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id="toc-Style_and_compositions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style_and_compositions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Style and compositions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Style_and_compositions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Style and compositions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Style_and_compositions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_modernist_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modernist_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early modernist works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modernist_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Move_from_modernism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Move_from_modernism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Move from modernism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Move_from_modernism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Later works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_decade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_decade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Last decade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_decade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Use in film and television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Critical opinion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A" title="هينريك غوريسكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هينريك غوريسكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Henryk Górecki" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Генрык Мікалай Гурэцкі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Генрык Мікалай Гурэцкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Хенрик Миколай Гурецки – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хенрик Миколай Гурецки" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Henryk Górecki" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Henryk Górecki" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Henryk Górecki" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Henryk Górecki" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_Miko%C5%82aj_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Mikołaj Górecki – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Henryk Mikołaj Górecki" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Henryk Górecki" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AD%CF%84%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B9" title="Χένρικ Γκουρέτσκι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χένρικ Γκουρέτσκι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Henryk Górecki" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Henryk Górecki" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="هنریک گورتسکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هنریک گورتسکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Henryk Górecki" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Henryk Górecki" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Henryk Górecki" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Henryk Górecki" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%A8%EB%A6%AC%ED%81%AC_%EA%B5%AC%EB%A0%88%EC%B8%A0%ED%82%A4" title="헨리크 구레츠키 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헨리크 구레츠키" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Henryk Górecki" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%A7%D7%99" title="הנריק גורצקי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הנריק גורצקי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_Mikolaj_Gorecki" title="Henryk Mikolaj Gorecki – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Henryk Mikolaj Gorecki" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henriks_Gureckis" title="Henriks Gureckis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Henriks Gureckis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_Miko%C5%82aj_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Mikołaj Górecki – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Henryk Mikołaj Górecki" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Henryk Górecki" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%89" title="هينريك جوريسكى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هينريك جوريسكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Henryk Górecki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Henryk Górecki" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Henryk Górecki" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AC%E3%83%84%E3%82%AD" title="ヘンリク・グレツキ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘンリク・グレツキ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Henryk Górecki" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_Miko%C5%82aj_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Mikołaj Górecki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Henryk Mikołaj Górecki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Henryk Górecki" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_Miko%C5%82aj_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Mikołaj Górecki – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Henryk Mikołaj Górecki" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Polish composer (1933–2010)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Henryk Górecki</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Henryk_Miko%C5%82aj_G%C3%B3recki_Polish_composer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Henryk_Miko%C5%82aj_G%C3%B3recki_Polish_composer.jpg/220px-Henryk_Miko%C5%82aj_G%C3%B3recki_Polish_composer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Henryk_Miko%C5%82aj_G%C3%B3recki_Polish_composer.jpg/330px-Henryk_Miko%C5%82aj_G%C3%B3recki_Polish_composer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Henryk_Miko%C5%82aj_G%C3%B3recki_Polish_composer.jpg/440px-Henryk_Miko%C5%82aj_G%C3%B3recki_Polish_composer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1715" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Górecki in 1993</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Henryk Mikołaj Górecki</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1933-12-06</span>)</span>6 December 1933<br /><a href="/wiki/Czernica,_Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Czernica, Silesian Voivodeship">Czernica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">12 November 2010<span style="display:none">(2010-11-12)</span> (aged 76)<br /><a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a>, Silesia, Poland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski_Academy_of_Music" title="Karol Szymanowski Academy of Music">Karol Szymanowski Academy of Music</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">Contemporary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(G%C3%B3recki)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Górecki)">Symphony of Sorrowful Songs</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Works</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="List of compositions by Henryk Górecki">List of works</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Jadwiga Rurańska (pianist)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Anna Górecka<br /><a href="/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_G%C3%B3recki" title="Mikołaj Górecki">Mikołaj Górecki</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henryk_Miko%C5%82aj_G%C3%B3recki_signature_1997.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Henryk_Miko%C5%82aj_G%C3%B3recki_signature_1997.svg/150px-Henryk_Miko%C5%82aj_G%C3%B3recki_signature_1997.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Henryk_Miko%C5%82aj_G%C3%B3recki_signature_1997.svg/225px-Henryk_Miko%C5%82aj_G%C3%B3recki_signature_1997.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Henryk_Miko%C5%82aj_G%C3%B3recki_signature_1997.svg/300px-Henryk_Miko%C5%82aj_G%C3%B3recki_signature_1997.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="104" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Henryk Mikołaj Górecki</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">gə-<span style="font-size:90%">RET</span>-skee</i></a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Polish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[ˈxɛnrɨk<span class="wrap"> </span>miˈkɔwaj<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡuˈrɛt͡skʲi]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5b\/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Gower-Henryk_Miko%C5%82aj_G%C3%B3recki.wav\/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Gower-Henryk_Miko%C5%82aj_G%C3%B3recki.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q809 (pol)-Gower-Henryk Miko\u0142aj G\u00f3recki.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Gower-Henryk_Miko%C5%82aj_G%C3%B3recki.wav/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Gower-Henryk_Miko%C5%82aj_G%C3%B3recki.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q809_(pol)-Gower-Henryk_Miko%C5%82aj_G%C3%B3recki.wav" title="File:LL-Q809 (pol)-Gower-Henryk Mikołaj Górecki.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-Perlez_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perlez-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 6 December 1933 – 12 November 2010)<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_death_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc_death-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reuters_death_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters_death-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a Polish <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">contemporary classical music</a>. According to critic <a href="/wiki/Alex_Ross_(music_critic)" title="Alex Ross (music critic)">Alex Ross</a>, no recent classical composer has had as much commercial success as Górecki.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became a leading figure of the Polish <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> during the post-<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a> cultural thaw.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas199712_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas199712-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a>-influenced <a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">serialist</a> works of the 1950s and 1960s were characterized by adherence to <a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">dissonant</a> <a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">modernism</a> and influenced by <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Luigi Nono</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-thomas9717_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomas9717-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki" title="Krzysztof Penderecki">Krzysztof Penderecki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Serocki" title="Kazimierz Serocki">Kazimierz Serocki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMellers198923_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMellers198923-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued in this direction throughout the 1960s, but by the mid-1970s had changed to a less complex <a href="/wiki/Holy_minimalism" title="Holy minimalism">sacred minimalist</a> sound, exemplified by the transitional <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(G%C3%B3recki)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Górecki)">Symphony No. 2</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(G%C3%B3recki)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Górecki)">Symphony No. 3</a> (<i>Symphony of Sorrowful Songs</i>). This later style developed through several other distinct phases, from such works as his 1979 <i><a href="/wiki/Beatus_Vir_(G%C3%B3recki)" title="Beatus Vir (Górecki)">Beatus Vir</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the 1981 choral hymn <i><a href="/wiki/Miserere_(G%C3%B3recki)" title="Miserere (Górecki)">Miserere</a></i>, the 1993 <i><a href="/wiki/Kleines_Requiem_f%C3%BCr_eine_Polka" title="Kleines Requiem für eine Polka">Kleines Requiem für eine Polka</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-T262_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T262-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his requiem <i>Good Night</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorin2002357_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorin2002357-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Górecki was largely unknown outside Poland until the late 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2001_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2001-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1992, 15 years after it was composed, a recording of his <i>Symphony of Sorrowful Songs</i> with <a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a> <a href="/wiki/Dawn_Upshaw" title="Dawn Upshaw">Dawn Upshaw</a> and conductor <a href="/wiki/David_Zinman" title="David Zinman">David Zinman</a>, released to commemorate the memory of those lost during <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, became a worldwide commercial and critical success, selling more than a million copies and vastly exceeding the typical lifetime sales of a recording of <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Symphonic music">symphonic music</a> by a 20th-century composer. Commenting on its popularity, Górecki said, "Perhaps people find something they need in this piece of music ... somehow I hit the right note, something they were missing. Something somewhere had been lost to them. I feel that I instinctively knew what they needed."<sup id="cite_ref-stein171_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stein171-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This popular acclaim did not generate wide interest in Górecki's other works,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995170_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995170-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he pointedly resisted the temptation to repeat earlier success, or compose for commercial reward. Nevertheless, his music drew the attention of Australian film director <a href="/wiki/Peter_Weir" title="Peter Weir">Peter Weir</a>, who used a section of Symphony No. 3 in his 1993 film <a href="/wiki/Fearless_(1993_film)" title="Fearless (1993 film)"><i>Fearless</i></a>. </p><p>Apart from two brief periods studying in Paris and a short time living in Berlin, Górecki spent most of his life in southern Poland. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henryk_G%C3%B3recki&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henryk_G%C3%B3recki&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: left;"> <p>I was born in Silesia....It is old Polish land. But there were always three cultures present: Polish, Czech, and German. The folk art, all the art, had no boundaries. Polish culture is a wonderful mixture. When you look at the history of Poland, it is precisely the multiculturalism, the presence of the so-called minorities that made Poland what it was. The cultural wealth, the diversity mixed and created a new entity.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;">— Henryk Górecki </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Henryk Górecki was born on 6 December 1933, in the village of <a href="/wiki/Czernica,_Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Czernica, Silesian Voivodeship">Czernica</a>, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Silesian Voivodeship">Silesian Voivodeship</a>, southwest Poland. His family lived modestly, though both parents had a love of music. His father Roman (1904–1991) worked at the goods office of a local railway station, but was an amateur musician, while his mother Otylia (1909–1935), played piano. Otylia died when her son was just two years old,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1997xiii_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1997xiii-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many of his early works were dedicated to her memory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1998131–133_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1998131–133-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henryk developed an interest in music from an early age, though he was discouraged by both his father and new stepmother to the extent that he was not allowed to play his mother's old piano. He persisted, and in 1943 was allowed to take violin lessons with Paweł Hajduga, a local amateur musician, instrument maker, sculptor, painter, poet and <i>chłopski filozof</i> (peasant philosopher).<sup id="cite_ref-thxvi_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thxvi-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1937, Górecki fell while playing in a neighbor’s yard and dislocated his hip. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Pyaemia" title="Pyaemia">suppurative inflammation</a> was misdiagnosed by a local doctor, and delay in proper treatment led to tubercular complications in the bone. The illness went largely untreated for two years, by which time permanent damage had been sustained. He spent the following twenty months in a hospital in Germany, where he underwent four operations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1997vi_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1997vi-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Górecki continued to suffer ill health throughout his life and as a result said he had "talked with death often".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1998134_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1998134-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1950s, Górecki studied in the <a href="/wiki/Szafrankowie_Brothers_State_School_of_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Szafrankowie Brothers State School of Music">Szafrankowie Brothers State School of Music</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rybnik" title="Rybnik">Rybnik</a>. Between 1955 and 1960, he studied at the <a href="/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski_Academy_of_Music" title="Karol Szymanowski Academy of Music">State Higher School of Music</a> in <a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a>. In 1965 He joined the faculty of his alma mater in Katowice, where he was made a lecturer in 1968, and then rose to provost before resigning in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlonimsky2001_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlonimsky2001-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rydułtowy_and_Katowice"><span id="Rydu.C5.82towy_and_Katowice"></span>Rydułtowy and Katowice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henryk_G%C3%B3recki&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rydułtowy and Katowice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halda_w_rydultowach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Halda_w_rydultowach.jpg/220px-Halda_w_rydultowach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Halda_w_rydultowach.jpg/330px-Halda_w_rydultowach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Halda_w_rydultowach.jpg/440px-Halda_w_rydultowach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption>View of Rydułtowy, where Górecki taught for two years from 1951 to 1953</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 1951 and 1953, Górecki taught 10- and 11-year-olds at a school suburb of <a href="/wiki/Rydu%C5%82towy" title="Rydułtowy">Rydułtowy</a>, in southern Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-thxvi_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thxvi-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1952, he began a teacher training course at the Intermediate School of Music in <a href="/wiki/Rybnik" title="Rybnik">Rybnik</a>, where he studied clarinet, violin, piano, and music theory. Through intensive studying, Górecki finished the four-year course in just under three years. During this time, he began to compose his own pieces, mostly songs and piano miniatures. Occasionally, he attempted more ambitious projects—in 1952, he adapted the Adam Mickiewicz ballad <i>Świtezianka</i>, though it was left unfinished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1997xviii_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1997xviii-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Górecki's life during this time was often difficult. Teaching posts were generally badly paid, while the <a href="/wiki/Shortage_economy" title="Shortage economy">shortage economy</a> made manuscript paper at times difficult and expensive to acquire. With no access to radio, Górecki kept up to date with music by weekly purchases of such periodicals as <i>Ruch muzyczny</i> (<i>Musical Movement</i>) and <i>Muzyka</i>, and by purchasing at least one <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">score</a> a week.<sup id="cite_ref-T13_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T13-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Katowice_-_Akademia_Muzyczna.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Katowice_-_Akademia_Muzyczna.JPG/220px-Katowice_-_Akademia_Muzyczna.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Katowice_-_Akademia_Muzyczna.JPG/330px-Katowice_-_Akademia_Muzyczna.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Katowice_-_Akademia_Muzyczna.JPG/440px-Katowice_-_Akademia_Muzyczna.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>The Academy of Music in Katowice where Górecki lectured from 1968</figcaption></figure> <p>Górecki continued his formal study of music at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Music_in_Katowice" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Music in Katowice">Academy of Music in Katowice</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-PMRC_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMRC-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he studied under the composer <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Szabelski" title="Bolesław Szabelski">Bolesław Szabelski</a>, a former student of <a href="/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski" title="Karol Szymanowski">Karol Szymanowski</a>. Szabelski drew much of his inspiration from Polish highland folklore.<sup id="cite_ref-Perlez_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perlez-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He encouraged Górecki's growing confidence and independence by giving him considerable space in which to develop his own ideas and projects; several of Górecki's early pieces were straightforwardly neo-classical,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas19971_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas19971-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during a period when Górecki was also absorbing the techniques of <a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">twelve-tone serialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas199739–41_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas199739–41-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He graduated from the Academy with honours in 1960.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professorship">Professorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henryk_G%C3%B3recki&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Professorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1975, Górecki was promoted to professor of composition at the State Higher School of Music in Katowice, where his students included <a href="/wiki/Eugeniusz_Knapik" title="Eugeniusz Knapik">Eugeniusz Knapik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Krzanowski" title="Andrzej Krzanowski">Andrzej Krzanowski</a>, Rafał Augustyn, and Górecki's son, Mikołaj.<sup id="cite_ref-PMRC_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMRC-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around this time, he came to believe the Polish Communist authorities were interfering too much in the academy's activities, and called them "little dogs always yapping".<sup id="cite_ref-Perlez_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perlez-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a senior administrator but not a member of <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Poland" title="Communist Party of Poland">the Party</a>, he was in almost perpetual conflict with the authorities in his efforts to protect his school, staff and students from undue political influence.<sup id="cite_ref-PMRC_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMRC-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1979, he resigned from his post in protest at the government's refusal to allow <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> to visit Katowice,<sup id="cite_ref-Lebrecht_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lebrecht-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and formed a local branch of the "Catholic Intellectuals Club", an organisation devoted to the struggle against the Communist Party (<a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers' Party</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Perlez_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perlez-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1981, he composed his <i><a href="/wiki/Miserere_(G%C3%B3recki)" title="Miserere (Górecki)">Miserere</a></i> for a large choir in remembrance of police violence against the <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-T262_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T262-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1987, he composed <i><a href="/wiki/Totus_Tuus_(G%C3%B3recki)" title="Totus Tuus (Górecki)">Totus Tuus</a></i> for John Paul II's visit to Poland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style_and_compositions">Style and compositions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henryk_G%C3%B3recki&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Style and compositions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="List of compositions by Henryk Górecki">List of compositions by Henryk Górecki</a></div> <p>Górecki's music covers a variety of styles, but tends towards relative <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmonic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythmical</a> simplicity. He is considered a founder of the <i><a href="/wiki/Polish_School_(music)" title="Polish School (music)">New Polish School</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2005159_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2005159-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Naxos_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naxos-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Terry_Teachout" title="Terry Teachout">Terry Teachout</a>, Górecki's "more conventional array of compositional techniques includes both elaborate counterpoint and the ritualistic repetition of melodic fragments and harmonic patterns."<sup id="cite_ref-Holy_minimalism_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holy_minimalism-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Górecki's first works, dating from the last half of the 1950s, were in the <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> style of <a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Webern</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">serialists</a> of that time. Some of these twelve-tone and serial pieces include <i>Epitaph</i> (1958), First Symphony (1959), and <i>Scontri</i> (1960).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMirka2004305_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirka2004305-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, Górecki's reputation was not lagging behind that of Penderecki and his status was confirmed in 1960s when <i>Monologhi</i> won a first prize. Even until 1962, he was firmly ensconced in the minds of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Autumn" title="Warsaw Autumn">Warsaw Autumn</a> public as a leader of the Polish Modern School, alongside Penderecki.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobson1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobson1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Danuta Mirka has shown that Górecki's compositional techniques in the 1960s were often based on geometry, including axes, figures, one- and two-dimensional patterns, and especially symmetry. She proposes the term "geometrical period" for his works between 1962 and 1970. Building on Krzysztof Droba's classifications, she further divides this period into two phases: "the phase of sonoristic means" (1962–63) and "the phase of reductive constructicism" (1964–70).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMirka2004329_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirka2004329-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the mid-1960s and early 1970s, Górecki progressively moved away from his early career as radical modernist, and began to compose in a more traditional, romantic mode of expression. His change of style was viewed as an affront to the then avant-garde establishment, and though he continued to receive commissions from various Polish agencies, by the mid-1970s Górecki was no longer regarded as a composer of importance. In the words of one critic, his "new material was no longer cerebral and sparse; rather, it was intensely expressive, persistently rhythmic and often richly colored in the darkest of orchestral hues".<sup id="cite_ref-Wierz_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wierz-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modernist_works">Early modernist works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henryk_G%C3%B3recki&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early modernist works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first public performances of Górecki's music in Katowice in February 1958 programmed works clearly displaying the influence of Szymanowski and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Bartók</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Philharmonic" title="Silesian Philharmonic">Silesian State Philharmonic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a> held a concert devoted entirely to the 24-year-old Górecki's music. The event led to a commission to write for the Warsaw Autumn Festival. The <i>Epitafium</i> (<i>Epitaph</i>) he submitted marked a new phase in his development,<sup id="cite_ref-stein171_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stein171-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was said to represent "the most colourful and vibrant expression of the new Polish wave".<sup id="cite_ref-thom29_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thom29-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The festival announced Górecki's arrival on the international scene, and he quickly became a favorite of the West's avant-garde musical elite.<sup id="cite_ref-Wierz_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wierz-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1991, the music critic James Wierzbicki wrote that at this time "Górecki was seen as a Polish heir to the new aesthetic of post-Webernian serialism, with his taut structures, lean orchestrations and painstaking concern for the logical ordering of pitches".<sup id="cite_ref-Wierz_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wierz-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Górecki wrote his First Symphony in 1959, and graduated with honours from the Academy the next year.<sup id="cite_ref-PMRC_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMRC-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the 1960 Warsaw Autumn Festival, his <i>Scontri</i> for orchestra caused a sensation among critics due to its use of sharp contrasts and harsh <a href="/wiki/Articulation_(music)" title="Articulation (music)">articulations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PMRC_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMRC-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wright_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1961, Górecki was at the forefront of the Polish <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a>, having absorbed the <a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">modernism</a> of Webern, <a href="/wiki/Iannis_Xenakis" title="Iannis Xenakis">Iannis Xenakis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a>, and his Symphony No. 1 gained international acclaim at the Paris Biennial Festival of Youth. He moved to Paris to continue his studies, and while there was influenced by contemporaries including <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Palester" title="Roman Palester">Roman Palester</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-thomas9717_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomas9717-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Górecki began to lecture at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Music_in_Katowice" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Music in Katowice">Academy of Music in Katowice</a> in 1968, where he taught score-reading, orchestration and composition. In 1972, he was promoted to assistant professor,<sup id="cite_ref-PMRC_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMRC-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and developed a fearsome reputation among his students for his often blunt personality. According to the Polish composer <a href="/wiki/Rafa%C5%82_Augustyn_(composer)" title="Rafał Augustyn (composer)">Rafał Augustyn</a>, "When I began to study under Górecki it felt as if someone had dumped a pail of ice-cold water over my head. He could be ruthless in his opinions. The weak fell by the wayside but those who graduated under him became, without exception, respected composers".<sup id="cite_ref-Perlez_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perlez-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Górecki admits, "For quite a few years, I was a pedagogue, a teacher in the music academy, and my students would ask me many, many things, including how to write and what to write. I always answered this way: If you can live without music for 2 or 3 days, then don't write...It might be better to spend time with a girl or with a beer...If you cannot live without music, then write.”<sup id="cite_ref-Duffie_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffie-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to his commitments as a teacher and also because of bouts of ill health, he composed only intermittently during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Move_from_modernism">Move from modernism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henryk_G%C3%B3recki&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Move from modernism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the early 1970s, Górecki had begun to move away from his earlier radical modernism, and was working toward a more traditional mode of expression dominated by the human voice. His change of style affronted the avant-garde establishment, and although various Polish agencies continued to commission works from him, Górecki ceased to be viewed as an important composer. One critic later wrote, "Górecki's new material was no longer cerebral and sparse; rather, it was intensely expressive, persistently rhythmic and often richly colored in the darkest of orchestral hues".<sup id="cite_ref-Wierz_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wierz-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Górecki progressively rejected the dissonance, serialism and <a href="/wiki/Sonorism" title="Sonorism">sonorism</a> that had brought him early recognition, and pared and simplified his work. He began to favor large slow gestures and the repetition of small motifs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1998135_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1998135-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorecki_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gorecki_cropped.png/220px-Gorecki_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gorecki_cropped.png/330px-Gorecki_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gorecki_cropped.png/440px-Gorecki_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="1892" data-file-height="1436" /></a><figcaption>A performance of Górecki's <i><a href="/wiki/Beatus_Vir_(G%C3%B3recki)" title="Beatus Vir (Górecki)">Beatus Vir</a></i> conducted by Włodzimierz Siedlik. The piece was composed to celebrate <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Karol Wojtyła's</a> appointment as Pope.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(G%C3%B3recki)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Górecki)">Symphony No. 2, "Copernican" <i>(II Symfonia Kopernikowska)</i></a>, was written in 1972 to celebrate the 500th anniversary of the birth of the astronomer <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a>. Written in a monumental style for <a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">solo soprano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">baritone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestra</a>, it features text from <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> no. 145, 6 and 135 as well as an excerpt from Copernicus's <i><a href="/wiki/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium" title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium">De revolutionibus orbium coelestium</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-T77_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T77-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is in two movements, and a typical performance lasts 35 minutes. It was commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Kosciuszko_Foundation" title="Kosciuszko Foundation">Kosciuszko Foundation</a> in New York, and presented an early opportunity for Górecki to reach an audience outside Poland. As was usual, he undertook extensive research on the subject, and was in particular concerned with the philosophical implications of Copernicus's discovery, not all of which he viewed as positive.<sup id="cite_ref-th74_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-th74-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the historian <a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a> commented, "His discovery of the earth's motion round the sun caused the most fundamental revolutions possible in the prevailing concepts of the human predicament".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the mid-1980s, Górecki began to attract a more international audience, and in 1989 the <a href="/wiki/London_Sinfonietta" title="London Sinfonietta">London Sinfonietta</a> held a weekend of concerts in which his work was played alongside that of the Russian composer <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Schnittke" title="Alfred Schnittke">Alfred Schnittke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas20085:35_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas20085:35-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990, the American <a href="/wiki/Kronos_Quartet" title="Kronos Quartet">Kronos Quartet</a> commissioned and recorded his <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._1_(G%C3%B3recki)" title="String Quartet No. 1 (Górecki)">First String Quartet, <i>Already It Is Dusk</i>, Op. 62</a>, an occasion that marked the beginning of a long relationship between the quartet and Górecki.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Górecki's most popular piece is his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(G%C3%B3recki)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Górecki)">Third Symphony</a>, also known as the "Symphony of Sorrowful Songs" <i>(Symfonia pieśni żałosnych)</i>. The work is slow and contemplative, and each of its three movements is for orchestra and solo soprano. The <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> for the first movement is taken from a 15th-century lament, while the second movement uses the words of a teenage girl, <a href="/wiki/Helena_B%C5%82a%C5%BCusiak%C3%B3wna" title="Helena Błażusiakówna">Helena Błażusiakówna</a> (Helena Błażusiak), which she wrote on the wall of a <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> prison cell in <a href="/wiki/Zakopane" title="Zakopane">Zakopane</a> to invoke the protection of the <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas199782_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas199782-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third uses the text of a <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesian</a> folk song which describes the pain of a mother searching for a son killed in the <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Uprisings" title="Silesian Uprisings">Silesian Uprisings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellis_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The symphony's dominant themes are motherhood and separation through war. While the first and third movements are written from the perspective of a parent who has lost a child, the second is from that of a child separated from a parent. </p><p>The completion of Górecki's Fourth Symphony, subtitled "Tansman Episodes", was delayed for many years, partly by Górecki's unease at his newfound fame. Indeed, it had not even been orchestrated when he died in 2010, and his son <a href="/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_G%C3%B3recki" title="Mikołaj Górecki">Mikołaj</a> completed it after his death from the piano score and notes left behind by his father.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It uses similar repetition techniques as the Second and Third Symphonies, but to very different effect; for example, its opening consists of a series of very loud, repeated cells that together spell out the name of the composer <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Tansman" title="Alexandre Tansman">Alexandre Tansman</a> via a <a href="/wiki/Musical_cryptogram" title="Musical cryptogram">musical cryptogram</a>, punctuated with heavy strokes on the bass drum and clashing bitonality between the chords of A and E-flat.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_works">Later works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henryk_G%C3%B3recki&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the Third Symphony's success, Górecki resisted the temptation to compose again in that style, and, according to <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a>, continued to work, not to further his career or reputation, but largely "in response to inner creative dictates".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1994, the Kronos Quartet performed at the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Academy_of_Music" title="Brooklyn Academy of Music">Brooklyn Academy of Music</a> four concerts honoring postmodern revival of interest in new music. The first three concerts featured string quartets and the works of three living composers: two Americans (<a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Crumb" title="George Crumb">George Crumb</a>) and one Pole (Górecki).<sup id="cite_ref-Holy_minimalism_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holy_minimalism-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Górecki's later work includes a 1992 commission for the Kronos Quartet, <i>Songs are Sung</i>; <i>Concerto-Cantata</i> (written in 1992 for flute and orchestra); and <i><a href="/wiki/Kleines_Requiem_f%C3%BCr_eine_Polka" title="Kleines Requiem für eine Polka">Kleines Requiem für eine Polka</a></i> (1993 for piano and 13 instruments). <i>Concerto-Cantata</i> and <i>Kleines Requiem für eine Polka</i> have been recorded by the <a href="/wiki/London_Sinfonietta" title="London Sinfonietta">London Sinfonietta</a> and the Schönberg Ensemble, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Songs are Sung</i> is his third string quartet, inspired by a poem by <a href="/wiki/Velimir_Khlebnikov" title="Velimir Khlebnikov">Velimir Khlebnikov</a>. When asked why it took almost 13 years to finish, he replied, "I continued to hold back from releasing it to the world. I don’t know why."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Last_decade">Last decade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henryk_G%C3%B3recki&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Last decade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the last decade of his life, Górecki suffered from frequent illnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_obit_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian_obit-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His Symphony No. 4 (oP. 85, 2006) was due to be premiered in London in 2010 by the <a href="/wiki/London_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="London Philharmonic Orchestra">London Philharmonic Orchestra</a>, but the event was cancelled due to the composer's ill health.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_obit_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian_obit-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died on 12 November 2010, in his home city of <a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a>, from complications arising from a lung infection.<sup id="cite_ref-washington_post_death_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washington_post_death-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reacting to his death, the head of the <a href="/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski_Academy_of_Music" title="Karol Szymanowski Academy of Music">Karol Szymanowski Academy of Music</a>, Professor <a href="/wiki/Eugeniusz_Knapik" title="Eugeniusz Knapik">Eugeniusz Knapik</a>, said "Górecki's work is like a huge boulder that lies in our path and forces us to make a spiritual and emotional effort".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Thomas_(composer)" title="Adrian Thomas (composer)">Adrian Thomas</a>, professor of music at <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_University" title="Cardiff University">Cardiff University</a>, said, "The strength and startling originality of Górecki's character shone through his music ... Yet he was an intensely private man, sometimes impossible, with a strong belief in family, a great sense of humour, a physical courage in the face of unrelenting illness, and a capacity for firm friendship".<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_obit_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian_obit-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was married to Jadwiga, a piano teacher. His daughter, Anna Górecka-Stanczyk, is a pianist, and his son, <a href="/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_G%C3%B3recki" title="Mikołaj Górecki">Mikołaj Górecki</a>, is a composer.<sup id="cite_ref-asspress_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asspress-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was survived by five grandchildren. </p><p><a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">President of the Republic of Poland</a> <a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Komorowski" title="Bronisław Komorowski">Bronisław Komorowski</a> awarded Górecki the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Poland)" title="Order of the White Eagle (Poland)">Order of the White Eagle</a>, Poland's highest honour, a month before his death. The Order was presented by Komorowski's wife in Górecki's hospital bed.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_death_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc_death-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-washington_post_death_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washington_post_death-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earlier, Górecki received the <a href="/wiki/Order_Odrodzenia_Polski" class="mw-redirect" title="Order Odrodzenia Polski">Order of Polonia Restituta II class and III class</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Gregory_the_Great" title="Order of St. Gregory the Great">Order of St. Gregory the Great</a>. </p><p>The world premiere of his Symphony No. 4 took place on 12 April 2014. It was performed, as originally scheduled in 2010, by the London Philharmonic Orchestra at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Festival_Hall" title="Royal Festival Hall">Royal Festival Hall</a>, London, but with <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Boreyko" title="Andrey Boreyko">Andrey Boreyko</a> conducting instead of <a href="/wiki/Marin_Alsop" title="Marin Alsop">Marin Alsop</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symphony No. 4 is an extensive, 37-minute composition set for an approximately 100-person orchestra with piano and organ obbligato. The composer left a cryptogram that explains the way he built the theme for the symphony using musical letters from the first and last names of <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Tansman" title="Alexandre Tansman">Alexandre Tansman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, Górecki left the piano reduction of <i>Two Tristan Postludes and Chorale</i> for orchestra, which received Op. 82. It was orchestrated by his son Mikolaj Górecki and premiered at the Tansman Festival, on 16 October 2016, at the Polish Radio Witold Lutosławski Studio Hall in Warsaw, by <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Maksymiuk" title="Jerzy Maksymiuk">Jerzy Maksymiuk</a> and the Sinfonia Varsovia orchestra.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_film_and_television">Use in film and television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henryk_G%C3%B3recki&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Use in film and television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of Górecki's music has been adapted for film soundtracks, most notably fragments of his <i>Symphony of Sorrowful Songs</i>. They are featured in <a href="/wiki/Peter_Weir" title="Peter Weir">Peter Weir</a>'s 1993 film <i><a href="/wiki/Fearless_(1993_film)" title="Fearless (1993 film)">Fearless</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schnabel" title="Julian Schnabel">Julian Schnabel</a>'s 1996 <a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">biographical</a> <a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">drama film</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Basquiat_(film)" title="Basquiat (film)">Basquiat</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shona_Auerbach" title="Shona Auerbach">Shona Auerbach</a>'s 1996 film <i>Seven</i>, Jaime Marqués's 2007 film <i>Ladrones</i>, <a href="/wiki/Terrence_Malick" title="Terrence Malick">Terrence Malick</a>'s 2012 <a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">experimental</a> <a href="/wiki/Romantic_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic drama">romantic drama</a> <i><a href="/wiki/To_the_Wonder" title="To the Wonder">To the Wonder</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Sorrentino" title="Paolo Sorrentino">Paolo Sorrentino</a>'s 2013 art <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">drama</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Beauty" title="The Great Beauty">The Great Beauty</a>,</i><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Felix_van_Groeningen" title="Felix van Groeningen">Felix van Groeningen</a>'s 2018 biographical film <i><a href="/wiki/Beautiful_Boy_(2018_film)" title="Beautiful Boy (2018 film)">Beautiful Boy</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Malick's 2019 historical drama <i><a href="/wiki/A_Hidden_Life_(2019_film)" title="A Hidden Life (2019 film)">A Hidden Life</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also appeared on television in numerous TV shows, including the American <a href="/wiki/Crime_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime drama">crime drama</a> television series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sopranos" title="The Sopranos">The Sopranos</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American <a href="/wiki/TV_series" class="mw-redirect" title="TV series">TV series</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Legion_(TV_series)" title="Legion (TV series)">Legion</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Crime_thriller" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime thriller">crime thriller</a> television series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blacklist" title="The Blacklist">The Blacklist</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">historical drama</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Crown_(TV_series)" title="The Crown (TV series)">The Crown</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, Canadian choreographer <a href="/wiki/Crystal_Pite" title="Crystal Pite">Crystal Pite</a> set the first movement of the <i>Symphony of Sorrowful Songs</i> as a ballet, <i><a href="/wiki/Flight_Pattern" title="Flight Pattern">Flight Pattern</a></i>. In 2022, she set the whole symphony as a larger work, <i>Light of Passage</i>. French filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Blier" title="Bertrand Blier">Bertrand Blier</a> used <i>Beatus Vir</i> in his 1996 film <i><a href="/wiki/My_Man_(1996_film)" title="My Man (1996 film)">My Man</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_opinion">Critical opinion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henryk_G%C3%B3recki&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Critical opinion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When placing Górecki in context, musicologists and critics generally compare his work with such composers as <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Charles Ives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-T135_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T135-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He himself said that he also felt kindred with such figures as <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Bach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Haydn</a>, though he felt most affinity with <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Franz Schubert</a>, particularly in terms of tonal design and treatment of basic materials.<sup id="cite_ref-T135_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T135-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Dutch documentary film series <i>Toonmeesters</i>, of which episode 4 (1994) is about Górecki, he likened playing Bach, Beethoven, and Mozart every day to eating healthy whole grain bread every day. In the same episode he said that in Mozart and Schubert he found many new things, new musical answers. </p><p>Since Górecki moved away from serialism and dissonance in the 1970s, he is frequently compared to composers such as <a href="/wiki/Arvo_P%C3%A4rt" title="Arvo Pärt">Arvo Pärt</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Tavener" title="John Tavener">John Tavener</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giya_Kancheli" title="Giya Kancheli">Giya Kancheli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wright_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-T135_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T135-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although none have admitted to common influence, the term <a href="/wiki/Holy_minimalism" title="Holy minimalism">holy minimalism</a> is often used to group these composers, due to their shared simplified approach to texture, <a href="/wiki/Tonality" title="Tonality">tonality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melody</a>, in works often reflecting deeply held religious beliefs. Górecki's modernist techniques are also compared to those of <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Paul Hindemith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Dmitri Shostakovich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holy_minimalism_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holy_minimalism-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1994, Boguslaw M. Maciejewski published the first biography of Górecki, <i>Górecki – His Music And Our Times</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaciejewski1994_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaciejewski1994-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It includes a great deal of detail about his life and work, including that he achieved cult status thanks to valuable exposure on <a href="/wiki/Classic_FM_(UK)" title="Classic FM (UK)">Classic FM</a>. </p><p>Discussing his audience in a 1994 interview, Górecki said, </p> <blockquote><p>I do not choose my listeners. What I mean is, I never write for my listeners. I think about my audience, but I am not writing for them. I have something to tell them, but the audience must also put a certain effort into it. But I never wrote for an audience and never will write for because you have to give the listener something and he has to make an effort in order to understand certain things. If I were thinking of my audience and one likes this, one likes that, one likes another thing, I would never know what to write. Let every listener choose that which interests him. I have nothing against one person liking Mozart or Shostakovich or Leonard Bernstein, but doesn't like Górecki. That's fine with me. I, too, like certain things.<sup id="cite_ref-Duffie_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffie-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Górecki received an honorary doctorate from <a href="/wiki/Concordia_University" title="Concordia University">Concordia University</a>, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Concordia professor Wolfgang Bottenberg called him one of the "most renowned and respected composers of our time", and said that Górecki's music "represents the most positive aspects of the closing years of our century, as we try to heal the wounds inflicted by the violence and intolerance of our times. It will endure into the next millennium and inspire other composers".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, Górecki claimed 32nd place on the list of Top 100 Living Geniuses compiled by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, he received an honorary doctorate from the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Music_in_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Academy of Music in Kraków">Academy of Music in Kraków</a>. At the awarding ceremony a selection of his choral works was performed by the choir of the city's Franciscan Church.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henryk_G%C3%B3recki&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_composers" title="List of Polish composers">List of Polish composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_people" title="List of Polish people">List of Polish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Music of Poland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henryk_G%C3%B3recki&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Perlez-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perlez_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perlez_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perlez_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perlez_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perlez_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPerlez1994" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Perlez" title="Jane Perlez">Perlez, Jane</a> (27 February 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/27/magazine/henryk-gorecki.html">"Henryk Gorecki"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Henryk+Gorecki&rft.date=1994-02-27&rft.aulast=Perlez&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F02%2F27%2Fmagazine%2Fhenryk-gorecki.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenryk+G%C3%B3recki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc_death-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_death_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_death_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11741555">"Polish composer Henryk Gorecki dies at the age of 76"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 12 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Polish+composer+Henryk+Gorecki+dies+at+the+age+of+76&rft.date=2010-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fentertainment-arts-11741555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenryk+G%C3%B3recki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reuters_death-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reuters_death_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021062349/https://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE6AB3YK20101112">"Polish composer Henryk Gorecki dies aged 76"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. 12 November 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE6AB3YK20101112">the original</a> on 21 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Polish+composer+Henryk+Gorecki+dies+aged+76&rft.date=2010-11-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidUKTRE6AB3YK20101112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenryk+G%C3%B3recki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoss2015" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Ross_(music_critic)" title="Alex Ross (music critic)">Ross, Alex</a> (30 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/cult-fame-discontents">"Cult Fame and Its Discontents"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150629163804/http://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/cult-fame-discontents">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2015. <q>No classical composer in recent memory, not even the inescapable Philip Glass, has had a commercial success to rival that of the late Polish master Henryk Górecki.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Cult+Fame+and+Its+Discontents&rft.date=2015-01-30&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fculture%2Fcultural-comment%2Fcult-fame-discontents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenryk+G%C3%B3recki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas199712-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas199712_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1997">Thomas (1997)</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kubicki, Michal. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090302223648/http://www.polskieradio.pl/thenews/culture/?id=97489">H.M. Górecki at 75</a>". <i>The News.pl</i>, 8 December 2008 (archive from 2 March 2009, retrieved on 26 August 2015).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thomas9717-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thomas9717_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thomas9717_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1997">Thomas (1997)</a>, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMellers198923-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMellers198923_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMellers1989">Mellers (1989)</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cummings (2000), 241<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT"><span title="More information is required to link this short citation to its long citation. (January 2024)">incomplete short citation</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-T262-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-T262_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-T262_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2005">Thomas (2005)</a>, p. 262</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorin2002357-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorin2002357_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorin2002">Morin (2002)</a>, p. 357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2001-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2001_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2001">Thomas (2001)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stein171-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stein171_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stein171_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteinberg1995">Steinberg (1995)</a>, p. 171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995170-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995170_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteinberg1995">Steinberg (1995)</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Twentieth Century: On Life and Music: A Semi-Serious Conversation". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Quarterly" title="The Musical Quarterly">The Musical Quarterly</a></i>, 82.1, 1998. 73–75<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply either |first= / |last=, an organizational author with |author=, or use |author= for intentional omission. (January 2024)">author missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1997xiii-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1997xiii_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1997">Thomas (1997)</a>, p. xiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1998131–133-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1998131–133_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward1998">Howard (1998)</a>, pp. 131–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thxvi-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thxvi_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thxvi_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1997">Thomas (1997)</a>, p. xvi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1997vi-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1997vi_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1997">Thomas (1997)</a>, p. vi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward1998134-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward1998134_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward1998">Howard (1998)</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlonimsky2001-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlonimsky2001_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSlonimsky2001">Slonimsky (2001)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1997xviii-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1997xviii_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1997">Thomas (1997)</a>, p. xviii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-T13-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-T13_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1997">Thomas (1997)</a>, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PMRC-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PMRC_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PMRC_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PMRC_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PMRC_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PMRC_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PMRC_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harley, James & Trochimczyk, Maja. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225124050/https://www.usc.edu/dept/polish_music/composer/gorecki.html">Henryk Mikołaj Górecki</a>". <a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_Institute" title="Adam Mickiewicz Institute">Polish Music Information Center</a>, November 2001. Retrieved on 6 March 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas19971-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas19971_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1997">Thomas (1997)</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas199739–41-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas199739–41_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1997">Thomas (1997)</a>, pp. 39–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lebrecht-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lebrecht_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Lebrecht" title="Norman Lebrecht">Lebrecht, Norman</a>. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scena.org/columns/lebrecht/070228-NL-gorecki.html">How Górecki makes his music</a>". <i>La Scena Musicale</i>. 28 February 2007. Retrieved on 4 January 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2005159-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2005159_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2005">Thomas (2005)</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naxos-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Naxos_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naxos.com/composerinfo/Henryk_Gorecki/26071.htm">Górecki, Henryk Biography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091017045115/http://www.naxos.com/composerinfo/Henryk_Gorecki/26071.htm">Archived</a> 17 October 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <a href="/wiki/Naxos_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxos Records">Naxos Records</a>. Retrieved on 1 June 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holy_minimalism-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holy_minimalism_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holy_minimalism_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holy_minimalism_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTeachout1995" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Terry_Teachout" title="Terry Teachout">Teachout, Terry</a> (1995). 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(January 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirka2004329-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMirka2004329_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMirka2004">Mirka (2004)</a>, p. 329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wierz-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wierz_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wierz_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wierz_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wierz_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wierzbicki, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pages.sbcglobal.net/jameswierzbicki/gorecki.htm">"Henryk Gorécki"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090814012656/http://pages.sbcglobal.net/jameswierzbicki/gorecki.htm">Archived</a> 14 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Post-Dispatch" title="St. Louis Post-Dispatch">St. Louis Post-Dispatch</a></i>, 7 July 1991. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Polish+composer+of+%27Sorrowful+Songs%27+Gorecki+dies%2C+aged+76&rft.date=2010-11-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw-world.de%2Fdw%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C6225852%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenryk+G%C3%B3recki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asspress-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-asspress_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deseret.com/2010/11/12/20152443/polish-classical-composer-gorecki-dies-at-76">"Polish classical composer Gorecki dies at 76"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deseret_News" title="Deseret News">Deseret News</a></i>. 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World premieres"</a>. <i>www.polmic.pl</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polmic.pl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4473:tansman-gorecki-wiatowe-prapremiery&catid=2:aktualnoci&lang=en">the original</a> on 29 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.polmic.pl&rft.atitle=Prologue%3A+Tansman+%E2%80%93+G%C3%B3recki.+World+premieres&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polmic.pl%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D4473%3Atansman-gorecki-wiatowe-prapremiery%26catid%3D2%3Aaktualnoci%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenryk+G%C3%B3recki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/mw0000103618">Original soundtrack <i>Fearless</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/AllMusic_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="AllMusic (identifier)">AllMusic</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0115632/"><i>Basquiat</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1595656/"><i>To the Wonder</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2358891/"><i>The Great Beauty</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tunefind.com/movie/beautiful-boy-2018">"Songs and music featured in <i>Beautiful Boy</i>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Songs+and+music+featured+in+Beautiful+Boy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tunefind.com%2Fmovie%2Fbeautiful-boy-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenryk+G%C3%B3recki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.spotify.com/playlist/3ahLArrVXXv0HNXwtUXZmA">"<i>A Hidden Life</i> Soundtrack"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Hidden+Life+Soundtrack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopen.spotify.com%2Fplaylist%2F3ahLArrVXXv0HNXwtUXZmA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenryk+G%C3%B3recki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tunefind.com/show/the-sopranos/season-1/21300">"<i>The Sopranos</i> Soundtrack"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Sopranos+Soundtrack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tunefind.com%2Fshow%2Fthe-sopranos%2Fseason-1%2F21300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenryk+G%C3%B3recki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tunefind.com/show/legion/season-2/63429">"<i>Legion</i> soundtrack. S2 E6 chapter 14"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Legion+soundtrack.+S2+E6+chapter+14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tunefind.com%2Fshow%2Flegion%2Fseason-2%2F63429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenryk+G%C3%B3recki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.spotify.com/playlist/61Q3ViMyi2hFS2TTB0ehTb">"<i>The Blacklist</i> (NBC) Soundtrack"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Blacklist+%28NBC%29+Soundtrack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopen.spotify.com%2Fplaylist%2F61Q3ViMyi2hFS2TTB0ehTb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenryk+G%C3%B3recki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.what-song.com/Tvshow/100184/The-Crown">"<i>The Crown</i> Soundtrack"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Crown+Soundtrack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.what-song.com%2FTvshow%2F100184%2FThe-Crown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenryk+G%C3%B3recki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-T135-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-T135_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-T135_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-T135_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1997">Thomas (1997)</a>, p. 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaciejewski1994-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaciejewski1994_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaciejewski1994">Maciejewski (1994)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bottenberg, Wolfgang. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctr.concordia.ca/archives/is191198/art1.html">Gorecki, Martin to receive honours</a>". <a href="/wiki/Concordia_University" title="Concordia University">Concordia University</a>, 19 November 1998. Retrieved on 26 October 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1567544/Top-100-living-geniuses.html">"Top 100 living geniuses"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Top+100+living+geniuses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1567544%2FTop-100-living-geniuses.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenryk+G%C3%B3recki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nonesuch.com/artists/henryk-gorecki">Henryk Górecki Receives Honorary Doctorate from Krakow Music Academy</a>". <a href="/wiki/Nonesuch_Records" title="Nonesuch Records">Nonesuch Records</a> (press release), 13 May 2008. Retrieved on 26 October 2008.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henryk_G%C3%B3recki&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoward1998" class="citation journal cs1">Howard, Luke B. (Spring 1998). "Motherhood, 'Billboard' and the Holocaust: Perceptions and Receptions of Górecki's Symphony No. 3". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Quarterly" title="The Musical Quarterly">The Musical Quarterly</a></i>. <b>82</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">131–</span>159. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmq%2F82.1.131">10.1093/mq/82.1.131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Motherhood%2C+%27Billboard%27+and+the+Holocaust%3A+Perceptions+and+Receptions+of+G%C3%B3recki%27s+Symphony+No.+3&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E131-%3C%2Fspan%3E159&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmq%2F82.1.131&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Luke+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenryk+G%C3%B3recki" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacobson1996" class="citation book cs1">Jacobson, Bernard (1996). <i>A Polish Renaissance</i>. Twentieth-Century Composers. London: Phaidon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7148-3251-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7148-3251-0"><bdi>0-7148-3251-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Polish+Renaissance&rft.place=London&rft.series=Twentieth-Century+Composers&rft.pub=Phaidon&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-7148-3251-0&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenryk+G%C3%B3recki" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaciejewski1994" class="citation book cs1">Maciejewski, Boguslaw M. (1994). <i>Gorecki – His Music and Our Times</i>. London: Allegro Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9505619-6-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-9505619-6-7"><bdi>0-9505619-6-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gorecki+%E2%80%93+His+Music+and+Our+Times&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allegro+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-9505619-6-7&rft.aulast=Maciejewski&rft.aufirst=Boguslaw+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenryk+G%C3%B3recki" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMellers1989" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Mellers" title="Wilfrid Mellers">Mellers, Wilfrid</a> (March 1989). "Round and about Górecki's Symphony No. 3". <i><a href="/wiki/Tempo_(journal)" title="Tempo (journal)">Tempo</a></i>. New Series (168): <span class="nowrap">22–</span>24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0040298200024906">10.1017/S0040298200024906</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/944854">944854</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145469868">145469868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tempo&rft.atitle=Round+and+about+G%C3%B3recki%27s+Symphony+No.+3&rft.issue=168&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=1989-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145469868%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F944854%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0040298200024906&rft.aulast=Mellers&rft.aufirst=Wilfrid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenryk+G%C3%B3recki" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMirka2004" class="citation journal cs1">Mirka, Danuta (Summer 2004). "Górecki's Musica geometrica". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Quarterly" title="The Musical Quarterly">The Musical Quarterly</a></i>. <b>87</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">305–</span>332. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmusqtl%2Fgdh013">10.1093/musqtl/gdh013</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3600907">3600907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=G%C3%B3recki%27s+Musica+geometrica&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E305-%3C%2Fspan%3E332&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmusqtl%2Fgdh013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3600907%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mirka&rft.aufirst=Danuta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenryk+G%C3%B3recki" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorin2002" class="citation book cs1">Morin, Alexander (2002). <i>Classical Music: The Listener's Companion</i>. San Francisco, California: Backbeat Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87930-638-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87930-638-6"><bdi>0-87930-638-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Music%3A+The+Listener%27s+Companion&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+California&rft.pub=Backbeat+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-87930-638-6&rft.aulast=Morin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenryk+G%C3%B3recki" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSlonimsky2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Slonimsky" title="Nicolas Slonimsky">Slonimsky, Nicolas</a>, ed. (2001). "Górecki, Henryk (Mikołaj)". <i><a href="/wiki/Baker%27s_Biographical_Dictionary_of_Musicians" title="Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians">Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians</a></i> (8th ed.). New York: Schirmer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=G%C3%B3recki%2C+Henryk+%28Miko%C5%82aj%29&rft.btitle=Baker%27s+Biographical+Dictionary+of+Musicians&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Schirmer&rft.date=2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenryk+G%C3%B3recki" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSteinberg1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Steinberg_(music_critic)" title="Michael Steinberg (music critic)">Steinberg, Michael</a> (1995). <i>The Symphony: A Listener's Guide</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-512665-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-512665-3"><bdi>0-19-512665-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Symphony%3A+A+Listener%27s+Guide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-19-512665-3&rft.aulast=Steinberg&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenryk+G%C3%B3recki" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Thomas_(composer)" title="Adrian Thomas (composer)">Thomas, Adrian</a> (1997). <i>Górecki</i>. Oxford; New York: Clarendon Press; Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-816393-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-816393-2"><bdi>0-19-816393-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=G%C3%B3recki&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press%3B+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-19-816393-2&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenryk+G%C3%B3recki" class="Z3988"></span>. (cloth) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-816394-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-816394-0">0-19-816394-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">— (2001). "Górecki, Henryk Mikołaj". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians#Grove_Music_Online_and_Oxford_Music_Online" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">Grove Music Online</a></i> (8th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.11478">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.11478</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=G%C3%B3recki%2C+Henryk+Miko%C5%82aj&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.11478&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenryk+G%C3%B3recki" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas2005" class="citation book cs1">— (2005). "Polish Music since Szymanowski". <i>Music in the Twentieth Century</i>. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-58284-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-58284-9"><bdi>0-521-58284-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Polish+Music+since+Szymanowski&rft.btitle=Music+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Cambridge+and+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-521-58284-9&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenryk+G%C3%B3recki" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas2008" class="citation web cs1">— (4 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101226224921/http://gresham.ac.uk/event.asp?PageId=108&EventId=815">"Henryk Gorecki"</a> (lecture). London: <a href="/wiki/Gresham_College" title="Gresham College">Gresham College</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gresham.ac.uk/event.asp?PageId=108&EventId=815">the original</a> on 26 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Henryk+Gorecki&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Gresham+College&rft.date=2008-12-04&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgresham.ac.uk%2Fevent.asp%3FPageId%3D108%26EventId%3D815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenryk+G%C3%B3recki" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrochimczyk2017" class="citation book cs1">Trochimczyk, Maja, ed. (2017). <i>Górecki in Context: Essays on Music</i>. Moonrise Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-945938-10-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-945938-10-8"><bdi>978-1-945938-10-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=G%C3%B3recki+in+Context%3A+Essays+on+Music&rft.pub=Moonrise+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-945938-10-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenryk+G%C3%B3recki" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWright2002" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Stephen (2002). "Arvo Pärt (1935–)". <i>Music of the Twentieth-Century Avant-Garde: A Biocritical Sourcebook</i>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-29689-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-29689-8"><bdi>0-313-29689-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arvo+P%C3%A4rt+%281935%E2%80%93%29&rft.btitle=Music+of+the+Twentieth-Century+Avant-Garde%3A+A+Biocritical+Sourcebook&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-313-29689-8&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenryk+G%C3%B3recki" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henryk_G%C3%B3recki&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_%C5%BBakiej" title="Tadeusz Żakiej">Marek, Tadeusz</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Drew_(music_critic)" title="David Drew (music critic)">Drew, David</a> (March 1989). "Górecki in Interview (1968) – And 20 Years After". <i><a href="/wiki/Tempo_(journal)" title="Tempo (journal)">Tempo</a></i>. New Series (168): <span class="nowrap">25–</span>28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0040298200024918">10.1017/S0040298200024918</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/944855">944855</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145722754">145722754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tempo&rft.atitle=G%C3%B3recki+in+Interview+%281968%29+%E2%80%93+And+20+Years+After&rft.issue=168&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=1989-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145722754%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F944855%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0040298200024918&rft.aulast=Marek&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rft.au=Drew%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenryk+G%C3%B3recki" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Markiewicz, Leon (July 1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160227073621/http://www.usc.edu/dept/polish_music/PMJ/issue/6.2.03/Gorecki1962.html">"Conversation with Henryk Górecki"</a>. <i>Polish Music Journal</i>. <b>6</b> (2). Translated by Anna Maslowiec. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1521-6039">1521-6039</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/dept/polish_music/PMJ/issue/6.2.03/Gorecki1962.html">the original</a> on 27 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polish+Music+Journal&rft.atitle=Conversation+with+Henryk+G%C3%B3recki&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1962-07&rft.issn=1521-6039&rft.aulast=Markiewicz&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usc.edu%2Fdept%2Fpolish_music%2FPMJ%2Fissue%2F6.2.03%2FGorecki1962.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenryk+G%C3%B3recki" class="Z3988"></span> Special edition marking Górecki's 70th birthday, consisting of articles exclusively on Górecki.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henryk_G%C3%B3recki&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Henryk Górecki">Henryk Górecki</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0330782/">Henryk Mikolaj Górecki (1933–2010)</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lunanova.org/podcasts/Belvedere13/gorecki.mp3">Lerchenmusik</a>, Op. 53, Luna Nova Ensemble (Nobuko Igarashi, clarinet; Craig Hultgren, cello; Andrew Drannon, piano)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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Górecki"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Henryk_Górecki229" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henryk Górecki</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="List of compositions by Henryk Górecki">List of compositions</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two_Sacred_Songs,_Op._30_(G%C3%B3recki)" title="Two Sacred Songs, Op. 30 (Górecki)">Two Sacred Songs, Op. 30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(G%C3%B3recki)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Górecki)">Symphony No. 2, Op. 31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(G%C3%B3recki)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Górecki)">Symphony No. 3, Op. 36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatus_Vir_(G%C3%B3recki)" title="Beatus Vir (Górecki)"><i>Beatus Vir</i>, Op. 38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpsichord_Concerto_(G%C3%B3recki)" title="Harpsichord Concerto (Górecki)">Harpsichord Concerto, Op. 40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miserere_(G%C3%B3recki)" title="Miserere (Górecki)"><i>Miserere</i>, Op. 44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totus_Tuus_(G%C3%B3recki)" title="Totus Tuus (Górecki)"><i>Totus Tuus</i>, Op. 60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._1_(G%C3%B3recki)" title="String Quartet No. 1 (Górecki)">String Quartet No. 1, Op. 62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleines_Requiem_f%C3%BCr_eine_Polka" title="Kleines Requiem für eine Polka">Kleines Requiem für eine Polka, Op. 66</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recordings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki:_String_Quartets_Nos._1_and_2" title="Henryk Górecki: String Quartets Nos. 1 and 2">Henryk Górecki: String Quartets Nos. 1 and 2</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki:_String_Quartet_No._3_(%27...songs_are_sung%27)" title="Henryk Górecki: String Quartet No. 3 ('...songs are sung')">Henryk Górecki: String Quartet No. 3 ('...songs are sung')</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Mikolaj_G%C3%B3recki:_Already_It_Is_Dusk/%22Lerchenmusik%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Henryk Mikolaj Górecki: Already It Is Dusk/"Lerchenmusik"">Henryk Mikolaj Górecki: Already It Is Dusk/"Lerchenmusik"</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki:_Symphony_No._3_(Symphony_of_Sorrowful_Songs)" title="Henryk Górecki: Symphony No. 3 (Symphony of Sorrowful Songs)">Henryk Górecki: Symphony No. 3 (Symphony of Sorrowful Songs)</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_G%C3%B3recki" title="Mikołaj Górecki">Mikołaj Górecki</a> (son)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_minimalism" title="Holy minimalism">Holy minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski_Academy_of_Music" title="Karol Szymanowski Academy of Music">Karol Szymanowski Academy of Music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Category:Henryk Górecki">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Twelve-tone_and_serial_composers72" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#dbc3a3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Twelve-tone_composers" title="Template:Twelve-tone composers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Twelve-tone_composers" title="Template talk:Twelve-tone composers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Twelve-tone_composers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Twelve-tone composers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Twelve-tone_and_serial_composers72" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">Twelve-tone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">serial</a> composers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Abrahamsen" title="Hans Abrahamsen">Hans Abrahamsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Amy" title="Gilbert Amy">Gilbert Amy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Andriessen" title="Louis Andriessen">Louis Andriessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_ApIvor" title="Denis ApIvor">Denis ApIvor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Erich_Apostel" title="Hans Erich Apostel">Hans Erich Apostel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kees_van_Baaren" title="Kees van Baaren">Kees van Baaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Babbitt" title="Milton Babbitt">Milton Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osvaldas_Balakauskas" title="Osvaldas Balakauskas">Osvaldas Balakauskas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Banks" title="Don Banks">Don Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Barraqu%C3%A9" title="Jean Barraqué">Jean Barraqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Barrett_(composer)" title="Richard Barrett (composer)">Richard Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrg_Baur" title="Jürg Baur">Jürg Baur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Berger_(composer)" title="Arthur Berger (composer)">Arthur Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Bergman" title="Erik Bergman">Erik Bergman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Luciano Berio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Boehmer" title="Konrad Boehmer">Konrad Boehmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Boucourechliev" title="André Boucourechliev">André Boucourechliev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Boykan" title="Martin Boykan">Martin Boykan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Buck" title="Ole Buck">Ole Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Calonne" title="Jacques Calonne">Jacques Calonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Castiglioni" title="Niccolò Castiglioni">Niccolò Castiglioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Clementi" title="Aldo Clementi">Aldo Clementi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cowell" title="Henry Cowell">Henry Cowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Dallapiccola" title="Luigi Dallapiccola">Luigi Dallapiccola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Goeyvaerts" title="Karel Goeyvaerts">Karel Goeyvaerts</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henryk Górecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Matthias_Hauer" title="Josef Matthias Hauer">Josef Matthias Hauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Johnston_(composer)" title="Ben Johnston (composer)">Ben Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Michael_Koenig" title="Gottfried Michael Koenig">Gottfried Michael Koenig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenek" title="Ernst Krenek">Ernst Krenek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Witold Lutosławski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Maderna" title="Bruno Maderna">Bruno Maderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Martino" title="Donald Martino">Donald Martino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Luigi Nono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Paz" title="Juan Carlos Paz">Juan Carlos Paz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki" title="Krzysztof Penderecki">Krzysztof Penderecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Perle" title="George Perle">George Perle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Pousseur" title="Henri Pousseur">Henri Pousseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einojuhani_Rautavaara" title="Einojuhani Rautavaara">Einojuhani Rautavaara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Searle" title="Humphrey Searle">Humphrey Searle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Sessions" title="Roger Sessions">Roger Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikos_Skalkottas" title="Nikos Skalkottas">Nikos Skalkottas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swift_(composer)" title="Richard Swift (composer)">Richard Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wuorinen" title="Charles Wuorinen">Charles Wuorinen</a></li> <li>...<i><a href="/wiki/List_of_dodecaphonic_and_serial_compositions" title="List of dodecaphonic and serial compositions">more</a></i>...</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Minimal_music116" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Minimal_music" title="Template:Minimal music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Minimal_music" title="Template talk:Minimal music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Minimal_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Minimal music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Minimal_music116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minimal_music" title="Minimal music">Minimal music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_minimalist_composers" title="List of minimalist composers">Composers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(composer)" title="John Adams (composer)">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Andriessen" title="Louis Andriessen">Louis Andriessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Bryars" title="Gavin Bryars">Gavin Bryars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_ten_Holt" title="Simeon ten Holt">Simeon ten Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Johnson_(composer)" title="Tom Johnson (composer)">Tom Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Nyman" title="Michael Nyman">Michael Nyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Reich" title="Steve Reich">Steve Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Riley" title="Terry Riley">Terry Riley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Monte_Young" title="La Monte Young">La Monte Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_minimalism" title="Holy minimalism">Holy minimalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henryk Górecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giya_Kancheli" title="Giya Kancheli">Giya Kancheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvo_P%C3%A4rt" title="Arvo Pärt">Arvo Pärt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofia_Gubaidulina" title="Sofia Gubaidulina">Sofia Gubaidulina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tavener" title="John Tavener">John Tavener</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drone_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone (music)">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_music" title="Phase music">Phasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_music" title="Process music">Process music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repetition_(music)" title="Repetition (music)">Repetition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compositions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Clapping_Music" title="Clapping Music">Clapping Music</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Different_Trains" title="Different Trains">Different Trains</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Atomic" title="Doctor Atomic">Doctor Atomic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eight_Lines" title="Eight Lines">Eight Lines</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Einstein_on_the_Beach" title="Einstein on the Beach">Einstein on the Beach</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Four_Organs" title="Four Organs">Four Organs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_C" title="In C">In C</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/It%27s_Gonna_Rain" title="It's Gonna Rain">It's Gonna Rain</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Koyaanisqatsi" title="Koyaanisqatsi">Koyaanisqatsi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_Gates" title="Phrygian Gates">Phrygian Gates</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piano_Phase" title="Piano Phase">Piano Phase</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Rainbow_in_Curved_Air" title="A Rainbow in Curved Air">A Rainbow in Curved Air</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nixon_in_China" title="Nixon in China">Nixon in China</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Well-Tuned_Piano" title="The Well-Tuned Piano">The Well-Tuned Piano</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximalism" title="Maximalism">Maximalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postminimalism" title="Postminimalism">Postminimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repetitive_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Repetitive music">Repetitive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalism" title="Totalism">Totalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Herder_Prize_laureates81" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #E5E4E2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Herder_Prize" title="Template:Herder Prize"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Herder_Prize" title="Template talk:Herder Prize"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Herder_Prize" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Herder Prize"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Herder_Prize_laureates81" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Herder_Prize" title="Herder Prize">Herder Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1964–1970</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Oto_Bihalji-Merin" title="Oto Bihalji-Merin">Oto Bihalji-Merin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Kott" title="Jan Kott">Jan Kott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Lorentz" title="Stanisław Lorentz">Stanisław Lorentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucijan_Marija_%C5%A0kerjanc" title="Lucijan Marija Škerjanc">Lucijan Marija Škerjanc</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Tudor_Arghezi" title="Tudor Arghezi">Tudor Arghezi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manolis_Hatzidakis" title="Manolis Hatzidakis">Manolis Hatzidakis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emanuel_Hru%C5%A1ka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emanuel Hruška (page does not exist)">Emanuel Hruška</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Kod%C3%A1ly" title="Zoltán Kodály">Zoltán Kodály</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_N%C3%A9meth" title="László Németh">László Németh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Rokyta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugo Rokyta (page does not exist)">Hugo Rokyta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hristo_Vakarelski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hristo Vakarelski (page does not exist)">Hristo Vakarelski</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1n_Cikker" title="Ján Cikker">Ján Cikker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dezs%C5%91_Dercs%C3%A9nyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dezső Dercsényi (page does not exist)">Dezső Dercsényi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zlatko_Gorjan" title="Zlatko Gorjan">Zlatko Gorjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Kobzdej" title="Aleksander Kobzdej">Aleksander Kobzdej</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Kriesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anton Kriesis (page does not exist)">Anton Kriesis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niko_Kuret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niko Kuret (page does not exist)">Niko Kuret</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimiter_Statkov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dimiter Statkov (page does not exist)">Dimiter Statkov</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iv%C3%A1n_Feny%C5%91_(art_historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iván Fenyő (art historian) (page does not exist)">Iván Fenyő</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladim%C3%ADr_Komp%C3%A1nek" title="Vladimír Kompánek">Vladimír Kompánek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Witold Lutosławski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spyridon_Marinatos" title="Spyridon Marinatos">Spyridon Marinatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_A._Philippide" title="Alexandru A. Philippide">Alexandru A. Philippide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Pop" title="Mihai Pop">Mihai Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svetozar_Radoj%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Svetozar Radojčić">Svetozar Radojčić</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Daicoviciu" title="Constantin Daicoviciu">Constantin Daicoviciu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Ingarden" title="Roman Ingarden">Roman Ingarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Krle%C5%BEa" title="Miroslav Krleža">Miroslav Krleža</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludv%C3%ADk_Kunz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludvík Kunz (page does not exist)">Ludvík Kunz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasios_Orlandos" title="Anastasios Orlandos">Anastasios Orlandos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lajos_Vayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lajos Vayer (page does not exist)">Lajos Vayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancho_Vladigerov" title="Pancho Vladigerov">Pancho Vladigerov</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jol%C3%A1n_Balogh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jolán Balogh (page does not exist)">Jolán Balogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alb%C3%ADn_Brunovsk%C3%BD" title="Albín Brunovský">Albín Brunovský</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohuslav_Fuchs" title="Bohuslav Fuchs">Bohuslav Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Jora" title="Mihail Jora">Mihail Jora</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marijan_Matkovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marijan Matković (page does not exist)">Marijan Matković</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ksawery_Piwocki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ksawery Piwocki (page does not exist)">Ksawery Piwocki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=France_Stele&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="France Stele (page does not exist)">France Stele</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Jan_Bia%C5%82ostocki" title="Jan Białostocki">Jan Białostocki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Filip_(historian)" title="Jan Filip (historian)">Jan Filip</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zolt%C3%A1n_Frany%C3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zoltán Franyó (page does not exist)">Zoltán Franyó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milovan_Gavazzi" title="Milovan Gavazzi">Milovan Gavazzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyula_Illy%C3%A9s" title="Gyula Illyés">Gyula Illyés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiannis_Papaioannou" title="Yiannis Papaioannou">Yiannis Papaioannou</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeko_Torbov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zeko Torbov (page does not exist)">Zeko Torbov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1971–1980</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1971: <a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Kol%C3%A1%C5%99" title="Jiří Kolář">Jiří Kolář</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bla%C5%BEe_Koneski" title="Blaže Koneski">Blaže Koneski</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgios_Megas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgios Megas (page does not exist)">Georgios Megas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Micha%C5%82owski" title="Kazimierz Michałowski">Kazimierz Michałowski</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mihail_Sokolovski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mihail Sokolovski (page does not exist)">Mihail Sokolovski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaharia_Stancu" title="Zaharia Stancu">Zaharia Stancu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bence_Szabolcsi" title="Bence Szabolcsi">Bence Szabolcsi</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/Dragotin_Cvetko" title="Dragotin Cvetko">Dragotin Cvetko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atanas_Dalchev" title="Atanas Dalchev">Atanas Dalchev</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Branko_Maksimovi%C4%87_(academic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Branko Maksimović (academic) (page does not exist)">Branko Maksimović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyula_Ortutay" title="Gyula Ortutay">Gyula Ortutay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaroslav_Pe%C5%A1ina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaroslav Pešina (page does not exist)">Jaroslav Pešina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Sta%C5%BCewski" title="Henryk Stażewski">Henryk Stażewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil_V%C4%83t%C4%83%C8%99ianu" title="Virgil Vătășianu">Virgil Vătășianu</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Veselin_Beshevliev" title="Veselin Beshevliev">Veselin Beshevliev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylianos_Harkianakis" title="Stylianos Harkianakis">Stylianos Harkianakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Harmatta" title="János Harmatta">János Harmatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Herbert" title="Zbigniew Herbert">Zbigniew Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Jebeleanu" title="Eugen Jebeleanu">Eugen Jebeleanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Lubarda" title="Petar Lubarda">Petar Lubarda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Racek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Racek (page does not exist)">Jan Racek</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/w/index.php?title=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Czerny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Władysław Czerny (page does not exist)">Władysław Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Duichev" title="Ivan Duichev">Ivan Duichev</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivo_Frange%C5%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivo Frangeš (page does not exist)">Ivo Frangeš</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Ger%C5%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="László Gerő (page does not exist)">László Gerő</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stylianos_Pelekanidis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stylianos Pelekanidis (page does not exist)">Stylianos Pelekanidis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A1n_Podol%C3%A1k&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ján Podolák (page does not exist)">Ján Podolák</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeno_Vancea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zeno Vancea (page does not exist)">Zeno Vancea</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zef_Burszta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Józef Burszta (page does not exist)">Józef Burszta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hristo_M._Danov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hristo M. Danov (page does not exist)">Hristo M. Danov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Libensk%C3%BD_and_Jaroslava_Brychtov%C3%A1" title="Stanislav Libenský and Jaroslava Brychtová">Stanislav Libenský</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Ana_Musicescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Ana Musicescu (page does not exist)">Maria Ana Musicescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1bor_Preisich" title="Gábor Preisich">Gábor Preisich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandelis_Prevelakis" title="Pandelis Prevelakis">Pandelis Prevelakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanojlo_Raji%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Stanojlo Rajičić">Stanojlo Rajičić</a></li> <li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Jagoda_Bui%C4%87" title="Jagoda Buić">Jagoda Buić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marin_Goleminov" title="Marin Goleminov">Marin Goleminov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Kakridis" title="Ioannis Kakridis">Ioannis Kakridis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezs%C5%91_Keresztury" title="Dezső Keresztury">Dezső Keresztury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichita_St%C4%83nescu" title="Nichita Stănescu">Nichita Stănescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Turek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Turek (page does not exist)">Rudolf Turek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazimierz_Wejchert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazimierz Wejchert (page does not exist)">Kazimierz Wejchert</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolaos_Andriotis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolaos Andriotis (page does not exist)">Nikolaos Andriotis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riko_Debenjak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riko Debenjak (page does not exist)">Riko Debenjak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Kriaras" title="Emmanuel Kriaras">Emmanuel Kriaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Kutal" title="Albert Kutal">Albert Kutal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A1t%C3%A9_Major&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Máté Major (page does not exist)">Máté Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki" title="Krzysztof Penderecki">Krzysztof Penderecki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anastas_Petrov_(ballet)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anastas Petrov (ballet) (page does not exist)">Anastas Petrov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_Vladutiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ion Vladutiu (page does not exist)">Ion Vladutiu</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Barbu" title="Eugen Barbu">Eugen Barbu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90ur%C4%91e_Bo%C5%A1kovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Đurđe Bošković (page does not exist)">Đurđe Bošković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Dejmek" title="Kazimierz Dejmek">Kazimierz Dejmek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stoyan_Dzudzev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stoyan Dzudzev (page does not exist)">Stoyan Dzudzev</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9la_Gunda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Béla Gunda (page does not exist)">Béla Gunda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Hr%C5%AFza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiří Hrůza (page does not exist)">Jiří Hrůza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiannis_Spyropoulos" title="Yiannis Spyropoulos">Yiannis Spyropoulos</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Abakanowicz" title="Magdalena Abakanowicz">Magdalena Abakanowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Farkas" title="Ferenc Farkas">Ferenc Farkas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zdenko_Kolacio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zdenko Kolacio (page does not exist)">Zdenko Kolacio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atanas_Natev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atanas Natev (page does not exist)">Atanas Natev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_S%C3%BCt%C5%91" title="András Sütő">András Sütő</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavel_Trost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pavel Trost (page does not exist)">Pavel Trost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolos_Vakalopoulos" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolos Vakalopoulos">Apostolos E. Vacalopoulos</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordana_Babi%C4%87-%C4%90or%C4%91evi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordana Babić-Đorđević (page does not exist)">Gordana Babić-Đorđević</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iv%C3%A1n_Balassa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iván Balassa (page does not exist)">Iván Balassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamil_Lhot%C3%A1k" title="Kamil Lhoták">Kamil Lhoták</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manousos_Manousakas" title="Manousos Manousakas">Manousos Manousakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Mutafchieva" title="Vera Mutafchieva">Vera Mutafchieva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Rosetti" title="Alexandru Rosetti">Alexandru Rosetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiktor_Zin" title="Wiktor Zin">Wiktor Zin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981–1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1981: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Condurachi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emil Condurachi (page does not exist)">Emil Condurachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Cso%C3%B3ri" title="Sándor Csoóri">Sándor Csoóri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefka_Georgieva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stefka Georgieva (page does not exist)">Stefka Georgieva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrios_Loukatos" title="Dimitrios Loukatos">Dimitrios Loukatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjenceslav_Richter" title="Vjenceslav Richter">Vjenceslav Richter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Sucho%C5%88" title="Eugen Suchoň">Eugen Suchoň</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elida_Maria_Szarota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elida Maria Szarota (page does not exist)">Elida Maria Szarota</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Athanasios_Aravantinos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Athanasios Aravantinos (page does not exist)">Athanasios Aravantinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_Blandiana" title="Ana Blandiana">Ana Blandiana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vojislav_J._%C4%90uri%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vojislav J. Đurić (page does not exist)">Vojislav J. Đurić</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sona_Kovacevicov%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sona Kovacevicová (page does not exist)">Sona Kovacevicová</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksandar_Nichev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleksandar Nichev (page does not exist)">Aleksandar Nichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_J%C3%B3zef_Szczepa%C5%84ski" title="Jan Józef Szczepański">Jan Józef Szczepański</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Varga" title="Imre Varga">Imre Varga</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Bartoszewski" title="Władysław Bartoszewski">Władysław Bartoszewski</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9za_Entz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Géza Entz (page does not exist)">Géza Entz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jozef_Jankovi%C4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jozef Jankovič (page does not exist)">Jozef Jankovič</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunther_Schuller_(architect)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gunther Schuller (architect) (page does not exist)">Gunther Schuller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zdenko_%C5%A0kreb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zdenko Škreb (page does not exist)">Zdenko Škreb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefana_Stoykova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stefana Stoykova (page does not exist)">Stefana Stoykova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._A._Trypanis" title="C. A. Trypanis">C. A. Trypanis</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emilijan_Cevc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emilijan Cevc (page does not exist)">Emilijan Cevc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konstantinos_Dimaras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstantinos Dimaras (page does not exist)">Konstantinos Dimaras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karel_Hor%C3%A1lek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karel Horálek (page does not exist)">Karel Horálek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Konr%C3%A1d" title="György Konrád">György Konrád</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Lucaci" title="Constantin Lucaci">Constantin Lucaci</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krasimir_Manchev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krasimir Manchev (page does not exist)">Krasimir Manchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Meyer" title="Krzysztof Meyer">Krzysztof Meyer</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Branko_Fu%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Branko Fučić">Branko Fučić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%AF%C5%BEena_Greben%C3%AD%C4%8Dkov%C3%A1" title="Růžena Grebeníčková">Růžena Grebeníčková</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrian_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adrian Marino (page does not exist)">Adrian Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demetrios_Pallas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demetrios Pallas (page does not exist)">Demetrios Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%A1roly_Perczel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Károly Perczel (page does not exist)">Károly Perczel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simeon_Pironkov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simeon Pironkov (page does not exist)">Simeon Pironkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Wajda" title="Andrzej Wajda">Andrzej Wajda</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgi_Baev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgi Baev (page does not exist)">Georgi Baev</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tekla_D%C3%B6m%C3%B6t%C3%B6r&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tekla Dömötör (page does not exist)">Tekla Dömötör</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Gaber%C5%A1%C4%8Dik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boris Gaberščik (page does not exist)">Boris Gaberščik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_G%C3%B3rski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konrad Górski (page does not exist)">Konrad Górski</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Karayannopoulos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Karayannopoulos (page does not exist)">Johannes Karayannopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Kotal%C3%ADk" title="Jiří Kotalík">Jiří Kotalík</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatol_Vieru" title="Anatol Vieru">Anatol Vieru</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Brandstaetter" title="Roman Brandstaetter">Roman Brandstaetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doula_Mouriki" title="Doula Mouriki">Doula Mouriki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zsef_Ujfalussy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="József Ujfalussy (page does not exist)">József Ujfalussy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Veli%C4%8Dkovi%C4%87" title="Vladimir Veličković">Vladimir Veličković</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Velizar_Velkov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Velizar Velkov (page does not exist)">Velizar Velkov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_Vrabie_(foklorist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheorghe Vrabie (foklorist) (page does not exist)">Gheorghe Vrabie</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Berger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roman Berger (page does not exist)">Roman Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christos_Kapralos" title="Christos Kapralos">Christos Kapralos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Dumitrescu-Bu%C8%99ulenga" title="Zoe Dumitrescu-Bușulenga">Zoe Dumitrescu-Bușulenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Gy%C3%B6rffy" title="György Györffy">György Györffy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donka_Petkanova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donka Petkanova (page does not exist)">Donka Petkanova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mieczys%C5%82aw_Por%C4%99bski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mieczysław Porębski (page does not exist)">Mieczysław Porębski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Ravnikar" title="Edvard Ravnikar">Edvard Ravnikar</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Maria_Banu%C8%99" title="Maria Banuș">Maria Banuș</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81kos_Birk%C3%A1s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ákos Birkás (page does not exist)">Ákos Birkás</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerzy_Buszkiewicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerzy Buszkiewicz (page does not exist)">Jerzy Buszkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A1clav_Frolec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Václav Frolec (page does not exist)">Václav Frolec</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_Genchev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolai Genchev (page does not exist)">Nikolai Genchev</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petar_Miljkovi%C4%87-Pepek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petar Miljković-Pepek (page does not exist)">Petar Miljković-Pepek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikos_Gabriel_Pentzikis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikos Gabriel Pentzikis (page does not exist)">Nikos Gabriel Pentzikis</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liviu_Calin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liviu Calin (page does not exist)">Liviu Calin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Geremek" title="Bronisław Geremek">Bronisław Geremek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aris_Konstantinidis" title="Aris Konstantinidis">Aris Konstantinidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dejan_Medakovi%C4%87" title="Dejan Medaković">Dejan Medaković</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Paskaleva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virginia Paskaleva (page does not exist)">Virginia Paskaleva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriena_%C5%A0imotov%C3%A1" title="Adriena Šimotová">Adriena Šimotová</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A1s_Vizkelety&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="András Vizkelety (page does not exist)">András Vizkelety</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Maja_Bo%C5%A1kovi%C4%87-Stulli" title="Maja Bošković-Stulli">Maja Bošković-Stulli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Labuda" title="Gerard Labuda">Gerard Labuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andor_Pigler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andor Pigler (page does not exist)">Andor Pigler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorgos_Sicilianos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yorgos Sicilianos (page does not exist)">Yorgos Sicilianos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Sk%C3%A1la&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emil Skála (page does not exist)">Emil Skála</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marin_Sorescu" title="Marin Sorescu">Marin Sorescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stoimen_Stoilov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stoimen Stoilov (page does not exist)">Stoimen Stoilov</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Manolis_Andronikos" title="Manolis Andronikos">Manolis Andronikos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jen%C5%91_Barab%C3%A1s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jenő Barabás (page does not exist)">Jenő Barabás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaga_Dimitrova" title="Blaga Dimitrova">Blaga Dimitrova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefan_Kaszynski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stefan Kaszynski (page does not exist)">Stefan Kaszynski</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Ko%C5%99alka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiří Kořalka (page does not exist)">Jiří Kořalka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zmaga_Kumer" title="Zmaga Kumer">Zmaga Kumer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jon_Nicodim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jon Nicodim (page does not exist)">Jon Nicodim</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasilka_Gerasimova-Tomova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasilka Gerasimova-Tomova (page does not exist)">Vasilka Gerasimova-Tomova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petro_Kononenko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petro Kononenko (page does not exist)">Petro Kononenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Kurt%C3%A1g" title="György Kurtág">György Kurtág</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerzy_Tch%C3%B3rzewski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerzy Tchórzewski (page does not exist)">Jerzy Tchórzewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%83zvan_Theodorescu" title="Răzvan Theodorescu">Răzvan Theodorescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elena_V%C3%A1rossov%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elena Várossová (page does not exist)">Elena Várossová</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ra_Z%C4%81l%C4%ABte" title="Māra Zālīte">Māra Zālīte</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionysis_Zivas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dionysis Zivas (page does not exist)">Dionysis Zivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_%C5%BDmega%C4%8D" title="Viktor Žmegač">Viktor Žmegač</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Borzs%C3%A1k" title="István Borzsák">István Borzsák</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C5%BEevad_Juzba%C5%A1i%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dževad Juzbašić (page does not exist)">Dževad Juzbašić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Niculescu" title="Ștefan Niculescu">Ștefan Niculescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Szczypiorski" title="Andrzej Szczypiorski">Andrzej Szczypiorski</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jitka_V%C3%A1lov%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jitka Válová (page does not exist)">Jitka</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kv%C4%9Bta_V%C3%A1lov%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Květa Válová (page does not exist)">Květa Válová</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takis_Varvitsiotis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takis Varvitsiotis (page does not exist)">Takis Varvitsiotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zigmas_Zinkevi%C4%8Dius" title="Zigmas Zinkevičius">Zigmas Zinkevičius</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_K%C3%A1ny%C3%A1di" title="Sándor Kányádi">Sándor Kányádi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirko_Kova%C4%8D_(writer)" title="Mirko Kovač (writer)">Mirko Kovač</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milcho_Lalkov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milcho Lalkov (page does not exist)">Milcho Lalkov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_G._Meraklis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael G. Meraklis (page does not exist)">Michael G. Meraklis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mindaugas_Navakas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mindaugas Navakas (page does not exist)">Mindaugas Navakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wis%C5%82awa_Szymborska" title="Wisława Szymborska">Wisława Szymborska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaan_Undusk" title="Jaan Undusk">Jaan Undusk</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tam%C3%A1s_Hofer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamás Hofer (page does not exist)">Tamás Hofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Hub%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Karel Hubáček">Karel Hubáček</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konstantin_Iliev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstantin Iliev (page does not exist)">Konstantin Iliev</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marin_Mincu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marin Mincu (page does not exist)">Marin Mincu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C5%BEe_Poga%C4%8Dnik_(scholar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jože Pogačnik (scholar) (page does not exist)">Jože Pogačnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%93teris_Vasks" title="Pēteris Vasks">Pēteris Vasks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_Zg%C3%B3rniak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marian Zgórniak (page does not exist)">Marian Zgórniak</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Tasos_Athanasiadis" title="Tasos Athanasiadis">Tasos Athanasiadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Bogdanovi%C4%87_(architect)" title="Bogdan Bogdanović (architect)">Bogdan Bogdanović</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osk%C3%A1r_Elschek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oskár Elschek (page does not exist)">Oskár Elschek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Glatz" title="Ferenc Glatz">Ferenc Glatz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lech_Kalinowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lech Kalinowski (page does not exist)">Lech Kalinowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaan_Kross" title="Jaan Kross">Jaan Kross</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunja_Rihtman-Augu%C5%A1tin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dunja Rihtman-Auguštin (page does not exist)">Dunja Rihtman-Auguštin</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imre_Bak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imre Bak (page does not exist)">Imre Bak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrei_Corbea-Hoi%C8%99ie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrei Corbea-Hoișie (page does not exist)">Andrei Corbea-Hoișie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eli%C5%A1ka_Fu%C4%8D%C3%ADkov%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eliška Fučíková (page does not exist)">Eliška Fučíková</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Kadare" title="Ismail Kadare">Ismail Kadare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinas_Marcinkevi%C4%8Dius" title="Justinas Marcinkevičius">Justinas Marcinkevičius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorota_Simonides" title="Dorota Simonides">Dorota Simonides</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elena_Toncheva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elena Toncheva (page does not exist)">Elena Toncheva</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Alexievich" title="Svetlana Alexievich">Svetlana Alexievich</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vera_Bitrakova-Grozdanova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vera Bitrakova-Grozdanova (page does not exist)">Vera Bitrakova-Grozdanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Dinescu" title="Mircea Dinescu">Mircea Dinescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istv%C3%A1n_Fried&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="István Fried (page does not exist)">István Fried</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henryk Górecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%BEevad_Karahasan" title="Dževad Karahasan">Dževad Karahasan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Milu%C4%8Dk%C3%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferdinand Milučký (page does not exist)">Ferdinand Milučký</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A1n_Bako%C5%A1_(art_historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ján Bakoš (art historian) (page does not exist)">Ján Bakoš</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_%C4%8Colovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Čolović (page does not exist)">Ivan Čolović</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikola_Georgiev_(scholar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikola Georgiev (scholar) (page does not exist)">Nikola Georgiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Kert%C3%A9sz" title="Imre Kertész">Imre Kertész</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Kundera" title="Milan Kundera">Milan Kundera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karolos_Mitsakis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karolos Mitsakis (page does not exist)">Karolos Mitsakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvo_P%C3%A4rt" title="Arvo Pärt">Arvo Pärt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–2006</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Yurii_Andrukhovych" title="Yurii Andrukhovych">Yurii Andrukhovych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janez_Bernik" title="Janez Bernik">Janez Bernik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A1nos_B%C3%B6h%C3%B6nyey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="János Böhönyey (page does not exist)">János Böhönyey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_K%C5%82a%C5%84ska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Kłańska (page does not exist)">Maria Kłańska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marek_Kopelent" title="Marek Kopelent">Marek Kopelent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrej_Mitrovi%C4%87" title="Andrej Mitrović">Andrej Mitrović</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evanghelos_Moutsopoulos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evanghelos Moutsopoulos (page does not exist)">Evanghelos Moutsopoulos</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Demetrius_Bambiniotis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Demetrius Bambiniotis (page does not exist)">George Demetrius Bambiniotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ris_%C4%8Caklais" title="Māris Čaklais">Māris Čaklais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_Esterh%C3%A1zy" title="Péter Esterházy">Péter Esterházy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radost_Ivanova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radost Ivanova (page does not exist)">Radost Ivanova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nedjeljko_Fabrio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nedjeljko Fabrio (page does not exist)">Nedjeljko Fabrio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurel_Stroe" title="Aurel Stroe">Aurel Stroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Trzeciakowski" title="Lech Trzeciakowski">Lech Trzeciakowski</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Vasil_Gyuzelev" title="Vasil Gyuzelev">Vasil Gyuzelev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drago_Jan%C4%8Dar" title="Drago Jančar">Drago Jančar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%A1roly_Manherz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Károly Manherz (page does not exist)">Károly Manherz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Mossakowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanisław Mossakowski (page does not exist)">Stanisław Mossakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ales_Rasanau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ales Rasanau (page does not exist)">Ales Rasanau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludv%C3%ADk_V%C3%A1clavek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludvík Václavek (page does not exist)">Ludvík Václavek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ana_Maria_Zahariade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ana Maria Zahariade (page does not exist)">Ana Maria Zahariade</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Antoniou" title="Theodore Antoniou">Theodore Antoniou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_G%C5%82owi%C5%84ski" title="Michał Głowiński">Michał Głowiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Kov%C3%A1%C4%8D" title="Dušan Kováč">Dušan Kováč</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatos_Lubonja" title="Fatos Lubonja">Fatos Lubonja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89va_P%C3%B3cs" title="Éva Pócs">Éva Pócs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazimir_Popkonstantinov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazimir Popkonstantinov (page does not exist)">Kazimir Popkonstantinov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romualdas_Po%C5%BEerskis" title="Romualdas Požerskis">Romualdas Požerskis</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Klim%C3%B3" title="Károly Klimó">Károly Klimó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna_Krall" title="Hanna Krall">Hanna Krall</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primo%C5%BE_Kuret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primož Kuret (page does not exist)">Primož Kuret</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Kuthan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiří Kuthan (page does not exist)">Jiří Kuthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Marga" title="Andrei Marga">Andrei Marga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eimuntas_Nekro%C5%A1ius" title="Eimuntas Nekrošius">Eimuntas Nekrošius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kre%C5%A1imir_Nemec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krešimir Nemec (page does not exist)">Krešimir Nemec</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82odzimierz_Borodziej" title="Włodzimierz Borodziej">Włodzimierz Borodziej</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicos_Hadjinicolaou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicos Hadjinicolaou (page does not exist)">Nicos Hadjinicolaou</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriela_Kili%C3%A1nov%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabriela Kiliánová (page does not exist)">Gabriela Kiliánová</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ene_Mihkelson" title="Ene Mihkelson">Ene Mihkelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojteh_Ravnikar" title="Vojteh Ravnikar">Vojteh Ravnikar</a></li></ul> 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294568#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3677" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294568#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3677" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294568#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120313045">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/97877003">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1757376/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdRtfckK6dHqqcGR9yWXd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119326825">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82111340">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12572122t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12572122t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01040706">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35851725">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2002162969&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1530848">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074435000">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/97016024">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Górecki, Henryk, 1933-2010"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000039353&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000593235&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201634809">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/dbqt0l7x35xls17">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810542635105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007262091105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000190158">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058526457306706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14552134">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA07647837?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/7a837d63-a434-47e8-8b48-1d50e54ebb74">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brahms.ircam.fr/henryk-mikolaj-gorecki">BRAHMS</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_119326825">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1115924">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/119326825.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119326825">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/088521869">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6wm40w8">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/30093497">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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