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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1909 U.S. law increasing tariffs on certain imports</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:320px;max-width:320px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:161px;max-width:161px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SerenoEPayne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/SerenoEPayne.jpg/159px-SerenoEPayne.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/SerenoEPayne.jpg/239px-SerenoEPayne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/SerenoEPayne.jpg/318px-SerenoEPayne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2020" data-file-height="2618" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nelson_W._Aldrich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Nelson_W._Aldrich.jpg/153px-Nelson_W._Aldrich.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Nelson_W._Aldrich.jpg/230px-Nelson_W._Aldrich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Nelson_W._Aldrich.jpg/306px-Nelson_W._Aldrich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="811" data-file-height="1090" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Rep. <a href="/wiki/Sereno_E._Payne" title="Sereno E. Payne">Sereno E. Payne</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> (left) and Sen. <a href="/wiki/Nelson_W._Aldrich" title="Nelson W. Aldrich">Nelson W. 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p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #d69d36"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color: #002466;color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Howard_Taft_as_Chief_Justice_SCOTUS_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/William_Howard_Taft_as_Chief_Justice_SCOTUS_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-William_Howard_Taft_as_Chief_Justice_SCOTUS_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/William_Howard_Taft_as_Chief_Justice_SCOTUS_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-William_Howard_Taft_as_Chief_Justice_SCOTUS_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/William_Howard_Taft_as_Chief_Justice_SCOTUS_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-William_Howard_Taft_as_Chief_Justice_SCOTUS_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4746" data-file-height="5245" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color: #002466;color: #FFF;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color: #FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFF; text-decoration: inherit;">William Howard Taft</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft#Early_life_and_education" title="William Howard Taft">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taft_family" title="Taft family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Bibliography of William Howard Taft">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft#Legacy_and_historical_view" title="William Howard Taft">Legacy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">27th President of the United States</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Inauguration of William Howard Taft">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">Presidency</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_Howard_Taft_presidency" title="Timeline of the William Howard Taft presidency">timeline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_actions_by_William_Howard_Taft" title="List of executive actions by William Howard Taft">Executive actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_U.S._foreign_policy,_1897%E2%80%931913#Taft_administration" title="History of U.S. foreign policy, 1897–1913">Foreign policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taftian_theory" title="Taftian theory">Taftian theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft#Domestic_policies_and_politics" title="William Howard Taft">Domestic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft#Cabinet" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_William_Howard_Taft" title="List of federal judges appointed by William Howard Taft">Judiciary</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dollar_diplomacy" title="Dollar diplomacy">Dollar diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Adoption" title="Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Income Tax amendment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Ship_Act_of_1910" title="Wireless Ship Act of 1910">Wireless Ship Act of 1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mann%E2%80%93Elkins_Act" title="Mann–Elkins Act">Mann–Elkins Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Secrets_Act_of_1911" title="Defense Secrets Act of 1911">Defense Secrets Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Act_of_1912" title="Radio Act of 1912">Radio Act of 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Economy_and_Efficiency" title="Commission on Economy and Efficiency">Commission on Economy and Efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">U.S. occupation of Nicaragua</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Presidential campaigns</div> <ul><li>1908 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1908_Republican_National_Convention" title="1908 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>1912 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">10th Chief Justice of the United States</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft#Appointment" title="William Howard Taft">Appointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taft_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taft Court">Supreme Court cases</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Post-presidency</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft_National_Historic_Site" title="William Howard Taft National Historic Site">National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft#Declining_health_and_death_(1930)" title="William Howard Taft">Death</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="skin-invert-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft's signature"><img alt="William Howard Taft's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/William_Howard_Taft_Signature2.svg/150px-William_Howard_Taft_Signature2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/William_Howard_Taft_Signature2.svg/225px-William_Howard_Taft_Signature2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/William_Howard_Taft_Signature2.svg/300px-William_Howard_Taft_Signature2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="103" /></a></span></div> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Seal of the President of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/70px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/105px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/140px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></span></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:William_Howard_Taft_series" title="Template:William Howard Taft series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:William_Howard_Taft_series" title="Template talk:William Howard Taft series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:William_Howard_Taft_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:William Howard Taft series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Payne–Aldrich Tariff</b> Act of 1909 (ch. 6, 36 Stat. 11), named for Representative <a href="/wiki/Sereno_E._Payne" title="Sereno E. Payne">Sereno E. Payne</a> (R–<a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">NY</a>) and Senator <a href="/wiki/Nelson_W._Aldrich" title="Nelson W. Aldrich">Nelson W. Aldrich</a> (R–<a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">RI</a>), began in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> as a bill raising certain <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> on goods entering the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high rates angered Republican <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">"progressive" faction</a>, and led to a deep split in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Payne%E2%80%93Aldrich_Tariff_Act&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a> was the ideological cement holding the Republican <a href="/wiki/Political_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Political alliance">coalition</a> together. High <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> were used by Republicans to promise higher sales to business, higher wages to industrial workers, and higher demand for farm products. <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressive</a> insurgents said it promoted <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a>. <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a> said it was a tax on the little man. It had greatest support in the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a>, and greatest opposition in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">West</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a> was the battle ground.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One provision of the Payne Aldrich law provided for the creation of a tariff board to study the problem of tariff modification in full and to collect information on the subject for the use of Congress and the President in future tariff considerations. Another provision allowed for free trade with the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, then under American control. Congress passed the bill officially on April 9, 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill states it would "take effect the day following its passage."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Taft officially signed the bill at 5:05 pm on August 5, 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Democrats took control of the House in the 1910 election. President Taft was challenged for reelection in 1912 by former president Theodore Roosevelt for the 1912 Republican nomination. Taft prevailed and Roosevelt and his "progressive" faction formed a new third party. The result was a Democratic landslide making Woodrow Wilson president. The Democrats sharply lowered the tariff in 1913. <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Payne%E2%80%93Aldrich_Tariff_Act&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Payne Act had the immediate effect of frustrating proponents of reducing tariffs.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, the bill greatly angered Progressives, who began to withdraw support from President Taft. Because it increased the duty on print paper used by publishers, the publishing industry viciously criticized the President, further tarnishing his image. Although Taft met and consulted with Congress during its deliberations on the bill, critics charged that he ought to have imposed more of his own recommendations on the bill such as that of a slower schedule. However, unlike his predecessor (<a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>), Taft felt that the president should not dictate lawmaking and should leave Congress free to act as it saw fit.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft signed the bill with enthusiasm on 5 August 1909, expecting it would stimulate the economy and enhance his political standing. He especially praised the provision empowering the president to raise rates on countries which discriminated against American products, and the provision for free trade with the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an article for the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Quarterly_Journal_of_Economics" title="The Quarterly Journal of Economics">Quarterly Journal of Economics</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/F._W._Taussig" title="F. W. Taussig">F. W. Taussig</a> wrote that the congressional debates about the tariffs were "depressing for the economist. There is hardly a gleam of general reasoning of the sort which is applied in our books to questions of international trade... That there should be general acceptance of the protectionist principle, and that the only question in debate should be whether duties were "unreasonably" high, was natural enough. Most people get used to existing conditions, and cannot easily conceive of anything different."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The defection of insurgent Republicans from the Midwest began Taft's slippage of support. It heralded conflicts over conservation, patronage, and progressive legislation. The debate over the tariff thus split the Republican Party into <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Progressives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Guards</a> and led the split party to lose the 1910 congressional election.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corporate_Income_Tax">Corporate Income Tax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Payne%E2%80%93Aldrich_Tariff_Act&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Corporate Income Tax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The bill also enacted a small <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a> on the privilege of conducting business as a corporation, which was affirmed in the Supreme Court decision <i><a href="/wiki/Flint_v._Stone_Tracy_Co." title="Flint v. Stone Tracy Co.">Flint v. Stone Tracy Co.</a></i> (also known as the Corporation Tax case).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Payne%E2%80%93Aldrich_Tariff_Act&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nytimes-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1910/04/02/105076865.pdf">"Vote on Tariff Law Forced in the House"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. April 2, 1910. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220409025159/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1910/04/02/105076865.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-04-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Vote+on+Tariff+Law+Forced+in+the+House&rft.date=1910-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1910%2F04%2F02%2F105076865.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APayne%E2%80%93Aldrich+Tariff+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillis1909" class="citation journal cs1">Willis, H. Parker (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/251613">"The Tariff of 1909"</a>. <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>. <b>17</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">589–</span>619. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F251613">10.1086/251613</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3808">0022-3808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=The+Tariff+of+1909&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E589-%3C%2Fspan%3E619&rft.date=1909&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F251613&rft.issn=0022-3808&rft.aulast=Willis&rft.aufirst=H.+Parker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F251613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APayne%E2%80%93Aldrich+Tariff+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillis1910" class="citation journal cs1">Willis, H. Parker (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/251643">"The Tariff of 1909"</a>. <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>. <b>18</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F251643">10.1086/251643</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3808">0022-3808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=The+Tariff+of+1909&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=1910&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F251643&rft.issn=0022-3808&rft.aulast=Willis&rft.aufirst=H.+Parker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F251643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APayne%E2%80%93Aldrich+Tariff+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillis1910" class="citation journal cs1">Willis, H. Parker (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/251676">"The Tariff of 1909: III"</a>. <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>. <b>18</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">173–</span>196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F251676">10.1086/251676</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3808">0022-3808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=The+Tariff+of+1909%3A+III&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E196&rft.date=1910&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F251676&rft.issn=0022-3808&rft.aulast=Willis&rft.aufirst=H.+Parker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F251676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APayne%E2%80%93Aldrich+Tariff+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard R. Smith, and <a href="/wiki/John_Fraser_Hart" title="John Fraser Hart">John Fraser Hart</a>, "The American tariff map." <i>Geographical Review</i> 45.3 (1955): 327–346 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/211807">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819114049/https://www.jstor.org/stable/211807">Archived</a> 2020-08-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do?action=Article&id=5817">"Congress passes Payne-Aldrich Act"</a>. <i>This Day in History 1909</i>. <a href="/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (U.S. TV channel)">The History Channel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080411024156/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do?action=Article&id=5817">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-04-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=This+Day+in+History+1909&rft.atitle=Congress+passes+Payne-Aldrich+Act&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history.do%3Faction%3DArticle%26id%3D5817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APayne%E2%80%93Aldrich+Tariff+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sec. 42, 36 Stat. 11 (Pub. Law 61-5). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://govtrackus.s3.amazonaws.com/legislink/pdf/stat/36/STATUTE-36-Pg11b.pdf">https://govtrackus.s3.amazonaws.com/legislink/pdf/stat/36/STATUTE-36-Pg11b.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025134951/https://govtrackus.s3.amazonaws.com/legislink/pdf/stat/36/STATUTE-36-Pg11b.pdf">Archived</a> 2019-10-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">36 Stat. 11 (Pub. Law 61-5). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://govtrackus.s3.amazonaws.com/legislink/pdf/stat/36/STATUTE-36-Pg11b.pdf">https://govtrackus.s3.amazonaws.com/legislink/pdf/stat/36/STATUTE-36-Pg11b.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025134951/https://govtrackus.s3.amazonaws.com/legislink/pdf/stat/36/STATUTE-36-Pg11b.pdf">Archived</a> 2019-10-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Claude E. Barfield, "'Our Share of the Booty': The Democratic Party Cannonism, and the Payne–Aldrich Tariff." <i>Journal of American History</i> 57.2 (1970): 308–323 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1918151">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221002643/http://www.jstor.org/stable/1918151">Archived</a> 2016-12-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paolo E. Coletta, <i>The Presidency of William Howard Taft</i> (1973) pp 45–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank W. Taussig, <i>The Tariff History of the United States</i> (8th ed. 1931), pp. 361–408. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tariffhistoryofu0000taus_h6v9">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley D. Solvick, "William Howard Taft and the Payne–Aldrich Tariff." <i>Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i> 50.3 (1963): 424–442 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1902605">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307035528/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1902605">Archived</a> 2021-03-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaussig1909" class="citation journal cs1">Taussig, F. W. (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1886056">"The Tariff Debate of 1909 and the New Tariff Act"</a>. <i>The Quarterly Journal of Economics</i>. <b>24</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1886056">10.2307/1886056</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-5533">0033-5533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Journal+of+Economics&rft.atitle=The+Tariff+Debate+of+1909+and+the+New+Tariff+Act&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.date=1909&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1886056&rft.issn=0033-5533&rft.aulast=Taussig&rft.aufirst=F.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1886056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APayne%E2%80%93Aldrich+Tariff+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis L. Gould, "Western Range Senators and the Payne–Aldrich Tariff." <i>Pacific Northwest Quarterly</i> 64.2 (1973): 49–56 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40489113">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221002620/http://www.jstor.org/stable/40489113">Archived</a> 2016-12-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John D. Buenker, <i>The Income Tax and the Progressive Era</i> (Routledge, 2018).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Payne%E2%80%93Aldrich_Tariff_Act&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Aldrich, Mark. "Tariffs and Trusts, Profiteers and Middlemen: Popular Explanations for the High Cost of Living, 1897–1920." <i>History of Political Economy</i> 45.4 (2013): 693–746.</li> <li>Barfield, Claude E. "'Our Share of the Booty': The Democratic Party Cannonism, and the Payne–Aldrich Tariff." <i>Journal of American History </i> (1970) 57#2 pp. 308–323. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1918151">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Brawley, Mark R. " 'And we would have the field': US Steel and American trade policy, 1908–1912." <i>Business and Politics</i> 19.3 (2017): 424–453.</li> <li>Coletta, Paolo Enrico. <i>The Presidency of William Howard Taft</i> (University Press of Kansas, 1973) pp 61–71.</li> <li>Detzer, David W. "Businessmen, Reformers and Tariff Revision: The Payne–Aldrich Tariff of 1909." <i>Historian</i> (1973) 35#2 pp. 196–204.</li> <li>Fisk, George. "The Payne–Aldrich Tariff," <i>Political Science Quarterly</i> (1910) 25#1 pp. 35–68; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2141008">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Gould, Lewis L. "Western Range Senators and the Payne–Aldrich Tariff." <i>Pacific Northwest Quarterly</i> (1973): 49–56. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40489113">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Gould, Lewis L. "New Perspectives on the Republican Party, 1877–1913," <i>American Historical Review</i> (1972) 77#4 pp. 1074–1082 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1859508">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Gould, Lewis L. <i>The William Howard Taft Presidency</i> (University Press of Kansas, 2009) 51–64.</li> <li>Mowry, George E. <i>Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement</i> (1946) pp. 36–65 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.87002">online</a>.</li> <li>Mowry, George E. <i>The Era of Theodore Roosevelt</i>, 1900–1912 (1958) pp. 242–247 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/#safe=off&q=george+e+mowry+archive.org">read online</a></li> <li>Solvick, Stanley D. "William Howard Taft and the Payne–Aldrich Tariff." <i>Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i> (1963) pp. 424–442 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1902605">in JSTOR</a>.</li> <li>Taussig, Frank W. <i>The Tariff History of the United States</i> (8th ed. 1931), pp. 361–408 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tariffhistoryofu0000taus_h6v9">online</a></li> <li>Wolman, Paul. <i>Most Favored Nation: The Republican Revisionists and US Tariff Policy, 1897–1912</i> (U of North Carolina Press, 2000).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_tax_acts" title="Template:US tax acts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_tax_acts" title="Template talk:US tax acts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_tax_acts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US tax acts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_federal_taxation_legislation196" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Amendments_to_the_Internal_Revenue_Laws_of_the_United_States" title="Amendments to the Internal Revenue Laws of the United States">United States federal taxation legislation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code" title="Internal Revenue Code">Internal<br />Revenue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1861" title="Revenue Act of 1861">1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1862" title="Revenue Act of 1862">1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1864" title="Revenue Act of 1864">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%E2%80%93Gorman_Tariff_Act" title="Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act">1894</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1913" title="Revenue Act of 1913">1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Internal_Revenue_Tax_Act" title="Emergency Internal Revenue Tax Act">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1916" title="Revenue Act of 1916">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Revenue_Act_of_1917" title="War Revenue Act of 1917">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1918" title="Revenue Act of 1918">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1921" title="Revenue Act of 1921">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1924" title="Revenue Act of 1924">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1926" title="Revenue Act of 1926">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1928" title="Revenue Act of 1928">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1932" title="Revenue Act of 1932">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1934" title="Revenue Act of 1934">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1935" title="Revenue Act of 1935">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1936" title="Revenue Act of 1936">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1937" title="Revenue Act of 1937">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code_of_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal Revenue Code of 1939">1939 Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1940" title="Revenue Act of 1940">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Revenue_Act_of_1940" title="Second Revenue Act of 1940">1940 (2nd)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1941" title="Revenue Act of 1941">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1942" title="Revenue Act of 1942">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1943" title="Revenue Act of 1943">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_Tax_Payment_Act_of_1943" title="Current Tax Payment Act of 1943">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_Income_Tax_Act_of_1944" title="Individual Income Tax Act of 1944">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1945" title="Revenue Act of 1945">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1948" title="Revenue Act of 1948">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1950" title="Revenue Act of 1950">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excess_profits_tax" title="Excess profits tax">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1951" title="Revenue Act of 1951">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excise_Tax_Reduction_Act_of_1954" title="Excise Tax Reduction Act of 1954">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code_of_1954" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal Revenue Code of 1954">1954 Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1962" title="Revenue Act of 1962">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1964" title="Revenue Act of 1964">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Adjustment_Act_of_1966" title="Tax Adjustment Act of 1966">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_and_Expenditure_Control_Act_of_1968" title="Revenue and Expenditure Control Act of 1968">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Reform_Act_of_1969" title="Tax Reform Act of 1969">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1971" title="Revenue Act of 1971">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Reduction_Act_of_1975" title="Tax Reduction Act of 1975">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Reform_Act_of_1976" title="Tax Reform Act of 1976">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Reduction_and_Simplification_Act_of_1977" title="Tax Reduction and Simplification Act of 1977">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1978" title="Revenue Act of 1978">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crude_Oil_Windfall_Profit_Tax_Act_of_1980" title="Crude Oil Windfall Profit Tax Act of 1980">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Recovery_Tax_Act_of_1981" title="Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Equity_and_Fiscal_Responsibility_Act_of_1982" title="Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_Revenue_Act_of_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="Highway Revenue Act of 1982">Gas Tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_and_Dividend_Tax_Compliance_Act_of_1983" title="Interest and Dividend Tax Compliance Act of 1983">1983 (PL 98-67)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_Retirement_Solvency_Act_of_1983" title="Railroad Retirement Solvency Act of 1983">1983 (PL 98-76)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deficit_Reduction_Act_of_1984" title="Deficit Reduction Act of 1984">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Omnibus_Budget_Reconciliation_Act_of_1985" title="Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985">COBRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Reform_Act_of_1986" title="Tax Reform Act of 1986">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code_of_1986" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal Revenue Code of 1986">1986 Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Budget_Reconciliation_Act_of_1987" title="Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_and_Miscellaneous_Revenue_Act_of_1988" title="Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Budget_Reconciliation_Act_of_1990" title="Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Budget_Reconciliation_Act_of_1993" title="Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxpayer_Bill_of_Rights_2" title="Taxpayer Bill of Rights 2">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxpayer_Relief_Act_of_1997" title="Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service_Restructuring_and_Reform_Act_of_1998" title="Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Growth_and_Tax_Relief_Reconciliation_Act_of_2001" title="Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001">2001 (EGTRRA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_Creation_and_Worker_Assistance_Act_of_2002" title="Job Creation and Worker Assistance Act of 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobs_and_Growth_Tax_Relief_Reconciliation_Act_of_2003" title="Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jobs_Creation_Act_of_2004" title="American Jobs Creation Act of 2004">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Increase_Prevention_and_Reconciliation_Act_of_2005" title="Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_Protection_Act_of_2006" title="Pension Protection Act of 2006">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Relief_and_Health_Care_Act_of_2006" title="Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tax_Increase_Prevention_Act_of_2007&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tax Increase Prevention Act of 2007 (page does not exist)">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_Forgiveness_Debt_Relief_Act_of_2007" title="Mortgage Forgiveness Debt Relief Act of 2007">2007 (Mortgage)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Stimulus_Act_of_2008" title="Economic Stimulus Act of 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Law_110-343" title="Public Law 110-343">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act" title="Affordable Care Act">2010 (ACA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Business_Jobs_Act_of_2010" title="Small Business Jobs Act of 2010">2010 (PL 111–240)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Relief,_Unemployment_Insurance_Reauthorization,_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2010" title="Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010">2010 (PL 111-312)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Payroll_Tax_Cut_Continuation_Act_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporary Payroll Tax Cut Continuation Act of 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Taxpayer_Relief_Act_of_2012" title="American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012">2012 (ATRA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Class_Tax_Relief_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2012" title="Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tax_Increase_Prevention_Act_of_2014&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tax Increase Prevention Act of 2014 (page does not exist)">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bipartisan_Budget_Act_of_2015&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015 (page does not exist)">2015 (BBA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2016" title="Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act_of_2017" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017">2017 (TCJA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipartisan_Budget_Act_of_2018" title="Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018">2018 (BBA)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Continuing_Appropriations_for_Fiscal_Year_2018,_Federal_Register_Printing_Savings,_Healthy_Kids,_Health-Related_Taxes,_and_Budgetary_Effects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fourth Continuing Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2018, Federal Register Printing Savings, Healthy Kids, Health-Related Taxes, and Budgetary Effects (page does not exist)">2018 (Appropriations)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SECURE_Act_of_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="SECURE Act of 2019">2019 (SECURE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Families_First_Coronavirus_Response_Act" title="Families First Coronavirus Response Act">2020 (Families First)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARES_Act" title="CARES Act">2020 (CARES)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2021" title="Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021">2020 (Appropriations)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._(Mac)_Thornberry_National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2021" class="mw-redirect" title="William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021">2021 (Defense Authorization)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Rescue_Plan_Act_of_2021" title="American Rescue Plan Act of 2021">2021 (American Rescue Plan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act" title="Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act">2021 (Infrastructure, PL 117–58)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tariffs_in_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariffs in United States history">Tariffs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1789" title="Tariff of 1789">1789: Hamilton I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1790" title="Tariff of 1790">1790: Hamilton II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1791" title="Tariff of 1791">1791: Hamilton III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1792" title="Tariff of 1792">1792: Hamilton IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1816" title="Tariff of 1816">1816: Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1824" title="Tariff of 1824">1824: Sectional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_Abominations" title="Tariff of Abominations">1828: "Abominations"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1832" title="Tariff of 1832">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1833" title="Tariff of 1833">1833: Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1842" title="Tariff of 1842">1842: Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker_tariff" title="Walker tariff">1846: Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1857" title="Tariff of 1857">1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrill_Tariff" title="Morrill Tariff">1861: Morrill</a></li> <li>1872</li> <li>1875</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1883" title="Tariff of 1883">1883: Mongrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKinley_Tariff" title="McKinley Tariff">1890: McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%E2%80%93Gorman_Tariff_Act" title="Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act">1894: Wilson–Gorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingley_Act" title="Dingley Act">1897: Dingley</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1909: Payne–Aldrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1913" title="Revenue Act of 1913">1913: Underwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Tariff_of_1921" title="Emergency Tariff of 1921">1921: Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fordney%E2%80%93McCumber_Tariff" title="Fordney–McCumber Tariff">1922: Fordney–McCumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley_Tariff_Act" title="Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act">1930: Smoot–Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_Tariff_Act" title="Reciprocal Tariff Act">1934: Reciprocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">1948: GATT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Expansion_Act" title="Trade Expansion Act">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Act_of_1974" title="Trade Act of 1974">1974/75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Agreements_Act_of_1979" title="Trade Agreements Act of 1979">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_and_Tariff_Act_of_1984" title="Trade and Tariff Act of 1984">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Trade_and_Competitiveness_Act" title="Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement">1988: Canada FT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">1993: NAFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">1994: WTO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Trump_tariffs" title="First Trump tariffs">2018/2019: Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Trump_tariffs" title="Second Trump tariffs">2025: Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="William_Howard_Taft1340" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:William_Howard_Taft" title="Template:William Howard Taft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:William_Howard_Taft" title="Template 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title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1909–1913)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Cuba" title="List of colonial governors of Cuba">3rd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Cuba" title="President of Cuba">Provisional Governor of Cuba</a> (1904)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War#Secretary_of_War_(1789–1947)" title="United States Secretary of War">42nd</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">United States Secretary of War</a> (1904–1908)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines#Insular_Government_(1901–1935)" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Governor-General of the Philippines</a> (1901–1904)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_the_United_States#List_of_solicitors_general" title="Solicitor General of the United States">6th</a> <a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_the_United_States" title="Solicitor General of the United States">Solicitor General of the United States</a> (1890–1892)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft#Presidency_(1909–1913)" title="William Howard Taft">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_Howard_Taft_presidency" title="Timeline of the William Howard Taft presidency">timeline)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Inauguration of William Howard Taft">1909 inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollar_diplomacy" title="Dollar diplomacy">Dollar diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Adoption" title="Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Income Tax amendment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeks_Act" title="Weeks Act">Weeks Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Corrupt_Practices_Act" title="Federal Corrupt Practices Act">Federal Corrupt Practices Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Ship_Act_of_1910" title="Wireless Ship Act of 1910">Wireless Ship Act of 1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apportionment_Act_of_1911" title="Apportionment Act of 1911">Apportionment Act of 1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_Fur_Seal_Convention_of_1911" title="North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911">North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mann%E2%80%93Elkins_Act" title="Mann–Elkins Act">Mann–Elkins Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Act_of_1912" title="Radio Act of 1912">Radio Act of 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Secrets_Act_of_1911" title="Defense Secrets Act of 1911">Defense Secrets Act of 1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinchot%E2%80%93Ballinger_controversy" title="Pinchot–Ballinger controversy">Pinchot–Ballinger controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Economy_and_Efficiency" title="Commission on Economy and Efficiency">Commission on Economy and Efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">U.S. occupation of Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">United States Chamber of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_first_pitch#Presidential_first_pitches" title="Ceremonial first pitch">Ceremonial first pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1912 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft#Inauguration_and_appointments" title="William Howard Taft">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_William_Howard_Taft" title="List of federal judges appointed by William Howard Taft">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_William_Howard_Taft#United_States_Supreme_Court_Justices" title="List of federal judges appointed by William Howard Taft">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oval_Office#Taft_Oval_Office:_1909–33" title="Oval Office">First Oval Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidential transition of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson transition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chief Justice,<br />Supreme Court</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft#Chief_Justice_(1921–1930)" title="William Howard Taft">Supreme Court career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1925" title="Judiciary Act of 1925">Judiciary Act of 1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building" title="United States Supreme Court Building">Creation of the Supreme Court Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taft_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taft Court">Taft Court cases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other actions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taft_Commission" title="Taft Commission">Taft Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Insular Government of the Philippine Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Philippines Civil Governor, 1901–1904</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Katsura_agreement" title="Taft–Katsura agreement">Taft–Katsura agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Occupation_of_Cuba#Occupation" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Occupation of Cuba">1906–1909 Occupation of Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_to_Enforce_Peace" title="League to Enforce Peace">League to Enforce Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_War_Labor_Board_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="National War Labor Board (1918–1919)">National War Labor Board</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft#Early_life_and_education" title="William Howard Taft">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft_National_Historic_Site" title="William Howard Taft National Historic Site">Birthplace, home, and historic site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace" title="Malacañang Palace">Malacañang Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodbury_Point" title="Woodbury Point">Woodbury Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taft_Bridge" title="Taft Bridge">Taft Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Bibliography of William Howard Taft">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_President_Taft" title="SS President Taft">SS <i>President Taft</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taft,_Montana" title="Taft, Montana">Taft, Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft_High_School_(New_York_City)" title="William Howard Taft High School (New York City)">High school (New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft_High_School_(Chicago)" title="William Howard Taft High School (Chicago)">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft_Charter_High_School" title="William Howard Taft Charter High School">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft_High_School_(San_Antonio)" title="William Howard Taft High School (San Antonio)">San Antonio)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1908_Republican_National_Convention" title="1908 Republican National Convention">1908 Republican National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">1908 U.S. presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">1912 Republican National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912 U.S. presidential election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taft_family" title="Taft family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Herron_Taft" title="Helen Herron Taft">Helen Herron Taft</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert Alphonso Taft</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Taft_Manning" title="Helen Taft Manning">Helen Taft Manning</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Phelps_Taft_II" title="Charles Phelps Taft II">Charles Phelps Taft II</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft_III" title="William Howard Taft III">William Howard Taft III</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Taft_Jr." title="Robert Taft Jr.">Robert Alphonso Taft Jr.</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Taft" title="Seth Taft">Seth Taft</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonso_Taft" title="Alphonso Taft">Alphonso Taft</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Taft" title="Louise Taft">Louise Taft</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Phelps_Taft" title="Charles Phelps Taft">Charles Phelps Taft</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Waters_Taft" title="Henry Waters Taft">Henry Waters Taft</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Dutton_Taft" title="Horace Dutton Taft">Horace Dutton Taft</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Rawson_Taft" title="Peter Rawson Taft">Peter Rawson Taft</a> (paternal grandfather)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Possum" title="Billy Possum">Billy Possum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Wayne" title="Pauline Wayne">Pauline Wayne</a> (cow)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Backstairs_at_the_White_House" title="Backstairs at the White House">Backstairs at the White House</a></i> (1979 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_(miniseries)" title="Theodore Roosevelt (miniseries)">Theodore Roosevelt</a></i> (2022 miniseries)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">← Theodore Roosevelt</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:William_Howard_Taft" title="Category:William Howard Taft">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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