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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creation_of_the_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_of_the_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Creation of the system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_of_the_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Start_of_high-speed_line_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Start_of_high-speed_line_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Start of high-speed line construction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Start_of_high-speed_line_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phase_1:_Seoul–Daegu_and_conventional_line_upgrades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phase_1:_Seoul–Daegu_and_conventional_line_upgrades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Phase 1: Seoul–Daegu and conventional line upgrades </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phase_1:_Seoul–Daegu_and_conventional_line_upgrades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phase_2:_Daegu–Busan,_extra_stations,_urban_sections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phase_2:_Daegu–Busan,_extra_stations,_urban_sections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3 Phase 2: Daegu–Busan, extra stations, urban sections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phase_2:_Daegu–Busan,_extra_stations,_urban_sections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_upgrades_of_connecting_conventional_lines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_upgrades_of_connecting_conventional_lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Further upgrades of connecting conventional lines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_upgrades_of_connecting_conventional_lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_high-speed_lines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_high-speed_lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Further high-speed lines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_high-speed_lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Honam_HSR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honam_HSR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 Honam HSR </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honam_HSR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suseo_HSR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suseo_HSR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 Suseo HSR </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suseo_HSR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jeju_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jeju_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.3 Jeju Island </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jeju_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rolling_stock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rolling_stock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Rolling stock </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rolling_stock-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Rolling stock subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Rolling_stock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-KTX-I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#KTX-I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 KTX-I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-KTX-I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-KTX-Sancheon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#KTX-Sancheon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 KTX-Sancheon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-KTX-Sancheon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-KTX-Eum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#KTX-Eum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 KTX-Eum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-KTX-Eum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-KTX-Cheongryong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#KTX-Cheongryong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 KTX-Cheongryong </div> </a> <ul id="toc-KTX-Cheongryong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_KTX_lines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_KTX_lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 List of KTX lines </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_KTX_lines-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle List of KTX lines subsection </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_KTX_lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current_lines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Current lines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_lines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Future lines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defunct_lines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defunct_lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Defunct lines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defunct_lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Operation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Operation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tickets_and_seats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tickets_and_seats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Tickets and seats </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tickets_and_seats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Type_of_seats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type_of_seats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Type of seats </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type_of_seats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ticket_prices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ticket_prices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Ticket prices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ticket_prices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 Discounts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passenger_numbers_and_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passenger_numbers_and_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Passenger numbers and usage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passenger_numbers_and_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forecasts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forecasts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Forecasts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forecasts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ridership_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ridership_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Ridership evolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ridership_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Market_share_and_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market_share_and_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3 Market share and effect </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Market_share_and_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_and_operational_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_and_operational_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Technical and operational issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technical_and_operational_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State_of_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_of_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 State of infrastructure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_of_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incidents_and_accidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incidents_and_accidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2 Incidents and accidents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incidents_and_accidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passenger_comfort_and_convenience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passenger_comfort_and_convenience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.3 Passenger comfort and convenience </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passenger_comfort_and_convenience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Korea Train Express</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" > 24 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9" title="قطار كوريا السريع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قطار كوريا السريع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Train_Express" title="Korea Train Express – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Korea Train Express" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTX" title="KTX – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="KTX" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Train_Express" title="Korea Train Express – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Korea Train Express" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Train_Express" title="Korea Train Express – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Korea Train Express" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Train_Express" title="Korea Train Express – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Korea Train Express" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EA%B3%A0%EC%86%8D%EC%B2%A0%EB%8F%84" title="한국고속철도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="한국고속철도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTX" title="KTX – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="KTX" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Train_Express" title="Korea Train Express – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Korea Train Express" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Корея жүрдек теміржолы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Корея жүрдек теміржолы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTX" title="KTX – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="KTX" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Train_eXpress" title="Korea Train eXpress – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Korea Train eXpress" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTX" title="KTX – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="KTX" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E5%9B%BD%E9%AB%98%E9%80%9F%E9%89%84%E9%81%93" title="韓国高速鉄道 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="韓国高速鉄道" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Train_Express" title="Korea Train Express – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Korea Train Express" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Train_Express" title="Korea Train Express – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Korea Train Express" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Train_Express" title="Korea Train Express – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Korea Train Express" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Корейская высокоскоростная железная дорога – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Корейская высокоскоростная железная дорога" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Train_eXpress" title="Korea Train eXpress – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Korea Train eXpress" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Train_Express" title="Korea Train Express – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Korea Train Express" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Train_Express" title="Korea Train Express – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Korea Train Express" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Train_Express" title="Korea Train Express – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Korea Train Express" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0u_t%E1%BB%91c_h%C3%A0nh_H%C3%A0n_Qu%E1%BB%91c" title="Tàu tốc hành Hàn Quốc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tàu tốc hành Hàn Quốc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTX%E9%AB%98%E9%80%9F%E5%88%97%E8%BD%A6" title="KTX高速列车 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="KTX高速列车" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q167674#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above notheme" style="border-top: 4px solid #204080; border-bottom: 4px solid #204080; color: inherit;">KTX</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:KTX_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/KTX_logo.svg/100px-KTX_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/KTX_logo.svg/150px-KTX_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/KTX_logo.svg/200px-KTX_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="183" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:KTX-Sancheon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/KTX-Sancheon.jpg/300px-KTX-Sancheon.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/KTX-Sancheon.jpg/450px-KTX-Sancheon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/KTX-Sancheon.jpg/600px-KTX-Sancheon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2701" data-file-height="1555" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">KTX-Sancheon</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Service type</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail" title="Inter-city rail">Inter-city</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed rail</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Operating</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Locale</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First service</th><td class="infobox-data">1 April 2004; 20 years ago (2004-04-01)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Current operator(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Korail" title="Korail">Korail</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">On-board services</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Travel_class" title="Travel class">Class(es)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li>First class</li><li>Superior class</li><li>Standard class</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Disabled access</th><td class="infobox-data">Fully accessible</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Catering facilities</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Entertainment facilities</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Baggage facilities</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Technical</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock" title="Rolling stock">Rolling stock</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/KTX-I" title="KTX-I">KTX-I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/KTX-Sancheon" title="KTX-Sancheon">KTX-Sancheon</a> Class 110000</li><li>KTX-Sancheon Class 140000</li><li><a href="/wiki/KTX-Eum" title="KTX-Eum">KTX-Eum</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/KTX-Cheongryong" title="KTX-Cheongryong">KTX-Cheongryong</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">Track gauge</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,435 mm (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">Standard gauge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification" title="Railway electrification">Electrification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/25_kV_AC_railway_electrification" title="25 kV AC railway electrification">25 kV/60 Hz</a> <a href="/wiki/Overhead_catenary" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead catenary">overhead catenary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operating speed</th><td class="infobox-data">Up to 305 km/h (190 mph)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef;">Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;">한국고속철도</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;">韓國高速鐵道</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hanguk Gosok Cheoldo</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Han'guk Kosok Ch'ŏlto</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="vertical-align:middle; padding:0px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox collapsible" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef;">Route map</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:KTX_linemap_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/KTX_linemap_en.svg/300px-KTX_linemap_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/KTX_linemap_en.svg/450px-KTX_linemap_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/KTX_linemap_en.svg/600px-KTX_linemap_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="742" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> Korea Train eXpress (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: 한국고속철도), often known as KTX (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: 케이티엑스; <a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">RR</a>: Keitiekseu), is South Korea's <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed rail</a> system, operated by <a href="/wiki/Korail" title="Korail">Korail</a>. Construction began on the high-speed line from <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a> to <a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a> in 1992. KTX services were launched on April 1, 2004. From <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Station" title="Seoul Station">Seoul Station</a> the KTX lines radiate with stops at Seoul Station, <a href="/wiki/Yongsan_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Yongsan station">Yongsan station</a> towards Busan and <a href="/wiki/Gwangju" title="Gwangju">Gwangju</a>. A new line from <a href="/wiki/Wonju" title="Wonju">Wonju</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gangneung" title="Gangneung">Gangneung</a> was completed in December 2017 to serve the <a href="/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics" title="2018 Winter Olympics">2018 Winter Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pyeongchang_County" title="Pyeongchang County">Pyeongchang</a>. The current maximum operating speed for trains in regular service is 305 km/h (190 mph), though the infrastructure is designed for 350 km/h (217 mph). The <a href="/wiki/KTX-I" title="KTX-I">initial rolling stock</a> was based on <a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom</a>'s <a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_R%C3%A9seau" title="SNCF TGV Réseau">TGV Réseau</a>, and was partly built in Korea. The domestically developed <a href="/wiki/HSR-350x" title="HSR-350x">HSR-350x</a>, which achieved 352.4 km/h (219.0 mph) in tests, resulted in a second type of high-speed trains now operated by Korail, the <a href="/wiki/KTX-Sancheon" title="KTX-Sancheon">KTX-Sancheon</a>, which entered into commercial service in 2010. The next generation experimental <a href="/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit" title="Electric multiple unit">electric multiple unit</a> prototype, <a href="/wiki/HEMU-430X" title="HEMU-430X">HEMU-430X</a>, achieved 421.4 km/h (261.8 mph) in 2013, making South Korea the world's fourth country after Japan, France and China to develop a <a href="/wiki/High-speed_train" class="mw-redirect" title="High-speed train">high-speed train</a> running on conventional rail above 420 km/h (260 mph). It was further developed into commercialised variants, namely <a href="/wiki/KTX-Eum" title="KTX-Eum">KTX-Eum</a> and <a href="/wiki/KTX-Cheongryong" title="KTX-Cheongryong">KTX-Cheongryong</a>, with respective maximum service speeds of 260 km/h (160 mph) and 320 km/h (200 mph), which entered into KTX services in 2021 and 2024, respectively. In June 2024, South Korea and <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> concluded a <a href="/wiki/South_Korean_won" title="South Korean won">KRW</a> 270 billion (approximately US$196 million) deal to apply KTX technology in Uzbekistan by supplying high-speed trains and Korail expertise.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_Train_Express&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_of_the_project">Origins of the project</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_Train_Express&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins of the project">edit</a>]</div> The Seoul-Busan axis is Korea's main traffic corridor. In 1982, it represented 65.8% of South Korea's population, a number that grew to 73.3% by 1995, along with 70% of freight traffic and 66% of passenger traffic. With both the <a href="/wiki/Gyeongbu_Expressway" title="Gyeongbu Expressway">Gyeongbu Expressway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korail" title="Korail">Korail</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gyeongbu_Line" title="Gyeongbu Line">Gyeongbu Line</a> congested as of the late 1970s, the government saw the pressing need for another form of transportation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoChung200811-3">[3]</a> The first proposals for a second Seoul-Busan railway line originated from a study prepared between 1972 and 1974 by experts from France's <a href="/wiki/SNCF" title="SNCF">SNCF</a> and the Japan Railway Technical Service on a request from the <a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">IBRD</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoChung200813–14-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> A more detailed 1978-1981 study by <a href="/wiki/KAIST" title="KAIST">KAIST</a>, focusing on the needs of freight transport, also came to the conclusion that separating long-distance passenger traffic on a high-speed passenger railway would be advisable, and it was adopted in the following Korean <a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Five-year plans of South Korea">Five Year Plan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoChung200814-6">[6]</a> During the following years, several feasibility studies were prepared for a high-speed line with a Seoul–Busan travel time of 1 hour 30 minutes, which gave positive results.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoChung200814-6">[6]</a> In 1989, following the go-ahead for the project, the institutions to manage its preparation were established: the Gyeongbu High Speed Electric Railway & New International Airport Committee, and the High Speed Electric Railway Planning Department (later renamed HSR Project Planning Board).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoChung200814–15-7">[7]</a> In 1990, the planned Seoul–Busan travel time was 1 hour 51 minutes, the project was to be completed by August 1998,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoChung200842-8">[8]</a> and costs were estimated at 5.85 trillion <a href="/wiki/South_Korean_won" title="South Korean won">South Korean won</a> (₩)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoChung200842-8">[8]</a> in 1988 prices, 4.6 trillion of which were to be spent on infrastructure, the remainder on rolling stock.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuh200056-9">[9]</a> As planning progressed, the Korea High Speed Rail Construction Authority (KHSRCA) was established in March 1992 as a separate body with its own budget responsible for the project.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoChung200815-10">[10]</a> In the 1993 reappraisal of the project, the completion date was pushed back to May 2002, and cost estimates grew to ₩10.74 trillion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoChung200842-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuh200056-9">[9]</a> 82% of the cost increase was due to a 90% increase in unit costs in the construction sector, mostly labour costs but also material costs,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuh200062-11">[11]</a> and the remainder due to alignment changes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoChung200842-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuh200062-11">[11]</a> To finance the project, the option of a <a href="/wiki/Build-operate-transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Build-operate-transfer">build-operate-transfer</a> (BOT) franchise was rejected as too risky.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuh200061-12">[12]</a> Funding included direct government grants (35%), government (10%) and foreign (18%) loans, domestic bond sales (31%) and private capital (6%).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuh200058-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation_of_the_system">Creation of the system</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_Train_Express&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Creation of the system">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Start_of_high-speed_line_construction">Start of high-speed line construction</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_Train_Express&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Start of high-speed line construction">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gyeongbu_high-speed_railway" title="Gyeongbu high-speed railway">Gyeongbu high-speed railway</a></div> KHSRCA started construction of the Seoul–Busan <a href="/wiki/Gyeongbu_high-speed_railway" title="Gyeongbu high-speed railway">Gyeongbu high-speed railway</a> (Gyeongbu HSR) on June 30, 1992, on the 57 km (35 mi) long section from <a href="/wiki/Cheonan" title="Cheonan">Cheonan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Daejeon" title="Daejeon">Daejeon</a>, which was intended for use as test track.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuh200056-9">[9]</a> Construction started before the choice of the main technology supplier, thus alignment design was set out to be compatible with all choices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuh200056-9">[9]</a> Of the planned 411 km (255 mi) line, 152.73 km (94.90 mi) would be laid on bridges, and another 138.68 km (86.17 mi) in tunnels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuh200056-9">[9]</a> However, plans were changed repeatedly,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuh200056–57-14">[14]</a> in particular those for city sections, following disputes with local governments,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuh200060-15">[15]</a> while construction work suffered from early quality problems.<a href="#cite_note-tcibadquality-16">[16]</a> Planned operating speed was also reduced from 350 km/h (217 mph) to the 300 km/h (186 mph) maximum of high-speed trains on the market.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoChung200842-8">[8]</a> Three competitors bid for the supply of the core system, which included the rolling stock, <a href="/wiki/Overhead_wires" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead wires">catenary</a> and signalling:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuhYangLeeAhn2005176-17">[17]</a> consortia led by GEC-Alsthom, today <a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom</a>, one of the builders of France's <a href="/wiki/TGV" title="TGV">TGV</a> trains; <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a>, one of the builders of Germany's <a href="/wiki/Intercity-Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercity-Express">ICE</a> trains; and <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Heavy_Industries" title="Mitsubishi Heavy Industries">Mitsubishi Heavy Industries</a>, one of the builders of Japan's <a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">Shinkansen</a> trains.<a href="#cite_note-ON2004-18">[18]</a> In 1994, the alliance of GEC-Alsthom and its Korean subsidiary Eukorail were chosen as winner.<a href="#cite_note-alstom2004-19">[19]</a> The technology was almost identical to that found on the high-speed lines of France's TGV system.<a href="#cite_note-pandrolKTX-20">[20]</a> Track-related design specifications included a design speed of 350 km/h (217 mph) and <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-irjMar2004-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phase_1:_Seoul–Daegu_and_conventional_line_upgrades">Phase 1: Seoul–Daegu and conventional line upgrades</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_Train_Express&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phase 1: Seoul–Daegu and conventional line upgrades">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gyeongbu_Line#Upgrade" title="Gyeongbu Line">Upgrade of the Gyeongbu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honam_Line#Upgrade" title="Honam Line">Honam Lines</a></div> Following the <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_Financial_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1997 Asian Financial Crisis">1997 Asian Financial Crisis</a>, the government decided to realise the Gyeongbu HSR in two phases.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoChung200815-10">[10]</a> In a first phase, two-thirds of the high-speed line between the southwestern suburbs of Seoul and <a href="/wiki/Daegu" title="Daegu">Daegu</a> would be finished by 2004, with trains travelling along the parallel conventional line along the rest of the Seoul–Busan route.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoChung200842-8">[8]</a> The upgrade and electrification of these sections of the Gyeongbu Line was added to the project,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoChung200815–16,_42-22">[22]</a> and also the upgrade and electrification of the <a href="/wiki/Honam_Line" title="Honam Line">Honam Line</a> from Daejeon to Mokpo, providing a second route for KTX services.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoChung200816,_26-23">[23]</a> The budget for the first phase was set at ₩12,737.7 billion, that for the entire project at ₩18,435.8 billion in 1998 prices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuh200057-24">[24]</a> While the share of government contributions remained unchanged, the share of foreign loans, domestic bond sales and private capital changed to 24%, 29% and 2%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuh200057–58-25">[25]</a> The infrastructure and rolling stock were created in the framework of a technology transfer agreement, which paired up Korean companies with core system supplier Alstom and its European subcontractors for different subsystems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuh200058–59-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-s2-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-SYSTRA-KTX-28">[28]</a> Alstom's part of the project amounted to US$2.1 billion<a href="#cite_note-irjMar2004-21">[21]</a> or €1.5 billion.<a href="#cite_note-alstom2004-19">[19]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miryang_KTX.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Miryang_KTX.jpg/220px-Miryang_KTX.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Miryang_KTX.jpg/330px-Miryang_KTX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Miryang_KTX.jpg/440px-Miryang_KTX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>KTX train approaches <a href="/wiki/Miryang_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Miryang station">Miryang station</a>, on the non-high-speed Daegu-Busan section</figcaption></figure> Well ahead of the opening of the Gyeongbu HSR for regular service, in December 1999, 34.4 km (21.4 mi) of the test section, later extended to 57 km (35 mi), was finished to enable trials with trains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoChung200815-10">[10]</a> After further design changes, the high-speed tracks were finished over a length of 223.6 km (138.9 mi), with 15.0 km (9.3 mi) of interconnections to the conventional Gyeongbu Line, including at a short interruption at Daejeon.<a href="#cite_note-TCI_overview2005-29">[29]</a> The high-speed section itself included 83.1 km (51.6 mi) of viaducts and 75.6 km (47.0 mi) of tunnels.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Conventional line electrification was finished over the 132.8 km (82.5 mi) across Daegu and on to Busan, the 20.7 km (12.9 mi) across Daejeon, and the 264.4 km (164.3 mi) from Daejeon to Mokpo and Gwangju.<a href="#cite_note-electrification-31">[31]</a> After 12 years of construction and with a final cost of ₩12,737.7 billion,<a href="#cite_note-han-phase2-32">[32]</a> the initial KTX system with the first phase of the Gyeongbu HSR went into service on April 1, 2004.<a href="#cite_note-overview-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phase_2:_Daegu–Busan,_extra_stations,_urban_sections">Phase 2: Daegu–Busan, extra stations, urban sections</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_Train_Express&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phase 2: Daegu–Busan, extra stations, urban sections">edit</a>]</div> The Daegu–Busan section of the Gyeongbu HSR became a separate project with the July 1998 project revision, with a budget of ₩5,698.1 billion, with funding from the government and private sources by the same ratios as for phase 1.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoChung200839-34">[34]</a> In August 2006, the project was modified to again include the Daejeon and Daegu urban area passages, as well as additional stations along the phase 1 section. For these additions, the budget as well as the government's share of the funding was increased.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoChung200837,_39-35">[35]</a> Construction started in June 2002. The 128.1 km (79.6 mi) line, which follows a long curve to the northeast of the existing Gyeongbu Line, includes 54 viaducts with a total length of 23.4 km (14.5 mi) and 38 tunnels with a total length of 74.2 km (46.1 mi).<a href="#cite_note-han-phase2-32">[32]</a> The two largest structures are the 20,323 m (66,677 ft) Geomjeung Tunnel, under <a href="/wiki/Geumjeongsan" title="Geumjeongsan">Mount Geumjeong</a> at the Busan end of the line;<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> and the 13,270 m (43,540 ft) Wonhyo Tunnel,<a href="#cite_note-wonhyo-map-wetlands-37">[37]</a> under Mount Cheonseong south-west of Ulsan, which will be the longest and second longest tunnels in Korea once the line is opened.<a href="#cite_note-tunnelcompl-38">[38]</a> A long dispute concerning the environmental impact assessment of the Wonhyo Tunnel, which passes under a wetland area,<a href="#cite_note-wonhyo-map-wetlands-37">[37]</a> caused delays for the entire project.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The dispute gained nationwide and international attention due to the repeated hunger strikes of a Buddhist nun, led to a suspension of works in 2005,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> and only ended with a supreme court ruling in June 2006.<a href="#cite_note-tci-tunnelcourt-41">[41]</a> With the exception of the sections across Daejeon and Daegu, the second phase went into service on November 1, 2010.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> By that time, ₩4,905.7 billion was spent out of a second phase budget, or ₩17,643.4 billion out of the total.<a href="#cite_note-han-phase2-32">[32]</a> The two sections across the urban areas of Daejeon and Daegu, altogether 40.9 km (25.4 mi), will be finished by 2014.<a href="#cite_note-han-phase2-32">[32]</a> As of October 2010, the total cost of the second phase was estimated at ₩7,945.4 billion, that for the entire project at ₩20,728.2 billion.<a href="#cite_note-han-phase2-32">[32]</a> The last element of the original project that was shelved in 1998, separate underground tracks across the Seoul metropolitan area, was re-launched in June 2008, when an initial plan with a 28.6 km (17.8 mi) long alignment and two new stations was announced.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_upgrades_of_connecting_conventional_lines">Further upgrades of connecting conventional lines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_Train_Express&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further upgrades of connecting conventional lines">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/AREX#Further_extensions_and_improvements" title="AREX">Upgrade of the AREX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chungbuk_Line#Upgrade" title="Chungbuk Line">Chungbuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daegok%E2%80%93Sosa%E2%80%93Wonsi_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Daegok–Sosa–Wonsi Line">Daegok–Sosa–Wonsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daegu_Line#Upgrade" title="Daegu Line">Daegu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donghae_Bukbu_Line#Reconstruction" title="Donghae Bukbu Line">Donghae Bukbu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donghae_Nambu_Line#Upgrade" title="Donghae Nambu Line">Donghae Nambu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gyeongchun_Line#Upgrade" title="Gyeongchun Line">Gyeongchun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gyeongjeon_Line#Upgrade" title="Gyeongjeon Line">Gyeongjeon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gyeongui_Line#Upgrade" title="Gyeongui Line">Gyeongui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gyeongwon_Line#Upgrade" title="Gyeongwon Line">Gyeongwon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janghang_Line#Upgrade" title="Janghang Line">Janghang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeolla_Line#Upgrade" title="Jeolla Line">Jeolla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jungang_Line#Upgrade" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungang Line">Jungang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yeongdong_Line#Upgrade" title="Yeongdong Line">Yeongdong Lines</a></div> The electrification and the completion of the re-alignment and double-tracking of the <a href="/wiki/Jeolla_Line" title="Jeolla Line">Jeolla Line</a>, which branches from the Honam Line at <a href="/wiki/Iksan_station" title="Iksan station">Iksan</a> and continues to <a href="/wiki/Suncheon_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Suncheon Station">Suncheon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yeosu" title="Yeosu">Yeosu</a>, began in December 2003, with the aim to introduce KTX services in time for the <a href="/wiki/Expo_2012" title="Expo 2012">Expo 2012</a> in Yeosu.<a href="#cite_note-irjJan2007-44">[44]</a> The upgrade will allow to raise top speed from 120 to 180 km/h (75 to 112 mph).<a href="#cite_note-irjJul2008-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-rgi-korailplans-46">[46]</a> The section of the perpendicular <a href="/wiki/Gyeongjeon_Line" title="Gyeongjeon Line">Gyeongjeon Line</a> from <a href="/wiki/Samnangjin" title="Samnangjin">Samnangjin</a>, the junction with the Gyeongbu Line near Busan, to Suncheon is upgraded in a similar way, with track doubling, alignment modifications and electrification for 180 km/h (112 mph).<a href="#cite_note-irjJul2008-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-rgi-korailplans-46">[46]</a> The until Masan was opened on December 15, 2010.<a href="#cite_note-Korail-15Dec2010-47">[47]</a> The upgrade is to be complete until Jinju by 2012 and Suncheon by 2014.<a href="#cite_note-irjJul2008-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-rgi-korailplans-46">[46]</a> The top speed of the <a href="/wiki/AREX" title="AREX">AREX</a> line, Seoul's airport link, is to be raised from 110 to 180 km/h (68 to 112 mph) for the KTX.<a href="#cite_note-AREX-KTX-48">[48]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ulsan" title="Ulsan">Ulsan</a>–<a href="/wiki/Gyeongju" title="Gyeongju">Gyeongju</a>–<a href="/wiki/Pohang" title="Pohang">Pohang</a> section of the <a href="/wiki/Donghae_Line" title="Donghae Line">Donghae Line</a> is foreseen for an upgrade in a completely new alignment that circumvents downtown Gyeongju and connects to the <a href="/wiki/Gyeongbu_High_Speed_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyeongbu High Speed Railway">Gyeongbu High Speed Railway</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gyeongju_station" title="Gyeongju station">Singyeongju Station</a>, allowing for direct KTX access to the two cities. On April 23, 2009, the project was approved by the government and a ground-breaking ceremony was held.<a href="#cite_note-pohangstatus2010-49">[49]</a> The altogether 76.56 km (47.57 mi) line is slated to be opened in December 2014.<a href="#cite_note-pohangstatus2010-49">[49]</a> On September 1, 2010, the South Korean government announced a strategic plan to reduce travel times from Seoul to 95% of the country to under 2 hours by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-plans2020-50">[50]</a> The main new element of the plan is to aim for top speeds of 230–250 km/h (143–155 mph) in upgrades of much of the mainline network with view to the introduction of KTX services.<a href="#cite_note-plans2020-50">[50]</a> The conventional lines under the scope of the plan include the above, already on-going projects, and their extensions along the rest of the southern and eastern coasts of South Korea, lines along the western coast, lines north of Seoul, and the second, more easterly line between Seoul and Busan with some connecting lines.<a href="#cite_note-plans2020-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_high-speed_lines">Further high-speed lines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_Train_Express&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further high-speed lines">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Honam_High_Speed_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Honam High Speed Railway">Honam High Speed Railway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suseo_High_Speed_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Suseo High Speed Railway">Suseo High Speed Railway</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Honam_HSR">Honam HSR</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_Train_Express&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Honam HSR">edit</a>]</div> Until 2006,<a href="#cite_note-tci-honam-money-51">[51]</a> the first plans for a second, separate high-speed line from Seoul to Mokpo were developed into the project of a line branching from the Gyeongbu HSR and constructed in two stages, the Honam High Speed Railway (Honam HSR).<a href="#cite_note-honamplans-52">[52]</a> The budget for the 185.75 km (115.42 mi) first stage, from the new <a href="/wiki/Osong_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Osong Station">Osong Station</a> on the Gyongbu HSR to <a href="/wiki/Gwangju%C2%B7Songjeong_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwangju·Songjeong Station">Gwangju·Songjeong Station</a>, was set at ₩8,569.5 billion.<a href="#cite_note-honamplans-52">[52]</a> The second stage, the 48.74 km (30.29 mi) remaining to Mokpo, was to be finished by 2017 with a budget of ₩2,002.2 billion.<a href="#cite_note-honamplans-52">[52]</a> The Osong-Iksan section of the first phase is also intended for use as high-speed test track for rolling stock development, to be fitted with special catenary and instrumented track.<a href="#cite_note-rgi-korailresearch-53">[53]</a> The ground-breaking ceremony was held on December 4, 2009.<a href="#cite_note-honam-54">[54]</a> As of September 2010, progress was 9.6% of the project budget then estimated at ₩10,490.1 billion for the first phase, which was due for completion in 2014, while the estimate for the entire line stood at ₩12,101.7 billion.<a href="#cite_note-KRNA_2010-H-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suseo_HSR">Suseo HSR</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_Train_Express&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Suseo HSR">edit</a>]</div> First plans for the Honam HSR foresaw a terminus in <a href="/wiki/Suseo_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Suseo station">Suseo station</a>, southeast Seoul.<a href="#cite_note-honamplans-52">[52]</a> The branch to Suseo was re-launched as a separate project, the Suseo High Speed Railway (Suseo HSR),<a href="#cite_note-suseoannounce-56">[56]</a> in June 2008.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Detailed design of the 61.1 km (38.0 mi) line<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> is underway since September 2010, with opening planned by the end of 2014.<a href="#cite_note-hk_design-tenders-59">[59]</a> For the longer term, new high-speed lines from Seoul to <a href="/wiki/Sokcho" title="Sokcho">Sokcho</a> on the eastern coast, and a direct branch from the Gyeongbu HSR south to <a href="/wiki/Jinju" title="Jinju">Jinju</a> and further to the coast are under consideration.<a href="#cite_note-plans2020-50">[50]</a> In conjunction with the award of the <a href="/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics" title="2018 Winter Olympics">2018 Winter Olympics</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pyeongchang_County" title="Pyeongchang County">PyeongChang</a> in July 2011, KTX service via the eastern coast line was anticipated; the expected travel time there from Seoul is 50 minutes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jeju_Island">Jeju Island</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_Train_Express&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Jeju Island">edit</a>]</div> In January 2009, <a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Transport_Institute" title="The Korea Transport Institute">the Korea Transport Institute</a> also proposed a 167 km (104 mi) line from Mokpo to <a href="/wiki/Jeju_Island" title="Jeju Island">Jeju Island</a>, putting Jeju 2 hours 26 minutes from Seoul.<a href="#cite_note-jejuproposal-60">[60]</a> The line would include a 28 km (17 mi) bridge from <a href="/wiki/Haenam" class="mw-redirect" title="Haenam">Haenam</a> to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bogil_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bogil Island (page does not exist)">Bogil Island</a> and a 73 km (45 mi) undersea tunnel from Bogil Island to Jeju Island (with a drilling station on <a href="/wiki/Chuja_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuja Island">Chuja Island</a>), for an estimated cost of US$10 billion.<a href="#cite_note-jejuproposal-60">[60]</a> As the proposal was popular with lawmakers from South Jeolla Province, the government is conducting a feasibility study, but the Jeju governor expressed skepticism.<a href="#cite_note-jejutunnelsceptic-61">[61]</a> The Seoul-Jeju route is the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_busiest_passenger_air_routes" class="mw-redirect" title="World's busiest passenger air routes">world's busiest air route</a> with 13.7 million passengers (2023). <a href="#cite_note-oag-busiest-62">[62]</a> However, Jeju Gov. <a href="/wiki/Won_Hee-ryong" title="Won Hee-ryong">Won Hee-ryong</a> opposed this plan since it would ruin the island's identity and make the Jeju economy more dependent on the mainland.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_Train_Express&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Technology">edit</a>]</div> The shock absorption design absorbs 80 percent of the shock energy when the train crashes.<a href="#cite_note-ktx-1-64">[64]</a> Automatic ventilation is installed to prevent noise from occurring when trains enter and exit the tunnel.<a href="#cite_note-ktx-1-64">[64]</a> Articulated bogies help increase ride comfort and driving safety.<a href="#cite_note-ktx-1-64">[64]</a> On June 14, 2024, Uzbekistan and South Korea finalized a US$196 million deal for KTX technology to be applied in Uzbekistan. This was the first time KTX technology was exported.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-ktx-eum-UTY-66">[66]</a> As part of the deal, 42 train units capable of going up to 250 km/h (160 mph) were to be supplied for 1,216 km (756 mi) of rail in Uzbekistan. Operations were scheduled to begin in April 2027.<a href="#cite_note-ktx-eum-UTY-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rolling_stock">Rolling stock</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_Train_Express&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Rolling stock">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="KTX-I">KTX-I</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_Train_Express&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: KTX-I">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/KTX-I" title="KTX-I">KTX-I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KTX_(Korea_Train_eXpress).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/KTX_%28Korea_Train_eXpress%29.jpg/250px-KTX_%28Korea_Train_eXpress%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/KTX_%28Korea_Train_eXpress%29.jpg/330px-KTX_%28Korea_Train_eXpress%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/KTX_%28Korea_Train_eXpress%29.jpg/500px-KTX_%28Korea_Train_eXpress%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption>The TGV derived KTX-I.</figcaption></figure> The initial <a href="/wiki/KTX-I" title="KTX-I">KTX-I</a> trainsets, also known as simply KTX or as TGV-K,<a href="#cite_note-irj-kim-67">[67]</a> are based on the TGV Réseau, but with several differences.<a href="#cite_note-s2-27">[27]</a> 46 trains were built - the initial twelve in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> by Alstom, the remainder in South Korea by <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Rotem" title="Hyundai Rotem">Rotem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The 20-car <a href="/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit" title="Electric multiple unit">electric multiple units</a> consist of two traction heads, which are powered end cars without passenger compartments, and eighteen articulated passenger cars, of which the two extreme ones have one motorised bogie each.<a href="#cite_note-al1-69">[69]</a> A KTX-I was built to carry up to 935 passengers at a regular top speed of 300 km/h (186 mph),<a href="#cite_note-al1-69">[69]</a> later increased to 305 km/h (190 mph).<a href="#cite_note-jai-305-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="KTX-Sancheon">KTX-Sancheon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_Train_Express&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: KTX-Sancheon">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/KTX-Sancheon" title="KTX-Sancheon">KTX-Sancheon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korail_KTX-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Korail_KTX-2.jpg/220px-Korail_KTX-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Korail_KTX-2.jpg/330px-Korail_KTX-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Korail_KTX-2.jpg/440px-Korail_KTX-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>The HSR-350x-derived KTX-II.</figcaption></figure> For less frequented relations and for operational flexibility, a 2001 study proposed a train created by scaling down the planned commercial version of the HSR-350x, by shortening the train, removing powered bogies from intermediate cars, and lowering top speed.<a href="#cite_note-KRRI-G7-Honam-71">[71]</a> Hyundai Rotem received orders for altogether 24 such trains, called KTX-II, in three batches from July 2006 to December 2008.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Design speed is 330 km/h (205 mph), and revenue service speed is 305 km/h (190 mph).<a href="#cite_note-sbs-73">[73]</a> The power electronics uses newer technology than the HSR-350x, and the front is a new design, too.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The trainsets, of which two can be coupled together, consist of two traction heads and eight articulated passenger cars, and seat 363 passengers in two classes, with enhanced comfort relative to the KTX-I.<a href="#cite_note-plans2010-75">[75]</a> The domestic added value of the trains was increased to 87%, compared to 58% for the KTX-I.<a href="#cite_note-RotemKTXIIrollout-76">[76]</a> Imported parts include the pantographs,<a href="#cite_note-panto-77">[77]</a> semiconductors in the power electronics,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> front design,<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> couplers and final drives.<a href="#cite_note-voith-80">[80]</a> The train was developed on the basis of the transferred TGV technology,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeMoon2005259-81">[81]</a> but more advanced technology was used for the new motors, power electronics and additional brake systems, while the passenger cars were made of aluminum to save weight,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeMoon2005260-82">[82]</a> and the nose was a new design with reduced aerodynamic drag.<a href="#cite_note-jrtr-ng-83">[83]</a> Test runs were conducted between 2002 and 2008,<a href="#cite_note-irj-kim-67">[67]</a> in the course of which HSR-350x achieved the South Korean rail speed record of 352.4 km/h (219.0 mph) on December 16, 2004.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The KTX-II was officially renamed as KTX-Sancheon (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: KTX-산천)<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> name of the indigenous fish <a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus_masou" title="Oncorhynchus masou">cherry salmon</a><a href="#cite_note-TCI_sancheon-86">[86]</a> before the first units started commercial service on March 2, 2010.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> However within weeks of its initial launch, mechanical and design flaws began to appear, in some cases causing trains to stop running and forcing passengers to leave the train and walk back to the station, and in one particular case derailing from the tracks on February 11, 2011. Although the trains were designed to be a domestically built replacement for the French built Alstrom trains, due to over 30 malfunctions since March 2, 2010, Korail asked manufacturer Hyundai-Rotem to recall all 19 of the trains in operation after finding cracks in two anchor bands in May 2011. <a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Following the recall, the KTX-Sancheon trains were put back in service. In addition to the 24 initial KTX-Sancheon trains, which form the KTX-Sancheon Class 11, new batches have been ordered and delivered since, to provide service on the new <a href="/wiki/Honam_High_Speed_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Honam High Speed Railway">Honam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suseo_High_Speed_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Suseo High Speed Railway">Suseo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gyeonggang_Line" title="Gyeonggang Line">Gyeonggang</a> lines. For the opening of the Honam HSR line, 22 trainsets, named Class 12, were delivered ahead of the 2015 opening. In addition, 10 trainsets have been delivered to provide service on the Suseo line, scheduled to open in December 2016 (Class 13), and 15 trainsets (Class 14) have been ordered for the Gyeonggang Line, which opened in late 2017 ahead of the <a href="/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics" title="2018 Winter Olympics">2018 Winter Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="KTX-Eum">KTX-Eum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_Train_Express&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: KTX-Eum">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/KTX-Eum" title="KTX-Eum">KTX-Eum</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KTX-Eum_at_Wonju_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/KTX-Eum_at_Wonju_Station.jpg/220px-KTX-Eum_at_Wonju_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/KTX-Eum_at_Wonju_Station.jpg/330px-KTX-Eum_at_Wonju_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/KTX-Eum_at_Wonju_Station.jpg/440px-KTX-Eum_at_Wonju_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1287" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>A KTX-Eum train at Wonju station.</figcaption></figure> KTX-Eum is South Korea's first <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed</a> <a href="/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit" title="Electric multiple unit">electric multiple unit</a> train, being a commercialised version of the experimental <a href="/wiki/HEMU-430X" title="HEMU-430X">HEMU-430X</a> previously tested by Korail. It has the maximum service speed of 260 km/h (160 mph) and is aimed for serving <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_South_Korea#Type_of_railways" title="High-speed rail in South Korea">semi-high-speed railway lines</a>. The KTX-Eum entered service on <a href="/wiki/Jungang_line#KTX_service" title="Jungang line">Jungang Line</a> on January 4, 2021, operating between electrified section of Cheongnyangni and Andong.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> It was also introduced on <a href="/wiki/Gyeonggang_Line" title="Gyeonggang Line">Gangneung Line</a> since August 1, 2021, replacing KTX-Sancheon which would be redeployed to other KTX lines.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> A further order of 14 six-car units was placed in December 2016, both orders are to be delivered in 2020–2021.<a href="#cite_note-railwayjournal2-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="KTX-Cheongryong">KTX-Cheongryong</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_Train_Express&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: KTX-Cheongryong">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/KTX-Cheongryong" title="KTX-Cheongryong">KTX-Cheongryong</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KTX-Cheongryong_Waiting_at_Seoul_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/KTX-Cheongryong_Waiting_at_Seoul_Station.jpg/220px-KTX-Cheongryong_Waiting_at_Seoul_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/KTX-Cheongryong_Waiting_at_Seoul_Station.jpg/330px-KTX-Cheongryong_Waiting_at_Seoul_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/KTX-Cheongryong_Waiting_at_Seoul_Station.jpg/440px-KTX-Cheongryong_Waiting_at_Seoul_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6925" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>A KTX-Cheongryong train at Seoul station.</figcaption></figure> KTX-Cheongryong is a sister train of KTX-Eum, but a trainset consists of eight cars as opposed to six cars.<a href="#cite_note-korailsurvey-95">[95]</a> It has the maximum service speed of 320 km/h (200 mph) and is aimed for supplementing trainsets for current <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_South_Korea#Type_of_railways" title="High-speed rail in South Korea">high-speed rail services</a>. In 2016, a contract was concluded between Korail and Hyundai Rotem to build 2 pre-series sets of KTX-Cheongryong.<a href="#cite_note-railwaygazette-96">[96]</a> These trainsets entered service on the <a href="/wiki/Gyeongbu_high-speed_railway" title="Gyeongbu high-speed railway">Gyeongbu high-speed railway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honam_high-speed_railway" title="Honam high-speed railway">Honam high-speed railway</a> on May 1, 2024.<a href="#cite_note-cheongryong1-97">[97]</a> Another 17 trainsets ordered by Korail are scheduled to be delivered between April 2027 and March 2028.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_KTX_lines">List of KTX lines</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_Train_Express&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: List of KTX lines">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_lines">Current lines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_Train_Express&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Current lines">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Line </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Section </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2">Length </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Opened </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2">Operating speed </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col">km </th> <th scope="col">mi </th> <th scope="col">kph </th> <th scope="col">mph </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Gyeongbu_HSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyeongbu HSR">Gyeongbu HSR</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Gwangmyeong_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwangmyeong station">Gwangmyeong</a> – Sindong Interconnection </td> <td style="text-align:center">223.6 </td> <td style="text-align:center">138.9 </td> <td>April 1, 2004 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center">305 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center">190 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dongdaegu_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongdaegu Station">Dongdaegu</a> – <a href="/wiki/Busan_station" title="Busan station">Busan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">122.8 </td> <td style="text-align:center">76.3 </td> <td>November 1, 2010 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Daejeon South Interconnection – Okcheon Interconnection Sindong Interconnection – Daegu West Interconnection </td> <td style="text-align:center">45.3 </td> <td style="text-align:center">28.1 </td> <td>August 1, 2015 </td> <td style="text-align:center">130 </td> <td style="text-align:center">80 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Gyeongui_Line" title="Gyeongui Line">Gyeongui Line</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Haengsin_station" title="Haengsin station">Haengsin</a> – <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Station" title="Seoul Station">Seoul</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">14.9 </td> <td style="text-align:center">9.3 </td> <td rowspan="5">April 1, 2004 </td> <td style="text-align:center">90 </td> <td style="text-align:center">56 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gyeongbu_Line" title="Gyeongbu Line">Gyeongbu Line</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Station" title="Seoul Station">Seoul</a> – <a href="/wiki/Daejeon_Station" title="Daejeon Station">Daejeon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">166.3 </td> <td style="text-align:center">103.3 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center">160 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center">99 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dongdaegu_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongdaegu Station">Dongdaegu</a> – <a href="/wiki/Busan_station" title="Busan station">Busan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">115.4 </td> <td style="text-align:center">71.7 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Honam_Line" title="Honam Line">Honam Line</a> </th> <td>Daejeon Interconnection – <a href="/wiki/Seodaejeon_station" title="Seodaejeon station">Seodaejeon</a> – <a href="/wiki/Iksan_station" title="Iksan station">Iksan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">87.9 </td> <td style="text-align:center">54.6 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center">180 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center">112 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gwangju_Songjeong_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwangju Songjeong Station">Gwangju-Songjeong</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mokpo_station" title="Mokpo station">Mokpo</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">66.8 </td> <td style="text-align:center">41.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gyeongjeon_Line" title="Gyeongjeon Line">Gyeongjeon Line</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Samnangjin_station" title="Samnangjin station">Mijeon Interconnection</a> – <a href="/wiki/Masan_station_(Gyeongjeon_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Masan station (Gyeongjeon Line)">Masan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">42.0 </td> <td style="text-align:center">26.1 </td> <td>December 15, 2010 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center">160 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center">99 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Masan_station_(Gyeongjeon_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Masan station (Gyeongjeon Line)">Masan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jinju_station" title="Jinju station">Jinju</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">49.3 </td> <td style="text-align:center">30.6 </td> <td>December 15, 2012 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Jeolla_Line" title="Jeolla Line">Jeolla Line</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Iksan_station" title="Iksan station">Iksan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Yeosu_Expo_station" title="Yeosu Expo station">Yeosu Expo</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">180.4 </td> <td style="text-align:center">112.1 </td> <td>October 5, 2011 </td> <td style="text-align:center">200 </td> <td style="text-align:center">124 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Honam_HSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Honam HSR">Honam HSR</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Osong_station" title="Osong station">Osong</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gwangju_Songjeong_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwangju Songjeong Station">Gwangju-Songjeong</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">182.3 </td> <td style="text-align:center">113.3 </td> <td rowspan="2">April 2, 2015 </td> <td style="text-align:center">305 </td> <td style="text-align:center">190 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Donghae_Line" title="Donghae Line">Donghae Line</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Gyeongju_station" title="Gyeongju station">Geoncheon Interconnection</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pohang_station" title="Pohang station">Pohang</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">38.4 </td> <td style="text-align:center">23.9 </td> <td style="text-align:center">200 </td> <td style="text-align:center">124 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gyeongju_station" title="Gyeongju station">Gyeongju</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bujeon_station_(Korail)" title="Bujeon station (Korail)">Bujeon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">106.6 </td> <td style="text-align:center">66.2 </td> <td>December 20, 2024 </td> <td style="text-align:center">150 </td> <td style="text-align:center">93.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jungang_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungang Line">Jungang Line</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Cheongnyangni_station" title="Cheongnyangni station">Cheongnyangni</a> – Seowonju </td> <td style="text-align:center">86.4 </td> <td style="text-align:center">53.7 </td> <td>December 22, 2017 </td> <td style="text-align:center">230 </td> <td style="text-align:center">143 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Seowonju – <a href="/wiki/Gyeongju_station" title="Gyeongju station">Gyeongju</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">253.4 </td> <td style="text-align:center">157.5 </td> <td>January 5, 2021 </td> <td style="text-align:center">250 </td> <td style="text-align:center">155 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Gyeonggang_Line" title="Gyeonggang Line">Gyeonggang Line</a> </th> <td>Seowonju – <a href="/wiki/Gangneung_station" title="Gangneung station">Gangneung</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">120.3 </td> <td style="text-align:center">74.8 </td> <td>December 22, 2017 </td> <td style="text-align:center">250 </td> <td style="text-align:center">155 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Yeongdong_Line" title="Yeongdong Line">Yeongdong Line</a> </th> <td>Namgangneung – Donghae </td> <td style="text-align:center">43.2 </td> <td style="text-align:center">26.8 </td> <td>March 2, 2020 </td> <td style="text-align:center">110 </td> <td style="text-align:center">68 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Jungbunaeryuk_Line" title="Jungbunaeryuk Line">Jungbunaeryuk Line</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Pangyo_station" title="Pangyo station">Pangyo</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mungyeong_station" title="Mungyeong station">Mungyeong</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">136.4 </td> <td style="text-align:center">84.7 </td> <td>December 31, 2021 </td> <td style="text-align:center">230 </td> <td style="text-align:center">143 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Future_lines">Future lines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_Train_Express&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Future lines">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Line </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Section </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2">Length </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Opening </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2">Operating speed </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col">km </th> <th scope="col">mi </th> <th scope="col">kph </th> <th scope="col">mph </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Gyeongjeon_Line" title="Gyeongjeon Line">Gyeongjeon Line</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Masan_station_(Gyeongjeon_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Masan station (Gyeongjeon Line)">Masan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bujeon_station_(Korail)" title="Bujeon station (Korail)">Bujeon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">50.8 </td> <td style="text-align:center">31.6 </td> <td>2022 (Planned) </td> <td style="text-align:center">200 </td> <td style="text-align:center">124 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Honam_HSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Honam HSR">Honam HSR</a> </th> <td>Gomagwon – <a href="/wiki/Imseong-ri_Station" title="Imseong-ri Station">Imseong-ri</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Muan_International_Airport" title="Muan International Airport">Muan International Airport</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center">77.6 </td> <td style="text-align:center">48.2 </td> <td>2023 (Planned) </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: #DDF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="skin-invert no table-no2"><abbr title="To be announced">TBA</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incheon_KTX_Line&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incheon KTX Line (page does not exist)">Incheon KTX Line</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Songdo_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Songdo Station">Songdo</a> – Maesong Interconnection </td> <td style="text-align:center">44.6 </td> <td style="text-align:center">27.7 </td> <td>2025 (Planned) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suwon_KTX_Line&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suwon KTX Line (page does not exist)">Suwon KTX Line</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Suwon_Station" title="Suwon Station">Suwon</a> – <a href="/wiki/PyeongtaekJije_Station" title="PyeongtaekJije Station">PyeongtaekJije</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">29.8 </td> <td style="text-align:center">18.5 </td> <td>2025 (Planned) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nambunaeryuk_Line" title="Nambunaeryuk Line">Nambunaeryuk Line</a> </th> <td>Gimcheon – Geoje </td> <td style="text-align:center">191.1 </td> <td style="text-align:center">118.7 </td> <td>2028 (Planned) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defunct_lines">Defunct lines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_Train_Express&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Defunct lines">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Line </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Section </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2">Length </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Opened </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Closed </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2">Operating speed </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col">km </th> <th scope="col">mi </th> <th scope="col">kph </th> <th scope="col">mph </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Gyeongbu_Line" title="Gyeongbu Line">Gyeongbu Line</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Daejeon_Station" title="Daejeon Station">Daejeon</a> – <a href="/wiki/Dongdaegu_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongdaegu Station">Dongdaegu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">160.0 </td> <td style="text-align:center">99.4 </td> <td>June 1, 2007 </td> <td>November 1, 2010 </td> <td style="text-align:center">160 </td> <td style="text-align:center">99 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EC%A3%BC%EC%84%A0" class="extiw" title="ko:광주선">Gwangju Line</a> </th> <td>Songjeong Interconnection – <a href="/wiki/Gwangju_station" title="Gwangju station">Gwangju</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">13.7 </td> <td style="text-align:center">8.5 </td> <td rowspan="2">April 1, 2004 </td> <td rowspan="2">April 1, 2015 </td> <td style="text-align:center">100 </td> <td style="text-align:center">62 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Honam_Line" title="Honam Line">Honam Line</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Iksan_station" title="Iksan station">Iksan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gwangju_Songjeong_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwangju Songjeong Station">Gwangju-Songjeong</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">97.8 </td> <td style="text-align:center">60.8 </td> <td style="text-align:center">180 </td> <td style="text-align:center">112 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/AREX" title="AREX">AREX</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Susaek_station" title="Susaek station">Susaek Interconnection</a> – <a href="/wiki/Incheon_International_Airport_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Incheon International Airport Station">Incheon Int'l Airport</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center">45.3 </td> <td style="text-align:center">28.1 </td> <td>June 30, 2014 </td> <td>July 30, 2018 </td> <td style="text-align:center">160 </td> <td style="text-align:center">99 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_Train_Express&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Operation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korail_ms_test.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Korail_ms_test.JPG/220px-Korail_ms_test.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Korail_ms_test.JPG/330px-Korail_ms_test.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Korail_ms_test.JPG/440px-Korail_ms_test.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Test ticket for KTX trial run.</figcaption></figure> Following a phase of test operation, regular KTX service started on April 1, 2004, with a maximum speed of 300 km/h (186 mph) achieved along the finished sections of the Gyeongbu HSR.<a href="#cite_note-overview-33">[33]</a> In response to frequent passenger complaints regarding speeds on the video display staying just below the advertised 300 mark, operating top speed was raised to 305 km/h (190 mph) on November 26, 2007.<a href="#cite_note-jai-305-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Services">Services</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_Train_Express&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Services">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gyeongbu_High_Speed_Railway#Gyeongbu_KTX" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyeongbu High Speed Railway">Gyeongbu KTX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honam_Line#Honam_KTX" title="Honam Line">Honam KTX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gyeongui_Line#KTX" title="Gyeongui Line">KTX to Haengsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gyeongjeon_Line#Gyeongjeon_KTX" title="Gyeongjeon Line">Gyeongjeon KTX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeolla_Line#Jeolla_KTX" title="Jeolla Line">Jeolla KTX</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Donghae_Line#KTX" title="Donghae Line">Donghae Line § KTX</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Services </th> <th>Train # </th> <th>Daily Freq. (2021) </th> <th>Route </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Gyeongbu KTX </td> <td>HSR route </td> <td>00x/18x </td> <td>39–48 </td> <td>(Haengsin) – Seoul – Gwangmyeong – Daejeon – Dongdaegu – Ulsan – Busan </td></tr> <tr> <td>via Gupo </td> <td>10x/16x </td> <td>6–8 </td> <td>(HSR route until Dongdaegu) – Miryang – Gupo – Busan </td></tr> <tr> <td>via Suwon </td> <td>12x/17x </td> <td>4–6 </td> <td>Seoul – Yeongdeungpo – Suwon – (HSR route toward Busan) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Gyeongjeon KTX </td> <td>20x/28x </td> <td>12–16 </td> <td>(Gyeongbu HSR until Dongdaegu) – Miryang – Changwon – Masan – Jinju </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Donghae KTX </td> <td>23x/29x </td> <td>14–15 </td> <td>(Gyeongbu HSR until Dongdaegu) – Pohang </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Honam KTX </td> <td>HSR route </td> <td>40x/49x </td> <td>20–21 </td> <td>(Haengsin) – Yongsan – Gwangmyeong – Gongju – Iksan – Gwangju-Songjeong – Mokpo </td></tr> <tr> <td>via Seodaejeon </td> <td>47x/48x </td> <td>7 </td> <td>(Gyeongbu HSR until Osong) – Seodaejeon – Gyeryong – Nonsan – Iksan (– Gimje – Mokpo / 2x daily) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Jeolla KTX </td> <td>HSR route </td> <td>50x/54x </td> <td>12–14 </td> <td>(Honam HSR route until Iksan) – Jeonju – Yeosu-Expo </td></tr> <tr> <td>via Seodaejeon </td> <td>58x </td> <td>3–4 </td> <td>(Honam route via Seodaejeon until Iksan) – Iksan – Jeonju (– Yeosu-Expo / 2x daily) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Jungang KTX </td> <td>70x </td> <td>7–8 </td> <td>Cheongnyangni – Wonju – Jecheon – Yeongju – Andong </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Gangneung KTX </td> <td>Gyeonggang route </td> <td>80x/85x </td> <td>14–21 </td> <td>(Seoul) – Cheongnyangni – Manjong – Pyeongchang – Jinbu – Gangneung </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yeongdong route </td> <td>84x/88x </td> <td>4–7 </td> <td>(Gyeonggang route until Jinbu) – Jeongdongjin – Donghae </td></tr> <tr style="border-top: 3px solid black; font-style: italic; background: #eee;"> <td colspan="2">Gyeongbu SRT </td> <td>3xx </td> <td>40 </td> <td>Suseo – Daejeon – Dongdaegu – Ulsan – Busan </td></tr> <tr style="font-style: italic; background: #eee;"> <td colspan="2">Honam SRT </td> <td>6xx </td> <td>20 </td> <td>Suseo – Gongju – Iksan – Gwangju-Songjeong – Mokpo </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frequency_of_Korea_Train_Express_(KTX)_services_trains-week.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Frequency_of_Korea_Train_Express_%28KTX%29_services_trains-week.gif/220px-Frequency_of_Korea_Train_Express_%28KTX%29_services_trains-week.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Frequency_of_Korea_Train_Express_%28KTX%29_services_trains-week.gif/330px-Frequency_of_Korea_Train_Express_%28KTX%29_services_trains-week.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Frequency_of_Korea_Train_Express_%28KTX%29_services_trains-week.gif/440px-Frequency_of_Korea_Train_Express_%28KTX%29_services_trains-week.gif 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="462" /></a><figcaption>Frequency of KTX services .(trains/week)</figcaption></figure> KTX services are grouped according to their route, and within the groups, the stopping pattern changes from train to train.<a href="#cite_note-TTNov2010-99">[99]</a> KTX trains not deviating from the Seoul–Busan corridor are operated as the Gyeongbu KTX service.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoChung200834-100">[100]</a> In 2004, the new service cut the route length from 441.7 to 408.5 km (274.5 to 253.8 mi),<a href="#cite_note-TCI_overview2005-29">[29]</a> and the fastest trains, serving four stations only, cut the minimum Seoul–Busan travel time from the <a href="/wiki/Saemaul-ho" class="mw-redirect" title="Saemaul-ho">Saemaul</a>'s 4 hours 10 minutes to 2 hours 40 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-overview-33">[33]</a> With the extension of the Gyeongbu HSR, from November 1, 2010, the minimum Seoul–Busan travel time reduced to 2 hours 18 minutes,<a href="#cite_note-Korail-Nov2010-101">[101]</a> over a travel distance of 423.8 km (263.3 mi).<a href="#cite_note-KTXfare-Nov2010-102">[102]</a> From December 1, 2010, Korail added a pair of non-stop trains<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> with a travel time of 2 hours 8 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Once the sections across Daejeon and Daegu are completed, cutting the Seoul–Busan travel distance to 417.5 km (259.4 mi),<a href="#cite_note-han-phase2-32">[32]</a> plans foresee a further improvement of the four-stop travel time to 2 hours and 10 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoChung200837-105">[105]</a> Because both KTX and conventional trains in South Korea share a rail gauge (unlike in Japan), KTX trains can run on both networks dramatically increasing the number of destinations served.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Some Gyeongbu KTX services use parts of the conventional line paralleling the high-speed line. From June 2007 until October 2010, some trains left the Gyeongbu HSR between Daejeon and Dongdaegu to serve <a href="/wiki/Gimcheon_station" title="Gimcheon station">Gimcheon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gumi_station" title="Gumi station">Gumi</a> before the opening of an extra station for the two cities on the high-speed line.<a href="#cite_note-GinGum-107">[107]</a> From November 1, 2010, when most Gyeongbu KTX services began to use the new Daegu–Busan high-speed section, some trains remained on the Gyeongbu Line on that section, and additional trains began to use the Gyeongbu Line on the Seoul–Daejeon section to serve <a href="/wiki/Suwon_Station" title="Suwon Station">Suwon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TTNov2010-99">[99]</a> KTX trains using the Gyeongbu HSR only from Seoul to Daejeon and continuing all along the Honam Line are operated as the Honam KTX service.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoChung200834-100">[100]</a> In 2004, the new service with a route length of 404.5 km (251.3 mi) between <a href="/wiki/Yongsan_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Yongsan station">Yongsan</a> in Seoul and Mokpo<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuhYangLeeAhn2005176-17">[17]</a> cut minimum travel time from 4 hours 42 minutes to 2 hours 58 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-overview-33">[33]</a> By 2017, this time is to be cut further to 1 hours 46 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoChung200840-108">[108]</a> On December 15, 2010, the new Gyeongjeon KTX service started<a href="#cite_note-Korail-15Dec2010-47">[47]</a> with a minimum travel time of 2 hours 54 minutes<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> over the 401.4 km (249.4 mi) long route between Seoul and Masan.<a href="#cite_note-KTXfare-Dec2010-110">[110]</a> The service is to be extended to Jinju by 2012.<a href="#cite_note-suseoannounce-56">[56]</a> A fourth line, the Jeolla KTX service will connect Seoul to Yeosu in 3 hours 7 minutes from September 2011.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> From 2014, with the completion of the first phase of the Honam HSR, the travel time is reduced further to 2 hours 25 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-KTX-2011-112">[112]</a> From 2015, KTX trains are to reach Pohang from Seoul in 1 hour 50 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tickets_and_seats">Tickets and seats</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_Train_Express&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Tickets and seats">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:-56wiki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/-56wiki.jpg/220px--56wiki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/-56wiki.jpg/330px--56wiki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/-56wiki.jpg/440px--56wiki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3576" data-file-height="4472" /></a><figcaption>Standard Class seat.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Type_of_seats">Type of seats</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_Train_Express&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Type of seats">edit</a>]</div> KTX offers two classes: First Class and Standard Class. Tickets also specify whether a seat is forward-facing or backward-facing according to the direction of travel. First Class seats are arranged 2+1 across the train and Standard Class seats are configured 2+2. There are special reserved Family seats, which are grouped in four, including 2 forward-facing and 2 backward-facing seats. There are reserved seats and unassigned seats.<a href="#cite_note-booking-114">[114]</a> KTX trains have no restaurant cars or bars, only seat service.<a href="#cite_note-al1-69">[69]</a> From 2006, one car of selected KTX services functions as a moving <a href="/wiki/Movie_theater" title="Movie theater">cinema</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ticket_prices">Ticket prices</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_Train_Express&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Ticket prices">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KTX_diff-fare-red.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/KTX_diff-fare-red.gif/220px-KTX_diff-fare-red.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/KTX_diff-fare-red.gif/330px-KTX_diff-fare-red.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/KTX_diff-fare-red.gif/440px-KTX_diff-fare-red.gif 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Differential fare reductions before and after the launch of KTX service.</figcaption></figure> KTX fares were designed to be about halfway between those for conventional trains and airline tickets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuhYangLeeAhn2005179-116">[116]</a> The fare system implemented at the start of service in April 2004 deviated from prices proportional with distance, to favour long-distance trips.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuhYangLeeAhn2005179-116">[116]</a> On April 25, 2005,<a href="#cite_note-Korail_Apr2005-117">[117]</a> fares were selectively reduced for relations under-performing most.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoChung200819-118">[118]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin:0 1em 0 0;"> <caption>Seoul-Busan Standard Class fares one-way, reserved, for adults; November 1, 2010 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Service</th> <th>Mon-Thu</th> <th>Fri-Sat </th></tr> <tr> <td>KTX<a href="#cite_note-KTXfare-Nov2010-102">[102]</a> </td> <td align="right">51,800 won </td> <td align="right">55,500 won </td></tr> <tr> <td>KTX (via Miryang)<a href="#cite_note-KTXfare-Nov2010-102">[102]</a> </td> <td align="right">47,900 won </td> <td align="right">51,200 won </td></tr> <tr> <td>KTX (via Suwon)<a href="#cite_note-KTXfare-Nov2010-102">[102]</a> </td> <td align="right">42,100 won </td> <td align="right">45,000 won </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saemaul<a href="#cite_note-Saemaul-Sep2010-119">[119]</a> </td> <td align="right">39,300 won </td> <td align="right">41,100 won </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mugunghwa<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> </td> <td align="right">26,500 won </td> <td align="right">27,700 won </td></tr></tbody></table> From November 1, 2006, due to rising energy prices,<a href="#cite_note-fares2006-121">[121]</a> Korail applied an 8-10% fare hike for various train services, including 9.5% for KTX.<a href="#cite_note-donga-fares2006-122">[122]</a> The price of a Seoul-Busan Standard Class ticket increased to 48,100 won.<a href="#cite_note-fares2006-121">[121]</a> From July 1, 2007, KTX fares were hiked another 6.5%, while those for the slower Saemaeul and Mugunghwa services on the parallel conventional route were raised by 3.5 percent and 2.5 percent, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-fares2007-123">[123]</a> However, new reduced weekday and unassigned seat fares were also introduced.<a href="#cite_note-fares2007-123">[123]</a> After the November 1, 2010, start of service on the Daegu–Busan section of the Gyeongbu HSR, the fare for KTX trains using the new section was set about 8% higher than for the old route via Miryang, while that for the new services via Suwon was set lower.<a href="#cite_note-Korail-Nov2010-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Discounts">Discounts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_Train_Express&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Discounts">edit</a>]</div> Korail's standard discounts for children, disabled, seniors and groups apply on KTX trains, too.<a href="#cite_note-KorailDiscounts-124">[124]</a> For frequent travellers, Korail's standard discount cards, which are categorised according to age group, apply with the double of the standard discount rates; while discount cards for business and government agency workers apply with the normal rate; both types of discounts are up to 30%.<a href="#cite_note-KorailDiscounts-124">[124]</a> Season period tickets with discounts of up to 60% can also apply to KTX trains.<a href="#cite_note-KorailDiscounts-124">[124]</a> Discounts for family seats (37.5%) and backward facing seats (5%) are specific to the KTX.<a href="#cite_note-KorailDiscounts-124">[124]</a> In addition to Korail's small general discounts for tickets purchased in a vending machine, via cell phone or the internet, discounts of 5–20% apply to a limited number of seats on KTX trains when purchased in advance.<a href="#cite_note-KorailDiscounts-124">[124]</a> For travellers who transfer to other long-distance trains towards destinations beyond KTX stops, transfer tickets with 30% discount apply.<a href="#cite_note-KorailDiscounts-124">[124]</a> Korail pays a refund for late KTX trains, which reaches 100% for trains with a delay above one hour.<a href="#cite_note-irjJan2007-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Korea_Rail_Pass" title="Korea Rail Pass">Korea Rail Pass</a>, a period ticket Korail offers to foreigners, also applies to KTX.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> For passengers using the Korea-Japan Joint Rail Pass, a joint offer of Korail, Japanese railways and ferry services, the discount on KTX trains is 30%.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passenger_numbers_and_usage">Passenger numbers and usage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_Train_Express&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Passenger numbers and usage">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Forecasts">Forecasts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_Train_Express&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Forecasts">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0 0 0 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Forecast made in...</th> <th colspan="4">KTX opening year ridership forecast in passengers/day<a href="#cite_note-irail_2004-128">[128]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Gyeongbu</th> <th>Honam</th> <th></th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td>1991 </td> <td align="right">196,402 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">- </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">196,402 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995 </td> <td align="right">190,203 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">- </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">190,203 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Dec 1998 Nov 1999 </td> <td align="right">141,497   </td> <td align="right">  22,818 </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">164,315 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aug 2003 </td> <td align="right">115,828 </td> <td align="right">36,085 </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">151,913 </td></tr></tbody></table> When the project was launched, KTX was expected to become one of the world's busiest high-speed lines. The first study in 1991 forecast around 200,000 passengers a day in the first year of operation, growing to 330,000 passengers a day twelve years later.<a href="#cite_note-irjJan2007-44">[44]</a> In forecasts prepared after the decision to split the project into two phases, the expected first year ridership of Gyeongbu KTX services was reduced by about 40%. With the estimate for the Honam KTX services added to the plan, opening year forecasts ranged between 150,000 and 175,000 passengers a day.<a href="#cite_note-irail_2004-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuhYangLeeAhn2005183-129">[129]</a> Actual initial ridership after the opening of the first phase in 2004 was well short of initial expectations at around half of the final forecast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuhYangLeeAhn2005183-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-tciexpect-130">[130]</a> In October 2010, before the opening of the second phase, Korail expected ridership to rise from the then current 106,000 to 135,000 passengers a day.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ridership_evolution">Ridership evolution</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_Train_Express&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Ridership evolution">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KTX-daily-ridership-2004-2013.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/KTX-daily-ridership-2004-2013.svg/220px-KTX-daily-ridership-2004-2013.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/KTX-daily-ridership-2004-2013.svg/330px-KTX-daily-ridership-2004-2013.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/KTX-daily-ridership-2004-2013.svg/440px-KTX-daily-ridership-2004-2013.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Average daily ridership, 2004 to 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.index.go.kr/potal/main/EachDtlPageDetail.do?idx_cd=1252">for 2014: 56.9 mln, 2015: 60.5 mln, 2016: 64.6 mln annual</a> </figcaption></figure> KTX was introduced on 1 April 2004. In the first 100 days, daily passenger numbers averaged 70,250, generating an operational revenue of about 2.11 billion won per day, 54% of what was expected.<a href="#cite_note-tciexpect-130">[130]</a> On January 14, 2005, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Lee_Hae_Chan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee Hae Chan">Lee Hae Chan</a> stated that "the launch of KTX was a classic policy failure" due to construction costs significantly above and passenger numbers well below forecasts.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> However, ridership increased by over a third on the Gyeongbu KTX and over a half on the Honam KTX in two years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoChung200820-133">[133]</a> Financial break-even was forecast at a ridership level of around 100,000 passengers a day, which was expected by the end of 2006.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> The 100 millionth rider was carried after 1116 days of operation on April 22, 2007, when cumulative income stood at 2.78 trillion won.<a href="#cite_note-100mill_kr-135">[135]</a> KTX finances moved into the black in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> The next year, with revenues equal to US$898 million and costs equal to US$654 million, KTX was Korail's most profitable branch.<a href="#cite_note-KOTI2010-137">[137]</a> By the sixth anniversary in April 2010, KTX trains travelled a total 122.15 million kilometres, carrying 211.01 million passengers.<a href="#cite_note-Sixyear-138">[138]</a> Punctuality gradually improved from 86.7% of trains arriving within 5 minutes of schedule in 2004<a href="#cite_note-5years-139">[139]</a> to 98.3% in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-Sixyear-138">[138]</a> In 2009, the average daily ridership was 102,700.<a href="#cite_note-Sixyear-138">[138]</a> As of April 2010, the single-day ridership record stood at 178,584 passengers, achieved on January 26, 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Korean_New_Year" title="Korean New Year">Korean New Year</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5years-139">[139]</a> By the tenth anniversary KTX had travelled a total 240 million kilometres, carrying 414 million passengers.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Market_share_and_effect">Market share and effect</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_Train_Express&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Market share and effect">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:404px;max-width:404px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:402px;max-width:402px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:KTX-Gyeongbu-modal-share.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/KTX-Gyeongbu-modal-share.gif/400px-KTX-Gyeongbu-modal-share.gif" decoding="async" width="400" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/KTX-Gyeongbu-modal-share.gif/600px-KTX-Gyeongbu-modal-share.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/KTX-Gyeongbu-modal-share.gif/800px-KTX-Gyeongbu-modal-share.gif 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="400" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Gyeongbu corridor</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:402px;max-width:402px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:KTX-Honam-modal-share.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/KTX-Honam-modal-share.gif/400px-KTX-Honam-modal-share.gif" decoding="async" width="400" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/KTX-Honam-modal-share.gif/600px-KTX-Honam-modal-share.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/KTX-Honam-modal-share.gif/800px-KTX-Honam-modal-share.gif 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="400" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Honam corridor</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">Evolution of <a href="/wiki/Modal_share" title="Modal share">modal shares</a> on selected relations with KTX service</div></div></div></div> The introduction of high-speed services had the strongest effect on long-distance relations with a significant portion of the journey on the high-speed line, like Seoul–Busan: KTX took both the majority of the market and the bulk of rail passengers in the first year already, increasing the total share of rail from around two-fifths to a market dominating two-thirds by 2008. On long-distance relations with significant distances along conventional lines and resulting more modest travel time gains, that is along the Honam Line, the KTX and overall rail market share gain decreases with distance. On medium-distance relations like Seoul–Daejeon, KTX gained market share mostly at the expense of normal rail express services and air traffic, and helped to increase the total share of rail. On short-distance intercity relations line Seoul–Cheonan, due to the modest gains in time and the location of KTX stops outside city cores, KTX gains were at the expense of conventional rail, while intercity rail's modal share was little changed.<a href="#cite_note-5years-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoChung200829–32-141">[141]</a> By 2007, provincial airports suffered from deficits after a drop in the number of passengers attributed to the KTX.<a href="#cite_note-ProvAirport2007-142">[142]</a> With lower ticket prices, by 2008, KTX has swallowed up around half of the airlines' previous demand between Seoul and Busan (falling from 5.3 million passengers in 2003 to 2.4 million).<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Though some low-cost carriers failed and withdrew from the route, others still planned to enter competition even at the end of 2008.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Budget airlines achieved a 5.6% growth in August 2009 over the same month a year earlier while KTX ridership decreased by 1.3%, a trend change credited to the opening of <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Subway_Line_9" title="Seoul Subway Line 9">Seoul Subway Line 9</a>, which improved <a href="/wiki/Gimpo_International_Airport" title="Gimpo International Airport">Gimpo International Airport</a>'s connection to southern Seoul.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> In the first two months after the launch of the second phase of the Gyeongbu HSR, passenger numbers on flights between Gimpo and <a href="/wiki/Ulsan_Airport" title="Ulsan Airport">Ulsan Airports</a> dropped 35.4% compared to the same period a year earlier, those between Gimpo and <a href="/wiki/Pohang_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pohang Airport">Pohang Airports</a> 13.2%.<a href="#cite_note-tci-p2air-146">[146]</a> Between Gimpo Airport and Busan's <a href="/wiki/Gimhae_International_Airport" title="Gimhae International Airport">Gimhae International Airport</a>, airline passenger numbers remained stable (+0.2%), as a consequence of a budget airline competing with large discounts and aggressive marketing.<a href="#cite_note-tci-p2air-146">[146]</a> In the first month of Gyeongjeon KTX service, express bus services between Seoul and Masan or Changwon experienced 30–40% drops in ridership.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technical_and_operational_issues">Technical and operational issues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_Train_Express&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Technical and operational issues">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="State_of_infrastructure">State of infrastructure</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_Train_Express&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: State of infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> Lawmakers criticised the safety of Korail's tunnels after the Ministry of Construction and Transportation submitted data to the National Assembly on June 13, 2005. The ministry added fire prevention standards to high-speed line design standards only in November 2003, thus they weren't applied to the by then finished tunnels of the first phase of KTX. Consequently, few tunnels had emergency exits, and in high-speed railway tunnels, the average walking distance in case of an emergency was 973 m (3,192 ft), with a maximum of 3,086 m (10,125 ft), against a norm of emergency exits every 500 m (1,640 ft) in other countries.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> A contingency plan for fires in KTX tunnels was incorporated into a national disaster manual in November 2005.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> On October 5, 2008, it was revealed by lawmakers that inside Hwanghak Tunnel, from December 2004, inspectors have monitored the progression of several cracks and minor track displacements, which continued after maintenance work in March–April 2007 and again in March 2008.<a href="#cite_note-hwanghak-problem-150">[150]</a> The operator claimed that a February 2007 on-site inspection found the problems not safety-relevant, but pledged further maintenance, and an investigation into the causes was launched.<a href="#cite_note-hwanghak-action-151">[151]</a> Tunnel reinforcement was under way in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Incidents_and_accidents">Incidents and accidents</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_Train_Express&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Incidents and accidents">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KTX-breakdowns.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/KTX-breakdowns.gif/290px-KTX-breakdowns.gif" decoding="async" width="290" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/KTX-breakdowns.gif/435px-KTX-breakdowns.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/KTX-breakdowns.gif 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="462" /></a><figcaption>Annual number of breakdowns and failure rate</figcaption></figure> Operation irregularities mostly concerned the rolling stock, but also signalling, power glitches and track problems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuhYangLeeAhn2005180-153">[153]</a> The number of incidents decreased from 28 in the first month to 8 in the fifth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuhYangLeeAhn2005180-153">[153]</a> The failure rate decreased sharply by the fifth year of operation.<a href="#cite_note-5years-139">[139]</a> Later, in the first eight months of regular service until October 2010, KTX-II trains broke down 12 times.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Causes for breakdowns in the first years of operation involved inexperienced staff and insufficient inspection during maintenance.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Lawmakers from the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand National Party">Grand National Party</a> published an investigation in October 2006 and expressed concern about the practice to use parts from other trains for spare parts,<a href="#cite_note-pbj_parts-157">[157]</a> but Korail stated that that is standard practice in case of urgency with no safety effect, and the supply of spare parts is secured.<a href="#cite_note-parts-repl-ok-158">[158]</a> Korail is also conducting a localisation program to develop replacements for two dozen imported parts.<a href="#cite_note-5years-139">[139]</a> On June 13, 2007, near <a href="/wiki/Cheongdo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheongdo">Cheongdo</a> on the upgraded Daegu–Busan section, a damper acting between two cars of a KTX train got free at one end due to a loose screw and hit the trackbed, throwing up ballast that hit cars and caused bruises to two people on the parallel road, until the train was stopped when passengers noticed smoke.<a href="#cite_note-ballastthrow-159">[159]</a> On November 3, 2007, an arriving KTX-I train collided with a parked KTX-I train inside Busan Station, resulting in material damage<a href="#cite_note-head-on-collision-160">[160]</a> of 10 billion won<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> and light injuries to two persons.<a href="#cite_note-collision-union-162">[162]</a> The accident happened because the driver had fallen asleep and disabled the train protection system,<a href="#cite_note-driverasleep-163">[163]</a> and led to the trial and conviction of the driver.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> The railway union criticised single driver operation in conjunction with the two and a half hours rest time the driver had between shifts.<a href="#cite_note-collision-union-162">[162]</a> On February 11, 2011, a KTX-Sancheon train<a href="#cite_note-kt-derail-165">[165]</a> bound for Seoul from Busan derailed on a switch in a tunnel 500 m (1,600 ft) before <a href="/wiki/Gwangmyeong_Station" title="Gwangmyeong Station">Gwangmyeong Station</a>,<a href="#cite_note-jd-nut-166">[166]</a> when travelling at around 90 km/h (56 mph).<a href="#cite_note-tci-gm-acc-167">[167]</a> No casualties were reported, only one passenger suffered slight injury, but KTX traffic was blocked for 29 hours while repairs were completed.<a href="#cite_note-kt-derail-165">[165]</a> Preliminary investigation indicated that the accident resulted from a series of human errors.<a href="#cite_note-jd-nut-166">[166]</a> Because workers improperly repaired a point along the tracks.<a href="#cite_note-dera-168">[168]</a> Investigators found that the derailment was caused by a switch malfunction triggered by a loose nut from track, and suspected that a repairman failed to tighten it during maintenance the previous night.<a href="#cite_note-jd-nut-166">[166]</a> The switch's detectors signalled a problem earlier, however, a second maintenance crew failed to find the loose nut and didn't properly communicate the fact to the control center, which then allowed the train on the track.<a href="#cite_note-jd-nut-166">[166]</a> The rail union criticised Korail's use of hired repairmen.<a href="#cite_note-jd-nut-166">[166]</a> there were no problems with the train according to investigation.<a href="#cite_note-dera-168">[168]</a> On July 15, 2011, 150 passengers were evacuated from a train when smoke started coming out of the train when it arrived at <a href="/wiki/Miryang_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Miryang station">Miryang station</a> at 11:30 AM.<a href="#cite_note-3dis-169">[169]</a> On July 17, 2011, at around 11 AM, a train stopped abruptly and stranded some 400 passengers in the 9.975 km (6.198 mi) Hwanghak Tunnel for over an hour.<a href="#cite_note-3dis-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> The train resumed service after emergency repairs to a malfunctioning motor.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> A Korail spokesperson stated that the reason for the stop was due to "faults in the motor block that supplies power to the wheels". The same day, the air conditioning broke down on another train leaving Busan at 1:45 PM. Over 800 passengers were transferred to another train at Daejeon when the problem could not be fixed.<a href="#cite_note-3dis-169">[169]</a> On December 7, 2018, a KTX train carrying 198 passengers derailed about five minutes after leaving Gangneung for Seoul injuring 15 passengers. The train was traveling at about 103 km/h when almost all of its cars left the rails.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> On January 5, 2022, a KTX-Sancheon train bound for Busan from Seoul carrying 303 passengers and crew derailed at 12:58 PM while passing a tunnel in Yeongdong of North Chungcheong Province, about 215 kilometers south of Seoul, injuring 7 passengers.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> The train was traveling at about 200 km/h when it partially derailed, resulting in a bogie wheel from car number 4 running off the track before being violently ejected from the train, throwing up ballast and causing structural damage to train cars.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Subsequent KTX traffic was rerouted via the standard line, resulting in severe delays.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Initially, it was believed that the derailment was caused by the train colliding with debris while passing Yeongdong Tunnel. However, evidence gathered from further investigation show that the missing bogie wheel was found inside Otan Tunnel, which is about 4 km before Yeongdong Tunnel, leading the investigating team to believe the train derailed due to faults within the wheel bogie assembly rather than from impact with debris.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Passenger_comfort_and_convenience">Passenger comfort and convenience</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_Train_Express&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Passenger comfort and convenience">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:KTX-Gyeongbu-access.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/KTX-Gyeongbu-access.gif/250px-KTX-Gyeongbu-access.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/KTX-Gyeongbu-access.gif/300px-KTX-Gyeongbu-access.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/KTX-Gyeongbu-access.gif 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="260" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:KTX-Honam-access.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/KTX-Honam-access.gif/200px-KTX-Honam-access.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/KTX-Honam-access.gif/300px-KTX-Honam-access.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/KTX-Honam-access.gif 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="260" /></a></div></div></div></div></div> Passenger surveys in the first months found that the limited capacity of bus connections<a href="#cite_note-complaints-179">[179]</a> and the lack of subway connections for intermediate stations, especially the newly built stations Gwangmyeong and Cheonan-Asan, was the problem mentioned most often.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuhYangLeeAhn2005186–187-180">[180]</a> A better connection to Cheonan-Asan Station was provided by an extension of <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Subway_Line_1" title="Seoul Subway Line 1">Seoul Subway Line 1</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Janghang_Line" title="Janghang Line">Janghang Line</a>, opened on December 14, 2008.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Gwangmyeong Station was linked to the same subway line by a shuttle service on December 15, 2006, but it made little impact<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> due to the longtime differences between KTX and subway train schedules.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> The noise level in the trains during tunnel passages was also subject to passenger complaints.<a href="#cite_note-mudflaps-184">[184]</a> This was referred to as a tunnel effect; it referred to both noise and vibration of the train when traveling through two specific tunnels.<a href="#cite_note-dx.doi.org-185">[185]</a> The tunnel effect was specifically noted as a reason for passenger dissatisfaction.<a href="#cite_note-Lee,_J._2009-186">[186]</a> Sound waves that are generally dispersed in an open environment are reflected against the tunnel walls, which causes the sound waves to come in contact with the passenger cabin and produces noise.<a href="#cite_note-Choi,_S._2004-187">[187]</a> A reduction by 3–4 <a href="/wiki/Decibel#Acoustics" title="Decibel">dB</a> was achieved by retrofitting all trains with longer mud flaps at car ends until May 2006 to smooth the airflow at the articulated car joints.<a href="#cite_note-mudflaps-184">[184]</a> However, measurements in 2009 found significantly higher interior noise levels at some locations in two tunnels.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Window thickness and sound insulation was improved in the KTX-II.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> The rails for high-speed trains like the KTX are welded together via a special techniques that make the rail a solid continuous rail; this method reduces the noise volume, which is produced by the wheels' contact with the rail, but it is not eliminated.<a href="#cite_note-Choi,_S._2004-187">[187]</a> The isolation of KTX-I trains against pressure variations during tunnel passages<a href="#cite_note-al1-69">[69]</a> was insufficient for some passengers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuhYangLeeAhn2005182-190">[190]</a> leading to efforts to reinforce pressurization in newer generations of trains.<a href="#cite_note-jrtr-ng-83">[83]</a> Pressure variations have been known to cause passengers to experience ringing in their ears; the ventilation systems on the passenger cabins are sealed when the train enters a tunnel in order to reduce the pressure changes.<a href="#cite_note-Choi,_S._2004-187">[187]</a> Pressure variations were not the only train cabin-associated complaint; KTX passengers were also known to have been negatively affected by inconsistent speeds of the trains.<a href="#cite_note-dx.doi.org-185">[185]</a> Some KTX passengers found high-speed travel in backwards facing seats dizzying.<a href="#cite_note-complaints-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuhYangLeeAhn2005182-190">[190]</a> Along with dizziness, feelings of nausea, headache, and sleepiness could also be experienced.<a href="#cite_note-dx.doi.org-185">[185]</a> Motion sickness was also noted as having had a minimal effect on KTX passengers; however, it still made an impact on passenger ride comfort.<a href="#cite_note-dx.doi.org-185">[185]</a> When the original seats were selected for the KTX trains, the anthropometry of the main consumers, who were largely expected to be Korean, were not considered.<a href="#cite_note-dx.doi.org-185">[185]</a> The seat design was found to have a significant effect on how passengers on the KTX trains rated the experience of their trip. Among the various factors that were considered to be vectors of discomfort were the angle of joints and specific areas of pressure, which were discovered to be present after an analysis of questionnaires that were completed by recent passengers.<a href="#cite_note-dx.doi.org-185">[185]</a> The factors of the seats of concern to KTX passengers were the shape, pitch, width, and the amount of legroom between the rows of seats.<a href="#cite_note-Lee,_J._2009-186">[186]</a> Swivel seats, which can be turned into the direction of travel, installed only on First Class in KTX-I trains,<a href="#cite_note-al1-69">[69]</a> were made standard on both classes on newer generations of trains.<a href="#cite_note-5yearJoong-191">[191]</a> Studies have shown that term "ride comfort" has been used as an all-encompassing term for the KTX passengers' over all experience on the trains.<a href="#cite_note-dx.doi.org-185">[185]</a> While the KTX train is based on the French TGV model, it is considered to be more comfortable.<a href="#cite_note-Lee,_J._2009-186">[186]</a> The passengers' overall experience with regards to over-all ride comfort has been looked at as a combination of their physical health and emotional state.<a href="#cite_note-dx.doi.org-185">[185]</a> Fares were not included in the aforementioned questionnaires on ride comfort as there were variations in pricing due to seat arrangement, as well as weekday/weekend rates.<a href="#cite_note-dx.doi.org-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_Train_Express&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/32px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/48px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/64px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_Korea" title="Portal:South Korea">South Korea portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_train.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/31px-P_train.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/47px-P_train.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/62px-P_train.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Trains" title="Portal:Trains">Trains portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Transport" title="Portal:Transport">Transport portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Super_Rapid_Train" title="Super Rapid Train">SRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_South_Korea" title="High-speed rail in South Korea">High-speed rail in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITX-Saemaeul" title="ITX-Saemaeul">ITX-Saemaeul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITX-Maum" title="ITX-Maum">ITX-Maum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugunghwa-ho" title="Mugunghwa-ho">Mugunghwa-ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuriro" title="Nuriro">Nuriro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_South_Korea" title="Rail transport in South Korea">Rail transport in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_South_Korea" title="Transport in South Korea">Transport in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_to_Busan" title="Train to Busan">Train to Busan</a>, a horror film in which the KTX and <a href="/wiki/KTX-I" title="KTX-I">its train</a> feature heavily in the plot</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_Train_Express&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Citations</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free 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Prime Business Journal. 2006-10-13. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsprime.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=17777">the original</a> on 2011-07-22. 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Retrieved 2010-11-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KTX%2C+%EC%98%81%EB%93%B1%ED%8F%AC%EC%97%AD+%EB%93%B1+%EC%A0%95%EC%B0%A8...+%22%EC%A0%95%EB%B6%80%EC%97%90+%EC%86%8D%EC%95%98%EB%8B%A4%22+%EA%B4%91%EB%AA%85%EC%8B%9C+%EB%B6%80%EA%B8%80%EB%B6%80%EA%B8%80&rft.pub=Gyeonggi+Ilbo&rft.date=2010-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ekgib.com%2Fnews%2FarticleView.html%3Fidxno%3D439219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+Train+Express" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110713120537/http://article.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.asp?ctg=12&Total_ID=3215610">"한 칸 승객 2명 ... 공기만 싣고 달린다"</a>. <a href="/wiki/JoongAng_Ilbo" title="JoongAng Ilbo">JoongAng Ilbo</a>. 2008-07-07. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://info.korail.com/ROOT/news/board_view.jsp?boardType=&bbs=bbs1&seq=2166">the original</a> on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2010-11-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KTX%ED%84%B0%EB%84%90%EC%86%8C%EC%9D%8C+%EA%B0%9C%EC%84%A0&rft.pub=Korail&rft.date=2005-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfo.korail.com%2FROOT%2Fnews%2Fboard_view.jsp%3FboardType%3D%26bbs%3Dbbs1%26seq%3D2166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+Train+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dx.doi.org-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dx.doi.org_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dx.doi.org_185-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dx.doi.org_185-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dx.doi.org_185-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dx.doi.org_185-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dx.doi.org_185-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dx.doi.org_185-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dx.doi.org_185-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dx.doi.org_185-8">i</a> Lee, J., Jin, B., & Ji, Y. (2009). Development of a Structural Equation Model for ride comfort of the Korean high-speed railway. 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Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Australian Acoustical Society, 2004. 415-416. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-909882-22-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-909882-22-3">0-909882-22-3</a>; ISSN 1446-0998. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718083442/http://www.idaegu.co.kr/new_gisa.html?uid=183674">"KTX '총체적' 부실시공 의혹"</a> (in Korean). Daegu Ilbo. 2009-02-22. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idaegu.co.kr/new_gisa.html?uid=183674">the original</a> on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2010-11-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KTX+%27%EC%B4%9D%EC%B2%B4%EC%A0%81%27+%EB%B6%80%EC%8B%A4%EC%8B%9C%EA%B3%B5+%EC%9D%98%ED%98%B9&rft.pub=Daegu+Ilbo&rft.date=2009-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idaegu.co.kr%2Fnew_gisa.html%3Fuid%3D183674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+Train+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webzine.korail.com/webzine/201003.pdf">"RAIL 로 이 어 지 는"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Korail" title="Korail">Korail</a> Webzine (in Korean). <a href="/wiki/Korail" title="Korail">Korail</a>. March 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Korail+Webzine&rft.atitle=RAIL+%EB%A1%9C+%EC%9D%B4+%EC%96%B4+%EC%A7%80+%EB%8A%94&rft.date=2010-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebzine.korail.com%2Fwebzine%2F201003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+Train+Express" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuhYangLeeAhn2005182-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuhYangLeeAhn2005182_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuhYangLeeAhn2005182_190-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuhYangLeeAhn2005">Suh et al. 2005</a>, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-5yearJoong-191"><a href="#cite_ref-5yearJoong_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250114200619/https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2009/04/01/industry/KTX-passengers-rise-47-over-a-fiveyear-duration/2902964.html">"KTX passengers rise 47% over a five-year duration"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Korea_JoongAng_Daily" title="Korea JoongAng Daily">Korea JoongAng Daily</a>. 2009-04-01. 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Retrieved 2009-04-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Korea+JoongAng+Daily&rft.atitle=KTX+passengers+rise+47%25+over+a+five-year+duration&rft.date=2009-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkoreajoongangdaily.joins.com%2F2009%2F04%2F01%2Findustry%2FKTX-passengers-rise-47-over-a-fiveyear-duration%2F2902964.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+Train+Express" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSuh2000" class="citation journal cs1">Suh, Sunduck D. 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KRIHS Special Report Series. 12. Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://168.126.177.50/pub/docu/en/AD/ZA/ADZA2008AAN/ADZA-2008-AAN.PDF">the original</a> (PDF) on 2011-05-29. Retrieved 2011-02-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KRIHS+Special+Report+Series&rft.atitle=High+Speed+Rail+Construction+of+Korea+and+Its+Impact&rft.volume=12&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Cho&rft.aufirst=Nam-Geon&rft.au=Chung%2C+Jin-Kyu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F168.126.177.50%2Fpub%2Fdocu%2Fen%2FAD%2FZA%2FADZA2008AAN%2FADZA-2008-AAN.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+Train+Express" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korea_Train_Express&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Korea_Train_Express" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Korea Train Express">Korea Train Express</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/High_speed_rail_in_South_Korea#Q167674" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:High speed rail in South Korea">High speed rail in South Korea</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKim2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kim, Chun-Hwan (May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516004843/http://www.jrtr.net/jrtr40/pdf/f08_kim.pdf">"Transportation Revolution: The Korean High-speed Railway"</a> (PDF). Japan Railway & Transport Review (40): 8–13. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jrtr.net/jrtr40/pdf/f08_kim.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2011-05-16. Retrieved 2010-08-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japan+Railway+%26+Transport+Review&rft.atitle=Transportation+Revolution%3A+The+Korean+High-speed+Railway&rft.issue=40&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=2005-05&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Chun-Hwan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jrtr.net%2Fjrtr40%2Fpdf%2Ff08_kim.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorea+Train+Express" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100612072458/http://www.visitseoul.net/en/article/article.do?_method=view&m=0004007002006&p=07&art_id=31583&lang=en">KTX : Visitseoul - Official Seoul City Tourism</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px 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this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Korail_passenger_train_services" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Korail passenger train services"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="50px_passenger_train_services_of_Korail396" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Korail_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Korail_logo.svg/50px-Korail_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Korail_logo.svg/75px-Korail_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Korail_logo.svg/100px-Korail_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="69" /></a> passenger train services of <a href="/wiki/Korail" title="Korail">Korail</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">High-speed rail</a> : <a class="mw-selflink selflink">KTX</a> (<a href="/wiki/Template:KTX_lines_and_services" title="Template:KTX lines and services">KTX lines and services</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KTX-I" title="KTX-I">KTX-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTX-Sancheon" title="KTX-Sancheon">KTX-Sancheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTX-Eum" title="KTX-Eum">KTX-Eum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTX-Cheongryong" title="KTX-Cheongryong">KTX-Cheongryong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Rapid_Train" title="Super Rapid Train">SRT</a> (operated by subsidiary <a href="/wiki/SR_Corporation" title="SR Corporation">SR</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Korail_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Korail_logo.svg/100px-Korail_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Korail_logo.svg/150px-Korail_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Korail_logo.svg/200px-Korail_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="69" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limited_express" title="Limited express">Limited express</a> : ITX</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ITX-Saemaeul" title="ITX-Saemaeul">ITX-Saemaeul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITX-Maum" title="ITX-Maum">ITX-Maum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITX-Cheongchun" title="ITX-Cheongchun">ITX-Cheongchun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail" title="Inter-city rail">Inter-city rail</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mugunghwa-ho" title="Mugunghwa-ho">Mugunghwa-ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saemaeul-ho" title="Saemaeul-ho">Saemaeul-ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuriro" title="Nuriro">Nuriro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Excursion_train" title="Excursion train">Tourist train</a> (<a href="/wiki/Template:Korail_Tourist_train_Services" title="Template:Korail Tourist train Services">Korail Tourist train Services</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rail_Cruise_Haerang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rail Cruise Haerang (page does not exist)">Rail Cruise Haerang</a> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%BC%ED%81%AC%EB%A3%A8%EC%A6%88_%ED%95%B4%EB%9E%91" class="extiw" title="ko:레일크루즈 해랑">ko</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-Train_(Korail)" title="A-Train (Korail)">A-Train</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education-Train&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education-Train (page does not exist)">Education-Train</a> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%EC%9C%A1%ED%85%8C%EB%A7%88%EC%97%B4%EC%B0%A8" class="extiw" title="ko:교육테마열차">ko</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-Train_(Korail)" title="G-Train (Korail)">G-Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-Train_(Korail)" title="S-Train (Korail)">S-Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-Train_(Korail)" title="V-Train (Korail)">V-Train</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Sea_%26_Santa_Village_Train&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East Sea & Santa Village Train (page does not exist)">East Sea & Santa Village Train</a> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%ED%95%B4%EC%82%B0%ED%83%80%EC%97%B4%EC%B0%A8" class="extiw" title="ko:동해산타열차">ko</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paldo_Market_Tourist_Train&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paldo Market Tourist Train (page does not exist)">Paldo Market Tourist Train</a> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%94%EB%8F%84%EC%9E%A5%ED%84%B0%EA%B4%80%EA%B4%91%EC%97%B4%EC%B0%A8" class="extiw" title="ko:팔도장터관광열차">ko</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chungbuk_Yeongdong_Gugak%26Wine_Train" class="mw-redirect" title="Chungbuk Yeongdong Gugak&Wine Train">Chungbuk Yeongdong Gugak&Wine Train</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Rapid transit</a> & <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">Commuter rail</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Subway_Line_1" title="Seoul Subway Line 1">Seoul Subway Line 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Subway_Line_3" title="Seoul Subway Line 3">Seoul Subway Line 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Subway_Line_4" title="Seoul Subway Line 4">Seoul Subway Line 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyeongui%E2%80%93Jungang_Line" title="Gyeongui–Jungang Line">Gyeongui–Jungang Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyeongchun_Line" title="Gyeongchun Line">Gyeongchun Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suin%E2%80%93Bundang_Line" title="Suin–Bundang Line">Suin–Bundang Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seohae_Line" title="Seohae Line">Seohae Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donghae_Line" title="Donghae Line">Donghae Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daegyeong_Line" title="Daegyeong Line">Daegyeong Line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued Trains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongil-ho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tongil-ho (page does not exist)">Tongil-ho</a> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%B5%EC%9D%BC%ED%98%B8" class="extiw" title="ko:통일호">ko</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bidulgi-ho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bidulgi-ho (page does not exist)">Bidulgi-ho</a> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%91%98%EA%B8%B0%ED%98%B8" class="extiw" title="ko:비둘기호">ko</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commuter_Train_(South_Korea)" title="Commuter Train (South Korea)">Commuter Train</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gyeongbuk_Train_Trip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gyeongbuk Train Trip (page does not exist)">Gyeongbuk Train Trip</a> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EB%B6%81%EB%82%98%EB%93%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%B4%EC%B0%A8" class="extiw" title="ko:경북나드리열차">ko</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Train_(Korail)" title="Sea Train (Korail)">Sea Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMZ_Train" title="DMZ Train">DMZ Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-Train_(Korail)" title="O-Train (Korail)">O-Train</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Korail_lines89" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Korail_Lines" title="Template:Korail Lines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Korail_Lines" title="Template talk:Korail Lines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Korail_Lines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Korail Lines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Korail_lines89" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Korail" title="Korail">Korail</a> lines</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_railway_line" class="mw-redirect" title="High-speed railway line">High-speed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyeongbu_high-speed_railway" title="Gyeongbu high-speed railway">Gyeongbu HSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honam_high-speed_railway" title="Honam high-speed railway">Honam HSR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_railway_line" class="mw-redirect" title="High-speed railway line">Semi-high-speed</a>1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jungang_line" title="Jungang line">Jungang Line (Cheongnyangni–Gyeongju)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyeonggang_Line#Seowonju-Gangneung" title="Gyeonggang Line">Gyeonggang Line (Wonju–Gangneung)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungbunaeryuk_Line" title="Jungbunaeryuk Line">Jungbunaeryuk Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seohae_Line" title="Seohae Line">Seohae (Wonsi–Hongseong)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyeongbu_Line" title="Gyeongbu Line">Gyeongbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyeongui_Line" title="Gyeongui Line">Gyeongui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honam_Line" title="Honam Line">Honam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyeongwon_Line" title="Gyeongwon Line">Gyeongwon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chungbuk_Line" title="Chungbuk Line">Chungbuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyeongjeon_Line" title="Gyeongjeon Line">Gyeongjeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janghang_Line" title="Janghang Line">Janghang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeolla_Line" title="Jeolla Line">Jeolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donghae_Line" title="Donghae Line">Donghae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeongdong_Line" title="Yeongdong Line">Yeongdong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taebaek_Line" title="Taebaek Line">Taebaek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyeongbuk_Line" title="Gyeongbuk Line">Gyeongbuk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daegu_Line" title="Daegu Line">Daegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samcheok_Line" title="Samcheok Line">Samcheok</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwangju_Line&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gwangju Line (page does not exist)">Gwangju</a> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EC%A3%BC%EC%84%A0" class="extiw" title="ko:광주선">ko</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeongseon_Line&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeongseon Line (page does not exist)">Jeongseon</a> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EC%84%A0%EC%84%A0" class="extiw" title="ko:정선선">ko</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Metro (Rapid transit)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em"><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Capital_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Seoul Capital Area">SCA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>     <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Subway_Line_1" title="Seoul Subway Line 1">Line 1</a></li> <li>     <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Subway_Line_3" title="Seoul Subway Line 3">Line 3</a></li> <li>     <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Subway_Line_4" title="Seoul Subway Line 4">Line 4</a></li> <li>     <a href="/wiki/Gyeongui%E2%80%93Jungang_Line" title="Gyeongui–Jungang Line">Gyeongui–Jungang Line</a></li> <li>     <a href="/wiki/Suin%E2%80%93Bundang_Line" title="Suin–Bundang Line">Suin–Bundang Line</a></li> <li>     <a href="/wiki/Gyeongchun_Line" title="Gyeongchun Line">Gyeongchun Line</a></li> <li>     <a href="/wiki/Gyeonggang_Line" title="Gyeonggang Line">Gyeonggang Line</a></li> <li>     <a href="/wiki/Seohae_Line" title="Seohae Line">Seohae Line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em"><a href="/wiki/Busan%E2%80%93Gyeongnam_Area" title="Busan–Gyeongnam Area">BUG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>     <a href="/wiki/Donghae_Line" title="Donghae Line">Donghae Line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em"><a href="/wiki/Daegu%E2%80%93Gyeongbuk" title="Daegu–Gyeongbuk">DAG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daegyeong_Line" title="Daegyeong Line">Daegyeong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Korail_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Korail_logo.svg/80px-Korail_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Korail_logo.svg/120px-Korail_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Korail_logo.svg/160px-Korail_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="69" /></a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Semi-high-speed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bujeon-Masan_Line&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bujeon-Masan Line (page does not exist)">Bujeon–Masan</a> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EC%A0%84-%EB%A7%88%EC%82%B0_%EB%B3%B5%EC%84%A0%EC%A0%84%EC%B2%A0" class="extiw" title="ko:부전-마산 복선전철">ko</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuncheon%E2%80%93Sokcho_Line" title="Chuncheon–Sokcho Line">Chuncheon–Sokcho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambunaeryuk_Line" title="Nambunaeryuk Line">Nambunaeryuk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namhae_Line&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namhae Line (page does not exist)">Namhae</a> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%A8%ED%95%B4%EC%84%A0" class="extiw" title="ko:남해선">ko</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suseo-Gwangju_Line&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suseo-Gwangju Line (page does not exist)">Suseo-Gwangju</a> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%84%9C%EA%B4%91%EC%A3%BC%EC%84%A0" class="extiw" title="ko:수서광주선">ko</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Metro (Rapid transit)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dongtan%E2%80%93Indeogwon_Line" title="Dongtan–Indeogwon Line">Dongtan–Indeogwon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chungcheong_Metropolitan_Railway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chungcheong Metropolitan Railway (page does not exist)">Chungcheong Metropolitan</a> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B6%A9%EC%B2%AD%EA%B6%8C_%EA%B4%91%EC%97%AD%EC%B2%A0%EB%8F%84" class="extiw" title="ko:충청권 광역철도">ko</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>1: Lines for 200–300 km/h (high-speed rail internationally)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="KTX_lines_and_services77" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:KTX_lines_and_services" title="Template:KTX lines and services"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:KTX_lines_and_services" title="Template talk:KTX lines and services"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:KTX_lines_and_services" title="Special:EditPage/Template:KTX lines and services"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="KTX_lines_and_services77" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">KTX</a> lines and services</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">High-speed lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyeongbu_high-speed_railway" title="Gyeongbu high-speed railway">Gyeongbu HSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honam_high-speed_railway" title="Honam high-speed railway">Honam HSR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semi-high-speed lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyeonggang_Line#Seowonju-Gangneung" title="Gyeonggang Line">Gyeonggang Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungang_line" title="Jungang line">Jungang line (Cheongnyangni–Dodam)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungbunaeryuk_Line" title="Jungbunaeryuk Line">Jungbunaeryuk Line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conventional lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyeongbu_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyeongbu line">Gyeongbu line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honam_Line" title="Honam Line">Honam Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyeongui_Line" title="Gyeongui Line">Gyeongui Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyeongjeon_Line" title="Gyeongjeon Line">Gyeongjeon Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeolla_Line" title="Jeolla Line">Jeolla Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donghae_Line" title="Donghae Line">Donghae Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungang_line" title="Jungang line">Jungang line (Dodam–Andong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeongdong_Line" title="Yeongdong Line">Yeongdong Line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/KTX" title="KTX"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/KTX_logo.svg/125px-KTX_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/KTX_logo.svg/188px-KTX_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/KTX_logo.svg/250px-KTX_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="183" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">KTX services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gyeongbu_high-speed_railway#Gyeongbu_KTX" title="Gyeongbu high-speed railway">Gyeongbu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">HSR route</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Haengsin_station" title="Haengsin station">Haengsin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Station" title="Seoul Station">Seoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwangmyeong_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwangmyeong station">Gwangmyeong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheonan%E2%80%93Asan_station" title="Cheonan–Asan station">Cheonan–Asan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osong_station" title="Osong station">Osong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daejeon_Station" title="Daejeon Station">Daejeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimcheon_(Gumi)_station" title="Gimcheon (Gumi) station">Gimcheon (Gumi)</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Seodaegu_station" title="Seodaegu station">Seodaegu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongdaegu_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongdaegu Station">Dongdaegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyeongju_station" title="Gyeongju station">Gyeongju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulsan_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulsan station">Ulsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busan_station" title="Busan station">Busan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">via Gupo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(Haengsin–Dongdaegu: HSR route)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongdaegu_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongdaegu Station">Dongdaegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyeongsan_station" title="Gyeongsan station">Gyeongsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miryang_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Miryang station">Miryang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulgeum_station" title="Mulgeum station">Mulgeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupo_station" title="Gupo station">Gupo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busan_station" title="Busan station">Busan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">via Suwon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Station" title="Seoul Station">Seoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeongdeungpo_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeongdeungpo station">Yeongdeungpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwon_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Suwon station">Suwon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daejeon_Station" title="Daejeon Station">Daejeon</a></li> <li>(Daejeon–Busan: HSR route)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Honam_high-speed_railway#Honam_KTX" title="Honam high-speed railway">Honam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">HSR route</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Haengsin_station" title="Haengsin station">Haengsin</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Seoul_Station" title="Seoul Station">Seoul</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongsan_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Yongsan station">Yongsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwangmyeong_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwangmyeong station">Gwangmyeong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheonan%E2%80%93Asan_station" title="Cheonan–Asan station">Cheonan–Asan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osong_station" title="Osong station">Osong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongju_station" title="Gongju station">Gongju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iksan_station" title="Iksan station">Iksan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeongeup_station" title="Jeongeup station">Jeongeup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GwangjuSongjeong_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="GwangjuSongjeong Station">GwangjuSongjeong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naju_station" title="Naju station">Naju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokpo_station" title="Mokpo station">Mokpo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">via Seodaejeon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(Haengsin–Osong: HSR route)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osong_station" title="Osong station">Osong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seodaejeon_station" title="Seodaejeon station">Seodaejeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyeryong_station" title="Gyeryong station">Gyeryong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonsan_station" title="Nonsan station">Nonsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iksan_station" title="Iksan station">Iksan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimje_station" title="Gimje station">Gimje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeongeup_station" title="Jeongeup station">Jeongeup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangseong_station" title="Jangseong station">Jangseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GwangjuSongjeong_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="GwangjuSongjeong Station">GwangjuSongjeong</a></li> <li>(GwangjuSongjeong–Mokpo: HSR route)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gyeongjeon_Line#Gyeongjeon_KTX" title="Gyeongjeon Line">Gyeongjeon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(Haengsin–Dongdaegu: Gyeongbu HSR route)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongdaegu_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongdaegu Station">Dongdaegu</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Gyeongsan_station" title="Gyeongsan station">Gyeongsan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miryang_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Miryang station">Miryang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinyeong_station" title="Jinyeong station">Jinyeong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changwonjungang_station" title="Changwonjungang station">Changwonjungang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changwon_station" title="Changwon station">Changwon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masan_station_(Gyeongjeon_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Masan station (Gyeongjeon Line)">Masan</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Jinju_station" title="Jinju station">Jinju</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jeolla_Line#Jeolla_KTX" title="Jeolla Line">Jeolla</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(Haengsin–Iksan: Honam HSR route via Gongju or Seodaejeon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iksan_station" title="Iksan station">Iksan</a> (via Seodaejeon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyeryong_station" title="Gyeryong station">Gyeryong</a> (via Seodaejeon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonsan_station" title="Nonsan station">Nonsan</a> (via Seodaejeon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iksan_station" title="Iksan station">Iksan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeonju_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeonju station">Jeonju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namwon_station" title="Namwon station">Namwon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokseong_station" title="Gokseong station">Gokseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guryegu_station" title="Guryegu station">Guryegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suncheon_station" title="Suncheon station">Suncheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeocheon_station" title="Yeocheon station">Yeocheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeosu_Expo_station" title="Yeosu Expo station">Yeosu Expo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Donghae_Line#KTX" title="Donghae Line">Donghae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(Haengsin–Dongdaegu: Gyeongbu HSR route)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongdaegu_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongdaegu Station">Dongdaegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohang_station" title="Pohang station">Pohang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gyeonggang_Line#Seowonju-Gangneung" title="Gyeonggang Line">Gangneung</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main route</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Haengsin_station" title="Haengsin station">Haengsin</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Seoul_Station" title="Seoul Station">Seoul</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheongnyangni_station" title="Cheongnyangni station">Cheongnyangni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangbong_station" title="Sangbong station">Sangbong</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Deokso_station" title="Deokso station">Deokso</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangpyeong_station_(Yangpyeong)" title="Yangpyeong station (Yangpyeong)">Yangpyeong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seowonju_station" title="Seowonju station">Seowonju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjong_station" title="Manjong station">Manjong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoengseong_station" title="Hoengseong station">Hoengseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunnae_station" title="Dunnae station">Dunnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyeongchang_station" title="Pyeongchang station">Pyeongchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinbu_station" title="Jinbu station">Jinbu (Odaesan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangneung_station" title="Gangneung station">Gangneung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branch route</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(Seoul–Jinbu: Main route)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeongdongjin_station" title="Jeongdongjin station">Jeongdongjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukho_station" title="Mukho station">Mukho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donghae_station" title="Donghae station">Donghae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jungang_Line#KTX_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungang Line">Jungang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Station" title="Seoul Station">Seoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheongnyangni_station" title="Cheongnyangni station">Cheongnyangni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangbong_station" title="Sangbong station">Sangbong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangpyeong_station_(Yangpyeong)" title="Yangpyeong station (Yangpyeong)">Yangpyeong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seowonju_station" title="Seowonju station">Seowonju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonju_station" title="Wonju station">Wonju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jecheon_station" title="Jecheon station">Jecheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danyang_station" title="Danyang station">Danyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punggi_station" title="Punggi station">Punggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeongju_station" title="Yeongju station">Yeongju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andong_station" title="Andong station">Andong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uiseong_station" title="Uiseong station">Uiseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeongcheon_station" title="Yeongcheon station">Yeongcheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyeongju_station" title="Gyeongju station">Gyeongju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taehwagang_station" title="Taehwagang station">Taehwagang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bujeon_station_(Korail)" title="Bujeon station (Korail)">Bujeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jungbunaeryuk_Line#Services" title="Jungbunaeryuk Line">Jungbunaeryuk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pangyo_station" title="Pangyo station">Pangyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubal_station" title="Bubal station">Bubal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganam_station" title="Ganam station">Ganam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GamgokJanghowon_station" title="GamgokJanghowon station">GamgokJanghowon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angseongoncheon_station" title="Angseongoncheon station">Angseongoncheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chungju_station" title="Chungju station">Chungju</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salmi_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salmi station (page does not exist)">Salmi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suanbooncheon_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suanbooncheon station (page does not exist)">Suanbooncheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonpung_station" title="Yeonpung station">Yeonpung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mungyeong_station" title="Mungyeong station">Mungyeong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="High-speed_rail334" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:High-speed_rail" title="Template:High-speed rail"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:High-speed_rail" title="Template talk:High-speed rail"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:High-speed_rail" title="Special:EditPage/Template:High-speed rail"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="High-speed_rail334" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">High-speed rail</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail transport</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail#Technologies" title="High-speed rail">Technologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovertrain" title="Hovertrain">Hovertrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Proposed8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperloop" title="Hyperloop">Hyperloop</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vactrain" title="Vactrain">Vactrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swissmetro" title="Swissmetro">Swissmetro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_high-speed_trains" title="List of high-speed trains">High-speed trains</a> by service speed or planned service speed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">400 km/h (249 mph) or more</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuxing_(train)" title="Fuxing (train)">China Railway Fuxing</a> <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CR450AF" title="China Railway CR450AF">CR450AF</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CR450BF" title="China Railway CR450BF">CR450BF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transrapid" title="Transrapid">Transrapid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L0_Series" title="L0 Series">Shinkansen Series L0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEMU-430X" title="HEMU-430X">HEMU-430X</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">350–399 km/h (217–248 mph)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuxing_(train)" title="Fuxing (train)">China Railway Fuxing</a> <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CR400AF" title="China Railway CR400AF">CR400AF</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CR400BF" title="China Railway CR400BF">CR400BF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">300–349 km/h (186–217 mph)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renfe_Class_100" title="Renfe Class 100">Renfe Class 100, 101</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renfe_Class_102" title="Renfe Class 102">102</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renfe_Class_103" title="Renfe Class 103">103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGV_(train)" title="AGV (train)">Alstom AGV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexie_(train)" title="Hexie (train)">China Railway Hexie</a> <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH2" title="China Railway CRH2">CRH2C</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH3" title="China Railway CRH3">3C</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH380A" title="China Railway CRH380A">380A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vibrant_Express" title="Vibrant Express">MTR CRH380A</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH3" title="China Railway CRH3">380B</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH3" title="China Railway CRH3">380C</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH1#CRH380D" title="China Railway CRH1">380D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FS_Class_ETR_500" title="FS Class ETR 500">ETR 500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frecciarossa_1000" title="Frecciarossa 1000">ETR 400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_373" title="British Rail Class 373">Eurostar e300</a>; <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_374" title="British Rail Class 374">e320</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICE_3" title="ICE 3">ICE 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTX-I" title="KTX-I">KTX-I</a>, <a href="/wiki/KTX-Sancheon" title="KTX-Sancheon">Sancheon</a>, <a href="/wiki/KTX-Cheongryong" title="KTX-Cheongryong">Cheongryong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAF_Oaris" title="CAF Oaris">Oaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PBKA" title="PBKA">PBKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/500_Series_Shinkansen" title="500 Series Shinkansen">Shinkansen Series 500</a>, <a href="/wiki/N700_Series_Shinkansen" title="N700 Series Shinkansen">N700/N700A</a>, <a href="/wiki/N700S_Series_Shinkansen" title="N700S Series Shinkansen">N700S</a>, <a href="/wiki/E5_and_H5_Series_Shinkansen" title="E5 and H5 Series Shinkansen">E5/H5</a>, <a href="/wiki/E6_Series_Shinkansen" title="E6 Series Shinkansen">E6</a>, <a href="/wiki/E8_Series_Shinkansen" title="E8 Series Shinkansen">E8</a>, <a href="/wiki/E10_Series_Shinkansen" title="E10 Series Shinkansen">E10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talgo_AVRIL" title="Talgo AVRIL">AVRIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_Sud-Est" title="SNCF TGV Sud-Est">TGV Sud-Est (refurbished)</a>, <a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_Atlantique" title="SNCF TGV Atlantique">Atlantique</a>, <a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_R%C3%A9seau" title="SNCF TGV Réseau">Réseau</a> (PBA), <a href="/wiki/TGV_Duplex" title="TGV Duplex">Duplex</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGV_POS" title="TGV POS">POS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euroduplex" title="Euroduplex">2N2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avelia_Horizon" title="Avelia Horizon">M (Avelia Horizon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCDD_HT80000" title="TCDD HT80000">TCDD HT80000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THSR_700T" title="THSR 700T">THSR 700T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Velaro" title="Siemens Velaro">Siemens Velaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zefiro_(train)#Zefiro_300" title="Zefiro (train)">Zefiro 300</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zefiro_(train)#Zefiro_380" title="Zefiro (train)">380</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">250–299 km/h (155–186 mph)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avelia_Liberty" title="Avelia Liberty">Avelia Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="China Star">China Star</a>, <a href="/wiki/DJF2" class="mw-redirect" title="DJF2">DJF2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hexie_(train)" title="Hexie (train)">China Railway Hexie</a> <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH1" title="China Railway CRH1">CRH1A, 1B, 1E</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH2" title="China Railway CRH2">2A, 2B, 2E, 2G</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH3" title="China Railway CRH3">3A</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH5" title="China Railway CRH5">5A, 5E, 5G</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuxing_(train)" title="Fuxing (train)">China Railway Fuxing CR300AF, CR300BF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercity_Express" title="Intercity Express">ICE</a> <a href="/wiki/ICE_1" title="ICE 1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICE_2" title="ICE 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICE_4_(Deutsche_Bahn)" class="mw-redirect" title="ICE 4 (Deutsche Bahn)">4</a> (ICx)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTX-Eum" title="KTX-Eum">KTX-Eum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Pendolino" title="New Pendolino">New Pendolino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renfe_Class_120_/_121" title="Renfe Class 120 / 121">Renfe Class 120, 121</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renfe_Class_130" title="Renfe Class 130">130</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapsan" title="Sapsan">Sapsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBB-CFF-FFS_RABe_501" class="mw-redirect" title="SBB-CFF-FFS RABe 501">SBB RABe 501</a>, <a href="/wiki/SBB-CFF-FFS_RABe_503" class="mw-redirect" title="SBB-CFF-FFS RABe 503">RABe 503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/200_Series_Shinkansen" title="200 Series Shinkansen">Shinkansen Series 200</a>, <a href="/wiki/300_Series_Shinkansen" title="300 Series Shinkansen">300</a>, <a href="/wiki/700_Series_Shinkansen" title="700 Series Shinkansen">700</a>, <a href="/wiki/800_Series_Shinkansen" title="800 Series Shinkansen">800</a>, <a href="/wiki/E2_Series_Shinkansen" title="E2 Series Shinkansen">E2</a>, <a href="/wiki/E3_Series_Shinkansen" title="E3 Series Shinkansen">E3</a>, <a href="/wiki/E7_and_W7_Series_Shinkansen" title="E7 and W7 Series Shinkansen">E7/W7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCDD_HT65000" title="TCDD HT65000">TCDD HT65000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_Sud-Est" title="SNCF TGV Sud-Est">TGV Sud-Est (original)</a>, <a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_La_Poste" title="SNCF TGV La Poste">La Poste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AnsaldoBreda_V250" title="AnsaldoBreda V250">V250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zefiro_(train)#Zefiro_250" title="Zefiro (train)">Zefiro 250</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">200–249 km/h (124–155 mph)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acela_Express_(trainset)" title="Acela Express (trainset)">Acela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMD_AEM-7" title="EMD AEM-7">AEM-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_ACS-64" title="Siemens ACS-64">ACS-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_180" title="British Rail Class 180">Adelante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Passenger_Train" title="Advanced Passenger Train">APT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Railway_DJJ1" title="China Railway DJJ1">China Railway DJJ1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hexie_(train)" title="Hexie (train)">China Railway Hexie</a> <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH6" title="China Railway CRH6">CRH6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuxing_(train)" title="Fuxing (train)">China Railway Fuxing</a> <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CR200J" title="China Railway CR200J">CR200J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ER200" title="ER200">ER200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardier-Alstom_HHP-8" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier-Alstom HHP-8">HHP-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IC4" title="IC4">IC4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS_Intercity_Nieuwe_Generatie" title="NS Intercity Nieuwe Generatie">ICNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InterCity_125" title="InterCity 125">InterCity 125</a>, <a href="/wiki/InterCity_225" title="InterCity 225">225</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICE_T" title="ICE T">ICE T</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICE_TD" title="ICE TD">TD</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICE_L" title="ICE L">L</a> (ECx)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_395" title="British Rail Class 395">Javelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSB_Class_71" title="NSB Class 71">NSB Class 71 (Flytoget)</a>, <a href="/wiki/NSB_Class_73" title="NSB Class 73">73</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stadler_Flirt" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadler Flirt">74</a>, <a href="/wiki/CAF_Oaris" title="CAF Oaris">78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendolino" title="Pendolino">Pendolino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railjet" title="Railjet">Railjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Regina" title="Bombardier Regina">Regina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/0_Series_Shinkansen" title="0 Series Shinkansen">Shinkansen series 0</a>, <a href="/wiki/100_Series_Shinkansen" title="100 Series Shinkansen">100</a>, <a href="/wiki/400_Series_Shinkansen" title="400 Series Shinkansen">400</a>, <a href="/wiki/E1_Series_Shinkansen" title="E1 Series Shinkansen">E1</a>, <a href="/wiki/E4_Series_Shinkansen" title="E4 Series Shinkansen">E4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBB_RABDe_500" title="SBB RABDe 500">SBB RABDe 500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBB-CFF-FFS_Re_460" class="mw-redirect" title="SBB-CFF-FFS Re 460">Re 460</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Charger" title="Siemens Charger">SC-44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Charger" title="Siemens Charger">SCB-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_2000" title="X 2000">X 2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/SJ_X40" title="SJ X40">SJ X40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-TER_(Z_21500)" title="Z-TER (Z 21500)">Z-TER (Z 21500)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokol_(train)" title="Sokol (train)">Sokol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_800" title="British Rail Class 800">British Rail Classes 800</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_801" title="British Rail Class 801">801</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_802" title="British Rail Class 802">802</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_803" title="British Rail Class 803">803</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_805" title="British Rail Class 805">805</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_807" title="British Rail Class 807">807</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_810" title="British Rail Class 810">810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talgo_XXI" class="mw-redirect" title="Talgo XXI">Talgo XXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Voyager" title="Bombardier Voyager">Voyager/Meridian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X3_(train)" title="X3 (train)">X3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Experimental_and_prototype_high-speed_trains" title="Category:Experimental and prototype high-speed trains">Experimental and prototype high-speed trains (category)</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_railway_line" class="mw-redirect" title="High-speed railway line">High-speed railway line</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high-speed_railway_lines" title="List of high-speed railway lines">List of high-speed railway lines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By countries and territories planned networks in italics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Egypt" title="High-speed rail in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Boraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Boraq">Morocco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires%E2%80%93Rosario%E2%80%93C%C3%B3rdoba_high-speed_railway" title="Buenos Aires–Rosario–Córdoba high-speed railway">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Brazil" title="High-speed rail in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Canada" title="High-speed rail in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Mexico" title="High-speed rail in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_United_States" title="High-speed rail in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="High-speed rail in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_China" title="High-speed rail in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Express_Rail_Link" title="Hong Kong Express Rail Link">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_India" title="High-speed rail in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Indonesia" title="High-speed rail in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran%E2%80%93Qom%E2%80%93Isfahan_High_Speed_Rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehran–Qom–Isfahan High Speed Rail">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad%E2%80%93Basra_high-speed_rail_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad–Basra high-speed rail line">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Kazakhstan" title="High-speed rail in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_South_Korea" title="High-speed rail in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur%E2%80%93Singapore_high-speed_rail" title="Kuala Lumpur–Singapore high-speed rail">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haramain_high-speed_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haramain high-speed railway">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur%E2%80%93Singapore_high-speed_rail" title="Kuala Lumpur–Singapore high-speed rail">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_High_Speed_Rail" title="Taiwan High Speed Rail">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Thailand" title="High-speed rail in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Turkey" title="High-speed rail in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Uzbekistan" title="High-speed rail in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_express_railway_(Vietnam)" class="mw-redirect" title="North–South express railway (Vietnam)">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Europe" title="High-speed rail in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Austria" title="High-speed rail in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Belgium" title="High-speed rail in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Croatia" title="High-speed rail in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="High-speed rail in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Denmark" title="High-speed rail in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Finland" title="High-speed rail in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_France" title="High-speed rail in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Germany" title="High-speed rail in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="High-speed rail in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Italy" title="High-speed rail in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Latvia" title="High-speed rail in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_Netherlands" title="High-speed rail in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Norway" title="High-speed rail in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Poland" title="High-speed rail in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Portugal" title="High-speed rail in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Russia" title="High-speed rail in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Spain" title="High-speed rail in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Sweden" title="High-speed rail in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Switzerland" title="High-speed rail in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara%E2%80%93Istanbul_high-speed_railway" title="Ankara–Istanbul high-speed railway">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="High-speed rail in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Australia" title="High-speed rail in Australia">Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_high-speed_rail_by_country" title="Proposed high-speed rail by country">Proposed high-speed rail by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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