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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Metode klasik</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Metode_klasik-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Metode klasik</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Metode_klasik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Analisis_kualitatif" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analisis_kualitatif"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Analisis kualitatif</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analisis_kualitatif-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Uji_kimia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uji_kimia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Uji kimia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uji_kimia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uji_nyala_api" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uji_nyala_api"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Uji nyala api</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uji_nyala_api-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analisis_kuantitatif" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analisis_kuantitatif"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Analisis kuantitatif</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analisis_kuantitatif-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Analisis_gravimetri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analisis_gravimetri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Analisis gravimetri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analisis_gravimetri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analisis_volumetri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analisis_volumetri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Analisis volumetri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analisis_volumetri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metode_instrumental" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metode_instrumental"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Metode instrumental</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Metode_instrumental-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Metode instrumental</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Metode_instrumental-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spektroskopi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spektroskopi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Spektroskopi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spektroskopi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spektrometri_massa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spektrometri_massa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Spektrometri massa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spektrometri_massa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analisis_elektrokimia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analisis_elektrokimia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Analisis elektrokimia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analisis_elektrokimia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analisis_termal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analisis_termal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Analisis termal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analisis_termal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pemisahan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pemisahan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Pemisahan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pemisahan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teknik_tandem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teknik_tandem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Teknik tandem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teknik_tandem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mikroskopi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mikroskopi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Mikroskopi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mikroskopi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lab-on-a-chip" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lab-on-a-chip"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Lab-on-a-chip</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lab-on-a-chip-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galat/Kesalahan_(error)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galat/Kesalahan_(error)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Galat/Kesalahan (<i>error</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galat/Kesalahan_(error)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Standar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Standar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Standar</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Standar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kurva_standar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kurva_standar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Kurva standar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kurva_standar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standar_internal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standar_internal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Standar internal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standar_internal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penambahan_standar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penambahan_standar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Penambahan standar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penambahan_standar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sinyal_dan_derau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sinyal_dan_derau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sinyal dan derau</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sinyal_dan_derau-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Sinyal dan derau</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sinyal_dan_derau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Derau_termal_(thermal_noise)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derau_termal_(thermal_noise)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Derau termal (<i>thermal noise</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derau_termal_(thermal_noise)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shot_noise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shot_noise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span><i>Shot noise</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shot_noise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derau_kedip_(flicker_noise)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derau_kedip_(flicker_noise)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Derau kedip (<i>flicker noise</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derau_kedip_(flicker_noise)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derau_lingkungan_(environmental_noise)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derau_lingkungan_(environmental_noise)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Derau lingkungan (<i>environmental noise</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derau_lingkungan_(environmental_noise)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reduksi_derau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reduksi_derau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Reduksi derau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reduksi_derau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aplikasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aplikasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Aplikasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aplikasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_juga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_juga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Lihat juga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_juga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliografi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Daftar Isi" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kimia analisis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 99 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">99 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analitiese_chemie" title="Analitiese chemie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Analitiese chemie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytische_Chemie" title="Analytische Chemie – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Analytische Chemie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quimica_analitica" title="Quimica analitica – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Quimica analitica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كيمياء تحليلية – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كيمياء تحليلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica_anal%C3%ADtica" title="Química analítica – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Química analítica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analitik_kimya" title="Analitik kimya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Analitik kimya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="تجزیه شیمی‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تجزیه شیمی‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аналитик химия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Аналитик химия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal%C4%97z%C4%97n%C4%97_kem%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Analėzėnė kemėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Analėzėnė kemėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimikang_analitikal" title="Kimikang analitikal – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kimikang analitikal" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Аналітычная хімія – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аналітычная хімія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Аналітычная хімія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аналітычная хімія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аналитична химия – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аналитична химия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="বিশ্লেষণী রসায়ন – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিশ্লেষণী রসায়ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analiti%C4%8Dka_hemija" title="Analitička hemija – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Analitička hemija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica_anal%C3%ADtica" title="Química analítica – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Química analítica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کیمیای شیکاری – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کیمیای شیکاری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytick%C3%A1_chemie" title="Analytická chemie – Ceko" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Analytická chemie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Ceko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%C4%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Аналитикăлла хими – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Аналитикăлла хими" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemeg_ddadansoddol" title="Cemeg ddadansoddol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cemeg ddadansoddol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytisk_kemi" title="Analytisk kemi – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Analytisk kemi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytische_Chemie" title="Analytische Chemie – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Analytische Chemie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%87%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αναλυτική χημεία – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αναλυτική χημεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Analytical chemistry" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analiza_kemio" title="Analiza kemio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Analiza kemio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica_anal%C3%ADtica" title="Química analítica – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Química analítica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal%C3%BC%C3%BCtiline_keemia" title="Analüütiline keemia – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Analüütiline keemia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimika_analitiko" title="Kimika analitiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kimika analitiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%87" title="شیمی تجزیه – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیمی تجزیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analyyttinen_kemia" title="Analyyttinen kemia – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Analyyttinen kemia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytisk_evnafr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Analytisk evnafrøði – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Analytisk evnafrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimie_analytique" title="Chimie analytique – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chimie analytique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceimic_anail%C3%ADseach" title="Ceimic anailíseach – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ceimic anailíseach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceimigeachd_anailiseach" title="Ceimigeachd anailiseach – Gaelik Skotlandia" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ceimigeachd anailiseach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaelik Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica_anal%C3%ADtica" title="Química analítica – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Química analítica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="כימיה אנליטית – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כימיה אנליטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8" title="विश्लेषी रसायन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विश्लेषी रसायन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Analytical chemistry" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analiti%C4%8Dka_kemija" title="Analitička kemija – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Analitička kemija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analitikai_k%C3%A9mia" title="Analitikai kémia – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Analitikai kémia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Վերլուծական քիմիա – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վերլուծական քիմիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimia_analytic" title="Chimia analytic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Chimia analytic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efnagreining" title="Efnagreining – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Efnagreining" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimica_analitica" title="Chimica analitica – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chimica analitica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="分析化学 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="分析化学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_analitik" title="Kimia analitik – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kimia analitik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ანალიზური ქიმია – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანალიზური ქიმია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аналитикалық химия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аналитикалық химия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ವಿಶ್ಲೇಷಕ ರಸಾಯನಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಶ್ಲೇಷಕ ರಸಾಯನಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EC%84%9D%ED%99%94%ED%95%99" title="분석화학 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="분석화학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аналитикалык химия – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аналитикалык химия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemia_analytica" title="Chemia analytica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Chemia analytica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimica_analitica" title="Chimica analitica – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Chimica analitica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analitin%C4%97_chemija" title="Analitinė chemija – Lituania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Analitinė chemija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal%C4%ABtisk%C4%81_%C4%B7%C4%ABmija" title="Analītiskā ķīmija – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Analītiskā ķīmija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Аналитичка хемија – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Аналитичка хемија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="വിശ്ലേഷകരസതന്ത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിശ്ലേഷകരസതന്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Химийн шинжлэл – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Химийн шинжлэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_analisis" title="Kimia analisis – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kimia analisis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytsche_Chemie" title="Analytsche Chemie – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Analytsche Chemie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytische_chemie" title="Analytische chemie – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Analytische chemie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytisk_kjemi" title="Analytisk kjemi – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Analytisk kjemi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytisk_kjemi" title="Analytisk kjemi – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Analytisk kjemi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quimia_analitica" title="Quimia analitica – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Quimia analitica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A3_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਵਿਸ਼ਲੇਸ਼ਣੀ ਰਸਾਇਣ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਸ਼ਲੇਸ਼ਣੀ ਰਸਾਇਣ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemia_analityczna" title="Chemia analityczna – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chemia analityczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%B9%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="انیلیٹیکل کیمسٹری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انیلیٹیکل کیمسٹری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A_%DA%A9%DB%90%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="تحليلي کېميا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تحليلي کېميا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica_anal%C3%ADtica" title="Química analítica – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Química analítica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimie_analitic%C4%83" title="Chimie analitică – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chimie analitică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аналитическая химия – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аналитическая химия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8B%D1%80_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Анаалыстыыр химия – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Анаалыстыыр химия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ACmica_anal%C3%ACtica" title="Chìmica analìtica – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Chìmica analìtica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analiti%C4%8Dka_hemija" title="Analitička hemija – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Analitička hemija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="විශ්ලේෂණාත්මක රසායන විද්‍යාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විශ්ලේෂණාත්මක රසායන විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Analytical chemistry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytick%C3%A1_ch%C3%A9mia" title="Analytická chémia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Analytická chémia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analizna_kemija" title="Analizna kemija – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Analizna kemija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_analitike" title="Kimia analitike – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kimia analitike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Аналитичка хемија – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аналитичка хемија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_analitik" title="Kimia analitik – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kimia analitik" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytisk_kemi" title="Analytisk kemi – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Analytisk kemi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemia_kichambuzi" title="Kemia kichambuzi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kemia kichambuzi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பகுப்பாய்வு வேதியியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பகுப்பாய்வு வேதியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C" title="เคมีวิเคราะห์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เคมีวิเคราะห์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapanuring_kimika" title="Mapanuring kimika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mapanuring kimika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analitik_kimya" title="Analitik kimya – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Analitik kimya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аналитик химия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Аналитик химия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Аналітична хімія – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аналітична хімія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="تحلیلی کیمیاء – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تحلیلی کیمیاء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analitik_kimyo" title="Analitik kimyo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Analitik kimyo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analitine_himii" title="Analitine himii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Analitine himii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3a_ph%C3%A2n_t%C3%ADch" title="Hóa phân tích – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hóa phân tích" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimika_analitika" title="Kimika analitika – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kimika analitika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="分析化学 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="分析化学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%9B%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A2" title="אנאליטישע כעמיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אנאליטישע כעמיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="分析化学 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="分析化学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hun-sek_h%C3%B2a-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Hun-sek hòa-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hun-sek hòa-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="分析化學 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="分析化學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2346#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kimia_analisis" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Kimia_analisis" 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href="/wiki/Berkas:Gas_Chromatography_Laboratory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Gas_Chromatography_Laboratory.jpg/300px-Gas_Chromatography_Laboratory.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Gas_Chromatography_Laboratory.jpg/450px-Gas_Chromatography_Laboratory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Gas_Chromatography_Laboratory.jpg/600px-Gas_Chromatography_Laboratory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Laboratorium <a href="/wiki/Kromatografi_gas" title="Kromatografi gas">kromatografi gas</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kimia analisis</b> adalah studi <a href="/wiki/Proses_pemisahan" title="Proses pemisahan">pemisahan</a>, identifikasi, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuantifikasi_(sains)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuantifikasi (sains) (halaman belum tersedia)">kuantifikasi</a> komponen <a href="/wiki/Zat_kimia" title="Zat kimia">kimia</a> dalam bahan alam maupun buatan.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Analisis_kualitatif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analisis kualitatif (halaman belum tersedia)">Analisis kualitatif</a> memberikan indikasi identitas <a href="/wiki/Spesies_kimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Spesies kimia">spesies kimia</a> di dalam sampel. Sedangkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Analisis_kuantitatif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analisis kuantitatif (halaman belum tersedia)">analisis kuantitatif</a> menentukan jumlah komponen tertentu dalam suatu zat. Pemisahan komponen sering kali dilakukan sebelum melakukan analisis. </p><p>Metode analisis dapat dibagi menjadi klasik dan instrumental.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metode klasik (dikenal juga sebagai metode <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_basah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia basah (halaman belum tersedia)">kimia basah</a>) menggunakan pemisahan seperti <a href="/wiki/Presipitasi_(kimia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presipitasi (kimia)">pengendapan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ekstraksi" title="Ekstraksi">ekstraksi</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Distilasi" title="Distilasi">distilasi</a> serta analisis kualitatif berdasarkan warna, bau, atau titik leleh (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Organoleptis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organoleptis (halaman belum tersedia)">organoleptis</a>). Analisis kuantitatif klasik dilakukan dengan menentukan berat atau volum. Metode instrumental menggunakan suatu peralatan untuk menentukan kuantitas fisik suatu analit seperti <a href="/wiki/Absorpsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Absorpsi">serapan cahaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluoresens" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluoresens">fluoresensi</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Konduktivitas_listrik" class="mw-redirect" title="Konduktivitas listrik">konduktivitas</a>. Pemisahan dilakukan menggunakan metode <a href="/wiki/Kromatografi" title="Kromatografi">kromatografi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elektroforesis" title="Elektroforesis">elektroforesis</a> atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraksinasi_aliran_medan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fraksinasi aliran medan (halaman belum tersedia)">fraksinasi aliran medan</a>. </p><p>Kimia analisis juga fokus pada peningkatan <a href="/wiki/Perancangan_percobaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Perancangan percobaan">rancangan percobaan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemometri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemometri (halaman belum tersedia)">kemometri</a>, dan pembuatan alat ukur baru agar dapat menyediakan informasi kimia yang lebih baik. Kimia analisis telah diaplikasikan di bidang <a href="/wiki/Forensik" class="mw-redirect" title="Forensik">forensik</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioanalisis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bioanalisis (halaman belum tersedia)">bioanalisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kimia_klinik" title="Kimia klinik">analisis klinik</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Analisis_lingkungan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analisis lingkungan (halaman belum tersedia)">analisis lingkungan</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Analisis_bahan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analisis bahan (halaman belum tersedia)">analisis bahan</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Bunsen-Kirchhoff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bunsen-Kirchhoff.jpg/200px-Bunsen-Kirchhoff.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Bunsen-Kirchhoff.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption>Gustav Kirchhoff (kiri) and Robert Bunsen (kanan)</figcaption></figure> <p>Kimia analisis menjadi penting sejak awal adanya ilmu kimia. Bidang ini menyediakan metode-metode untuk menentukan unsur dan bahan kimia yang ada di dalam objek yang dipertanyakan. Selama periode ini, kontribusi analisis pada ilmu kimia mencakup pengembangan <a href="/wiki/Analisis_unsur" title="Analisis unsur">analisis unsur</a> yang sistematis oleh <a href="/wiki/Justus_Liebig" title="Justus Liebig">Justus von Liebig</a> dan analisis organik sistematis berdasarkan reaksi spesifik gugus fungsi. </p><p>Analisis instrumental pertama adalah spektrometri emisi nyala yang dikembangkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bunsen" title="Robert Bunsen">Robert Bunsen</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Robert_Kirchhoff" title="Gustav Robert Kirchhoff">Gustav Kirchhoff</a> dengan menemukan <a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">rubidium</a> (Rb) dan <a href="/wiki/Sesium" title="Sesium">caesium</a> (Cs) pada tahun 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sebagian besar perkembangan dalam bidang kimia analitik terjadi pasca 1900. Selama periode ini, analisis instrumental menjadi semakin dominan. Khususnya, semakin banyaknya teknik-teknik dasar spektroskopi dan spektrometri yang ditemukan di awal abad 20 dan disempurnakan di akhir abad ke-20.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ilmu pemisahan mengikuti pola perkembangan ilmu kimia analisis dan juga bertransformasi menuju peralatan berkinerja tinggi.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1970an banyak dari teknik-teknik ini mulai digunakan secara bersama-sama untuk memecahkan karakterisasi sampel secara lengkap. </p><p>Sejak sekitar tahun 1970an hingga sekarang, kimia analisis semakin inklusif untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan biologi (kimia bioanalisis), di mana selama ini sangat fokus pada molekul anorganik atau <a href="/wiki/Molekul_kecil" title="Molekul kecil">organik renik</a>. Penggunaan laser dalam bidang kimia terus mengalami peningkatan sebagai alat bantu analisis maupun influenser untuk berbagai <a href="/wiki/Reaksi_kimia" title="Reaksi kimia">reaksi kimia</a>. Pada akhir abad ke-20, terlihat pula ekspansi penerapan kimia analisis yang luar biasa, mulai dari menjawab soalan akademis hingga memecahkan masalah <a href="/wiki/Kimia_forensik" title="Kimia forensik">forensik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kimia_lingkungan" title="Kimia lingkungan">lingkungan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kimia_industri" title="Kimia industri">industri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kimia_farmasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimia farmasi">medis</a>, dan bahkan <a href="/wiki/Histologi" title="Histologi">histologi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kimia analisis modern didominasi oleh analisis instrumental. Banyak analis kimia fokus pada satu jenis instrumen. Akademisi cenderung juga untuk fokus pada aplikasi dan pengembangan baru atau pada metode analisis baru. Penemuan adanya bahan kimia di dalam darah yang meningkatkan risiko kanker membuka jalan bahwa analis kimia dapat terlibat di dalamnya. Metode baru yang sedang dikembangkan adalah dengan melibatkan penggunaan laser yang dapat diatur untuk meningkatkan spesifisitas dan sensitivitas metode spektrometri. Banyak metode, salah satunya sedang dikembangkan, untuk mengarsip data sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai acuan dalam waktu lama. Ini diperlukan terutama untuk keperluan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quality_Assurance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quality Assurance (halaman belum tersedia)">Quality Assurance</a></i> (QA) industri, serta aplikasi forensik dan lingkungan. Peran kimia analisis semakin penting di bidang industri farmasi, selain QA, dalam hal pengembangan obat baru dan aplikasi klinisnya untuk memahami interaksi antara obat dan pasien. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metode_klasik">Metode klasik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Metode klasik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Metode klasik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Flame_test.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flame_test.jpg/200px-Flame_test.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flame_test.jpg/300px-Flame_test.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flame_test.jpg/400px-Flame_test.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1253" data-file-height="1169" /></a><figcaption>Adanya <a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">tembaga</a> dari percobaan analisis kualitatif ini ditunjukkan dengan warna api yang hijau-kebiruan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Meskipun kimia analisis modern didominasi oleh instrumen-instrumen canggih, namun akar dari kimia analisis dan prinsip-prinsip yang digunakan pada instrumen-instrumen tersebut berasal dari teknik tradisional yang masih banyak digunakan sampai sekarang. Teknik-teknik ini juga menjadi dasar bagi kebanyakan laboratorium pendidikan kimia analisis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analisis_kualitatif">Analisis kualitatif</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Analisis kualitatif" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Analisis kualitatif"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Analisis kualitatif menentukan ada atau tidaknya sebuah senyawa, tetapi tidak massa atau konsentrasinya. Analisis kualitatif tidak menghitung jumlah. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uji_kimia">Uji kimia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Uji kimia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Uji kimia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengujian_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengujian kimia (halaman belum tersedia)">Pengujian kimia</a></div><p>Ada berbagai pengujian kimia analisis kualitatif, contohnya: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Test_asam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Test asam (halaman belum tersedia)">test asam</a> untuk emas dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Test_Kastle-Meyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Test Kastle-Meyer (halaman belum tersedia)">test Kastle-Meyer</a> untuk menguji keberadaan darah. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uji_nyala_api">Uji nyala api</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Uji nyala api" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Uji nyala api"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Uji_nyala_api" title="Uji nyala api">Uji nyala api</a></div><p>Analisis kualitatif anorganik pada dasarnya merujuk pada suatu skema sistematis untuk memastikan keberadaan ion atau unsur tertentu (biasanya) dalam larutan dengan melakukan sejumlah reaksi yang menghilangkan sejumlah kemungkinan dan memastikan ion yang dicurigai dengan uji pemastian. Tidak jarang sejumlah kecil karbon yang mengandung ion termasuk dalam skema ini. Dengan menggunakan instrumen modern, uji-uji ini jarang digunakan tetapi bermanfaat untuk kepentingan pendidikan dan pekerjaan lapangan, atau situasi lain yang tidak memungkinkan menggunakan peralatan canggih. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analisis_kuantitatif">Analisis kuantitatif</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Analisis kuantitatif" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Analisis kuantitatif"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Analisis_gravimetri">Analisis gravimetri</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Analisis gravimetri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Analisis gravimetri"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Gravimetri_(kimia)" title="Gravimetri (kimia)">Gravimetri (kimia)</a></div> <p>Analisis gravimetri menentukan massa dari suatu analit dengan menimbang sampel sebelum dan/atau setelah mengalami beberapa perubahan. Contoh yang umum adalah menentukan massa air dalam suatu hidrat dengan memanaskan sampelnya untuk menghilangkan air yang ada, sehingga akan ada perbedaan massa karena molekul air akan terlepas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Analisis_volumetri">Analisis volumetri</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Analisis volumetri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Analisis volumetri"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Titrimetri" class="mw-redirect" title="Titrimetri">Titrimetri</a></div> <p>Pada titrasi terdapat penambahan reaktan ke larutan yang sedang dianalisis sampai titik ekivalen tercapai. Jenis yang paling umum adalah titrasi asam-basa yang menggunakan berbagai macam indikator yang menunjukkan perubahan warna. Ada beberapa macam titrasi, misalnya titrasi potensiometri. Tipe indikator yang digunakan berbeda-beda untuk mendeteksi tercapainya titik ekivalen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metode_instrumental">Metode instrumental</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Metode instrumental" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Metode instrumental"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Analytical_instrument.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Analytical_instrument.png/300px-Analytical_instrument.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Analytical_instrument.png/450px-Analytical_instrument.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Analytical_instrument.png/600px-Analytical_instrument.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1619" /></a><figcaption>Diagram balok sebuah instrumen analisis yang menunjukkan stimuli dan pengukuran respon</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Analisis_instrumental&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analisis instrumental (halaman belum tersedia)">Analisis instrumental</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spektroskopi">Spektroskopi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Spektroskopi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Spektroskopi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Spektroskopi" title="Spektroskopi">Spektroskopi</a></div><p>Spektroskopi mengukur interaksi molekul dengan <a href="/wiki/Radiasi_elektromagnetik" title="Radiasi elektromagnetik">radiasi elektromagnetik</a>. Spektroskopi mencakup beberapa aplikasi yang berbeda seperti <a href="/wiki/Spektroskopi_serapan_atom" title="Spektroskopi serapan atom">spektroskopi serapan atom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spektroskopi_emisi_atom" title="Spektroskopi emisi atom">spektroskopi emisi atom</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spektroskopi_UV_%26_sinar_tampak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spektroskopi UV & sinar tampak (halaman belum tersedia)">spektroskopi UV & sinar tampak</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spektroskopi_pendar_sinar-X&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spektroskopi pendar sinar-X (halaman belum tersedia)">spektroskopi pendar sinar-X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spektroskopi_inframerah" title="Spektroskopi inframerah">spektroskopi inframerah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spektroskopi_Raman" title="Spektroskopi Raman">spektroskopi Raman</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferometri_polarisasi_ganda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interferometri polarisasi ganda (halaman belum tersedia)">interferometri polarisasi ganda</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spektroskopi_resonansi_magnet_inti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spektroskopi resonansi magnet inti (halaman belum tersedia)">spektroskopi resonansi magnet inti</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spektroskopi_fotoemisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spektroskopi fotoemisi (halaman belum tersedia)">spektroskopi fotoemisi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spektroskopi_M%C3%B6ssbauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spektroskopi Mössbauer (halaman belum tersedia)">spektroskopi Mössbauer</a>, dan sebagainya. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spektrometri_massa">Spektrometri massa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Spektrometri massa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Spektrometri massa"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Spektrometri_massa" title="Spektrometri massa">Spektrometri massa</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:1_MV_accelerator_mass_spectrometer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/1_MV_accelerator_mass_spectrometer.jpg/200px-1_MV_accelerator_mass_spectrometer.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/1_MV_accelerator_mass_spectrometer.jpg/300px-1_MV_accelerator_mass_spectrometer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/1_MV_accelerator_mass_spectrometer.jpg/400px-1_MV_accelerator_mass_spectrometer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akselerator_spektrometer_massa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akselerator spektrometer massa (halaman belum tersedia)">Akselerator spektrometer massa</a> yang digunakan untuk <a href="/wiki/Penanggalan_radiokarbon" title="Penanggalan radiokarbon">penanggalan radiokarbon</a> dan analisis lainnya</figcaption></figure> <p>Spektrometri massa menentukan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rasio_massa_terhadap_muatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rasio massa terhadap muatan (halaman belum tersedia)">rasio massa terhadap muatan</a> suatu molekul menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Medan_listrik" title="Medan listrik">medan listrik</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Medan_magnet" title="Medan magnet">magnet</a>. Terdapat beberapa metode ionisasi: <i>electron impact</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionisasi_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ionisasi kimia (halaman belum tersedia)">ionisasi kimia</a>, <i>electrospray</i>, bombardir atom cepat, <i>matrix assisted laser desorption</i>, dan sebagainya. Selain itu, spektrometri massa juga dikategorikan melalui pendekatan massa yang dianalisis: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sektor-magnetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sektor-magnetik (halaman belum tersedia)">sektor-magnetik</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Analisis_massa_kuadrupol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analisis massa kuadrupol (halaman belum tersedia)">analisis massa kuadrupol</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perangkap_ion_kuadrupole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perangkap ion kuadrupole (halaman belum tersedia)">perangkap ion kuadrupole</a>, <i>time-of-fight</i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourier-transform_ion_cyclotron_resonance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance (halaman belum tersedia)">Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance</a></i>, dan sebagainya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analisis_elektrokimia">Analisis elektrokimia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Analisis elektrokimia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Analisis elektrokimia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Metode_elektroanalisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Metode elektroanalisis">Metode elektroanalisis</a></div><p>Metode elektroanalisis menentukan <a href="/wiki/Potensial_listrik" title="Potensial listrik">potensial</a> (volts) dan/atau <a href="/wiki/Arus_listrik" title="Arus listrik">arus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">amps</a>) dalam suatu <a href="/wiki/Sel_elektrokimia" title="Sel elektrokimia">sel elektrokimia</a> yang mengandung analit.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metode ini dapat dikategorikan menurut aspek dari sel yang dikendalikan dan ditentukan. Tiga kategori utama adalah: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Potensiometri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potensiometri (halaman belum tersedia)">potensiometri</a> (pengukuran perbedaan potensial elektrode), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coulometri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coulometri (halaman belum tersedia)">coulometri</a> (penentuan arus sel selama waktu tertentu), dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Voltametri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voltametri (halaman belum tersedia)">voltametri</a> (pengukuran arus sel selama potensial sel diubah-ubah). </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analisis_termal">Analisis termal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Analisis termal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Analisis termal"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="rellink boilerplate further">Info lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Kalorimetri" title="Kalorimetri">Kalorimetri</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Analisis_termal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analisis termal (halaman belum tersedia)">Analisis termal</a></div><p>Analisis kalorimetri dan termogravimetri mengukur interaksi material dengan <a href="/wiki/Panas" title="Panas">panas</a>. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pemisahan">Pemisahan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Pemisahan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pemisahan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="rellink boilerplate further">Info lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Proses_pemisahan" title="Proses pemisahan">Proses pemisahan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kromatografi" title="Kromatografi">Kromatografi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elektroforesis" title="Elektroforesis">Elektroforesis</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:TLC_black_ink.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/TLC_black_ink.jpg/200px-TLC_black_ink.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/TLC_black_ink.jpg/300px-TLC_black_ink.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/TLC_black_ink.jpg/400px-TLC_black_ink.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Pemisahan komponen tinta hitam pada pelat <a href="/wiki/Kromatografi_lapisan_tipis" title="Kromatografi lapisan tipis">kromatografi lapisan tipis</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Proses pemisahan digunakan untuk menurunkan tingkat kompleksitas campuran bahan. <a href="/wiki/Kromatografi" title="Kromatografi">Kromatografi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elektroforesis" title="Elektroforesis">elektroforesis</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraksinasi_aliran_medan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fraksinasi aliran medan (halaman belum tersedia)">fraksinasi aliran medan</a> adalah contohnya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teknik_tandem">Teknik tandem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Teknik tandem" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Teknik tandem"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kombinasi teknik-teknik di atas menghasilkan teknik "hibrida" atau "tandem".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beberapa contoh yang populer digunakan saat ini dan teknik-teknik hibrida baru sedang dalam pengembangan. Contohnya: <a href="/wiki/Kromatografi_gas-spektrometri_massa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kromatografi gas-spektrometri massa">kromatografi gas-spektrometri massa</a> (GC-MS), kromatografi gas-<a href="/wiki/Spektroskopi_inframerah" title="Spektroskopi inframerah">spektroskopi inframerah</a> <a href="/wiki/Transformasi_Fourier" title="Transformasi Fourier">transformasi Fourier</a> (GC-FTIR), <a href="/wiki/Kromatografi_cair-spektrometri_massa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kromatografi cair-spektrometri massa">kromatografi cair-spektrometri massa</a> (LC-MS), kromatografi cair-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spektroskopi_resonansi_magnet_inti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spektroskopi resonansi magnet inti (halaman belum tersedia)">spektroskopi resonansi magnet inti</a> (LC-NMR), kromatografi gas-<i><a href="/wiki/Inductively_coupled_plasma" class="mw-redirect" title="Inductively coupled plasma">inductively coupled plasma</a></i> (GC-ICP), dan sebagainya. Teknik tandem saat ini sudah sangat berkembang, sehingga dapat menggabungkan hingga tiga teknik analisis. Contoh paling populer adalah <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capillary_zone_electrophoresis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capillary zone electrophoresis (halaman belum tersedia)">capillary zone electrophoresis</a></i>-<i>inductively coupled plasma</i>-spektrometri massa (dikenal dengan CZE-ICP-MS). </p><p>Teknik tandem merujuk pada kombinasi dua (atau lebih) teknik untuk mendeteksi dan memisahkan bahan kimia dari larutannya. Teknik yang paling banyak digunakan adalah dari kromatografi. Teknik tandem banyak digunakan dalam kimia dan <a href="/wiki/Biokimia" title="Biokimia">biokimia</a>. Penulisan teknik tandem kadang menggunakan garis miring ("/"), terutama jika nama dari salah satu metodenya mengandung tanda minus ("-"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mikroskopi">Mikroskopi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bagian: Mikroskopi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Mikroskopi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:3D-SIM-3_Prophase_3_color.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/3D-SIM-3_Prophase_3_color.jpg/200px-3D-SIM-3_Prophase_3_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/3D-SIM-3_Prophase_3_color.jpg/300px-3D-SIM-3_Prophase_3_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/3D-SIM-3_Prophase_3_color.jpg/400px-3D-SIM-3_Prophase_3_color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="896" /></a><figcaption>Citra <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikroskop_fluoresens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikroskop fluoresens (halaman belum tersedia)">mikroskop fluoresens</a> dua inti sel tikus dalam <a href="/wiki/Profase" title="Profase">profase</a> (batang skala 5 µm)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikroskopi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikroskopi (halaman belum tersedia)">Mikroskopi</a></div><p>Visualisasi molekul tunggal, sel tunggal, jaringan biologi dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanomaterial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanomaterial (halaman belum tersedia)">bahan nano</a> merupakan pendekatan penting dan menarik dalam ilmu analisis. Selain itu, hibridisasi dengan peralatan analisis tradisional lainnya juga merevolusi ilmu analisis. Mikroskopi dapat dikelompokkan dalam tiga bidang yang berbeda: <a href="/wiki/Mikroskop_cahaya" title="Mikroskop cahaya">mikroskopi optik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikroskop_elektron" title="Mikroskop elektron">mikroskopi elektron</a>, dan <i><a href="/wiki/Mikroskop_penerowongan_payaran" title="Mikroskop penerowongan payaran">scanning probe microscopy</a></i>. Akhir-akhir ini, bidang ini mengalami kemajuan yang luar biasa karena kemajuan pesat industri komputer dan kamera. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lab-on-a-chip">Lab-on-a-chip</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Sunting bagian: Lab-on-a-chip" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&action=edit&section=17" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lab-on-a-chip"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="rellink boilerplate further">Info lebih lanjut: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikrofluida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikrofluida (halaman belum tersedia)">Mikrofluida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lab-on-a-chip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lab-on-a-chip (halaman belum tersedia)">Lab-on-a-chip</a></div><p>Instrumen yang mengintegrasikan beberapa fungsi laboratorium dalam chip tunggal yang berukuran hanya beberapa milimeter hingga sentimeter persegi, tetapi mampu menangani aliran fluida yang sangat kecil hingga tingkat picoliter. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Galat/Kesalahan_(error)"><span id="Galat.2FKesalahan_.28error.29"></span>Galat/Kesalahan (<i>error</i>)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bagian: Galat/Kesalahan (error)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Galat/Kesalahan (error)"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesalahan_aproksimasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesalahan aproksimasi (halaman belum tersedia)">Kesalahan aproksimasi</a></div><p>Kesalahan (<i>error</i>) didefinisikan sebagai sejumlah perbedaan antara nilai teramati dengan nilai sebenarnya.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam suatu kesalahan, nilai sebenarnya dan nilai teramati hasil analisis kimia mempunyai hubungan satu sama lain berdasarkan persamaan berikut: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=O-T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>O</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=O-T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/aa2b66237773abfcabfdd1deb2bad8e2e905eeb2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:11.124ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=O-T}"></span> </p><p>dengan </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E={\text{kesalahan absolut}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>kesalahan absolut</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E={\text{kesalahan absolut}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ac5790e1d47f5118a84c6fffad17a153df818b05" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:22.728ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E={\text{kesalahan absolut}}}"></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle O={\text{nilai pengamatan}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>O</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>nilai pengamatan</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle O={\text{nilai pengamatan}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/18eeabd352c9ba347b18c0cd55f20d669761ff85" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:22.248ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle O={\text{nilai pengamatan}}}"></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T={\text{nilai sebenarnya}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>nilai sebenarnya</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T={\text{nilai sebenarnya}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a02528a21a3270ca1ec7b7fb76a32a7ce8dda29b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:21.033ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T={\text{nilai sebenarnya}}}"></span> </p><p>Kesalahan suatu pengukuran berbanding terbalik dengan akurasi pengukuran. Artinya, semakin kecil kesalahan suatu pengukuran, semakin akurat pengukuran tersebut. Kesalahan dapat dinyatakan sebagai persamaan berikut: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {E}{T}}\times 100=\%error}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>E</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mn>100</mn> <mo>=</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">%</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>r</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {E}{T}}\times 100=\%error}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4430b9001f3f5f57c99d668d25e4417ea5dff6f6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:19.331ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {E}{T}}\times 100=\%error}"></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {E}{T}}\times 1000={\text{perseribuan kesalahan}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>E</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mn>1000</mn> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>perseribuan kesalahan</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {E}{T}}\times 1000={\text{perseribuan kesalahan}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ddfb96043d3aa9bc0f1beeb3110cc2ae82d053cb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:35.46ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {E}{T}}\times 1000={\text{perseribuan kesalahan}}}"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standar">Standar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Sunting bagian: Standar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&action=edit&section=19" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Standar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengendalian_kualitas_analitis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengendalian kualitas analitis (halaman belum tersedia)">Pengendalian kualitas analitis</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kurva_standar">Kurva standar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Sunting bagian: Kurva standar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&action=edit&section=20" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kurva standar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Calibration_curve.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Calibration_curve.png/200px-Calibration_curve.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Calibration_curve.png/300px-Calibration_curve.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Calibration_curve.png/400px-Calibration_curve.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Kurva kalibrasi menunjukkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limit_deteksi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limit deteksi (halaman belum tersedia)">limit deteksi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limit_kuantifikasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limit kuantifikasi (halaman belum tersedia)">limit kuantifikasi</a>, rentang dinamis, dan limit linearitas</figcaption></figure> <p>Metode umum untuk analisis konsentrasi melibatkan pembuatan <a href="/wiki/Kurva_kalibrasi" title="Kurva kalibrasi">kurva kalibrasi</a>. Kurva ini diperlukan untuk menentukan jumlah bahan kimia dalam suatu bahan dengan cara membandingkan hasil yang didapat dari suatu sampel dengan sederet standar yang telah diketahui konsentrasinya. Jika konsentrasi unsur atau senyawa dalam sampel terlalu tinggi sehingga keluar dari rentang deteksi, maka sampel dapat diencerkan menggunakan pelarut murni. Jika jumlah sampel di bawah rentang pengukuran instrumen, dapat digunakan metode penambahan (spike). Pada metode ini, sejumlah kuantitas unsur atau senyawa yang diperiksa ditambahkan dan perbedaan antara konsentrasi yang ditambahkan dengan konsentrasi teramati merupkan konsentrasi sampel yang sebenarnya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standar_internal">Standar internal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Sunting bagian: Standar internal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&action=edit&section=21" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Standar internal"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kadang kala <a href="/wiki/Standar_internal" title="Standar internal">standar internal</a> dengan konsentrasi yang sudah diketahui ditambahkan langsung pada sampel dengan tujuan kuantifikasi. Jumlah analit yang ada kemudian ditentukan relatif terhadap standar internal sebagai pengkalibrasi. Standar internal yang ideal adalah analit yang diperkaya isotop sehingga dapat dilakukan metode <a href="/wiki/Pengenceran_isotop" title="Pengenceran isotop">pengenceran isotop</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penambahan_standar">Penambahan standar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Sunting bagian: Penambahan standar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&action=edit&section=22" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penambahan standar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metode <a href="/wiki/Penambahan_standar" title="Penambahan standar">penambahan standar</a> digunakan pada analisis instrumental untuk menentukan konsentrasi suatu substrat (<a href="/wiki/Analit" title="Analit">analit</a>) dalam suatu sampel, dengan membandingkan serangkaian sampel yang tidak diketehui, mirip dengan cara <a href="/wiki/Kurva_kalibrasi" title="Kurva kalibrasi">kurva kalibrasi</a>. Penambahan standar dapat digunakan untuk hampir semua teknik analisis, dan digunakan untuk memecahkan masalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengaruh_matriks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengaruh matriks (halaman belum tersedia)">pengaruh matriks</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sinyal_dan_derau">Sinyal dan derau</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Sunting bagian: Sinyal dan derau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&action=edit&section=23" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sinyal dan derau"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Salah satu komponen terpenting pada kimia analisis adalah memaksimalkan sinyal yang diinginkan, bersamaan dengan itu, meminimalkan <a href="/wiki/Derau" title="Derau">derau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nilai kepantasan analitik dikenal sebagai <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Signal-to-noise_ratio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Signal-to-noise ratio (halaman belum tersedia)">signal-to-noise ratio</a></i> (S/N atau SNR) </p><p>Derau dapat terjadi dari faktor lingkungan maupun dari proses fisika dasar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Derau_termal_(thermal_noise)"><span id="Derau_termal_.28thermal_noise.29"></span>Derau termal (<i>thermal noise</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Sunting bagian: Derau termal (thermal noise)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&action=edit&section=24" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Derau termal (thermal noise)"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Derau_Johnson%E2%80%93Nyquist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Derau Johnson–Nyquist (halaman belum tersedia)">Derau Johnson–Nyquist</a></div><p>Derau termal dihasilkan dari pergerakan pembawa muatan (biasanya elektron) dalam jaringan listrik yang dimotori oleh gerakan termalnya. Derau termal adalah <a href="/wiki/Derau_putih" title="Derau putih">derau putih</a> yang artinya daya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerapatan_spektrum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerapatan spektrum (halaman belum tersedia)">kerapatan spektrum</a> konstan di seluruh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spektrum_frekuensi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spektrum frekuensi (halaman belum tersedia)">spektrum frekuensi</a> </p><p>Akar dari rata-rata kuadrat derau termal adalah suatu resistor menurut persamaan:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{RMS}={\sqrt {4k_{B}TR\Delta f}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>R</mi> <mi>M</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>4</mn> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>T</mi> <mi>R</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>f</mi> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{RMS}={\sqrt {4k_{B}TR\Delta f}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/48edde1ef4504981513b77303d2ece98d169d7d4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:21.284ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{RMS}={\sqrt {4k_{B}TR\Delta f}}}"></span> </p><p>dengan <i>k<sub>B</sub></i> adalah <a href="/wiki/Konstanta_Boltzmann" title="Konstanta Boltzmann">konstanta Boltzmann</a>, <i>T</i> adalah <a href="/wiki/Suhu" title="Suhu">temperatur</a>, <i>R</i> adalah reistensi, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta f}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>f</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta f}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ff38db24bc80b80a0a1ecfce75f3dca3fc79d54e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.214ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta f}"></span> adalah <a href="/wiki/Lebar_pita" title="Lebar pita">lebar pita</a> (<i>bandwith</i>) frekuensi <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shot_noise"><i>Shot noise</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Sunting bagian: Shot noise" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&action=edit&section=25" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Shot noise"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shot_noise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shot noise (halaman belum tersedia)">Shot noise</a></div><p><i>Shot noise</i> adalah satu jenis <a href="/wiki/Derau_elektronik" class="mw-redirect" title="Derau elektronik">derau elektronik</a> yang terjadi ketika sejumlah partikel tertentu (semacam <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektron</a> dalam sirkuit elektronik atau <a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">foton</a> dalam peralatan optik) cukup kecil untuk memberikan penguatan pada fluktuasi statistik pada signal. </p><p><i>Shot noise</i> adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proses_Poisson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proses Poisson (halaman belum tersedia)">proses <i>Poisson</i></a> dan pembawa muatan yang membentuk arus mengikuti hukum <a href="/wiki/Distribusi_Poisson" title="Distribusi Poisson">distribusi Poisson</a>. Akar rerata kuadrat dari fluktuasi arus dinyatakan sebagai berikut:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i_{RMS}={\sqrt {2\,e\,I\,\Delta f}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>i</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>R</mi> <mi>M</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>e</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>I</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>f</mi> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i_{RMS}={\sqrt {2\,e\,I\,\Delta f}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d55eef435b43b3750945aeadb1b012fe95751bf9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:18.285ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i_{RMS}={\sqrt {2\,e\,I\,\Delta f}}}"></span> </p><p>dengan <i>e</i> adalah <a href="/wiki/Muatan_elementer" class="mw-redirect" title="Muatan elementer">muatan elementer</a> dan <i>I</i> adalah arus rata-rata. <i>Shot noise</i> termasuk derau putih. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Derau_kedip_(flicker_noise)"><span id="Derau_kedip_.28flicker_noise.29"></span>Derau kedip (<i>flicker noise</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Sunting bagian: Derau kedip (flicker noise)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&action=edit&section=26" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Derau kedip (flicker noise)"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flicker_noise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flicker noise (halaman belum tersedia)">Flicker noise</a></div><p>Derau kedip adalah derau elektronik dengan spektrum frekuensi sebesar 1/<i>f</i>. Kenaikan <i>f</i> akan menurunkan derau. Derau kedip muncul dari berbagai macam sumber, seperti ketakmurnian dalam saluran konduksi, pembangkitan dan rekombinasi derau dalam transistor karena arus dasar, dan sebagainya. Derau ini dapat dihindari dengan cara <a href="/wiki/Modulasi" title="Modulasi">memodulasi</a> signal pada frekuensi yang lebih tinggi. Misalnya, dengan menggunakan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lock-in_amplifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lock-in amplifier (halaman belum tersedia)">lock-in amplifier</a></i>. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Derau_lingkungan_(environmental_noise)"><span id="Derau_lingkungan_.28environmental_noise.29"></span>Derau lingkungan (<i>environmental noise</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Sunting bagian: Derau lingkungan (environmental noise)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&action=edit&section=27" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Derau lingkungan (environmental noise)"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Analyse_thermo_gravimetrique_bruit.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Analyse_thermo_gravimetrique_bruit.png/200px-Analyse_thermo_gravimetrique_bruit.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Analyse_thermo_gravimetrique_bruit.png/300px-Analyse_thermo_gravimetrique_bruit.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Analyse_thermo_gravimetrique_bruit.png/400px-Analyse_thermo_gravimetrique_bruit.png 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>Noise in a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermogravimetric_analysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermogravimetric analysis (halaman belum tersedia)">thermogravimetric analysis</a>; lower noise in the middle of the plot results from less human activity (and environmental noise) at night</figcaption></figure><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Derau_lingkungan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Derau lingkungan (halaman belum tersedia)">Derau lingkungan</a> muncul dari lingkungan sekeliling instrumen analisis. Sumber derau elektromagnetik adalah <a href="/wiki/Kabel_listrik" title="Kabel listrik">kabel listrik</a>, stasiun televisi dan radio, <a href="/wiki/Nirkabel" title="Nirkabel">perangkat nirkabel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lampu_fluoresen_kompak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lampu fluoresen kompak (halaman belum tersedia)">lampu fluoresen kompak</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan <a href="/wiki/Motor_listrik" title="Motor listrik">motor listrik</a>. Kebanyakan sumber derau ini mempunyai lebar pita sempit dan oleh karena itu dapat dihindari. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isolasi_vibrasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isolasi vibrasi (halaman belum tersedia)">Isolasi</a> temperatur dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isolasi_vibrasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isolasi vibrasi (halaman belum tersedia)">vibrasi</a> mungkin diperlukan untuk beberapa instrumen. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reduksi_derau">Reduksi derau</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Sunting bagian: Reduksi derau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&action=edit&section=28" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Reduksi derau"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reduksi derau dapat diperoleh baik dengan menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Perangkat_keras" title="Perangkat keras">perangkat keras</a> maupun <a href="/wiki/Perangkat_lunak" title="Perangkat lunak">lunak</a> komputer. Contoh perangkat keras yang dapat mengurangi derau antara lain menggunakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabel_berpelindung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kabel berpelindung (halaman belum tersedia)">kabel berpelindung</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyaringan_analog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyaringan analog (halaman belum tersedia)">penyaringan analog</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulasi_sinyal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modulasi sinyal (halaman belum tersedia)">modulasi signal</a>. Contoh perangkat lunak yang dapat mengurangi derau antara lain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyaringan_digital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyaringan digital (halaman belum tersedia)">penyaringan digital</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ensemble_average&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ensemble average (halaman belum tersedia)">ensemble average</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boxcar_average&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boxcar average (halaman belum tersedia)">boxcar average</a></i>, dan metode <a href="/wiki/Korelasi" title="Korelasi">korelasi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aplikasi">Aplikasi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Sunting bagian: Aplikasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&action=edit&section=29" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Aplikasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penelitian kimia analisis sebagian besar didorong oleh kinerja (sensitivitas (kepekaan), selektivitas, validitas, <a href="/wiki/Rentang_linear" title="Rentang linear">rentang linear</a>, akurasi (ketepatan), presisi (ketelitian), dan kecepatan), dan biaya (pembelian, operasional, pelatihan, waktu, dan tempat). Di antara cabang utama analisis kontemporer spektrometri atom, paling banyak dan umum digunakan adalah spektrometri massa dan optik.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Untuk analisis unsur pada sampel padat, trend saat ini dipegang oleh <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laser-induced_breakdown_spectroscopy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (halaman belum tersedia)">laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy</a></i> dan spektrometri massa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ablasi_laser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ablasi laser (halaman belum tersedia)">ablasi laser</a>, serta teknik-teknik pemindahan produk-produk ablasi laser ke <i>inductively coupled plasma</i> (ICP). Manfaat rancangan laser diode dan osilator parametrik optik mendorong pengembangan dalam bidang spektrometri pendaran dan ionisasi. Penggunaan metode berbasis plasma dan laser terus meningkat. Minat terhadap analisis absolut (nirstandar) terus dikembangkan, terutama dalam spektrometri emisi. </p><p>Usaha keras sedang dilakukan untuk menciutkan teknik analisis seukuran <i><a href="/wiki/Sirkuit_terpadu" title="Sirkuit terpadu">chip</a></i>. Meskipun demikian ada beberapa contoh sistem semacam ini yang dapat bersaing dengan teknik analisis tradisional. Keuntungan potensialnya mencakup: ukuran/portabilitas, kecepatan analisis, dan biaya. (<i>micro <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Analysis_System" class="extiw" title="en:Total Analysis System">Total Analysis System</a> (µTAS)</i> atau <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab-on-a-chip" class="extiw" title="en:Lab-on-a-chip">Lab-on-a-chip</a></i>). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikrokimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikrokimia (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia skala mikro</a> menghemat jumlah bahan kimia yang digunakan. </p><p>Banyak juga pengembangan untuk meningkatkan analisis sistem biologi. Contoh bidang ilmu ini yang berkembang pesat adalah: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genomika" title="Genomika">Genomika</a> - sekuensing DNA dan penelitian terkait. Sidik jari genetika dan urtan DNA adalah sarana dan penelitian penting dalam bidang ini.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteomika" title="Proteomika">Proteomika</a> - analisis konsentrasi dan modifikasi protein, terutama dalam hubungannya dengan berbagai stressor, pada beragam tingkat pengembangan atau bagian tubuh.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolomika" title="Metabolomika">Metabolomika</a> - mirip dengan proteomika, tetapi berurusan dengan metabolit.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transkriptomika" title="Transkriptomika">Transkriptomika</a> - bidang yang berkaitan dengan mRNA dan sejenisnya.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipidomika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lipidomika (halaman belum tersedia)">Lipidomika</a> - bidang yang berkaitan dengan lemak dan sejenisnya.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peptidomika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peptidomika (halaman belum tersedia)">Peptidomika</a> - bidang yang berkaitan dengan peptida dan sejenisnya.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metalomika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metalomika (halaman belum tersedia)">Metalomika</a> - sama seperti proteomika dan metabolomika, tetapi berurusan dengan konsentrasi logam dan terutama dengan ikatan logam pada protein atau molekul lainnya.</li></ul> <p>Kimia analisis telah memainkan peran penting dalam pemahaman ilmu dasar pada berbagai aplikasi praktis, seperti aplikasi biomedis, pengendalian lingkungan, pengendalian mutu industri, ilmu forensik, dan sebagainya. </p><p>Pengembangan terkini otomasi komputer dan teknologi informasi telah memperluas kimia analisis hingga merambah ke sejumlah bidang biologi baru. Sebagai contoh, mesin pensekuen DNA otomatis yang menjadi dasar dalam penuntasan <i>human genome project</i> sehingga melahirkan <a href="/wiki/Genomika" title="Genomika">genomika</a>. Identifikasi protein dan sekuensing peptida menggunakan spektrometri massa melahirkan bidang baru <a href="/wiki/Proteomika" title="Proteomika">proteomika</a>. </p><p>Kimia analisis telah menjadi ilmu yang tak terpisahkan dari pengembangan <a href="/wiki/Nanoteknologi" title="Nanoteknologi">teknologi nano</a>. Instrumen karakterisasi permukaan, <a href="/wiki/Mikroskop_elektron" title="Mikroskop elektron">mikroskop elektron</a> dan <i>scanning probe microscope</i> memungkinkan ilmuwan untuk memvisualisasikan struktur atom dengan karakterisasi kimia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_juga">Lihat juga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat juga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&action=edit&section=30" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat juga"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_metode_analisis_kimia" title="Daftar metode analisis kimia">Daftar metode analisis kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_metode_analisis_material&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar metode analisis material (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar metode analisis material</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Publikasi_penting_kimia_analisis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Publikasi penting kimia analisis (halaman belum tersedia)">Publikasi penting kimia analisis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analisis_sensorik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analisis sensorik (halaman belum tersedia)">Analisis sensorik</a> - dalam bidang <a href="/wiki/Ilmu_pangan" title="Ilmu pangan">ilmu pangan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instrumentasi_virtual&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Instrumentasi virtual (halaman belum tersedia)">Instrumentasi virtual</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rentang_kerja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rentang kerja (halaman belum tersedia)">Rentang kerja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrologi" title="Metrologi">Metrologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketidakpastian_pengukuran" title="Ketidakpastian pengukuran">Ketakpastian pengukuran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikroanalisis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikroanalisis (halaman belum tersedia)">Mikroanalisis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutu_hasil_analisis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mutu hasil analisis (halaman belum tersedia)">Mutu hasil analisis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&action=edit&section=31" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holler, F. James; Skoog, Douglas A.; West, Donald M. (1996). <i>Fundamentals of analytical chemistry</i>. Philadelphia: Saunders College Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-03-005938-0" class="extiw" title="en:Special:BookSources/0-03-005938-0">0-03-005938-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nieman, Timothy A.; Skoog, Douglas A.; Holler, F. James (1998). <i>Principles of instrumental analysis</i>. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-03-002078-6" class="extiw" title="en:Special:BookSources/0-03-002078-6">0-03-002078-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arikawa, Yoshiko (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/analscisp/17icas/0/17icas_0_i571/_pdf">"Basic Education in Analytical Chemistry"</a> (pdf). <i>Analytical Sciences</i> (The Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry) <b>17</b> (Supplement): i571–i573.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, K; Synovec, RE (2000). "Review of analytical measurements facilitated by drop formation technology". <i>Talanta</i> <b>51</b> (5): 921–33. <a href="/wiki/Pengenal_objek_digital" title="Pengenal objek digital">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1016/S0039-9140(99)00358-6" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1016/S0039-9140(99)00358-6">10.1016/S0039-9140(99)00358-6</a>.<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18967924">18967924</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartle, Keith D.; Myers, Peter (2002). "History of gas chromatography". <i>TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry</i> <b>21</b> (9–10): 547. <a href="/wiki/Pengenal_objek_digital" title="Pengenal objek digital">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1016/S0165-9936(02)00806-3" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1016/S0165-9936(02)00806-3">10.1016/S0165-9936(02)00806-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laitinen, H.A. (1989). "History of analytical chemistry in the U.S.A". <i>Talanta</i> <b>36</b> (1–2): 1–9. <a href="/wiki/Pengenal_objek_digital" title="Pengenal objek digital">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(89)80077-3" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1016/0039-9140(89)80077-3">10.1016/0039-9140(89)80077-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18964671">18964671</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bard, A.J.; Faulkner, L.R. <b>Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications.</b> New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2nd Edition, <b>2000</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Skoog, D.A.; West, D.M.; Holler, F.J. <b>Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry</b> New York: Saunders College Publishing, 5th Edition, <b>1988</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkins, C. (1983). "Hyphenated techniques for analysis of complex organic mixtures".<i>Science</i> <b>222</b> (4621): 291–6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983Sci...222..291W">1983Sci...222..291W</a>.<a href="/wiki/Pengenal_objek_digital" title="Pengenal objek digital">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1126/science.6353577" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1126/science.6353577">10.1126/science.6353577</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6353577">6353577</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt, R. M.; Newman, M. J.; Pullen, F. S.; Richards, D. S.; Swanson, A. G. (1997). "High-performance Liquid Chromatography/NMR Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry:Further Advances in Hyphenated Technology". <i>Journal of Mass Spectrometry</i> <b>32</b> (1): 64–70.<a href="/wiki/Pengenal_objek_digital" title="Pengenal objek digital">doi</a>:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9888(199701)32:1<64::AID-JMS450>3.0.CO;2-7.<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9008869">9008869</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellis, Lyndon A; Roberts, David J (1997). "Chromatographic and hyphenated methods for elemental speciation analysis in environmental media". <i>Journal of Chromatography A</i> <b>774</b>(1–2): 3–19. <a href="/wiki/Pengenal_objek_digital" title="Pengenal objek digital">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00325-7" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00325-7">10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00325-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9253184">9253184</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guetens, G; De Boeck, G; Wood, M; Maes, R.A.A; Eggermont, A.A.M; Highley, M.S; Van Oosterom, A.T; De Bruijn, E.A; Tjaden, U.R (2002). "Hyphenated techniques in anticancer drug monitoring". <i>Journal of Chromatography A</i> <b>976</b> (1–2): 229–38.<a href="/wiki/Pengenal_objek_digital" title="Pengenal objek digital">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(02)01228-1" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(02)01228-1">10.1016/S0021-9673(02)01228-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12462614">12462614</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guetens, G; De Boeck, G; Highley, M.S; Wood, M; Maes, R.A.A; Eggermont, A.A.M; Hanauske, A; De Bruijn, E.A; Tjaden, U.R (2002). "Hyphenated techniques in anticancer drug monitoring". <i>Journal of Chromatography A</i> <b>976</b> (1–2): 239–47. <a href="/wiki/Pengenal_objek_digital" title="Pengenal objek digital">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(02)01227-X" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(02)01227-X">10.1016/S0021-9673(02)01227-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12462615">12462615</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Schermelleh, L.; Carlton, P. M.; Haase, S.; Shao, L.; Winoto, L.; Kner, P.; Burke, B.; Cardoso, M. C.; Agard, D. A.; Gustafsson, M. G. L.; Leonhardt, H.; Sedat, J. W. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2916659">"Subdiffraction Multicolor Imaging of the Nuclear Periphery with 3D Structured Illumination Microscopy"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>320</b> (5881): 1332–6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Sci...320.1332S">2008Sci...320.1332S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1156947">10.1126/science.1156947</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2916659">2916659</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18535242">18535242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Subdiffraction+Multicolor+Imaging+of+the+Nuclear+Periphery+with+3D+Structured+Illumination+Microscopy&rft.volume=320&rft.issue=5881&rft.pages=1332-6&rft.date=2008&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2916659&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18535242&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1156947&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Sci...320.1332S&rft.aulast=Schermelleh&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Carlton%2C+P.+M.&rft.au=Haase%2C+S.&rft.au=Shao%2C+L.&rft.au=Winoto%2C+L.&rft.au=Kner%2C+P.&rft.au=Burke%2C+B.&rft.au=Cardoso%2C+M.+C.&rft.au=Agard%2C+D.+A.&rft.au=Gustafsson%2C+M.+G.+L.&rft.au=Leonhardt%2C+H.&rft.au=Sedat%2C+J.+W.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2916659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKimia+analisis" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G.L. David - <i>Analytical Chemistry</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Crouch, Stanley; Skoog, Douglas A. (2007). <i>Principles of instrumental analysis</i>. Australia: Thomson Brooks/Cole. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-495-01201-7" class="extiw" title="en:Special:BookSources/0-495-01201-7">0-495-01201-7.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emrpolicy.org/science/forum/08_havas_cfl_scenihr.pdf">"Health Concerns associated with Energy Efficient Lighting and their Electromagnetic Emissions"</a> (PDF). Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada. Retrieved 2011-11-12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bol'Shakov, Aleksandr A; Ganeev, Aleksandr A; Nemets, Valerii M (2006). "Prospects in analytical atomic spectrometry". <i>Russian Chemical Reviews</i> <b>75</b> (4): 289.<a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0607078">physics/0607078</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006RuCRv..75..289B">2006RuCRv..75..289B</a>.<a href="/wiki/Pengenal_objek_digital" title="Pengenal objek digital">doi</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1070/RC2006v075n04ABEH001174" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1070/RC2006v075n04ABEH001174">10.1070/RC2006v075n04ABEH001174</a>.</span> </li> </ol> <div class="tright" style="border:solid #aaa 1px; background:#FFF0F5; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0.5em; font-size:85%;"> <table style="background:transparent;" width="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="position:relative; width:32px; height:28px; overflow:hidden"><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px; z-index:3;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></div> </td> <td><i><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Kimia" title="Portal:Kimia"><span style="color:#FF4F00">Portal Kimia</span></a></b></i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografi">Bibliografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Sunting bagian: Bibliografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&action=edit&section=32" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bibliografi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFSkoogWestHoller1988" class="citation">Skoog, D.A.; West, D.M.; Holler, F.J. (1988), <i>Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry</i> (edisi ke-5th), New York: Saunders College Publishing</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Analytical+Chemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Saunders+College+Publishing&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Skoog&rft.aufirst=D.A.&rft.au=West%2C+D.M.&rft.au=Holler%2C+F.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKimia+analisis" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Bard, A.J.; Faulkner, L.R. Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2nd Edition, 2000.</li> <li>Bettencourt da Silva, R; Bulska, E; Godlewska-Zylkiewicz, B; Hedrich, M; Majcen, N; Magnusson, B; Marincic, S; Papadakis, I; Patriarca, M; Vassileva, E; Taylor, P; Analytical measurement: measurement uncertainty and statistics, 2012, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789279230707" class="extiw" title="en:Special:BookSources/9789279230707">978-92-79-23070-7</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_analisis&action=edit&section=33" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dmoz.org/Science/Chemistry/Analytical">Analytical Chemistry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151120105109/https://www.dmoz.org/Science/Chemistry/Analytical">Diarsipkan</a> 2015-11-20 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. pada <a href="/wiki/DMOZ" title="DMOZ">DMOZ</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analyst_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analyst (journal) (halaman belum tersedia)">Analyst</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analytica_Chimica_Acta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analytica Chimica Acta (halaman belum tersedia)">Anal.Chim.Acta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analytical_and_Bioanalytical_Chemistry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry (halaman belum tersedia)">Anal. Bioanal. Chem.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analytical_Chemistry_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analytical Chemistry (journal) (halaman belum tersedia)">Anal. Chem.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analytical_Biochemistry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analytical Biochemistry (halaman belum tersedia)">Anal. Biochem.</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia">Kimia</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabang_ilmu_kimia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:CabangKimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Templat:CabangKimia"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a 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title="Spektroskopi ultraviolet–tampak (halaman belum tersedia)">UV-Vis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spektroskopi_resonansi_magnetik_nuklir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spektroskopi resonansi magnetik nuklir (halaman belum tersedia)">NMR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektrometri_massa" title="Spektrometri massa">Spektrometri massa</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionisasi_elektron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ionisasi elektron (halaman belum tersedia)">EI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektrometri_massa_plasma_gandeng_induktif" title="Spektrometri massa plasma gandeng induktif">ICP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desorpsi/ionisasi_laser_berbantuan_matriks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desorpsi/ionisasi laser berbantuan matriks (halaman belum tersedia)">MALDI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proses_pemisahan" title="Proses pemisahan">Proses pemisahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kromatografi" title="Kromatografi">Kromatografi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kromatografi_gas" title="Kromatografi gas">GC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kromatografi_cair_kinerja_tinggi" title="Kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi">HPLC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femtokimia" title="Femtokimia">Femtokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristalografi" title="Kristalografi">Kristalografi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakterisasi_(ilmu_material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakterisasi (ilmu material)">Karakterisasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titrasi" title="Titrasi">Titrasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_basah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia basah (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia basah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalorimetri" title="Kalorimetri">Kalorimetri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analisis_unsur" title="Analisis unsur">Analisis unsur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kimia_fisika" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimia fisika">Kimia fisika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elektrokimia" title="Elektrokimia">Elektrokimia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spektroelektrokimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spektroelektrokimia (halaman belum tersedia)">Spektroelektrokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotoelektrokimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotoelektrokimia (halaman belum tersedia)">Fotoelektrokimia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termokimia" title="Termokimia">Termokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termodinamika_kimia" title="Termodinamika kimia">Termodinamika kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmu_permukaan" title="Ilmu permukaan">Ilmu permukaan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilmu_antarmuka_dan_koloid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilmu antarmuka dan koloid (halaman belum tersedia)">Ilmu antarmuka dan koloid</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikromeritik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikromeritik (halaman belum tersedia)">Mikromeritik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kriokimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kriokimia (halaman belum tersedia)">Kriokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonokimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sonokimia (halaman belum tersedia)">Sonokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_struktural&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia struktural (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia struktural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisika_kimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisika kimia">Fisika kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetika_kimia" title="Kinetika kimia">Kinetika kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_kuantum" title="Kimia kuantum">Kimia kuantum</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_spin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia spin (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia spin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fotokimia" title="Fotokimia">Fotokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_gelombang_mikro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia gelombang mikro (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia gelombang mikro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_kesetimbangan" title="Kimia kesetimbangan">Kimia kesetimbangan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kimia_anorganik" title="Kimia anorganik">Kimia anorganik</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kompleks_koordinasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kompleks koordinasi">Kimia koordinasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetokimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnetokimia (halaman belum tersedia)">Magnetokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_organologam" title="Kimia organologam">Kimia organologam</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_organolantanida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia organolantanida (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia organolantanida</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_bioanorganik" title="Kimia bioanorganik">Kimia bioanorganik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_bioorganologam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia bioorganologam (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia bioorganologam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gugus_fungsi" title="Gugus fungsi">Kimia gugus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_zat_padat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia zat padat (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia zat padat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_keramik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia keramik (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia keramik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmu_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilmu material">Ilmu material</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metalurgi" title="Metalurgi">Metalurgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknik_keramik" title="Teknik keramik">Teknik keramik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_polimer" title="Kimia polimer">Ilmu polimer</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kimia_organik" title="Kimia organik">Kimia organik</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereokimia" title="Stereokimia">Stereokimia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereokimia_alkana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stereokimia alkana (halaman belum tersedia)">Stereokimia alkana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_organik_fisik" title="Kimia organik fisik">Kimia organik fisik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaksi_organik" title="Reaksi organik">Reaksi organik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analisis_retrosintetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analisis retrosintetik (halaman belum tersedia)">Analisis retrosintetik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sintesis_enansioselektif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sintesis enansioselektif (halaman belum tersedia)">Sintesis enansioselektif</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sintesis_total&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sintesis total (halaman belum tersedia)">Sintesis total</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semisintesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semisintesis (halaman belum tersedia)">Semisintesis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_obat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia obat (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia obat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farmakologi" title="Farmakologi">Farmakologi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_fulerena" title="Kimia fulerena">Kimia fulerena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_polimer" title="Kimia polimer">Kimia polimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrokimia" title="Petrokimia">Petrokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_kovalen_dinamis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia kovalen dinamis (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia kovalen dinamis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biokimia" title="Biokimia">Biokimia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_bioorganik" title="Kimia bioorganik">Kimia bioorganik</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biologi_molekuler" title="Biologi molekuler">Biologi molekuler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sel_biologi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sel biologi">Sel biologi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologi_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biologi kimia (halaman belum tersedia)">Biologi kimia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_bioortogonal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia bioortogonal (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia bioortogonal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_klinis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia klinis (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia klinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurokimia" title="Neurokimia">Neurokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_biofisik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia biofisik (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia biofisik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lain-lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_nuklir" title="Kimia nuklir">Kimia nuklir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiokimia" title="Radiokimia">Radiokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_radiasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia radiasi (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia radiasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_aktinida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia aktinida (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia aktinida</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmokimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmokimia">Kosmokimia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Astrokimia" title="Astrokimia">Astrokimia</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_bintang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia bintang (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia bintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geokimia" title="Geokimia">Geokimia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeokimia" title="Biogeokimia">Biogeokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotogeokimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotogeokimia (halaman belum tersedia)">Fotogeokimia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_lingkungan" title="Kimia lingkungan">Kimia lingkungan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_atmosfer" title="Kimia atmosfer">Kimia atmosfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_laut" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimia laut">Kimia laut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_tanah_liat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia tanah liat (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia tanah liat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbokimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karbokimia (halaman belum tersedia)">Karbokimia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_makanan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia makanan (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia makanan</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_karbohidrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia karbohidrat (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia karbohidrat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_fisik_makanan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia fisik makanan (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia fisik makanan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_pertanian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia pertanian (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia pertanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_tanah" title="Kimia tanah">Kimia tanah</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pendidikan_kimia" title="Pendidikan kimia">Pendidikan kimia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_amatir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia amatir (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia amatir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_umum" title="Kimia umum">Kimia umum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_klandestin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia klandestin (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia klandestin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_forensik" title="Kimia forensik">Kimia forensik</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toksikologi_forensik" title="Toksikologi forensik">Toksikologi forensik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_post-mortem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia post-mortem (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia post-mortem</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanokimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanokimia (halaman belum tersedia)">Nanokimia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_supramolekul" title="Kimia supramolekul">Kimia supramolekul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintesis_kimia" title="Sintesis kimia">Sintesis kimia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_hijau" title="Kimia hijau">Kimia hijau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimia_klik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimia klik (halaman belum tersedia)">Kimia klik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_kombinatorial" title="Kimia kombinatorial">Kimia kombinatorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosintesis" title="Biosintesis">Biosintesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknik_Kimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Teknik Kimia">Teknik Kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_komputasi" title="Kimia komputasi">Kimia komputasi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_matematika" title="Kimia matematika">Kimia matematika</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimia_teoretis" title="Kimia teoretis">Kimia teoretis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lihat pula</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_kimia" title="Sejarah kimia">Sejarah kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadiah_Nobel_dalam_Kimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadiah Nobel dalam Kimia">Hadiah Nobel dalam Kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garis_waktu_kimia" title="Garis waktu kimia">Garis waktu kimia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penemuan_unsur_kimia" title="Penemuan unsur kimia">penemuan unsur</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pusat_ilmu_pengetahuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pusat ilmu pengetahuan (halaman belum tersedia)">Pusat ilmu pengetahuan</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaksi_kimia" title="Reaksi kimia">Reaksi kimia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katalisis" title="Katalisis">Katalisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia">Unsur kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senyawa_kimia" title="Senyawa kimia">Senyawa kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul">Molekul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">Ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zat_kimia" title="Zat kimia">Zat kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikatan_kimia" title="Ikatan kimia">Ikatan kimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkimia" title="Alkimia">Alkimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekanika_kuantum" title="Mekanika kuantum">Mekanika kuantum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Symbol_category_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Category"><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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