CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="id" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Kimia medisinal - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )idwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","Januari","Februari","Maret","April","Mei","Juni","Juli","Agustus","September","Oktober","November","Desember"],"wgRequestId":"a963a866-d49f-4b69-8fd2-bf40b86eb7a3","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Kimia_medisinal","wgTitle":"Kimia medisinal","wgCurRevisionId":18624534,"wgRevisionId":18624534,"wgArticleId":127496,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list","CS1 sumber berbahasa Inggris (en)","Templat webarchive tautan wayback","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda LCCN","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NKC","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda MA","Kimia","Farmakologi","Farmasi"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"id","wgPageContentLanguage":"id","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Kimia_medisinal","wgRelevantArticleId":127496,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable": true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"accuracy":{"levels":2}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"id","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"id"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":7000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q243455","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false, "wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.charinsert-styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.watchlist-notice","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices", "ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.Bagikan","ext.gadget.CurIDLink","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","oojs-ui.styles.icons-media","oojs-ui-core.icons"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=id&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=id&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=id&modules=ext.gadget.charinsert-styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=id&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.17"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Cheaper-faster-drug-development-validated-by-the-repositioning-of-drugs-against-neglected-tropical-rsif20141289-g1.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="426"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Cheaper-faster-drug-development-validated-by-the-repositioning-of-drugs-against-neglected-tropical-rsif20141289-g1.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="284"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Cheaper-faster-drug-development-validated-by-the-repositioning-of-drugs-against-neglected-tropical-rsif20141289-g1.jpg/640px-Cheaper-faster-drug-development-validated-by-the-repositioning-of-drugs-against-neglected-tropical-rsif20141289-g1.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="227"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Kimia medisinal - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//id.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_medisinal"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Sunting" href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_medisinal&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (id)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//id.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_medisinal"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.id"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Umpan Atom Wikipedia" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Perubahan_terbaru&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Kimia_medisinal rootpage-Kimia_medisinal skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Lompat ke isi</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Menu utama" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu utama" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu utama</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu utama</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigasi </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" title="Kunjungi Halaman Utama [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Halaman Utama</span></a></li><li id="n-Daftar-isi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Isi"><span>Daftar isi</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terbaru" title="Daftar perubahan terbaru dalam wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terbaru</span></a></li><li id="n-Artikel-pilihan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikel_pilihan/Topik"><span>Artikel pilihan</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peristiwa_terkini" title="Temukan informasi tentang peristiwa terkini"><span>Peristiwa terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-newpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_baru"><span>Halaman baru</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_sembarang" title="Tampilkan sembarang halaman [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Halaman sembarang</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Komunitas" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Komunitas" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Komunitas </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Warung-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Warung_Kopi"><span>Warung Kopi</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Komunitas" title="Tentang proyek, apa yang dapat Anda lakukan, di mana untuk mencari sesuatu"><span>Portal komunitas</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Isi" title="Tempat mencari bantuan."><span>Bantuan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Wikipedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Wikipedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikipedia </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Pancapilar" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pancapilar"><span>Pancapilar</span></a></li><li id="n-Kebijakan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kebijakan_dan_pedoman"><span>Kebijakan</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Bak-pasir" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bak_pasir"><span>Bak pasir</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Bagikan" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Bagikan emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bagikan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-id.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Pencarian</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia" aria-label="Telusuri Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Perkakas pribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id" class=""><span>Menyumbang</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Kimia+medisinal" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Kimia+medisinal" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Masuk log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas pribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id"><span>Menyumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Kimia+medisinal" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buat akun baru</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Kimia+medisinal" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Penemuan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penemuan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Penemuan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penemuan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Daftar Isi" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kimia medisinal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 46 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كيمياء دوائية – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كيمياء دوائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica_melecinal" title="Química melecinal – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Química melecinal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Медицинска химия – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Медицинска химия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%94%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="ঔষধীয় রসায়ন – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ঔষধীয় রসায়ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinska_hemija" title="Medicinska hemija – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Medicinska hemija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica_farmac%C3%A8utica" title="Química farmacèutica – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Química farmacèutica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کیمیای دەرمانی – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کیمیای دەرمانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinalkemi" title="Medicinalkemi – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Medicinalkemi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medizinische_Chemie" title="Medizinische Chemie – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Medizinische Chemie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal_chemistry" title="Medicinal chemistry – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Medicinal chemistry" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica_medicinal" title="Química medicinal – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Química medicinal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimika_sendagarri" title="Kimika sendagarri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kimika sendagarri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="شیمی دارویی – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیمی دارویی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4keainekemia" title="Lääkeainekemia – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lääkeainekemia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimie_pharmaceutique" title="Chimie pharmaceutique – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chimie pharmaceutique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="כימיה תרופתית – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כימיה תרופתית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8" title="औषधीय रसायन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="औषधीय रसायन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinska_kemija" title="Medicinska kemija – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Medicinska kemija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B3gyszerk%C3%A9mia" title="Gyógyszerkémia – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gyógyszerkémia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_(%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6)_%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Դեղորայքային (դեղագործական) քիմիա – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դեղորայքային (դեղագործական) քիմիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E8%96%AC%E5%93%81%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="医薬品化学 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="医薬品化学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_medis" title="Kimia medis – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kimia medis" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%94%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಔಷಧೀಯ ರಸಾಯನಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಔಷಧೀಯ ರಸಾಯನಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%98%EC%95%BD%ED%99%94%ED%95%99" title="의약화학 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="의약화학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Фармацевтска хемија – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фармацевтска хемија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_perubatan" title="Kimia perubatan – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kimia perubatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinale_chemie" title="Medicinale chemie – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Medicinale chemie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legemiddelkjemi" title="Legemiddelkjemi – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Legemiddelkjemi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemia_lek%C3%B3w" title="Chemia leków – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chemia leków" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica_medicinal" title="Química medicinal – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Química medicinal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimie_farmaceutic%C4%83" title="Chimie farmaceutică – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chimie farmaceutică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Медицинская химия – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Медицинская химия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinska_hemija" title="Medicinska hemija – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Medicinska hemija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_chemistry" title="Pharmaceutical chemistry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pharmaceutical chemistry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medic%C3%ADnska_ch%C3%A9mia" title="Medicínska chémia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Medicínska chémia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_farmaceutike" title="Kimia farmaceutike – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kimia farmaceutike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinska_hemija" title="Medicinska hemija – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Medicinska hemija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4kemedelskemi" title="Läkemedelskemi – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Läkemedelskemi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மருந்தாக்க வேதியியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மருந்தாக்க வேதியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5" title="เภสัชเคมี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เภสัชเคมี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimikang_pang-medisina" title="Kimikang pang-medisina – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kimikang pang-medisina" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmas%C3%B6tik_kimya" title="Farmasötik kimya – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Farmasötik kimya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Медична хімія – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Медична хімія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3a_d%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c" title="Hóa dược – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hóa dược" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%AF%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="药物化学 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="药物化学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="藥物化學 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="藥物化學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q243455#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kimia_medisinal" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Kimia_medisinal" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Indonesia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kimia_medisinal"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_medisinal&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_medisinal&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_medisinal&action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kimia_medisinal"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_medisinal&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_medisinal&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_medisinal&action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Kimia_medisinal" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Kimia_medisinal" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_medisinal&oldid=18624534" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_medisinal&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Kimia_medisinal&id=18624534&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKimia_medisinal"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKimia_medisinal"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Kimia+medisinal"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kimia_medisinal&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_medisinal&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Medicinal_chemistry" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q243455" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Cheaper-faster-drug-development-validated-by-the-repositioning-of-drugs-against-neglected-tropical-rsif20141289-g1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Cheaper-faster-drug-development-validated-by-the-repositioning-of-drugs-against-neglected-tropical-rsif20141289-g1.jpg/500px-Cheaper-faster-drug-development-validated-by-the-repositioning-of-drugs-against-neglected-tropical-rsif20141289-g1.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Cheaper-faster-drug-development-validated-by-the-repositioning-of-drugs-against-neglected-tropical-rsif20141289-g1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="244" /></a><figcaption>Skema pengembangan obat dalam kimia medisinal<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kimia medisinal</b> adalah multidisiplin ilmu yang terlibat dalam desain, <a href="/wiki/Sintesis_kimia" title="Sintesis kimia">sintesis</a> <a href="/wiki/Obat" title="Obat">obat</a> potensial diikuti oleh studi pemeriksaan interaksi mereka dengan <a href="/wiki/Target_biologis" title="Target biologis">target biologis</a> untuk memahami efek obat, <a href="/wiki/Metabolisme" title="Metabolisme">metabolisme</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Efek_samping" title="Efek samping">efek samping</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kimia medisinal terlibat dalam identifikasi, sintesis, dan pengembangan entitas kimia baru (<i>new chemical entity</i>) yang dapat digunakan untuk terapi. Bidang ini juga melakukan kajian terhadap obat yang sudah ada, berikut sifat biologis serta <a href="/wiki/QSAR" class="mw-redirect" title="QSAR">QSAR</a> (<i>quantitative structure-activity relationships</i>)-nya. Bidang ini berfokus pada aspek kualitas obat dan bertujuan untuk memelihara kesehatan sebagai tujuan dari produk obat. </p><p>Kimia medisinal merupakan bidang ilmu yang sangat melibatkan bidang-bidang ilmu lain, dengan menggabungkan <a href="/wiki/Kimia_organik" title="Kimia organik">kimia organik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biokimia" title="Biokimia">biokimia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kimia_komputasi" title="Kimia komputasi">kimia komputasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farmakologi" title="Farmakologi">farmakologi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biologi_molekular" class="mw-redirect" title="Biologi molekular">biologi molekular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statistika" title="Statistika">statistika</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Kimia_fisik" title="Kimia fisik">kimia fisik</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penemuan">Penemuan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_medisinal&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Penemuan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_medisinal&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penemuan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/A-Comprehensive-Panel-of-Three-Dimensional-Models-for-Studies-of-Prostate-Cancer-Growth-Invasion-pone.0010431.s013.ogv/220px--A-Comprehensive-Panel-of-Three-Dimensional-Models-for-Studies-of-Prostate-Cancer-Growth-Invasion-pone.0010431.s013.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="161" data-durationhint="66" data-mwtitle="A-Comprehensive-Panel-of-Three-Dimensional-Models-for-Studies-of-Prostate-Cancer-Growth-Invasion-pone.0010431.s013.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Berkas:A-Comprehensive-Panel-of-Three-Dimensional-Models-for-Studies-of-Prostate-Cancer-Growth-Invasion-pone.0010431.s013.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/A-Comprehensive-Panel-of-Three-Dimensional-Models-for-Studies-of-Prostate-Cancer-Growth-Invasion-pone.0010431.s013.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="524" data-height="384" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ad/A-Comprehensive-Panel-of-Three-Dimensional-Models-for-Studies-of-Prostate-Cancer-Growth-Invasion-pone.0010431.s013.ogv/A-Comprehensive-Panel-of-Three-Dimensional-Models-for-Studies-of-Prostate-Cancer-Growth-Invasion-pone.0010431.s013.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="196" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ad/A-Comprehensive-Panel-of-Three-Dimensional-Models-for-Studies-of-Prostate-Cancer-Growth-Invasion-pone.0010431.s013.ogv/A-Comprehensive-Panel-of-Three-Dimensional-Models-for-Studies-of-Prostate-Cancer-Growth-Invasion-pone.0010431.s013.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="328" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ad/A-Comprehensive-Panel-of-Three-Dimensional-Models-for-Studies-of-Prostate-Cancer-Growth-Invasion-pone.0010431.s013.ogv/A-Comprehensive-Panel-of-Three-Dimensional-Models-for-Studies-of-Prostate-Cancer-Growth-Invasion-pone.0010431.s013.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="492" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ad/A-Comprehensive-Panel-of-Three-Dimensional-Models-for-Studies-of-Prostate-Cancer-Growth-Invasion-pone.0010431.s013.ogv/A-Comprehensive-Panel-of-Three-Dimensional-Models-for-Studies-of-Prostate-Cancer-Growth-Invasion-pone.0010431.s013.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="492" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Film selang waktu yang dihasilkan dari gambar hidup sel (1 gambar/jam), menunjukkan pembentukan Sferoid bulat oleh sel PC-3. Urutan film dimulai sekitar hari ke-8 setelah penanaman ke dalam Matrigel. Sferoid bulat kemudian berubah menjadi struktur seperti bintang, mulai dari kira-kira. hari 11-13 setelah inokulasi.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Istilah penemuan dalam hal ini merujuk pada identifikasi senyawa kimia aktif yang baru, terkadang disebut "hits", yang khususnya ditemukan melalui pengujian senyawa untuk aktivitas biologis yang diinginkan.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hits awal dapat berasal dari pengajuan kembali agen yang ada menuju proses patologis baru,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan dari observasi efek biologis <a href="/wiki/Metabolit_sekunder" title="Metabolit sekunder">bahan alam</a> yang baru dan yang terdapat di alam dari <a href="/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri">bakteri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi">fungi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan" title="Tumbuhan">tumbuhan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan lainnya. Selain itu, hits juga secara rutin berasal dari pengamatan struktur molekul kecil "fragmen" yang terikat dengan target terapi (enzim, reseptor, dan sebagainya), di mana fragmen berfungsi sebagai titik awal untuk mengembangkan lebih kimiawi bentuk yang kompleks melalui sintesis. Akhirnya, hits juga secara teratur berasal dari pengujian senyawa kimia <i>secara massal</i> terhadap target biologis, di mana senyawa dapat berasal dari sintesis baru dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perpustakaan_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perpustakaan kimia (halaman belum tersedia)">perpustakaan kimia</a> yang diketahui memiliki sifat tertentu (aktivitas penghambatan kinase, keanekaragaman atau menyerupai obat, dan sebagainya), atau dari koleksi senyawa kimia bersejarah atau perpustakaan yang diciptakan melalui <a href="/wiki/Kimia_kombinatorial" title="Kimia kombinatorial">kimia kombinatorial</a>. Sementara sejumlah pendekatan terhadap identifikasi dan pengembangan hits telah ada, teknik yang paling sukses didasarkan pada intuisi kimia dan biologi yang dikembangkan dalam lingkungan tim melalui praktik bertahun-tahun yang ketat hanya ditujukan bagi menemukan agen terapi baru. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_medisinal&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_medisinal&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26593761">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)1px}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tright{margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul{display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalborder>ul{padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:first-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:last-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint plainlist portalbox portalborder tright"> <ul> <li><span><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/P_science_blue.svg/27px-P_science_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/P_science_blue.svg/41px-P_science_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/P_science_blue.svg/54px-P_science_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="371" /></span></span></span><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Kimia" title="Portal:Kimia">Portal Kimia </a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farmakognosi" title="Farmakognosi">Farmakognosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmakokinetik" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmakokinetik">Farmakokinetik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmakologi" title="Farmakologi">Farmakologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmakoterapi" title="Farmakoterapi">Farmakoterapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolisme" title="Metabolisme">Metabolisme</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_medisinal&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_medisinal&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Williams K, Bilsland E, Sparkes A, Aubrey W, Young M, Soldatova L, De Grave K, Ramon J, de Clare M, Sirawaraporn W, Oliver S, King R (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4345494">"Cheaper faster drug development validated by the repositioning of drugs against neglected tropical diseases"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Society Interface</i>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsif.2014.1289">10.1098/rsif.2014.1289</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4345494">4345494</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25652463">25652463</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Society+Interface&rft.atitle=Cheaper+faster+drug+development+validated+by+the+repositioning+of+drugs+against+neglected+tropical+diseases&rft.date=2015&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4345494&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25652463&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsif.2014.1289&rft.au=Williams+K%2C+Bilsland+E%2C+Sparkes+A%2C+Aubrey+W%2C+Young+M%2C+Soldatova+L%2C+De+Grave+K%2C+Ramon+J%2C+de+Clare+M%2C+Sirawaraporn+W%2C+Oliver+S%2C+King+R&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4345494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKimia+medisinal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nature, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nature.com/subjects/medicinal-chemistry">http://www.nature.com/subjects/medicinal-chemistry</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Härmä V, Virtanen J, Mäkelä R, Happonen A, Mpindi J, Knuuttila M, Kohonen P, Lötjönen J, Kallioniemi O, Nees M (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2862707">"A Comprehensive Panel of Three-Dimensional Models for Studies of Prostate Cancer Growth, Invasion and Drug Responses"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0010431">10.1371/journal.pone.0010431</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2862707">2862707</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20454659">20454659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=A+Comprehensive+Panel+of+Three-Dimensional+Models+for+Studies+of+Prostate+Cancer+Growth%2C+Invasion+and+Drug+Responses&rft.date=2010&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2862707&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20454659&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0010431&rft.au=H%C3%A4rm%C3%A4+V%2C+Virtanen+J%2C+M%C3%A4kel%C3%A4+R%2C+Happonen+A%2C+Mpindi+J%2C+Knuuttila+M%2C+Kohonen+P%2C+L%C3%B6tj%C3%B6nen+J%2C+Kallioniemi+O%2C+Nees+M&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2862707&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKimia+medisinal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hughes, Jp; Rees, S; Kalindjian, Sb; Philpott, Kl (2011-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01127.x/abstract">"Principles of early drug discovery"</a>. <i>British Journal of Pharmacology</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>162</b> (6): 1239–1249. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1476-5381.2010.01127.x">10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01127.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-5381">1476-5381</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3058157">3058157</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21091654">21091654</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=Principles+of+early+drug+discovery&rft.volume=162&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1239-1249&rft.date=2011-03-01&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3058157&rft.issn=1476-5381&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21091654&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1476-5381.2010.01127.x&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Jp&rft.au=Rees%2C+S&rft.au=Kalindjian%2C+Sb&rft.au=Philpott%2C+Kl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1476-5381.2010.01127.x%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKimia+medisinal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Johnston, Kelly L.; Ford, Louise; Umareddy, Indira; Townson, Simon; Specht, Sabine; Pfarr, Kenneth; Hoerauf, Achim; Altmeyer, Ralf; Taylor, Mark J. (2014-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211320714000244">"Repurposing of approved drugs from the human pharmacopoeia to target Wolbachia endosymbionts of onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis"</a>. <i>International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance</i>. Includes articles from two meetings: "Anthelmintics: From Discovery to Resistance", pp. 218--315, and "Global Challenges for New Drug Discovery Against Tropical Parasitic Diseases", pp. 316--357. <b>4</b> (3): 278–286. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijpddr.2014.09.001">10.1016/j.ijpddr.2014.09.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4266796">4266796</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25516838">25516838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+for+Parasitology%3A+Drugs+and+Drug+Resistance&rft.atitle=Repurposing+of+approved+drugs+from+the+human+pharmacopoeia+to+target+Wolbachia+endosymbionts+of+onchocerciasis+and+lymphatic+filariasis&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=278-286&rft.date=2014-12-01&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4266796&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25516838&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijpddr.2014.09.001&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Kelly+L.&rft.au=Ford%2C+Louise&rft.au=Umareddy%2C+Indira&rft.au=Townson%2C+Simon&rft.au=Specht%2C+Sabine&rft.au=Pfarr%2C+Kenneth&rft.au=Hoerauf%2C+Achim&rft.au=Altmeyer%2C+Ralf&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Mark+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS2211320714000244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKimia+medisinal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Harvey, Alan L. (2008-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359644608002651">"Natural products in drug discovery"</a>. <i>Drug Discovery Today</i>. <b>13</b> (19–20): 894–901. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.drudis.2008.07.004">10.1016/j.drudis.2008.07.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18691670">18691670</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Drug+Discovery+Today&rft.atitle=Natural+products+in+drug+discovery&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=19%E2%80%9320&rft.pages=894-901&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.drudis.2008.07.004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18691670&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Alan+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS1359644608002651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKimia+medisinal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cragg, Gordon M.; Newman, David J. (2013-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304416513000512">"Natural products: A continuing source of novel drug leads"</a>. <i>Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects</i>. <b>1830</b> (6): 3670–3695. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbagen.2013.02.008">10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.02.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3672862">3672862</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23428572">23428572</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochimica+et+Biophysica+Acta+%28BBA%29+-+General+Subjects&rft.atitle=Natural+products%3A+A+continuing+source+of+novel+drug+leads&rft.volume=1830&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=3670-3695&rft.date=2013-06-01&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3672862&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23428572&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bbagen.2013.02.008&rft.aulast=Cragg&rft.aufirst=Gordon+M.&rft.au=Newman%2C+David+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0304416513000512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKimia+medisinal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_medisinal&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_medisinal&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bentham.org/cmc/">Current Medicinal Chemistry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110223204412/http://www.bentham.org/cmc/">Diarsipkan</a> 2011-02-23 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efmc.info/">European Federation for Medicinal Chemistry</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.acs.org/journals/jmcmar/index.html">Journal of Medicinal Chemistry</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25847331">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabang_ilmu_kimia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:CabangKimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Templat:CabangKimia"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:CabangKimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:CabangKimia (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:CabangKimia&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabang_ilmu_kimia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabang ilmu <a href="/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia">kimia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamus_rumus_kimia" title="Kamus rumus kimia">Kamus rumus kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_biomolekul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar biomolekul (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar biomolekul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_senyawa_anorganik" title="Daftar senyawa anorganik">Daftar senyawa anorganik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_Periodik" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabel Periodik">Tabel Periodik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kimia_analitik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimia analitik">Kimia analitik</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_instrumental&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia instrumental (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia instrumental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metode_elektroanalitik" title="Metode elektroanalitik">Metode elektroanalitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektroskopi" title="Spektroskopi">Spektroskopi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spektroskopi_inframerah" title="Spektroskopi inframerah">IR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektroskopi_Raman" title="Spektroskopi Raman">Raman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spektroskopi_ultraviolet%E2%80%93tampak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spektroskopi ultraviolet–tampak (halaman belum tersedia)">UV-Vis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spektroskopi_resonansi_magnetik_nuklir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spektroskopi resonansi magnetik nuklir (halaman belum tersedia)">NMR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektrometri_massa" title="Spektrometri massa">Spektrometri massa</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionisasi_elektron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ionisasi elektron (halaman belum tersedia)">EI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektrometri_massa_plasma_gandeng_induktif" title="Spektrometri massa plasma gandeng induktif">ICP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desorpsi/ionisasi_laser_berbantuan_matriks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desorpsi/ionisasi laser berbantuan matriks (halaman belum tersedia)">MALDI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proses_pemisahan" title="Proses pemisahan">Proses pemisahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kromatografi" title="Kromatografi">Kromatografi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kromatografi_gas" title="Kromatografi gas">GC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kromatografi_cair_kinerja_tinggi" title="Kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi">HPLC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femtokimia" title="Femtokimia">Femtokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristalografi" title="Kristalografi">Kristalografi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakterisasi_(ilmu_material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakterisasi (ilmu material)">Karakterisasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titrasi" title="Titrasi">Titrasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_basah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia basah (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia basah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalorimetri" title="Kalorimetri">Kalorimetri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analisis_unsur" title="Analisis unsur">Analisis unsur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kimia_fisika" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimia fisika">Kimia fisika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elektrokimia" title="Elektrokimia">Elektrokimia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spektroelektrokimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spektroelektrokimia (halaman belum tersedia)">Spektroelektrokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotoelektrokimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotoelektrokimia (halaman belum tersedia)">Fotoelektrokimia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termokimia" title="Termokimia">Termokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termodinamika_kimia" title="Termodinamika kimia">Termodinamika kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmu_permukaan" title="Ilmu permukaan">Ilmu permukaan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilmu_antarmuka_dan_koloid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilmu antarmuka dan koloid (halaman belum tersedia)">Ilmu antarmuka dan koloid</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikromeritik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikromeritik (halaman belum tersedia)">Mikromeritik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriokimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kriokimia (halaman belum tersedia)">Kriokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonokimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sonokimia (halaman belum tersedia)">Sonokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_struktural&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia struktural (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia struktural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisika_kimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisika kimia">Fisika kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetika_kimia" title="Kinetika kimia">Kinetika kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_kuantum" title="Kimia kuantum">Kimia kuantum</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_spin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia spin (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia spin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fotokimia" title="Fotokimia">Fotokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_gelombang_mikro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia gelombang mikro (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia gelombang mikro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_kesetimbangan" title="Kimia kesetimbangan">Kimia kesetimbangan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kimia_anorganik" title="Kimia anorganik">Kimia anorganik</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kompleks_koordinasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kompleks koordinasi">Kimia koordinasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetokimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnetokimia (halaman belum tersedia)">Magnetokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_organologam" title="Kimia organologam">Kimia organologam</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_organolantanida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia organolantanida (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia organolantanida</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_bioanorganik" title="Kimia bioanorganik">Kimia bioanorganik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_bioorganologam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia bioorganologam (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia bioorganologam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gugus_fungsi" title="Gugus fungsi">Kimia gugus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_zat_padat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia zat padat (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia zat padat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_keramik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia keramik (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia keramik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmu_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilmu material">Ilmu material</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metalurgi" title="Metalurgi">Metalurgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknik_keramik" title="Teknik keramik">Teknik keramik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_polimer" title="Kimia polimer">Ilmu polimer</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kimia_organik" title="Kimia organik">Kimia organik</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereokimia" title="Stereokimia">Stereokimia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereokimia_alkana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stereokimia alkana (halaman belum tersedia)">Stereokimia alkana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_organik_fisik" title="Kimia organik fisik">Kimia organik fisik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaksi_organik" title="Reaksi organik">Reaksi organik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analisis_retrosintetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analisis retrosintetik (halaman belum tersedia)">Analisis retrosintetik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sintesis_enansioselektif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sintesis enansioselektif (halaman belum tersedia)">Sintesis enansioselektif</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sintesis_total&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sintesis total (halaman belum tersedia)">Sintesis total</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semisintesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semisintesis (halaman belum tersedia)">Semisintesis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_obat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia obat (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia obat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farmakologi" title="Farmakologi">Farmakologi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_fulerena" title="Kimia fulerena">Kimia fulerena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_polimer" title="Kimia polimer">Kimia polimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrokimia" title="Petrokimia">Petrokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_kovalen_dinamis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia kovalen dinamis (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia kovalen dinamis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biokimia" title="Biokimia">Biokimia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_bioorganik" title="Kimia bioorganik">Kimia bioorganik</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_molekuler" title="Biologi molekuler">Biologi molekuler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sel_biologi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sel biologi">Sel biologi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biologi kimia (halaman belum tersedia)">Biologi kimia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_bioortogonal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia bioortogonal (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia bioortogonal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_klinis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia klinis (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia klinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurokimia" title="Neurokimia">Neurokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_biofisik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia biofisik (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia biofisik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lain-lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_nuklir" title="Kimia nuklir">Kimia nuklir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiokimia" title="Radiokimia">Radiokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_radiasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia radiasi (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia radiasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_aktinida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia aktinida (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia aktinida</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmokimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmokimia">Kosmokimia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Astrokimia" title="Astrokimia">Astrokimia</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_bintang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia bintang (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia bintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geokimia" title="Geokimia">Geokimia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeokimia" title="Biogeokimia">Biogeokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotogeokimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotogeokimia (halaman belum tersedia)">Fotogeokimia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_lingkungan" title="Kimia lingkungan">Kimia lingkungan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_atmosfer" title="Kimia atmosfer">Kimia atmosfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_laut" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimia laut">Kimia laut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_tanah_liat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia tanah liat (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia tanah liat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbokimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karbokimia (halaman belum tersedia)">Karbokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_makanan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia makanan (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia makanan</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_karbohidrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia karbohidrat (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia karbohidrat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_fisik_makanan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia fisik makanan (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia fisik makanan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_pertanian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia pertanian (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia pertanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_tanah" title="Kimia tanah">Kimia tanah</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pendidikan_kimia" title="Pendidikan kimia">Pendidikan kimia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_amatir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia amatir (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia amatir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_umum" title="Kimia umum">Kimia umum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_klandestin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia klandestin (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia klandestin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_forensik" title="Kimia forensik">Kimia forensik</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toksikologi_forensik" title="Toksikologi forensik">Toksikologi forensik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_post-mortem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia post-mortem (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia post-mortem</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanokimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanokimia (halaman belum tersedia)">Nanokimia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_supramolekul" title="Kimia supramolekul">Kimia supramolekul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintesis_kimia" title="Sintesis kimia">Sintesis kimia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_hijau" title="Kimia hijau">Kimia hijau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_klik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia klik (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia klik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_kombinatorial" title="Kimia kombinatorial">Kimia kombinatorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosintesis" title="Biosintesis">Biosintesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknik_Kimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Teknik Kimia">Teknik Kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_komputasi" title="Kimia komputasi">Kimia komputasi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_matematika" title="Kimia matematika">Kimia matematika</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_teoretis" title="Kimia teoretis">Kimia teoretis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lihat pula</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_kimia" title="Sejarah kimia">Sejarah kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadiah_Nobel_dalam_Kimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadiah Nobel dalam Kimia">Hadiah Nobel dalam Kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garis_waktu_kimia" title="Garis waktu kimia">Garis waktu kimia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penemuan_unsur_kimia" title="Penemuan unsur kimia">penemuan unsur</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pusat_ilmu_pengetahuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pusat ilmu pengetahuan (halaman belum tersedia)">Pusat ilmu pengetahuan</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaksi_kimia" title="Reaksi kimia">Reaksi kimia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katalisis" title="Katalisis">Katalisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia">Unsur kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senyawa_kimia" title="Senyawa kimia">Senyawa kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul">Molekul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">Ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zat_kimia" title="Zat kimia">Zat kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikatan_kimia" title="Ikatan kimia">Ikatan kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkimia" title="Alkimia">Alkimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekanika_kuantum" title="Mekanika kuantum">Mekanika kuantum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Symbol_category_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Category"><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kimia" title="Kategori:Kimia">Kategori</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Kimia" title="Portal:Kimia">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons page"><img alt="Commons page" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chemistry" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chemistry">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243455#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243455#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengawasan_otoritas" title="Bantuan:Pengawasan otoritas">Pengawasan otoritas</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243455#identifiers" title="Sunting ini di Wikidata"><img alt="Sunting ini di Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpustakaan nasional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85023026">Amerika Serikat</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115192&CON_LNG=ENG">Republik Ceko</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lain-lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.microsoft.com/v2/detail/155647269">Microsoft Academic</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kimia_medisinal&oldid=18624534">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kimia_medisinal&oldid=18624534</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kimia" title="Kategori:Kimia">Kimia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Farmakologi" title="Kategori:Farmakologi">Farmakologi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Farmasi" title="Kategori:Farmasi">Farmasi</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_sumber_berbahasa_Inggris_(en)" title="Kategori:CS1 sumber berbahasa Inggris (en)">CS1 sumber berbahasa Inggris (en)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Templat_webarchive_tautan_wayback" title="Kategori:Templat webarchive tautan wayback">Templat webarchive tautan wayback</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_LCCN" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda LCCN">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda LCCN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_NKC" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NKC">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NKC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_MA" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda MA">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda MA</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 7 Juli 2021, pukul 07.32.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks tersedia di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Lisensi Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa Creative Commons</a>; ketentuan tambahan mungkin berlaku. Lihat <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Ketentuan Penggunaan</a> untuk rincian lebih lanjut.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Kebijakan privasi</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tentang">Tentang Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Penyangkalan_umum">Penyangkalan</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Kode Etik</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Pengembang</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/id.wikipedia.org">Statistik</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Pernyataan kuki</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//id.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kimia_medisinal&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Tampilan seluler</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Pencarian</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kimia medisinal</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>46 bahasa</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Bagian baru</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6cc877bdc-z6vqb","wgBackendResponseTime":118,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.309","walltime":"0.383","ppvisitednodes":{"value":634,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":43861,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":150,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":8,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":27215,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 309.609 1 -total"," 37.79% 117.014 1 Templat:CabangKimia"," 36.43% 112.780 1 Templat:Navbox"," 28.85% 89.328 1 Templat:Reflist"," 19.15% 59.287 6 Templat:Cite_journal"," 15.51% 48.019 1 Templat:Authority_control"," 14.31% 44.317 1 Templat:Portal"," 3.27% 10.112 3 Templat:Icon"," 1.68% 5.193 3 Templat:En"," 1.61% 4.991 1 Templat:Webarchive"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.183","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":2756041,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-596f744756-88sbp","timestamp":"20250219112146","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Kimia medisinal","url":"https:\/\/id.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kimia_medisinal","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q243455","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q243455","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Kontributor dari proyek Wikimedia."},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-12-24T18:56:12Z","dateModified":"2021-07-07T07:32:12Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/30\/Cheaper-faster-drug-development-validated-by-the-repositioning-of-drugs-against-neglected-tropical-rsif20141289-g1.jpg"}</script> </body> </html>