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We cover highlights from our papers below.</b></p> <p>Carl Woese set the stage for a molecular taxonomy of microbial life in 1977 by demonstrating that the 16S ribosomal subunit could form the basis of prokaryotic classification. Amplifying markers such as 16S from microbial mixtures really took off with the advent of high-throughput sequencing, which provided a way to rapidly profile communities sampled directly from the environment. Shotgun sequencing approaches are used more and more for taxonomic profiling as well, enabling gene and genomic sequences to be reconstructed for the functional characterization of communities.</p> <p><b>Amplicon-based community profiling</b><br /> <b></b>The 454 pyrosequencing platform originally dominated efforts to study the 16S locus because of its long sequence reads. In 2008, Rob Knight and colleagues described the use of <a title="Hamady et al." href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v5/n3/full/nmeth.1184.html">error-correcting barcodes</a> for pyrosequencing hundreds of samples together. Then in 2013, Jeffrey Dangl and colleagues took barcoding to a new level by <a title="Lundberg et al." href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v10/n10/full/nmeth.2634.html">tagging every template molecule</a> during library prep on the Illumina platform in order to remove much of the PCR bias and error introduced during amplification.</p> <p>On the computational side, Christopher Quince and colleagues presented <a title="Quince et al." href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v6/n9/full/nmeth.1361.html">PyroNoise</a> in 2009 for ‘denoising’ or removing errors from pyrosequencing flowgrams. Jens Reeder and Rob Knight followed a year later with <a title="Reeder & Knight" href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v7/n9/full/nmeth0910-668b.html">Denoiser</a>, a fast heuristic alternative. Gene Tyson and colleagues moved away from flowgrams with their <a title="Bragg et al." href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v9/n5/full/nmeth.1990.html">Acacia</a> software, which corrects sequence files directly and can also work on Ion Torrent data due to its similar error profile containing homopolymeric repeats.</p> <p>Once cleaned up, marker sequences need to be grouped into ‘operational taxonomic units’ (OTUs) that roughly correspond to genera, species or strains. Among many algorithms that do this, Robert Edgar introduced <a title="Edgar" href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v10/n10/full/nmeth.2604.html">UPARSE</a> (we realized that there is some ambiguity but it is pronounced YOU-parse) in 2013 for accurate OTU clustering in the face of erroneous or chimeric sequence reads.</p> <p>To stitch the computational analysis steps together, <a title="Caporaso et al." href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v7/n5/full/nmeth.f.303.html">‘quantitative insights into microbial ecology’, or QIIME</a> (pronounced chime) from Rob Knight and colleagues offers a user-friendly modular pipeline for amplicon sequence analysis.</p> <p><b>Metagenomic community profiling</b><br /> In shotgun metagenomics approaches, all fragments of genomic DNA in a sample are sequenced and classified. Isidore Rigoutsos and colleagues introduced <a title="McHardy et al." href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v4/n1/full/nmeth976.html">PhyloPythia</a> in 2007 to assign fragments to higher taxonomic groups or ‘bins’ based on matching the frequency of tetranucleotide sequences with signatures from known taxa. Its faster, open-source successor <a title="Patil et al." href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v8/n3/full/nmeth0311-191.html">PhyloPythiaS</a> from Alice McHardy and colleagues came out in 2012.</p> <p>Arthur Brady and Steven Salzberg also used sequence composition, or combined it with sequence alignment with <a title="Brady and Salzberg" href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v6/n9/full/nmeth.1358.html">Phymm and PhymmBL</a> in 2009; their <a title="Brady and Salzberg" href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v8/n5/full/nmeth0511-367.html">PhymmBL expanded</a> includes additional functionality and parallelization and came out in 2011.</p> <p>In 2012, Curtis Huttenhower and colleagues described <a title="Segata et al." href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v9/n8/full/nmeth.2066.html">MetaPhlAn</a>, which limits analysis to clade-specific marker genes to speed up the classification of sequence reads. Peer Bork and colleagues also extracted a limited marker set from metagenomic data in their <a title="Sunagawa et al." href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v10/n12/full/nmeth.2693.html">metagenomic OTUs (mOTU)</a> approach in 2013, but used 40 universally conserved prokaryotic genes. Both methods work best in systems like the human gut that have a large number of sequenced reference genomes.</p> <p><b>Genomes from mixtures</b><br /> Earlier this year, Christopher Quince, Anders Andersson and colleagues published an unsupervised binning method called <a title="Alneberg et al." href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nmeth.3103.html">CONCOCT</a> to help reconstruct genomes from mixtures. It uses sequence composition and differential coverage across samples to assign pre-assembled contiguous sequences (contigs) to species or strain bins.</p> <p>Single-cell sequencing is another way to obtain microbial genomes. Paul Blainey and Stephen Quake discuss <a title="Blainey and Quake" href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v11/n1/full/nmeth.2783.html">challenges and opportunities for single-cell sequencing</a> in a Commentary in our Method of the Year issue in 2014. When cultures are available, long-read single-molecule sequencing technology can provide very high quality genome sequences; the <a href="Chin et al.">HGAP</a> software from Jonas Korlach and colleagues makes this possible using a single Pacific Biosciences sequencing library.</p> <p>With genomic sequences in hand, there remains the question of how to fit them within an appropriate taxonomy. Peer Bork and colleagues tackled the problem in 2013 with their <a title="Mende et al." href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v10/n9/full/nmeth.2575.html">species identification (SpecI)</a> tool, that bases classification on the same 40 markers as mOTU.</p> <p><b>Functional analysis and ecology</b><br /> An array of tools have been designed to wrestle ecological and biological insights from metagenomic sequence data, such as the <a title="Pati et al." href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v7/n6/full/nmeth.1457.html">GENE PRediction IMprovement Pipeline (GenePRIMP)</a> for annotating prokaryotic genomes by Amrita Pati and colleagues in 2010 and the <a title="Paulson et al." href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v10/n12/full/nmeth.2658.html">metagenomeSeq</a> method to test for the differential microbe abundance across environments or conditions by Mihai Pop and colleagues in 2013 (also see a <a title="Costea et al." href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v11/n4/full/nmeth.2897.html">comment by Bork and colleagues</a> and the <a title="Paulson et al." href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v11/n4/full/nmeth.2898.html">authors’ reply</a>).</p> <p>In 2010, Rob Knight and colleagues <a title="Kuczynski et al." href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v7/n10/full/nmeth.1499.html">compared 51 methods for their ability to identify biologically relevant distribution patterns</a> using real and simulated 16S pyrosequencing data from samples that were clustered or assayed along environmental gradients. In 2012, Jack Gilbert and colleagues developed <a title="Larsen et al." href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v9/n6/full/nmeth.1975.html">microbial assemblage prediction (MAP)</a>, an artificial neural network approach to model microbial community structure across the Western English Channel that combines time course metagenomic data from a single site with bioclimatic data gathered over the entire channel.</p> <p><b>Quality control and bias</b><br /> Generating accurate and robust microbial sequence data requires rigorous benchmarking and controls, and experimental methods are constantly improving. Nikos Kyrpides and colleagues studied the use of <a title="Mavromatis et al." href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v4/n6/full/nmeth1043.html">simulated data to evaluate metagenomic analysis methods</a> in 2007. In 2010, Philip Hugenholtz and colleagues <a title="He et al." href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v7/n10/full/nmeth.1507.html">evaluated two methods to deplete rRNA</a> from metatranscriptomes.</p> <p>J Gregory Caporaso and colleagues further demonstrated the <a title="Bokulich et al." href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v10/n1/full/nmeth.2276.html">effect of Illumina read quality on taxonomic assignment and diversity assessment</a> in 2013, and Scott Kelley and colleagues developed <a title="Knights et al." href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v8/n9/full/nmeth.1650.html">SourceTracker</a> software to identify contaminants in microbial sequencing studies.</p> <p>We look forward to many more contributions in the field of microbial sequencing.</p> <p> </p> <p><b>References:</b><br /> Alice Carolyn McHardy et al.<br /> <a href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v4/n1/full/nmeth976.html">Accurate phylogenetic classification of variable-length DNA fragments</a><br /> <i>Nature Methods</i> 4, 63-72 (2007) doi:10.1038/nmeth976</p> <p>Konstantinos Mavromatis et al.<br /> <a href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v4/n6/full/nmeth1043.html">Use of simulated data sets to evaluate the fidelity of metagenomic processing methods</a><br /> <i>Nature Methods</i>, 4 (6), pp. 495-500 (2007) doi:10.1038/nmeth1043</p> <p>Micah Hamady, Jeffrey J Walker, J Kirk Harris, Nicholas J Gold & Rob Knight<br /> <a href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v5/n3/full/nmeth.1184.html">Error-correcting barcoded primers for pyrosequencing hundreds of samples in multiplex</a><br /> <i>Nature Methods</i> 5, 235-237 (2008) doi:10.1038/nmeth.1184</p> <p>Christopher Quince et al.<br /> <a href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v6/n9/full/nmeth.1361.html">Accurate determination of microbial diversity from 454 pyrosequencing data</a><br /> <i>Nature Methods</i> 6, 639-641 (2009) doi:10.1038/nmeth.1361</p> <p>Arthur Brady & Steven L Salzberg<br /> <a href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v6/n9/full/nmeth.1358.html">Phymm and PhymmBL: metagenomic phylogenetic classification with interpolated Markov models</a><br /> <i>Nature Methods</i> 6, 673-676 (2009) doi:10.1038/nmeth.1358</p> <p>J Gregory Caporaso et al.<br /> <a href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v7/n5/full/nmeth.f.303.html">QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data</a><br /> <i>Nature Methods</i> 7, 335-336 (2010) doi:10.1038/nmeth.f.303</p> <p>Jens Reeder & Rob Knight<br /> <a href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v7/n9/full/nmeth0910-668b.html">Rapidly denoising pyrosequencing amplicon reads by exploiting rank-abundance distributions</a><br /> <i>Nature Methods</i> 7, 668-669 (2010) doi:10.1038/nmeth0910-668b</p> <p>He et al.<br /> <a href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v7/n10/full/nmeth.1507.html">Validation of two ribosomal RNA removal methods for microbial metatranscriptomics</a><br /> <i>Nature Methods</i> 7, 807-812 (2010) doi:10.1038/nmeth.1507</p> <p>Amrita Pati et al.<br /> <a href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v7/n6/full/nmeth.1457.html">GenePRIMP: a gene prediction improvement pipeline for prokaryotic genomes</a><br /> <i>Nature Methods</i> 7, 455-457 (2010) doi:10.1038/nmeth.1457</p> <p>Justin Kuczynski, Zongzhi Liu, Catherine Lozupone, Daniel McDonald, Noah Fierer & Rob Knight<br /> <a href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v7/n10/full/nmeth.1499.html">Microbial community resemblance methods differ in their ability to detect biologically relevant patterns</a><br /> <i>Nature Methods</i> 7, 813-819 (2010) doi:10.1038/nmeth.1499<br /> Patil et al.<br /> <a href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v8/n3/full/nmeth0311-191.html">Taxonomic metagenome sequence assignment with structured output models</a><br /> <i>Nature Methods</i> 8, 191-192 (2011) doi:10.1038/nmeth0311-191</p> <p>Arthur Brady & Steven L Salzberg<br /> <a href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v8/n5/full/nmeth0511-367.html">PhymmBL expanded: confidence scores, custom databases, parallelization and more</a><br /> <i>Nature Methods</i> 8, 367-367 (2011) doi:10.1038/nmeth0511-367</p> <p>Dan Knights et al.<br /> <a href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v8/n9/full/nmeth.1650.html">Bayesian community-wide culture-independent microbial source tracking</a><br /> <i>Nature Methods</i> 8, 761-763 (2011) doi:10.1038/nmeth.1650</p> <p>Lauren Bragg, Glenn Stone, Michael Imelfort, Philip Hugenholtz & Gene W Tyson<br /> <a href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v9/n5/full/nmeth.1990.html">Fast, accurate error-correction of amplicon pyrosequences using Acacia</a><br /> <i>Nature Methods</i> 9, 425-426 (2012) doi:10.1038/nmeth.1990</p> <p>Nicola Segata et al.<br /> <a href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v9/n8/full/nmeth.2066.html">Metagenomic microbial community profiling using unique clade-specific marker genes</a><br /> <i>Nature Methods</i> 9, 811-814 (2012) doi:10.1038/nmeth.2066</p> <p>Peter E Larsen, Dawn Field & Jack A Gilbert<br /> <a href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v9/n6/full/nmeth.1975.html">Predicting bacterial community assemblages using an artificial neural network approach</a><br /> <i>Nature Methods</i> 9, 621-625 (2012) doi:10.1038/nmeth.1975</p> <p>Robert C Edgar<br /> <a href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v10/n10/full/nmeth.2604.html">UPARSE: highly accurate OTU sequences from microbial amplicon reads</a><br /> <i>Nature Methods</i> 10, 996-998 (2013) doi:10.1038/nmeth.2604</p> <p>Derek S Lundberg, Scott Yourstone, Piotr Mieczkowski, Corbin D Jones & Jeffery L Dangl<br /> <a href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v10/n10/full/nmeth.2634.html">Practical innovations for high-throughput amplicon sequencing</a><br /> <i>Nature Methods</i> 10, 999-1002 (2013) doi:10.1038/nmeth.2634</p> <p>Shinichi Sunagawa et al.<br /> <a href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v10/n12/full/nmeth.2693.html">Metagenomic species profiling using universal phylogenetic marker genes</a><br /> <i>Nature Methods</i> 10, 1196-1199 (2013) doi:10.1038/nmeth.2693</p> <p>Daniel R Mende, Shinichi Sunagawa, Georg Zeller & Peer Bork<br /> <a href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v10/n9/full/nmeth.2575.html">Accurate and universal delineation of prokaryotic species</a><br /> <i>Nature Methods</i> 10, 881-884 (2013) doi:10.1038/nmeth.2575</p> <p>Chen-Shan Chin et al.<br /> <a href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v10/n6/full/nmeth.2474.html">Nonhybrid, finished microbial genome assemblies from long-read SMRT sequencing data</a><br /> <i>Nature Methods</i> 10, 563-569 (2013) doi:10.1038/nmeth.2474</p> <p>Nicholas A Bokulich et al.<br /> <a href="https://www.nature.com/nmeth/journal/v10/n1/full/nmeth.2276.html">Quality-filtering vastly improves diversity estimates from Illumina amplicon sequencing</a><br /> <i>Nature 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href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/cartography/" >Cartography</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-674"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/categories/" >Categories</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-12069269"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/celebrating-the-day-of-light/" >Celebrating the Day of Light</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-423"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/cell-and-molecular-biology/" >Cell and molecular biology</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-2522"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/cell-biology/" >Cell Biology</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-90"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/chemistry-2/" >Chemistry</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-18"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/chemistry/" >Chemistry</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-6486427"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/chemistry-in-retrospect/" >Chemistry in retrospect</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-520"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/citation-analysis/" >Citation analysis</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1156"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/climate-change/" >Climate Change</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-391"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/climate-policy/" >Climate Policy</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1147"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/climate-prediction/" >Climate prediction</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-151"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/collaboration-2/" >Collaboration</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-135"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/communication-2/" >Communication</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-17"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/communities-happenings/" >Communities Happenings</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-3"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/community/" >Community</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-571"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/competing-interests/" >Competing interests</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-6331"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/competition-2/" >Competition</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-908"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/computational/" >Computational</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-51"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/computational-approaches/" >Computational approaches</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-7"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/computational_approaches/" >Computational_approaches</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-6089"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/computer-science/" >Computer science</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-3769"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/conference-highlights/" >Conference Highlights</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-13"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/conference-reports/" >Conference reports</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-510"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/conferences/" >Conferences</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-5547"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/conservation-science/" >Conservation science</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-2382"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/cop18/" >COP18</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-16998238"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/covid19/" >COVID19</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-390"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/cryosphere/" >Cryosphere</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1301"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/cv/" >CV</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1163"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/daily-dose/" >Daily Dose</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-514"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/data-availability/" >Data availability</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-9"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/data-integration/" >Data integration</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-4147"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/data-matters/" >Data Matters</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-3302233"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/data-policy/" >Data policy</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1623389"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/datareuse/" >Data Reuse</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-5054529"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/design/" >Design</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-836"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/development/" >Development</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1984"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/diabetes-and-metabolism/" >Diabetes and metabolism</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-3325"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/digital-science-2/" >Digital Science</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-502"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/disciplines/" >Disciplines</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-2809"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/diversity-2/" >Diversity</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-2667"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/drug-discovery/" >Drug discovery</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-353"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/drugs-drugs-and-more-drugs/" >Drugs, drugs and more drugs</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-365"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/durban-climate-summit/" >Durban climate summit</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1111"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/earth-and-environment/" >Earth and environment</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-827"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/earth-system-science-partnership/" >Earth System Science Partnership</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-113"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/earth-environment-ecology/" >Earth, environment & ecology</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-3973"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/ebola/" >Ebola</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-811"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/ecological-society-of-america/" >Ecological Society of America</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1112"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/ecology/" >Ecology</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-2659539"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/ecology-and-evolution/" >Ecology and Evolution</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-2665"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/editor-posts-2/" >Editor Posts</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-39"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/editorials/" >Editorials</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-411"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/education/" >Education</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-2408789"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/elisa-de-ranieri/" >Elisa De Ranieri</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-339"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/energy/" >Energy</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-6389"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/entomology/" >Entomology</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-405"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/entrepreneurship/" >Entrepreneurship</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-354"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/environment/" >Environment</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-7220771"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/environmental-sciences/" >Environmental sciences</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-318"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/ethical-social/" >Ethical / Social</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-435"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/ethics/" >Ethics</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-96"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/europe/" >Europe</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-817"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/european-society-of-human-reproduction-embryology/" >European Society of Human Reproduction & Embryology</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-830"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/euroscience-open-forum/" >Euroscience Open Forum</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-41"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/events/" >Events</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-818"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/everest-expedition/" >Everest expedition</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-499"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/evolution/" >Evolution</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1113"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/evolution-and-paleontology/" >Evolution and paleontology</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-71"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/expeditions/" >Expeditions</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-2044"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/faculty-2/" >Faculty</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1075"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/featured/" >Featured</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-596"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/feedback/" >Feedback</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-3417"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/film/" >Film</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-2857"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/films-2/" >Films</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-396"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/finance/" >Finance</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-340"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/financial-crisis/" >Financial Crisis</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-6713"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/first-rounders/" >First Rounders</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-792"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/five-day-filter/" >Five Day Filter</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-932"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/food-science/" >food science</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-524"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/format/" >Format</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-48"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/forum/" >Forum</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-332"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/fukushima/" >Fukushima</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-114"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/funding-2/" >Funding</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-131"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/funding/" >funding</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-37"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/gavin-armstrong/" >Gavin Armstrong</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-918"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/gene-expression/" >Gene expression</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-4770911"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/gene-function/" >Gene function</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-4205"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/gene-regulation/" >Gene regulation</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-450"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/general/" >General</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-109"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/general-interest/" >General interest</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-4337"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/genetic-association/" >Genetic association</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-26"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/genetics/" >Genetics</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-2525"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/geneticsgenomics/" >Genetics & Genomics</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-10"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/genome-wide/" >Genome-wide</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-810"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/geological-society-of-america/" >Geological Society of America</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1852"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/geoscience/" >Geoscience</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-3531877"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/giulia-pacchioni/" >Giulia Pacchioni</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-6916603"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/global-issues/" >Global issues</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-815"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/global-seed-vault-opening/" >Global Seed Vault opening</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-434"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/grants-tenure-and-positions/" >Grants, tenure and positions</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-3344887"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/graphene-week/" >Graphene Week</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-6137"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/guest-blog-posts/" >Guest blog posts</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-4947"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/guest-features/" >Guest features</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-3014"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/guest-post/" >Guest Post</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-410"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/health/" >Health</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-330"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/health-and-medicine/" >Health and medicine</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-307"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/hints-and-wrinkles/" >Hints and Wrinkles</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-3873"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/history-of-genetics/" >History of genetics</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-67"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/history-of-science/" >History of science</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-954"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/hivaids/" >HIV/AIDS</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1636273"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/how-to-answer/" >How to answer</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1034"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/i-han-chou/" >I-han Chou</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-424"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/immunology/" >Immunology</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-2232"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/import/" >Import</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1192"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/in-the-field/" >In the Field</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1150"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/in-the-news/" >In the News</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1038"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/in-your-element/" >In your element</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-119"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/industry-2/" >Industry</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-2374"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/infectious-diseases/" >Infectious diseases</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-2769"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/institutions/" >Institutions</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-10842855"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/interactions/" >Interactions</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-6525"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/interdisciplinarity/" >Interdisciplinarity</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-465"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/international-aids-conference/" >International AIDS conference</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-828"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/international-astronomical-union/" >International Astronomical Union</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1096"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/international-relations/" >International Relations</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-459"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/international-society-for-stem-cell-research/" >International Society for Stem Cell Research</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-2419"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/internship/" >Internship</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-762"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/ip-tech-transfer/" >IP/ Tech Transfer</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-904"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/journal-happenings/" >Journal happenings</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-34"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/journal-journeys/" >Journal journeys</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-905"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/journal-policy/" >Journal policy</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-62"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/lab-life/" >Lab life</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-17296793"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/lab-story/" >Lab story</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-469"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/lepton-photon/" >Lepton Photon</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-9462111"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/libraries/" >Libraries</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-2504255"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/liesbeth-venema/" >Liesbeth Venema</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-3381875"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/lindau-lessons/" >Lindau lessons</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-53"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/lindau-nobel-laureate-meetings-lnlm/" >Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings (lnlm)</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-4897"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/linkage/" >Linkage</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1851"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/local-news/" >Local news</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-2617289"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/luigi-martiradonna/" >Luigi Martiradonna</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-466"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/lunar-and-planetary-science/" >Lunar and Planetary Science</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-350"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/malaria/" >Malaria</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-5855"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/marine-science/" >Marine science</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-914"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/mass-spectrometry/" >Mass spectrometry</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-33"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/materials-girl/" >Materials Girl</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1108"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/materials-science/" >Materials science</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1120"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/medical-research/" >Medical research</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-5581"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/medical-science/" >Medical science</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-13963801"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/meet-the-editor/" >Meet the editor</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-17019199"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/meeting-report/" >Meeting report</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1160"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/meetings/" >Meetings</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-2068"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/mentoring/" >Mentoring</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-439"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/mentoring-and-training/" >Mentoring and training</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-662003"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/metadata/" >Metadata</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-917"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/metagenomics/" >Metagenomics</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-2459"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/method-of-the-year/" >Method of the year</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1114"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/microbiology/" >Microbiology</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-2526"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/microscopyimaging/" >Microscopy & Imaging</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-5481"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/military-science/" >Military science</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1043"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/misconduct/" >Misconduct</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-24"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/mit/" >MIT</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1151"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/mitigation/" >Mitigation</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-115"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/mobility-2/" >Mobility</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-2523"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/model-organisms/" >Model Organisms</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-5"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/modeling/" >Modeling</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-5695"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/molecular-gastronomy/" >Molecular gastronomy</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-969"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/monthly-map/" >Monthly Map</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-2288"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/move/" >Move</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-491"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/msb_updates/" >MSB updates</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1608"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/multi-scale/" >Multi-scale</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-3267"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/multimedia/" >Multimedia</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-15671667"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/my-science-failures/" >My science failures</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-6221"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/nano-engineering/" >Nano-engineering</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1068"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/nanotechnology/" >Nanotechnology</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-470"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/nasa-phoenix-landing/" >NASA Phoenix Landing</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-837"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/nascent/" >Nascent</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-338"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/natural-disasters/" >Natural disasters</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-5557251"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/natural-history/" >Natural history</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-3257"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/nature-covers/" >Nature Covers</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-6887463"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/nature-genetics-anniversary/" >Nature Genetics Anniversary</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-6663"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/nature-genetics-covers/" >Nature Genetics covers</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-4027"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/nature-genetics-standards/" >Nature Genetics standards</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-3271"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/nature-graphics/" >Nature Graphics</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-3014885"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/nature-india-annual-volume/" >Nature India Annual Volume</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-15581046"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/nature-india-essay-competition/" >Nature India Essay Competition</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-4759"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/nature-india-photo-contest/" >Nature India photo contest</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-6310361"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/nature-india-photo-story/" >Nature India Photo Story</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-6409"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/nature-india-special-issue/" >Nature India Special Issue</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-110"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/nature-methods-papers/" >Nature Methods papers</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-5617"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/nature-nanotechnology/" >Nature Nanotechnology</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-544"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/nature-network-round-up/" >Nature Network round-up</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-2876355"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/nature-research/" >Nature Research</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-551"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/nature-com-blogs/" >nature.com blogs</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-903"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/nature-com-blogs-info/" >nature.com blogs info</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-35"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/nchem-research-highlights/" >NChem research highlights</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-36"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/neil-withers/" >Neil Withers</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-11"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/networks/" >Networks</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-909"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/neuroscience/" >Neuroscience</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-355"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/neurosciencemental-health/" >Neuroscience/mental health</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1035"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/new-in-nature/" >New in Nature</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-68"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/new-tools-and-techniques/" >New tools and techniques</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-300"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/news/" >news</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-4045"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/news-and-events/" >News and Events</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-308"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/news-and-updates/" >News and Updates</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-5615"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/njce15/" >NJCE15</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-816847"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/njcedusseldorf/" >NJCEDusseldorf</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1030"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/noah-gray/" >Noah Gray</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-508"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/npg-special-content/" >NPG special content</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-2847"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/obituary/" >Obituary</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-351"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/odds-and-ends/" >Odds and ends</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-341"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/oil-spill-science/" >Oil spill science</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1912"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/olive-heffernan/" >Olive Heffernan</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1153"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/oliver-morton/" >Oliver Morton</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-342"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/on-nature-news/" >On Nature News</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-10871021"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/on-the-road/" >On the road</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-6681"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/open-access-2/" >Open access</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-9524167"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/open-acess/" >Open acess</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-444"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/open-peer-review/" >Open peer review</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-6661"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/ornithology/" >Ornithology</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-28"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/other-authors/" >Other authors</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-30"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/other-columns/" >Other columns</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-861"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/other-contributors/" >Other Contributors</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-393"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/palaeoclimate/" >Palaeoclimate</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-6117"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/palaeontology/" >Palaeontology</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-333"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/paleontology/" >Paleontology</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-875"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/particle-physics/" >Particle Physics</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-399"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/partnering-licensing/" >Partnering / Licensing</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-511"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/partners/" >Partners</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-451"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/peer-review-debate/" >Peer review debate</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-432"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/peer-review-feedback/" >Peer Review Feedback</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-449"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/peer-review-trial/" >Peer review trial</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-2878"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/people/" >people</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-179"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/people-management-2/" >People Management</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-442"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/perspectives/" >Perspectives</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-69"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/philosophy-or-psychology-or-ethics/" >Philosophy or Psychology or Ethics</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-422"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/physics-2/" >Physics</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-329"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/physics-mathematics/" >Physics & Mathematics</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-13616183"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/physics-at-the-interface/" >Physics at the interface</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1107"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/physiology/" >Physiology</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-3467"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/picks-of-the-week/" >Picks of the week</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-4739"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/planetary-science/" >Planetary science</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-6099"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/planetary-sciences/" >Planetary sciences</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1119"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/plant-biology/" >Plant biology</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-5465"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/plant-sciences/" >Plant sciences</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1890"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/podcasts/" >Podcasts</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-522"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/policies/" >Policies</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-690"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/policies-feedback/" >Policies Feedback</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-47"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/policy/" >Policy</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-433"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/policy-and-public/" >Policy and Public</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-392"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/politics/" >Politics</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-2752"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/pollution/" >Pollution</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-144"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/postdoc-2/" >Postdoc</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-145"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/postgraduate-2/" >Postgraduate</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-812"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/poznan-climate-change-conference/" >Poznan climate-change conference</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-539"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/pre-publicity/" >Pre-publicity</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-2692"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/press-release/" >Press Release</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1162"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/print/" >Print</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-906"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/proteomics/" >Proteomics</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-303"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/protocols-methods-recipes-cookery-2/" >Protocols methods recipes cookery</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-516"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/public-and-media/" >Public and media</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-501"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/publications/" >Publications</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-49"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/publishing/" >Publishing</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-14452175"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/publishing-tips/" >Publishing tips</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-430"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/quality-and-value/" >Quality and value</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-515"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/quality-measures/" >Quality measures</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-8"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/quantitative/" >Quantitative</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-343"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/quotes-of-the-day/" >Quotes of the day</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1054"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/random-thoughts/" >Random Thoughts</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-4899"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/rare-diseases/" >Rare diseases</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-31"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/reactions/" >Reactions</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-401"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/regional-initiatives/" >Regional Initiatives</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-789"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/regulatory/" >Regulatory</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-284"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/relationships/" >Relationships</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-2306"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/report/" >Report</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-910"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/reports/" >Reports</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-5693"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/repository-highlights/" >Repository Highlights</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-91"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/research-2/" >Research</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-3774143"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/research-findings/" >Research findings</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-408"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/research-highlights/" >Research Highlights</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-10884405"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/resources/" >Resources</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-919"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/rnai/" >RNAi</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-347"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/road-to-copenhagen/" >Road to Copenhagen</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-394"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/roberta-kwok/" >Roberta Kwok</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-6711"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/robotics/" >Robotics</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-2641"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/roundup/" >Roundup</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1507"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/royal-institution/" >Royal Institution</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-907"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/schedules/" >Schedules</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-6063"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/scholarly-impact/" >Scholarly impact</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-13188201"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/sciart-scribbles/" >SciArt scribbles</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-418"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/science/" >Science</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-3065"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/science-administration/" >Science administration</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-74"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/science-around-the-world/" >Science around the world</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-45"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/science-calendars/" >Science calendars</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-20"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/science-communication/" >Science Communication</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-58"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/science-communication-and-outreach/" >Science communication and outreach</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-61"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/science-education/" >Science education</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-924"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/science-events/" >science events</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-52"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/science-festivals/" >Science festivals</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-64"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/science-film/" >Science film</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-823"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/science-journalism/" >Science Journalism</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-56"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/science-maps/" >Science maps</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-936"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/science-news/" >science news</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1727"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/science-online-bay-area-soba/" >Science Online Bay Area (SoBA)</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-54"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/science-online-london-solo/" >Science Online London (SoLo)</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-2231"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/science-online-nyc/" >Science Online NYC</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-42"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/science-online-nyc-sonyc/" >Science Online NYC (SoNYC)</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1540"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/science-online-seattle-sosea/" >Science Online Seattle (SoSEA)</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1579"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/science-online-vancouver-sovan/" >Science Online Vancouver (SoVan)</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-70"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/science-organisations/" >Science organisations</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-2086"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/sciences/" >Sciences</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-3315"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/scientific-american-2/" >Scientific American</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-362"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/scientific-publishing/" >Scientific publishing</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-5555987"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/scientific-reports/" >Scientific Reports</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-5417"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/scientists-on-the-move/" >Scientists on the move</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-912"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/sequencing/" >Sequencing</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-3035"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/sfn-meeting/" >SfN Meeting</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-8212377"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/silvia-milana/" >Silvia Milana</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-913"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/single-molecule/" >Single molecule</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-2840"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/site-updates/" >Site Updates</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-975"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/soapbox-science-info/" >Soapbox Science Info</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-2271"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/social-media-2/" >Social media</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-6527"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/social-sciences/" >Social sciences</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-835"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/social-software/" >Social software</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1926273"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/society/" >Society</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-814"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/society-for-american-archaeology/" >Society for American Archaeology</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-458"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/society-for-developmental-biology/" >Society for Developmental Biology</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-809"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/society-for-neuroscience/" >Society for Neuroscience</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-460"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/society-for-the-study-of-reproduction/" >Society for the Study of Reproduction</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-876"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/sonyc/" >SoNYC</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-108"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/space/" >Space</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-331"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/space-and-astronomy/" >Space and astronomy</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-315"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/spotlights/" >Spotlights</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-4317543"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/springer-nature/" >Springer Nature</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-6903485"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/springermaterials/" >SpringerMaterials</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-473"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/starting-the-lhc/" >Starting the LHC</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-257"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/stem/" >STEM</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-313"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/stem-cells/" >stem cells</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-358"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/stem-cellscloning/" >Stem cells/cloning</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-38"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/stephen-davey/" >Stephen Davey</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1951519"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/structural-biology/" >Structural Biology</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-916"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/structural-genomics/" >Structural Genomics</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-29"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/stuart-cantrill/" >Stuart Cantrill</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-504"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/support/" >Support</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-336"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/swine-flu/" >Swine flu</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-490"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/synthetic/" >Synthetic</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-463"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/synthetic-biology/" >Synthetic Biology</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-427"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/systems/" >Systems</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1084"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/systems-medicine/" >Systems Medicine</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-436"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/technical-solutions/" >Technical solutions</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-107"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/technology/" >Technology</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-208"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/technology-2/" >Technology</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-335"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/neat-technologies/" >Technology</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-164"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/tenure-2/" >Tenure</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1053"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/the-news-net/" >The News Net</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-316"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/there-and-back-again/" >There and Back Again</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-111"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/this-and-that/" >This and That</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1754"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/tools-and-techniques/" >Tools and Techniques</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-493"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/transcriptomics/" >Transcriptomics</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-359"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/tuberculosis/" >Tuberculosis</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-92"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/uk/" >UK</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/uncategorized/" >Uncategorized</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-137"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/undergraduate-2/" >Undergraduate</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-264"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/unemployment/" >Unemployment</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-223"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/union-2/" >Union</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-93"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/us/" >US</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-2149"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/video/" >Video</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-55"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/video-and-podcasts/" >video and podcasts</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-2373"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/virology/" >Virology</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-2844"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/visualization-2/" >Visualization</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1913"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/wcc-3/" >WCC-3</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-6517"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/webcast/" >Webcast</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-2430"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/webcasts/" >Webcasts</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-43"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/weekly-round-up/" >Weekly round-up</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1967"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/weekly-update/" >Weekly Update</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-863"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/whats-new-in-nn/" >What's New in Nature Neuroscience</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-1079"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/wildlife/" >Wildlife</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-419"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/wisdom/" >Wisdom</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-357"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/womens-world/" >Women's world</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-455"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/world-conference-of-science-journalists/" >World Conference of Science Journalists</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-484"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/world-science-festival/" >World Science Festival</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-352"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/world-watch/" >World watch</a></li><li class="cat-item cat-item-507"><a href="https://blogs.nature.com/blog/category/writing/" >Writing</a></li></ul></div><div id="wpn-npg-natureblogs-links-widget-8" class="wpn-widget wpn-npg-natureblogs-links-widget wpn-"><h2 class="box-heading">All nature.com blogs</h2>