping_1955.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lule%C3%A5_Shopping_1955.jpg/440px-Lule%C3%A5_Shopping_1955.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2613" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The original interior of <a href="/wiki/Shopping_(Lule%C3%A5)" title="Shopping (Luleå)">Shopping</a>, built in 1955 and one of the first enclosed malls in the world, in <a href="/wiki/Lule%C3%A5" title="Luleå">Luleå</a>, Sweden</figcaption></figure> The enclosed shopping center, which would eventually be known as the shopping mall, did not appear in mainstream until the mid-1950s. One of the earliest examples was the <a href="/wiki/Valley_Fair_Shopping_Center" title="Valley Fair Shopping Center">Valley Fair Shopping Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Appleton,_Wisconsin" title="Appleton, Wisconsin">Appleton, Wisconsin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> which opened on March 10, 1955. Valley Fair featured a number of modern features including central heating and cooling, a large outdoor parking area, semi-detached anchor stores, and restaurants. Later that year the world's first fully enclosed shopping mall was opened in <a href="/wiki/Lule%C3%A5" title="Luleå">Luleå</a>, in northern Sweden (architect: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Erskine_(architect)" title="Ralph Erskine (architect)">Ralph Erskine</a>) and was named <a href="/wiki/Shopping_(Lule%C3%A5)" title="Shopping (Luleå)">Shopping</a>; the region now claims the highest shopping center density in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The idea of a regionally-sized, fully enclosed shopping complex was pioneered in 1956 by the Austrian-born architect and American immigrant <a href="/wiki/Victor_Gruen" title="Victor Gruen">Victor Gruen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hardwick-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newton-25">[25]</a> This new generation of regional-size shopping centers began with the Gruen-designed <a href="/wiki/Southdale_Center" title="Southdale Center">Southdale Center</a>, which opened in the <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis-St._Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis-St. Paul">Twin Cities</a> suburb of <a href="/wiki/Edina,_Minnesota" title="Edina, Minnesota">Edina, Minnesota</a>, United States in October 1956.<a href="#cite_note-Hardwick-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newton-25">[25]</a> For pioneering the soon-to-be enormously popular mall concept in this form, Gruen has been called the "most influential architect of the twentieth century" by <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Gladwell" title="Malcolm Gladwell">Malcolm Gladwell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The first retail complex to be promoted as a "mall" was <a href="/wiki/Paramus,_New_Jersey" title="Paramus, New Jersey">Paramus, New Jersey</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Outlets_at_Bergen_Town_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="The Outlets at Bergen Town Center">Bergen Mall</a>, which opened with an open-air format on November 14, 1957,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> and was later enclosed in 1973. Aside from <a href="/wiki/Southdale_Center" title="Southdale Center">Southdale Center</a>, significant early enclosed shopping malls were <a href="/wiki/Harundale_Mall" title="Harundale Mall">Harundale Mall</a> (1958) in Glen Burnie, Maryland,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Big_Town_Mall" title="Big Town Mall">Big Town Mall</a> (1959) in Mesquite, Texas, <a href="/wiki/Chris-Town_Mall" class="mw-redirect" title="Chris-Town Mall">Chris-Town Mall</a> (1961) in Phoenix, Arizona, and <a href="/wiki/Randhurst_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Randhurst Center">Randhurst Center</a> (1962) in Mount Prospect, Illinois. Other early malls moved retailing away from the dense, commercial downtowns into the largely residential suburbs. This formula (enclosed space with stores attached, away from downtown, and accessible only by automobile) became a popular way to build retail across the world. Gruen himself came to abhor this effect of his new design; he decried the creation of enormous "land wasting seas of parking" and the spread of suburban sprawl.<a href="#cite_note-DEADMALL-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Even though malls mostly appeared in suburban areas in the U.S., some U.S. cities facilitated the construction of enclosed malls downtown as an effort to revive city centers and allow them to compete effectively with suburban malls. Examples included <a href="/wiki/Main_Place_Tower" title="Main Place Tower">Main Place Mall</a> in Buffalo (1969) and The Gallery (1977, now <a href="/wiki/Fashion_District_Philadelphia" title="Fashion District Philadelphia">Fashion District Philadelphia</a>) in Philadelphia. Other cities created open-air <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_malls" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedestrian malls">pedestrian malls</a>. In the United States, developers such as <a href="/wiki/A._Alfred_Taubman" title="A. Alfred Taubman">A. Alfred Taubman</a> of <a href="/wiki/Taubman_Centers" title="Taubman Centers">Taubman Centers</a> extended the concept further in 1980, with <a href="/wiki/Terrazzo" title="Terrazzo">terrazzo</a> tiles at the <a href="/wiki/Mall_at_Short_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Mall at Short Hills">Mall at Short Hills</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, indoor fountains, and two levels allowing a shopper to make a circuit of all the stores. Taubman believed carpeting increased friction, slowing down customers, so it was removed. Fading daylight through glass panels was supplemented by gradually increased electric lighting, making it seem like the afternoon was lasting longer, which encouraged shoppers to linger.<a href="#cite_note-tws29decbbgf-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-tws29decbsfe-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_of_shopping_malls_in_the_United_States">Decline of shopping malls in the United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shopping_mall&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Decline of shopping malls in the United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Retail_apocalypse" title="Retail apocalypse">Retail apocalypse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dead_mall" title="Dead mall">Dead mall</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belz_Factory_Outlet_Mall_in_Allen,_Texas_(Winston%27s)_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Belz_Factory_Outlet_Mall_in_Allen%2C_Texas_%28Winston%27s%29_crop.jpg/220px-Belz_Factory_Outlet_Mall_in_Allen%2C_Texas_%28Winston%27s%29_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Belz_Factory_Outlet_Mall_in_Allen%2C_Texas_%28Winston%27s%29_crop.jpg/330px-Belz_Factory_Outlet_Mall_in_Allen%2C_Texas_%28Winston%27s%29_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Belz_Factory_Outlet_Mall_in_Allen%2C_Texas_%28Winston%27s%29_crop.jpg/440px-Belz_Factory_Outlet_Mall_in_Allen%2C_Texas_%28Winston%27s%29_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="1320" /></a><figcaption>Belz Factory Outlet Mall, an abandoned shopping mall in <a href="/wiki/Allen,_Texas" title="Allen, Texas">Allen, Texas</a>, United States</figcaption></figure> In the United States, in the mid-1990s, malls were still being constructed at a rate of 140 a year.<a href="#cite_note-Millar-33">[33]</a> But in 2001, a <a href="/wiki/PricewaterhouseCoopers" class="mw-redirect" title="PricewaterhouseCoopers">PricewaterhouseCoopers</a> study found that underperforming and vacant malls, known as "greyfield" and "dead mall" estates, were an emerging problem. In 2007, a year before the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>, no new malls were built in America, for the first time in 50 years.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/City_Creek_Center" title="City Creek Center">City Creek Center Mall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>, which opened in March 2012, was the first to be built since the recession.<a href="#cite_note-Moore-15">[15]</a> Malls began to lose consumers to open-air power centers and lifestyle centers during the 1990s, as consumers preferred to park right in front of and walk directly into big-box stores with lower prices and without the <a href="/wiki/Overhead_(business)" title="Overhead (business)">overhead</a> of traditional malls (i.e., long enclosed corridors).<a href="#cite_note-Rybczynski-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neuborne-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Laird_Page_69-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Donnellan_Page_63-38">[38]</a> Another issue was that the growth-crazed American commercial real estate industry had simply built too many nice places to shop—far more than could be reasonably justified by the actual growth of the American population, retail sales, or any other economic indicator. The number of American shopping centers exploded from 4,500 in 1960 to 70,000 by 1986 to just under 108,000 by 2010.<a href="#cite_note-Donnellan_Page_64-39">[39]</a> Thus, the number of dead malls increased significantly in the early 21st century. The economic health of malls across the United States has been in decline, as revealed by high vacancy rates. From 2006 to 2010, the percentage of malls that are considered to be "dying" by real estate experts (have a vacancy rate of at least 40%), unhealthy (20–40%), or in trouble (10–20%) all increased greatly, and these high vacancy rates only partially decreased from 2010 to 2014.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-40">[40]</a> In 2014, nearly 3% of all malls in the United States were considered to be "dying" (40% or higher vacancy rates) and nearly one-fifth of all malls had vacancy rates considered "troubling" (10% or higher). Some real estate experts say the "fundamental problem" is a glut of malls in many parts of the country creating a market that is "extremely over-retailed".<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-40">[40]</a> By the time shopping mall operator <a href="/wiki/Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield" title="Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield">Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield</a> decided to exit the American market in 2022, the United States had an average of 24.5 square feet of retail space per capita (in contrast to 4.5 square feet per capita in Europe).<a href="#cite_note-Pimentel-41">[41]</a> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/The_Shops_%26_Restaurants_at_Hudson_Yards" title="The Shops & Restaurants at Hudson Yards">The Shops & Restaurants at Hudson Yards</a> opened as an upscale mall in New York City with "a '<a href="/wiki/Fifth_Avenue" title="Fifth Avenue">Fifth Avenue</a>' mix of shops", such as <a href="/wiki/H%26M" title="H&M">H&M</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zara_(retailer)" title="Zara (retailer)">Zara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sephora" title="Sephora">Sephora</a> below them. This is one of the first two malls built recently, along with <a href="/wiki/American_Dream_Meadowlands" class="mw-redirect" title="American Dream Meadowlands">American Dream</a> in which both opened in 2019 since <a href="/wiki/City_Creek_Center" title="City Creek Center">City Creek Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Online shopping has also emerged as a major competitor to shopping malls. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, online shopping has accounted for an increasing share of total retail sales.<a href="#cite_note-:10-43">[43]</a> In 2013, roughly 200 out of 1,300 malls across the United States were going out of business.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> To combat this trend, developers have converted malls into other uses including attractions such as parks, movie theaters, gyms, and even fishing lakes.<a href="#cite_note-EvansWSJ-45">[45]</a> In the United States, the 600,000 square foot <a href="/wiki/Highland_Mall" title="Highland Mall">Highland Mall</a> will be a campus for <a href="/wiki/Austin_Community_College_District" title="Austin Community College District">Austin Community College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-46">[46]</a> In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, the So Ouest mall outside of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> was designed to resemble elegant, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a>-style apartments and includes 17,000 square metres (180,000 sq ft) of green space.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The Australian mall company <a href="/wiki/Westfield_Group" title="Westfield Group">Westfield</a> launched an online mall (and later a mobile app) with 150 stores, 3,000 brands and over 1 million products.<a href="#cite_note-Review-48">[48]</a> The <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> also significantly impacted the retail industry. Government regulations temporarily closed malls, increased entrance controls, and imposed strict public sanitation requirements.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shopping_mall&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Design">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mall_of_America-2005-05-29.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Mall_of_America-2005-05-29.jpg/220px-Mall_of_America-2005-05-29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Mall_of_America-2005-05-29.jpg/330px-Mall_of_America-2005-05-29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Mall_of_America-2005-05-29.jpg/440px-Mall_of_America-2005-05-29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2384" data-file-height="1788" /></a><figcaption>Indoor amusement park at the center of the <a href="/wiki/Mall_of_America" title="Mall of America">Mall of America</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Minnesota" title="Bloomington, Minnesota">Bloomington, Minnesota</a>, the largest shopping mall in the United States</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISQUARE_201006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/ISQUARE_201006.jpg/170px-ISQUARE_201006.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/ISQUARE_201006.jpg/255px-ISQUARE_201006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/ISQUARE_201006.jpg/340px-ISQUARE_201006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1915" data-file-height="2730" /></a><figcaption>The 31 story <a href="/wiki/ISQUARE" title="ISQUARE">ISQUARE</a> vertical mall in <a href="/wiki/Tsim_Sha_Tsui" title="Tsim Sha Tsui">Tsim Sha Tsui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kowloon" title="Kowloon">Kowloon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> in 2010</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vertical_malls">Vertical malls</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shopping_mall&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vertical malls">edit</a>]</div> High land prices in populous cities have led to the concept of the "vertical mall", in which space allocated to retail is configured over a number of stories accessible by <a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">elevators</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Escalator" title="Escalator">escalators</a> (usually both) linking the different levels of the mall. The challenge of this type of mall is to overcome the natural tendency of shoppers to move horizontally and encourage shoppers to move upwards and downwards.<a href="#cite_note-reach-50">[50]</a> The concept of a vertical mall was originally conceived in the late 1960s by the Mafco Company, former shopping center development division of <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Field_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Marshall Field & Co.">Marshall Field & Co.</a> The <a href="/wiki/Water_Tower_Place" title="Water Tower Place">Water Tower Place</a> skyscraper in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, Illinois was built in 1975 by Urban Retail Properties. It contains a hotel, luxury condominiums, and office space and sits atop a block-long base containing an eight-level atrium-style retail mall that fronts on the <a href="/wiki/Magnificent_Mile" title="Magnificent Mile">Magnificent Mile</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Vertical malls are common in densely populated conurbations in East and Southeast Asia. Hong Kong in particular has numerous examples such as <a href="/wiki/Times_Square,_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Times Square, Hong Kong">Times Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Centre" title="Dragon Centre">Dragon Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apm_(Hong_Kong)" title="Apm (Hong Kong)">Apm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Langham_Place_(Hong_Kong)" title="Langham Place (Hong Kong)">Langham Place</a>,<a href="#cite_note-reach-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/ISQUARE" title="ISQUARE">ISQUARE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hysan_Place" title="Hysan Place">Hysan Place</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_One_(shopping_centre)" title="The One (shopping centre)">The One</a>. A vertical mall may also be built where the geography prevents building outward or there are other restrictions on construction, such as historic buildings or significant <a href="/wiki/Archeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeology">archeology</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Darwin_Shopping_Centre" title="Darwin Shopping Centre">Darwin Shopping Centre</a> and associated malls in <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury" title="Shrewsbury">Shrewsbury</a>, UK, are built on the side of a steep hill, around the former town walls;<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> consequently the shopping center is split over seven floors vertically – two locations horizontally – connected by elevators, escalators and bridge walkways. Some establishments incorporate such designs into their layout, such as Shrewsbury's former <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a>, split into four stories with multiple <a href="/wiki/Mezzanine_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezzanine (architecture)">mezzanines</a> which featured medieval castle vaults – complete with <a href="/wiki/Arrowslit" title="Arrowslit">arrowslits</a> – in the basement dining rooms. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shopping_mall&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Components">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_court">Food court</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shopping_mall&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Food court">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Food_court" title="Food court">Food court</a></div> A common feature of shopping malls is a food court: this typically consists of a number of <a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">fast food</a> vendors of various types, surrounding a shared seating area. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Department_stores">Department stores</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shopping_mall&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Department stores">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Department_store" title="Department store">Department store</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anchor_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchor store">Anchor store</a></div> When the shopping mall format was developed by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Gruen" title="Victor Gruen">Victor Gruen</a> in the mid-1950s, signing larger department stores was necessary for the financial stability of the projects, and to draw retail traffic that would result in visits to the smaller stores in the mall as well. These larger stores are termed anchor stores or draw tenants. In physical configuration, anchor stores are normally located as far from each other as possible to maximize the amount of traffic from one anchor to another.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_differences">Regional differences</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shopping_mall&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Regional differences">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Express_avenue_chennai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Express_avenue_chennai.jpg/220px-Express_avenue_chennai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Express_avenue_chennai.jpg/330px-Express_avenue_chennai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Express_avenue_chennai.jpg/440px-Express_avenue_chennai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Express Avenue Chennai, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokyo-taito-shoppingarcade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Tokyo-taito-shoppingarcade.jpg/220px-Tokyo-taito-shoppingarcade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Tokyo-taito-shoppingarcade.jpg/330px-Tokyo-taito-shoppingarcade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Tokyo-taito-shoppingarcade.jpg/440px-Tokyo-taito-shoppingarcade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>Shopping arcade in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo, Japan</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shopping_mall&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> There are a reported 222 malls in Europe. In 2014, these malls had combined sales of US$12.47 billion.<a href="#cite_note-:1-52">[52]</a> This represented a 10% bump in revenues from the prior year.<a href="#cite_note-:1-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="U.K._and_Ireland">U.K. and Ireland</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shopping_mall&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: U.K. and Ireland">edit</a>]</div> In the United Kingdom and Ireland, both open-air and enclosed centers are commonly referred to as shopping centres. Mall primarily refers to either a shopping mall – a place where a collection of <a href="/wiki/Retailing#Shops_and_Stores" class="mw-redirect" title="Retailing">shops</a> all adjoin a pedestrian area – or an exclusively pedestrianized street that allows shoppers to walk without interference from vehicle traffic. The majority of British enclosed shopping centres, the equivalent of a U.S. mall, are located in city centres, usually found in old and historic shopping districts and surrounded by subsidiary open air shopping streets. Large examples include <a href="/wiki/Westquay" title="Westquay">Westquay</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a>; <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Arndale" title="Manchester Arndale">Manchester Arndale</a>; <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Bull_Ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham Bull Ring">Bullring Birmingham</a>; <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_One" title="Liverpool One">Liverpool One</a>; <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Leeds" title="Trinity Leeds">Trinity Leeds</a>; Buchanan Galleries in <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>; <a href="/wiki/St_James_Quarter" title="St James Quarter">St James Quarter</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Eldon_Square_Shopping_Centre" title="Eldon Square Shopping Centre">Eldon Square</a> in <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>. In addition to the inner city shopping centres, large UK <a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">conurbations</a> will also have large out-of-town "regional malls" such as the <a href="/wiki/MetroCentre_(shopping_centre)" title="MetroCentre (shopping centre)">Metrocentre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gateshead" title="Gateshead">Gateshead</a>; <a href="/wiki/Meadowhall_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Meadowhall Centre">Meadowhall Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a> serving <a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire" title="South Yorkshire">South Yorkshire</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Trafford_Centre" title="Trafford Centre">Trafford Centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a>; <a href="/wiki/White_Rose_Centre" title="White Rose Centre">White Rose Centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Merry_Hill_Shopping_Centre" title="Merry Hill Shopping Centre">Merry Hill Centre</a> near <a href="/wiki/Dudley" title="Dudley">Dudley</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Bluewater_Shopping_Centre" title="Bluewater Shopping Centre">Bluewater</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>. These centres were built in the 1980s and 1990s, but planning regulations prohibit the construction of any more. Out-of-town shopping developments in the UK are now focused on <a href="/wiki/Retail_park" title="Retail park">retail parks</a>, which consist of groups of warehouse style shops with individual entrances from outdoors. Planning policy prioritizes the development of existing town centres, although with patchy success.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Westfield_London" title="Westfield London">Westfield London</a> (<a href="/wiki/White_City,_London" title="White City, London">White City</a>) is the largest shopping centre in Europe.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shopping_mall&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Russia">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Russia</a>, on the other hand, as of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shopping_mall&action=edit">[update]</a> a large number of new malls had been built near major cities, notably the <a href="/wiki/MEGA_Family_Shopping_Centre" title="MEGA Family Shopping Centre">MEGA malls</a> such as Mega Belaya Dacha mall near <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. In large part they were financed by international investors and were popular with shoppers from the emerging middle class.<a href="#cite_note-NYT010113-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management_and_legal_issues">Management and legal issues</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shopping_mall&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Management and legal issues">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shopping_property_management_firms">Shopping property management firms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shopping_mall&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Shopping property management firms">edit</a>]</div> A shopping <a href="/wiki/Property_management" title="Property management">property management</a> firm is a company that specializes in owning and managing shopping malls. Most shopping property management firms own at least 20 malls. Some firms use a similar naming scheme for most of their malls; for example, <a href="/wiki/Mills_Corporation" title="Mills Corporation">Mills Corporation</a> puts "Mills" in most of its mall names and <a href="/wiki/SM_Prime_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="SM Prime Holdings">SM Prime Holdings</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> puts "SM" in all of its malls, as well as anchor stores such as The SM Store, SM Appliance Center, SM Hypermarket, SM Cinema, and SM Supermarket. In the UK, <a href="/wiki/The_Mall_Fund" title="The Mall Fund">The Mall Fund</a> changes the name of any center it buys to "The Mall (location)", using its pink-M logo; when it sells a mall the center reverts to its own name and branding, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Ashley_Centre" title="The Ashley Centre">the Ashley Centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Epsom" title="Epsom">Epsom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Similarly, following its rebranding from Capital Shopping Centres, <a href="/wiki/Intu_Properties" class="mw-redirect" title="Intu Properties">intu Properties</a> renamed many of its centres to "intu (name/location)" (such as <a href="/wiki/Intu_Lakeside" class="mw-redirect" title="Intu Lakeside">intu Lakeside</a>); again, malls removed from the network revert to their own brand (see for instance <a href="/wiki/The_Glades_(Bromley)" title="The Glades (Bromley)">The Glades in Bromley</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_issues">Legal issues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shopping_mall&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Legal issues">edit</a>]</div> One controversial aspect of malls has been their effective displacement of traditional <a href="/wiki/Main_street" class="mw-redirect" title="Main street">main streets</a> or <a href="/wiki/High_street" class="mw-redirect" title="High street">high streets</a>. Some consumers prefer malls, with their parking garages, controlled environments, and private <a href="/wiki/Security_guard" title="Security guard">security guards</a>, over <a href="/wiki/Central_business_district" title="Central business district">central business districts</a> (CBD) or <a href="/wiki/Downtown" title="Downtown">downtowns</a>, which frequently have limited parking, poor maintenance, outdoor weather, and limited <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">police</a> coverage.<a href="#cite_note-ODonahue-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Frieden-57">[57]</a> In response, a few jurisdictions, notably <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, have expanded the right of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> to ensure that speakers will be able to reach consumers who prefer to shop, eat, and socialize within the boundaries of privately owned malls.<a href="#cite_note-Rybczynski-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Judd-58">[58]</a> The Supreme Court decision <a href="/wiki/Pruneyard_Shopping_Center_v._Robins" title="Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins">Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins</a> was issued on 9 June 1980 which affirmed the decision of the California Supreme Court in a case that arose out of a free speech dispute between the Pruneyard Shopping Center in Campbell, California, and several local high school students. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World's_largest_malls">World's largest malls</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shopping_mall&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: World's largest malls">edit</a>]</div> This is a list of the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Shopping_malls" class="mw-redirect" title="Shopping malls">shopping malls</a> based on their <a href="/wiki/Gross_leasable_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross leasable area">gross leasable area</a> (GLA), with a GLA of at least 250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft). <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th style="width:15%;">Mall </th> <th style="width:12.5%;">Country </th> <th style="width:12.5%;">City (metropolitan area) </th> <th style="width:5%;">Year opened </th> <th style="width:15%;" data-sort-type="number">Gross leasable area (GLA) </th> <th style="width:5%;" data-sort-type="number">Shops </th> <th style="width:35%;" class="unsortable">Remarks </th></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iran_Mall" title="Iran Mall">Iran Mall</a> </td> <td>Iran </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> </td> <td>2018 </td> <td>1,950,000 m2 (21,000,000 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> </td> <td>2,500+ </td> <td>Largest mall in Iran </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Avenues_(Kuwait)" title="The Avenues (Kuwait)">The Avenues Mall</a> </td> <td>Kuwait </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Farwaniya_Governorate" title="Farwaniya Governorate">Al Rai</a> </td> <td>2007 </td> <td>1,200,000 m2 (13,000,000 sq ft) </td> <td>1400+ <a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> </td> <td>Largest mall in Kuwait </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IOI_City_Mall" title="IOI City Mall">IOI City Mall</a> </td> <td>Malaysia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Putrajaya" title="Putrajaya">Putrajaya</a> </td> <td>2014 </td> <td>821,000 m2 (8,840,000 sq ft) </td> <td>650+ </td> <td>Largest mall in Malaysia </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isfahan_City_Center" title="Isfahan City Center">Isfahan City Center</a> </td> <td>Iran </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a> </td> <td>2012 </td> <td>776,000 m2 (8,350,000 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-insidermonkey-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> </td> <td>700+ </td> <td>Contains the biggest indoor amusement park in the Middle East at 776,000 m2 (8,350,000 sq ft). Built in two phases in 2012 and 2019. </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_China_Mall" title="South China Mall">South China Mall</a> </td> <td>China </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dongguan" title="Dongguan">Dongguan</a> </td> <td>2005 </td> <td>659,612 m2 (7,100,000 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-Fich-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-insidermonkey-61">[61]</a> </td> <td>2,350 </td> <td>Until at least 2014 most of the stores were empty, with occupancy rates of only 10%.<a href="#cite_note-insidermonkey-61">[61]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SM_Mall_of_Asia" title="SM Mall of Asia">SM Mall of Asia</a> </td> <td>Philippines </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pasay" title="Pasay">Pasay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>) </td> <td>2006 </td> <td>589,891 m2 (6,349,530 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-SM_Prime_2018-66">[66]</a> </td> <td>3,500+ </td> <td>The largest mall in the Philippines with IT parks, <a href="/wiki/SM_Mall_of_Asia_Arena" title="SM Mall of Asia Arena">MoA Arena</a>, hotels, university, an IKEA building,<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> bay-area resorts, and amusement parks; a total <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">reclamation</a> of 1,047 hectares (2,590 acres) is anticipated upon completion </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SM_Supermall" class="mw-redirect" title="SM Supermall">SM Tianjin</a> </td> <td>China </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a> </td> <td>2016 </td> <td>565,000 m2 (6,080,000 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-:0-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> </td> <td>1,000+ </td> <td>The largest SM mall outside of the Philippines </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Golden_Resources_Mall" title="Golden Resources Mall">Golden Resources Mall</a> </td> <td>China </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> </td> <td>2004 </td> <td>557,419 m2 (6,000,010 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-Fich-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-insidermonkey-61">[61]</a> </td> <td>750+ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_WestGate" title="Central WestGate">Central WestGate</a> </td> <td>Thailand </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nonthaburi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonthaburi Province">Nonthaburi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bangkok_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangkok metropolitan area">Bangkok Metropolitan Region</a>) </td> <td>2015 </td> <td>550,278 m2 (5,923,140 sq ft) </td> <td>500+ </td> <td>The gross floor area of the mall includes the floor area of the mall building with various shops which is 500,000 square meters and the floor area of the IKEA store which is 50,278 square meters.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CentralWorld" title="CentralWorld">CentralWorld</a> </td> <td>Thailand </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> </td> <td>1989 </td> <td>550,000 m2 (5,900,000 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> </td> <td>600 </td> <td>Area of the full complex is 1,024,000 m2 (11,020,000 sq ft) including two skyscrapers. </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iconsiam" title="Iconsiam">ICONSIAM</a> </td> <td>Thailand </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> </td> <td>2018 </td> <td>525,000 m2 (5,650,000 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> </td> <td>550+ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mall_of_America" title="Mall of America">Mall of America</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Minnesota" title="Bloomington, Minnesota">Bloomington, MN</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul" title="Minneapolis–Saint Paul">Minneapolis–Saint Paul</a>) </td> <td>1992 </td> <td>520,257 m2 (5,600,000 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> </td> <td>520 </td> <td>The ranking area does not include <a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_Universe" title="Nickelodeon Universe">Nickelodeon Universe</a>, a large indoor amusement park at the center of the mall with an area of 28,000 m2 (300,000 sq ft). Largest mall in the United States and <a href="/wiki/The_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Americas">the Americas</a>. </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1_Utama" title="1 Utama">1 Utama</a> </td> <td>Malaysia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Petaling_Jaya" title="Petaling Jaya">Petaling Jaya</a> </td> <td>1995 </td> <td>519,328 m2 (5,590,000 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-76">[76]</a> </td> <td>503<a href="#cite_note-:2-76">[76]</a> </td> <td>The 2nd largest shopping mall in Malaysia. Built in three phases in 1995,<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> 2003<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> and 2018.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SM_City_North_EDSA" class="mw-redirect" title="SM City North EDSA">SM City North EDSA</a> </td> <td>Philippines </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>) </td> <td>1985 </td> <td>497,213 m2 (5,351,960 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-insidermonkey-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-SM_Prime_2018-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> </td> <td>1,000+ </td> <td>Formerly the largest mall in the Philippines (2008–2011, 201?–2014, and 2015–2021), until IKEA opened in SM Mall of Asia on November 25, 2021. </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Global_Harbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Harbor">Global Harbor</a> </td> <td>China </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> </td> <td>2013 </td> <td>480,000 m2 (5,200,000 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-SM_Investments_Corporation-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Interaksyon-82">[82]</a> </td> <td>450+ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>16 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SM_Megamall" title="SM Megamall">SM Megamall</a> </td> <td>Philippines </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mandaluyong" title="Mandaluyong">Mandaluyong</a> (Metro Manila) </td> <td>1991 </td> <td>474,000 m2 (5,100,000 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-SM_Prime_2018-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-SM_Investments_Corporation-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Interaksyon-82">[82]</a> </td> <td>1,000+ </td> <td>Has the most cinema screens (14) in the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SM_Seaside_City_Cebu" class="mw-redirect" title="SM Seaside City Cebu">SM Seaside City Cebu</a> </td> <td>Philippines </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu City</a> </td> <td>2015 </td> <td>470,486 m2 (5,064,270 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> </td> <td>700+ </td> <td>Largest shopping mall in the Philippines outside Metro Manila. </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_Complex" title="Persian Gulf Complex">Persian Gulf Complex</a> </td> <td>Iran </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a> </td> <td>2011 </td> <td>450,000 m2 (4,800,000 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> </td> <td>355<a href="#cite_note-Persian_Gulf_Complex_Introduction-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> </td> <td>Second largest shopping mall by number of stores after <a href="/wiki/Iran_Mall" title="Iran Mall">Iran Mall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Persian_Gulf_Complex_Introduction-91">[91]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>19 (tie) </td> <td>Blockbuster Mall </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> </td> <td>2019, 2021 </td> <td>400,000 m2 (4,300,000 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> </td> <td>400+ </td> <td>The largest shopping mall in Ukraine<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>19 (tie) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sunway_Pyramid" title="Sunway Pyramid">Sunway Pyramid</a> </td> <td>Malaysia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Subang_Jaya" title="Subang Jaya">Subang Jaya</a> </td> <td>1997 </td> <td>400,000 m2 (4,300,000 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> </td> <td>1000+ </td> <td>Third largest shopping mall in Malaysia behind <a href="/wiki/1_Utama" title="1 Utama">1 Utama</a>. Built in three phases in 1997, 2007 and 2016. </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>19 (tie) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Century_Global_Center" title="New Century Global Center">New Century Global Center</a> </td> <td>China </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a> </td> <td>2013 </td> <td>400,000 m2 (4,300,000 sq ft) </td> <td>2,300 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>19 (tie) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dream_Mall" title="Dream Mall">Dream Mall</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaohsiung" title="Kaohsiung">Kaohsiung</a> </td> <td>2007 </td> <td>400,000 m2 (4,300,000 sq ft) </td> <td>250 </td> <td>Largest mall in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>19 (tie) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Siam_Paragon" title="Siam Paragon">Siam Paragon</a> </td> <td>Thailand </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> </td> <td>2005 </td> <td>400,000 m2 (4,300,000 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-insidermonkey-61">[61]</a> </td> <td>200+ </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>19 (tie) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Phuket" title="Central Phuket">Central Phuket</a> </td> <td>Thailand </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phuket" class="mw-redirect" title="Phuket">Phuket</a> </td> <td>2004 </td> <td>400,000 m2 (4,300,000 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> </td> <td>250+ </td> <td>Major expansion ("Floresta" building) in 2018. </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>19 (tie) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Festival_Alabang" title="Festival Alabang">Festival Alabang</a> </td> <td>Philippines </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Muntinlupa" title="Muntinlupa">Muntinlupa</a> (Metro Manila) </td> <td>1998 </td> <td>400,000 m2 (4,300,000 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> </td> <td>250+ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>25 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lotte_World_Mall" title="Lotte World Mall">Lotte World Mall</a> </td> <td>South Korea </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a> </td> <td>2014 </td> <td>383,470 m2 (4,127,600 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-cwglobalretailguide.com-101">[101]</a> </td> <td>200+ </td> <td>Largest shopping mall in South Korea. </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>26 (tie) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jamuna_Future_Park" title="Jamuna Future Park">Jamuna Future Park</a> </td> <td>Bangladesh </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> </td> <td>2013 </td> <td>380,000 m2 (4,100,000 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-tds-102">[102]</a> </td> <td>510<a href="#cite_note-tds-102">[102]</a> </td> <td>Largest shopping mall in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>26 (tie) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Albrook_Mall" title="Albrook Mall">Albrook Mall</a> </td> <td>Panama </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama City</a> </td> <td>2002 </td> <td>380,000 m2 (4,100,000 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-insidermonkey-61">[61]</a> </td> <td>200+ </td> <td>Second largest shopping mall in the Americas; the largest until 2013. </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>28 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mall_Taman_Anggrek" title="Mall Taman Anggrek">Mal Taman Anggrek</a> </td> <td>Indonesia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> </td> <td>1996 </td> <td>360,000 m2 (3,900,000 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-insidermonkey-61">[61]</a> </td> <td>150 </td> <td>Hosts the world's largest LED display.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>29 (tie) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fashion_Island_(Thailand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion Island (Thailand)">Fashion Island (Thailand)</a> </td> <td>Thailand </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> </td> <td>1995 </td> <td>350,000 m2 (3,800,000 sq ft) </td> <td>150 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>29 (tie) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Edmonton_Mall" title="West Edmonton Mall">West Edmonton Mall</a> </td> <td>Canada </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton, Alberta</a> </td> <td>1981 </td> <td>350,000 m2 (3,800,000 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> </td> <td>800+ </td> <td>Largest shopping mall in Canada. The gross leasable area does not include <a href="/wiki/Galaxyland" title="Galaxyland">Galaxyland</a>, a large indoor amusement park with an area of 70,160 m2 (755,200 sq ft). </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>29 (tie) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Dubai_Mall" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dubai Mall">The Dubai Mall</a> </td> <td>United Arab Emirates </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> </td> <td>2008 </td> <td>350,000 m2 (3,800,000 sq ft) </td> <td>400+ </td> <td>The second largest mall in the world by total land area.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>32 (tie) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Big_City_(shopping_mall)" title="Big City (shopping mall)">Big City</a> </td> <td>Taiwan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hsinchu" title="Hsinchu">Hsinchu</a> </td> <td>2012 </td> <td>340,000 m2 (3,700,000 sq ft) </td> <td>300 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>32 (tie) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lucky_One_Mall" title="Lucky One Mall">Lucky One Mall</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> </td> <td>2017 </td> <td>340,000 m2 (3,700,000 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> </td> <td>200+ </td> <td>Largest mall in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>33 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gandaria_City" title="Gandaria City">Gandaria City</a> </td> <td>Indonesia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> </td> <td>2010 </td> <td>336,279 m2 (3,619,680 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> </td> <td>250 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>34 (tie) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Limketkai_Center" title="Limketkai Center">Limketkai Center</a> </td> <td>Philippines </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cagayan_de_Oro" title="Cagayan de Oro">Cagayan de Oro</a> </td> <td>1992 </td> <td>320,000 m2 (3,400,000 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> </td> <td>250 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>34 (tie) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berjaya_Times_Square" title="Berjaya Times Square">Berjaya Times Square</a> </td> <td>Malaysia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a> </td> <td>2003 </td> <td>320,000 m2 (3,400,000 sq ft) </td> <td>200+ </td> <td>The largest shopping mall in <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a> and 4th largest shopping mall in Malaysia behind <a href="/wiki/IOI_City_Mall" title="IOI City Mall">IOI City Mall</a>, <a href="/wiki/1_Utama" title="1 Utama">1 Utama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunway_Pyramid" title="Sunway Pyramid">Sunway Pyramid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>36 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SM_City_Fairview" title="SM City Fairview">SM City Fairview</a> </td> <td>Philippines </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a> (Metro Manila) </td> <td>1997 </td> <td>312,749 m2 (3,366,400 sq ft) </td> <td>350 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>37 </td> <td>The Grand Central Mall </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Faisalabad" title="Faisalabad">Faisalabad</a> </td> <td>Under-Construction </td> <td>310,000 m2 (3,300,000 sq ft) </td> <td> </td> <td>2nd-largest mall in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>38 (tie) </td> <td>Zhengjia Plaza (Grandview Mall) </td> <td>China </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> </td> <td>2005 </td> <td>280,000 m2 (3,000,000 sq ft) </td> <td>180+[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>38 (tie) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Dream_Meadowlands" class="mw-redirect" title="American Dream Meadowlands">American Dream Meadowlands</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Rutherford,_New_Jersey" title="East Rutherford, New Jersey">East Rutherford, NJ</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York City area</a>) </td> <td>2019 </td> <td>280,000 m2 (3,000,000 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> </td> <td>200 </td> <td>Includes <a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_Universe#American_Dream" title="Nickelodeon Universe">Nickelodeon Universe</a>, <a href="/wiki/DreamWorks_Water_Park" title="DreamWorks Water Park">DreamWorks Water Park</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Big_Snow_American_Dream" title="Big Snow American Dream">Big Snow American Dream</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>38 (tie) </td> <td>Haikou International Duty Free City </td> <td>China </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Haikou,_Hainan" class="mw-redirect" title="Haikou, Hainan">Haikou, Hainan</a> </td> <td>2022 </td> <td>280,000 m2 (3,000,000 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Largest duty-free shopping mall in the world<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>41 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SM_City_Cebu" title="SM City Cebu">SM City Cebu</a> </td> <td>Philippines </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu City</a> </td> <td>1993 </td> <td>273,804 m2 (2,947,200 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-SM_Prime_2018-66">[66]</a> </td> <td>680 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>42 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Avenues,_Bahrain" title="The Avenues, Bahrain">The Avenues, Bahrain</a> </td> <td>Bahrain </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bahrain_Bay" title="Bahrain Bay">Bahrain Bay</a> </td> <td>2017 </td> <td>273,000 m2 (2,940,000 sq ft) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>43 (tie) </td> <td>Sarath City Mall </td> <td>India </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a> </td> <td>2019 </td> <td>270,000 m2 (2,900,000 sq ft)2<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> </td> <td>400+ </td> <td>The biggest shopping mall in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>43 (tie) </td> <td>Medan Centre Point </td> <td>Indonesia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a> </td> <td>2013 </td> <td>270,000 m2 (2,900,000 sq ft)2<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>43 (tie) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mal_Artha_Gading" title="Mal Artha Gading">Mal Artha Gading</a> </td> <td>Indonesia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> </td> <td>2004 </td> <td>270,000 m2 (2,900,000 sq ft) </td> <td>330<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>46 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mall_of_Arabia_(Jeddah)" title="Mall of Arabia (Jeddah)">Mall of Arabia</a> </td> <td>Saudi Arabia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> </td> <td>2010 </td> <td>261,000 m2 (2,810,000 sq ft) </td> <td>187<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>47 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/King_of_Prussia_(shopping_mall)" title="King of Prussia (shopping mall)">King of Prussia</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/King_of_Prussia,_Pennsylvania" title="King of Prussia, Pennsylvania">King of Prussia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Delaware_Valley" title="Delaware Valley">Philadelphia metropolitan area</a>) </td> <td>1963 </td> <td>259,500 m2 (2,793,000 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> </td> <td>200+ </td> <td>Originally built as two buildings, a 2016 renovation made it one continuous building, larger than Mall of America by 1,300 m2 (14,000 sq ft).<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>48 </td> <td>Greenwich Mall </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Ekaterinburg</a> </td> <td>2006 </td> <td>258,673 m2 (2,784,330 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> </td> <td>250 </td> <td>the largest shopping center in Russia </td></tr> <tr> <td>49 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Centro_Comercial_Aricanduva" title="Centro Comercial Aricanduva">Centro Comercial Aricanduva</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> </td> <td>1991 </td> <td>257,047 m2 (2,766,830 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-:3-125">[125]</a> </td> <td>545+ </td> <td>The largest shopping center in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. It is the 5th largest shopping center in the world (2019)<a href="#cite_note-:3-125">[125]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>50 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/T.S._Mall" title="T.S. Mall">T.S. Mall</a> </td> <td>Taiwan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tainan" title="Tainan">Tainan</a> </td> <td>2015 </td> <td>254,000 m2 (2,730,000 sq ft) </td> <td>200+ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>51 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tunjungan_Plaza" title="Tunjungan Plaza">Tunjungan Plaza</a> </td> <td>Indonesia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a> </td> <td>1986 </td> <td>253,187 m2 (2,725,280 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> </td> <td>250 </td> <td>The biggest mall in <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>52 (tie) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emporium_Mall" title="Emporium Mall">Emporium Mall</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> </td> <td>2016 </td> <td>250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> </td> <td>200+ </td> <td>3rd largest mall in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>52 (tie) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Centro_Sambil" title="Centro Sambil">Centro Sambil</a> </td> <td>Venezuela </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a> </td> <td>1998 </td> <td>250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft) </td> <td>300 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>53 (tie) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aventura_Mall" title="Aventura Mall">Aventura Mall</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aventura,_Florida" title="Aventura, Florida">Aventura</a> (<a href="/wiki/Miami_metropolitan_area" title="Miami metropolitan area">Miami area</a>) </td> <td>1983 </td> <td>250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft) </td> <td>300+ </td> <td>Largest shopping mall in Florida. </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>52 (tie) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glorietta" title="Glorietta">Glorietta</a> </td> <td>Philippines </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Makati" title="Makati">Makati</a> (Metro Manila) </td> <td>1991 </td> <td>250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft) </td> <td>300+ </td> <td>Glorietta is integrated with Greenbelt, both of which are owned by the <a href="/wiki/Ayala_Corporation" title="Ayala Corporation">Ayala Corporation</a>. </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>52 (tie) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greenbelt_(Ayala_Center)" title="Greenbelt (Ayala Center)">Greenbelt</a> </td> <td>Philippines </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Makati" title="Makati">Makati</a> (Metro Manila) </td> <td>1991 </td> <td>250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft) </td> <td>300+ </td> <td>Greenbelt is integrated with Glorietta, both of which are owned by the <a href="/wiki/Ayala_Corporation" title="Ayala Corporation">Ayala Corporation</a>. </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>52 (tie) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Coast_Plaza" title="South Coast Plaza">South Coast Plaza</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Costa_Mesa,_California" title="Costa Mesa, California">Costa Mesa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles" title="Greater Los Angeles">Greater Los Angeles</a>) </td> <td>1967 </td> <td>250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> </td> <td>286 </td> <td>The largest shopping mall in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> besides <a href="/wiki/Del_Amo_Fashion_Center" title="Del Amo Fashion Center">Del Amo</a>. </td></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td>52 (tie) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Centro_Comercial_Santaf%C3%A9" title="Centro Comercial Santafé">Centro Comercial Santafé</a> </td> <td>Colombia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogota</a> </td> <td>2006 </td> <td>250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft) </td> <td>150 </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combination_retail_and_wholesale_shopping_malls">Combination retail and wholesale shopping malls</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shopping_mall&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Combination retail and wholesale shopping malls">edit</a>]</div> Some wholesale market complexes also function as shopping malls in that they contain retail space which operate as stores in normal malls do but also act as producer vendor outlets that can take large orders for export. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th style="width:15%;">Name </th> <th style="width:12.5%;">Country </th> <th style="width:12.5%;">City </th> <th style="width:5%;">Year opened </th> <th style="width:15%;">Gross leasable area </th> <th style="width:5%;">Shops </th> <th style="width:35%;" class="unsortable">Remarks </th></tr> <tr style="height: 3.5em;"> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yiwu_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiwu market">Yiwu International luTrade City</a> </td> <td>China </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yiwu" title="Yiwu">Yiwu</a> </td> <td>2002 </td> <td>5,500,000 m2 (59,000,000 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-Guardian2017-129">[129]</a> </td> <td>75,000+ </td> <td>Much of the retail area is divided into small booths, hence the disproportionately greater number of shops than other malls listed. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shopping_mall&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/56px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/28px-Industry5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/42px-Industry5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/56px-Industry5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Companies" title="Portal:Companies">Companies portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcade_(architecture)#Shopping_arcades" title="Arcade (architecture)">Arcade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_shopping_malls_in_the_United_States" title="List of largest shopping malls in the United States">List of largest shopping malls in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_shopping_malls" title="Lists of shopping malls">Lists of shopping malls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mall_kiosk" title="Mall kiosk">Mall kiosk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">Pedestrian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail#Types_of_retail_outlets" title="Retail">Retail#Types of retail outlets</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shopping_mall&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLongstreth1997" class="citation book cs1">Longstreth, Richard (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lCimuNbqKfkC">City Center to Regional Mall</a>. MIT Press. pp. 296–304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0262122006" title="Special:BookSources/0262122006"><bdi>0262122006</bdi></a>. <q>"the essential framework for the regional mall", and other references in this page range and elsewhere to malls as a type of shopping center</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+Center+to+Regional+Mall&rft.pages=296-304&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0262122006&rft.aulast=Longstreth&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlCimuNbqKfkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rielly-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Rielly_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRielly2003" class="citation book cs1">Rielly, Edward J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h3hAR5c9QFcC&pg=PA62">The 1960s</a>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-31261-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-31261-3"><bdi>0-313-31261-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+1960s&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-313-31261-3&rft.aulast=Rielly&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh3hAR5c9QFcC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gobankingrates.com/money/economy/dying-malls/">"American Malls That Have Fallen Into Ruin"</a>. GOBankingRates. 10 June 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOBankingRates&rft.atitle=American+Malls+That+Have+Fallen+Into+Ruin&rft.date=2019-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gobankingrates.com%2Fmoney%2Feconomy%2Fdying-malls%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICSC_Characteristics-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICSC_Characteristics_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICSC_Characteristics_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icsc.org/uploads/research/general/US_CENTER_CLASSIFICATION.pdf">"U.S. Shopping-Center Classification and Characteristics"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 25 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sarathcitycapitalmall.com&rft.atitle=Sarath+City+Capital+Mall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsarathcitycapitalmall.com%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pti-architects.com/content.php?page=newsdetail&newsid=9">"PTI Architects"</a>. www.pti-architects.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170816192920/https://www.pti-architects.com/content.php?page=newsdetail&newsid=9">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 15 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pti-architects.com&rft.atitle=PTI+Architects&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pti-architects.com%2Fcontent.php%3Fpage%3Dnewsdetail%26newsid%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arthagading.com/tenant/">"Tenant List"</a>. MAl Artha Gading. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324094700/https://arthagading.com/tenant/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MAl+Artha+Gading&rft.atitle=Tenant+List&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farthagading.com%2Ftenant%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mallofarabia.com.eg/en/shop/list?cid=8">"Shop List"</a>. Mall of Arabia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324094659/http://www.mallofarabia.com.eg/en/shop/list%3Fcid%3D8">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mall+of+Arabia&rft.atitle=Shop+List&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mallofarabia.com.eg%2Fen%2Fshop%2Flist%3Fcid%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726170359/http://www.icsc.org/apps/dmmdisp.php?dispid=PA0620">"International Council of Shopping Centers"</a>. ICSC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icsc.org/apps/dmmdisp.php?dispid=PA0620">the original</a> on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Council+of+Shopping+Centers&rft.pub=ICSC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icsc.org%2Fapps%2Fdmmdisp.php%3Fdispid%3DPA0620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071021071037/http://icsc.org/apps/dmmdisp.php?dispid=PA0620">"International Council of Shopping Centers: King of Prussia Mall"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icsc.org/apps/dmmdisp.php?dispid=PA0620">the original</a> on 21 October 2007. Retrieved 14 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Council+of+Shopping+Centers%3A+King+of+Prussia+Mall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icsc.org%2Fapps%2Fdmmdisp.php%3Fdispid%3DPA0620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"> The Mall of America once again surpassed it when it built an addition to the mall that included a <a href="/w/index.php?title=J.W._Marriot_Hotel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J.W. Marriot Hotel (page does not exist)">J.W. Marriot Hotel</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marketmedia.ru/media-content/top-10-samykh-bolshikh-torgovykh-tsentrov-rf/">"Топ-20 самых больших торговых центров РФ"</a>. marketmedia.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 28 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=marketmedia.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF-20+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%A4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarketmedia.ru%2Fmedia-content%2Ftop-10-samykh-bolshikh-torgovykh-tsentrov-rf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_125-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cw-gbl-gws-prod.azureedge.net/-/media/cw/global/insights/global-cities-retail-guide/americas/brazil_saopaulo_retailguide.pdf?rev=7c3aefea098e4cc2b6ede53620e80a8c">"SÃO PAULO - Cushman & Wakefield | Global Cities Retail Guide"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Cushman_%26_Wakefield" title="Cushman & Wakefield">Cushman & Wakefield</a>. Retrieved 16 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cushman+%26+Wakefield&rft.atitle=S%C3%83O+PAULO+-+Cushman+%26+Wakefield+%7C+Global+Cities+Retail+Guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcw-gbl-gws-prod.azureedge.net%2F-%2Fmedia%2Fcw%2Fglobal%2Finsights%2Fglobal-cities-retail-guide%2Famericas%2Fbrazil_saopaulo_retailguide.pdf%3Frev%3D7c3aefea098e4cc2b6ede53620e80a8c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPakuwon_Indonesia" class="citation web cs1">Pakuwon Indonesia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170722085549/http://pakuwon.com/property/property-portofolio/Surabaya/Tunjungan%20City%20/4">"Properties"</a>. Pakuwon.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pakuwon.com/property/property-portofolio/Surabaya/Tunjungan%20City%20/4">the original</a> on 22 July 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Properties&rft.pub=Pakuwon.com&rft.au=Pakuwon+Indonesia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pakuwon.com%2Fproperty%2Fproperty-portofolio%2FSurabaya%2FTunjungan%2520City%2520%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamrashabir2017" class="citation web cs1">Samrashabir (24 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pakpedia.pk/emporium-mall-lahore">"Emporium Mall Lahore"</a>. Pakpedia. Retrieved 28 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pakpedia&rft.atitle=Emporium+Mall+Lahore&rft.date=2017-04-24&rft.au=Samrashabir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pakpedia.pk%2Femporium-mall-lahore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121011213448/http://www.icsc.org/cgi/dmmdisp?dispid=CA0440">"ICSC DMM Display"</a>. Icsc.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icsc.org/cgi/dmmdisp?dispid=CA0440">the original</a> on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICSC+DMM+Display&rft.pub=Icsc.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icsc.org%2Fcgi%2Fdmmdisp%3Fdispid%3DCA0440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian2017-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian2017_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoxburgh2017" class="citation web cs1">Roxburgh, Helen (23 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/mar/23/welcome-yiwu-china-testing-ground-multicultural-city">"Welcome to Yiwu: China's testing ground for a multicultural city"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170323111704/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/mar/23/welcome-yiwu-china-testing-ground-multicultural-city">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+Yiwu%3A+China%27s+testing+ground+for+a+multicultural+city&rft.date=2017-03-23&rft.aulast=Roxburgh&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcities%2F2017%2Fmar%2F23%2Fwelcome-yiwu-china-testing-ground-multicultural-city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shopping_mall&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Hardwick, M. Jeffrey (2004). Mall Maker: Victor Gruen, Architect of an American Dream. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0812237625">Excerpt and text search</a>.</li> <li>Howard, Vicki (2015). From Main Street to Mall: The Rise and Fall of the American Department Store.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLange2018" class="citation news cs1">Lange, Alexandra (15 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.curbed.com/2018/2/15/17014230/malls-califonia-america-renzo-piano-victor-gruen">"Malls and the future of American retail: In a post-mall era, why are starchitects building more retail?"</a>. Curbed. Retrieved 3 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Curbed&rft.atitle=Malls+and+the+future+of+American+retail%3A+In+a+post-mall+era%2C+why+are+starchitects+building+more+retail%3F&rft.date=2018-02-15&rft.aulast=Lange&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.curbed.com%2F2018%2F2%2F15%2F17014230%2Fmalls-califonia-america-renzo-piano-victor-gruen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLange2022" class="citation book cs1">Lange, Alexandra (2022). Meet Me by the Fountain: An Inside History of the Mall. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781635576023" title="Special:BookSources/9781635576023"><bdi>9781635576023</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1325579853">1325579853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meet+Me+by+the+Fountain%3A+An+Inside+History+of+the+Mall&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1325579853&rft.isbn=9781635576023&rft.aulast=Lange&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShopping+mall" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Ngo-Viet, Nam-Son (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160520220238/https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B_obFEwXFTooZDFjZjVmZDMtMjZlMy00NTBkLWEzMmQtNzI3Y2RhYTY0ZjAz/edit?pli=1">The Integration of the Suburban Shopping Center with its Surroundings: Redmond Town Center</a>. PhD dissertation. University of Washington.</li> <li>Scharoun, Lisa (2012). America at the Mall: The Cultural Role of a Retail Utopia. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shopping_mall&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shopping_malls" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Shopping malls">Shopping malls</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icsc.org/">International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aia.org/rec_default">American Institute of Architects Retail and Entertainment Committee Knowledge Community</a></li></ul> <div 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Real_estate_developments" title="Template:Real estate developments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Real_estate_developments" title="Template talk:Real estate developments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Real_estate_developments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Real estate developments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Real_estate_developments" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">Real estate developments</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Planned_commercial_developments" title="Category:Planned commercial developments">Commercial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_park" title="Business park">Business park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_area" title="Commercial area">Commercial area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">Mixed-use development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Office building">Office building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">Port</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inland_port" title="Inland port">inland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_center_(retail)" title="Power center (retail)">Power center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_park" title="Retail park">Retail park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverfront" title="Riverfront">Riverfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_center" title="Shopping center">Shopping center</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shopping mall</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_streets_and_districts_by_city" title="List of shopping streets and districts by city">Shopping streets and districts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Planned_industrial_developments" title="Category:Planned industrial developments">Industrial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_cluster" title="Business cluster">Business cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_district" title="Industrial district">Industrial district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_park" title="Industrial park">Industrial park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_technology_centers" title="List of technology centers">Technology centers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Planned_residential_developments" title="Category:Planned residential developments">Residential</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrihood" title="Agrihood">Agrihood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_house" title="Boarding house">Boarding house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungalow_court" title="Bungalow court">Bungalow court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_block" title="City block">City block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_community" title="Closed community">Closed community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_town" title="Company town">Company town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation community">Conservation community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_home" title="Executive home">Executive home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golf_course_community" title="Golf course community">Golf course community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gated_community" title="Gated community">Gated community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_estate" title="Housing estate">Housing estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxury_apartment" title="Luxury apartment">Luxury apartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMansion" title="McMansion">McMansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">Mixed-use development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_dwellings_company" title="Model dwellings company">Model dwellings for the poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifamily_residential" title="Multifamily residential">Multifamily residential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthouse_apartment" title="Penthouse apartment">Penthouse apartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_community" title="Private community">Private community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">Public housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airpark" title="Airpark">Residential airpark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_area" title="Residential area">Residential area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_community" title="Retirement community">Retirement community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_house" title="Revenue house">Revenue house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooming_house" title="Rooming house">Rooming house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-room_occupancy" title="Single-room occupancy">Single-room occupancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivision_(land)" title="Subdivision (land)">Subdivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tract_housing" title="Tract housing">Tract housing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science/education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campus" title="Campus">Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_parks" title="List of research parks">Research park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_campus" title="Satellite campus">Satellite campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_park" title="Science park">Science park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Planned_municipal_developments" title="Category:Planned municipal developments">Municipal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_center" title="Civic center">Civic center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">Garden city movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_village" title="Model village">Model village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planned_cities" title="List of planned cities">Planned cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_community" title="Planned community">Planned community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_green_space" title="Urban green space">Urban green space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">parks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">Buildings</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_building_types" title="List of building types">types</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apartment" title="Apartment">Apartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House" title="House">House</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_house_types" title="List of house types">types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">Skyscraper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_block" title="Tower block">Tower block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa" title="Villa">Villa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brownfield_land" title="Brownfield land">Brownfield land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_cluster_development" title="Residential cluster development">Residential cluster development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Context theory">Context theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenfield_land" title="Greenfield land">Greenfield land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greyfield_land" title="Greyfield land">Greyfield land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundscraper" title="Groundscraper">Groundscraper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">Land-use planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-building_structure_types" title="List of non-building structure types">Nonbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIMBY" title="NIMBY">NIMBY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park" title="Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parking" title="Parking">Parking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_permission" title="Planning permission">Planning permission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playground" title="Playground">Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redevelopment" title="Redevelopment">Redevelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_planning" title="Regional planning">Regional planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIMBY" title="YIMBY">YIMBY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Big_single-family_home_2.jpg/16px-Big_single-family_home_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Big_single-family_home_2.jpg/24px-Big_single-family_home_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Big_single-family_home_2.jpg/32px-Big_single-family_home_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="604" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Housing" title="Portal:Housing">Housing portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Structural_extremes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Structural_extremes" title="Template:Structural extremes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Structural_extremes" title="Template talk:Structural extremes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Structural_extremes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Structural extremes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Structural_extremes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Structural extremes</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures" title="List of tallest buildings and structures">Tallest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings" title="List of tallest buildings">Buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_bridges" title="List of tallest bridges">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_chimneys" title="List of tallest chimneys">Chimneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_church_buildings" title="List of tallest church buildings">Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_Eastern_Orthodox_church_buildings" title="List of tallest Eastern Orthodox church buildings">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_dams" title="List of tallest dams">Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_domes" title="List of tallest domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_educational_buildings" title="List of tallest educational buildings">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flagpoles_by_height" title="List of flagpoles by height">Flagpoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_freestanding_structures" title="List of tallest freestanding structures">Freestanding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_hospitals" title="List of tallest hospitals">Hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_hotels" title="List of tallest hotels">Hotels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_lighthouses" title="List of tallest lighthouses">Lighthouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_oil_platforms" title="List of tallest oil platforms">Oil platforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_residential_buildings" title="List of tallest residential buildings">Residential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_statues" title="List of tallest statues">Statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures" title="List of tallest structures">Structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_towers" title="List of tallest towers">Towers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_clock_towers" title="List of tallest clock towers">clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_cooling_towers" title="List of tallest cooling towers">cooling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_twin_buildings_and_structures" title="List of tallest twin buildings and structures">Twin buildings and structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_wooden_buildings" title="List of tallest wooden buildings">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_with_the_most_skyscrapers" title="List of cities with the most skyscrapers">Cities with the most skyscrapers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Largest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_buildings" title="List of largest buildings">Buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_church_buildings" title="List of largest church buildings">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_city_squares_by_size" title="List of city squares by size">City squares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_dams" title="List of largest dams">Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_domes" title="List of largest domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_Hindu_temples" title="List of largest Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_hotels" title="List of largest hotels">Hotels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_mosques" title="List of largest mosques">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_palaces" title="List of largest palaces">Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_power_stations" title="List of largest power stations">Power stations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_hydroelectric_power_stations" title="List of largest hydroelectric power stations">hydroelectric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#World's_largest_malls">Shopping malls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_parks_by_size" title="List of urban parks by size">Urban parks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Longest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_buildings" title="List of longest buildings">Buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_bridges" title="List of longest bridges">Bridges</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_arch_bridge_spans" title="List of longest arch bridge spans">arched</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_cable-stayed_bridge_spans" title="List of longest cable-stayed bridge spans">cable-stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_cantilever_bridge_spans" title="List of longest cantilever bridge spans">cantilevered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_continuous_truss_bridge_spans" title="List of longest continuous truss bridge spans">continuous truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_masonry_arch_bridge_spans" title="List of longest masonry arch bridge spans">masonry arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_suspension_bridge_spans" title="List of longest suspension bridge spans">suspension</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_church_buildings" title="List of longest church buildings">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_tunnels" title="List of longest tunnels">Tunnels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_long_tunnels_by_type" title="List of long tunnels by type">longest by type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_railway_tunnels" title="List of longest railway tunnels">railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_road_tunnels" title="List of longest road tunnels">road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_subway_tunnel_sections" title="List of longest subway tunnel sections">subway tunnel sections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_ring_roads" title="List of longest ring roads">Ring roads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shopping_mall&oldid=1257705179">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shopping_mall&oldid=1257705179</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Shopping_malls" title="Category:Shopping malls">Shopping malls</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Planned_commercial_developments" title="Category:Planned commercial developments">Planned commercial developments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Retail_buildings" title="Category:Retail buildings">Retail buildings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Urban_studies_and_planning_terminology" title="Category:Urban studies and planning terminology">Urban studies and planning terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_shopping_malls" title="Category:Lists of shopping malls">Lists of shopping 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