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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Chronological notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronological_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In other literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_other_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Manasseh of Judah</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasse" title="Manasse – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Manasse" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%89_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%A7" title="منسى ملك يهوذا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منسى ملك يهوذا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A7_%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%82%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Մանասէ Թագաւոր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մանասէ Թագաւոր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%96%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96)" title="Манасія (цар іўдзейскі) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Манасія (цар іўдзейскі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menashe_(roue_Yehouda)" title="Menashe (roue Yehouda) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Menashe (roue Yehouda)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manass%C3%A8s_de_Jud%C3%A0" title="Manassès de Judà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Manassès de Judà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mena%C5%A1e_(judsk%C3%BD_kr%C3%A1l)" title="Menaše (judský král) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Menaše (judský král)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasse_(K%C3%B6nig)" title="Manasse (König) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Manasse (König)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%83%CE%AE%CF%82_(%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%8D%CF%82)" title="Μανασσής (βασιλεύς) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μανασσής (βασιλεύς)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manas%C3%A9s_de_Jud%C3%A1" title="Manasés de Judá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Manasés de Judá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%87_(%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87_%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7)" title="مناسه (پادشاه یهودا) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مناسه (پادشاه یهودا)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manass%C3%A9_(Juda)" title="Manassé (Juda) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Manassé (Juda)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasse_fan_Juda" title="Manasse fan Juda – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Manasse fan Juda" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2-n%C3%A2-s%C3%AE-v%C3%B2ng" title="Mâ-nâ-sî-vòng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mâ-nâ-sî-vòng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%80%EB%82%98%EC%8E%84_(%EC%9C%A0%EB%8B%A4_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD)" title="므나쎄 (유다 왕국) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="므나쎄 (유다 왕국)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasye_(raja_Yehuda)" title="Manasye (raja Yehuda) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Manasye (raja Yehuda)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasse_(re_di_Giuda)" title="Manasse (re di Giuda) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Manasse (re di Giuda)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%94_(%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94)" title="מנשה (מלך יהודה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנשה (מלך יהודה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mfalme_Manase" title="Mfalme Manase – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mfalme Manase" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manass%C3%A9_j%C3%BAdai_kir%C3%A1ly" title="Manassé júdai király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Manassé júdai király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manase" title="Manase – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Manase" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%89_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%A7" title="منسى ملك يهوذا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="منسى ملك يهوذا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasse_van_Juda" title="Manasse van Juda – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Manasse van Juda" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8A%E3%82%BB_(%E3%83%A6%E3%83%80%E7%8E%8B)" title="マナセ (ユダ王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マナセ (ユダ王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasse_av_Juda" title="Manasse av Juda – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Manasse av Juda" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasses_(kr%C3%B3l_Judy)" title="Manasses (król Judy) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Manasses (król Judy)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manass%C3%A9s_de_Jud%C3%A1" title="Manassés de Judá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Manassés de Judá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manase,_rege_al_Iudeei" title="Manase, rege al Iudeei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Manase, rege al Iudeei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%98%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B8)" title="Манассия (царь Иудеи) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Манассия (царь Иудеи)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manaseh_od_Jude" title="Manaseh od Jude – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Manaseh od Jude" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasse_(kuningas)" title="Manasse (kuningas) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Manasse (kuningas)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasse_av_Juda" title="Manasse av Juda – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Manasse av Juda" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasses_ng_Juda" title="Manasses ng Juda – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Manasses ng Juda" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C" title="มนัสเสห์แห่งยูดาห์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มนัสเสห์แห่งยูดาห์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mena%C5%9Fe_(Yehuda)" title="Menaşe (Yehuda) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Menaşe (Yehuda)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%AE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%97)" title="Манасія (цар Юдеї) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Манасія (цар Юдеї)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94" title="מנשה מלך יהודה – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מנשה מלך יהודה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E6%8B%BF%E8%A5%BF" title="瑪拿西 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="瑪拿西" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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id="mw-revision-name"><a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/86.115.42.210" class="mw-userlink mw-anonuserlink" title="Special:Contributions/86.115.42.210" data-mw-revid="1259027803"><bdi>86.115.42.210</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:86.115.42.210&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:86.115.42.210 (page does not exist)">talk</a>)</span></span> at <span id="mw-revision-date">00:03, 23 November 2024</span><span id="mw-revision-summary"> <span class="comment">(Manasseh did not reverse any religious change made by Hezekiah, which were only corrections to religious changes that had been made before. Therefore Hezekiah reversed religious changes, not Manasseh, who re-introduced them..)</span></span>. The present address (URL) is a <a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">permanent link</a> to this revision, which may differ significantly from the <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasseh_of_Judah">current revision</a></span>.</b></p><div id="revision-info-plain" style="display: none;">Revision as of 00:03, 23 November 2024 by <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/86.115.42.210" class="mw-userlink mw-anonuserlink" title="Special:Contributions/86.115.42.210" data-mw-revid="1259027803"><bdi>86.115.42.210</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:86.115.42.210&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:86.115.42.210 (page does not exist)">talk</a>)</span> <span class="comment">(Manasseh did not reverse any religious change made by Hezekiah, which were only corrections to religious changes that had been made before. Therefore Hezekiah reversed religious changes, not Manasseh, who re-introduced them..)</span></div></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manasseh_of_Judah&diff=prev&oldid=1259027803" title="Manasseh of Judah">diff</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manasseh_of_Judah&direction=prev&oldid=1259027803" title="Manasseh of Judah">← Previous revision</a> | <a href="/wiki/Manasseh_of_Judah" title="Manasseh of Judah">Latest revision</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manasseh_of_Judah&diff=cur&oldid=1259027803" title="Manasseh of Judah">diff</a>) | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manasseh_of_Judah&direction=next&oldid=1259027803" title="Manasseh of Judah">Newer revision →</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manasseh_of_Judah&diff=next&oldid=1259027803" title="Manasseh of Judah">diff</a>)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fourteenth king of the Kingdom of Judah</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people with the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Manasseh_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manasseh (disambiguation)">Manasseh (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Manasseh</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Manases-Manasseh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Manases-Manasseh.png/220px-Manases-Manasseh.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Manases-Manasseh.png/330px-Manases-Manasseh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Manases-Manasseh.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="421" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Judah" title="Kings of Judah">King of Judah</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">coregency 697–687 BC <br />sole reign<br />687–643 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amon_of_Judah" title="Amon of Judah">Amon</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 709 BC<br />probably <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 643 BC (aged 65 or 66)<br />probably <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Meshullemeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Meshullemeth">Meshullemeth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amon_of_Judah" title="Amon of Judah">Amon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">House of David</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hephzibah" title="Hephzibah">Hephzibah</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Manasseh</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">מְנַשֶּׁה</span>‎ <i>Mənaššé</i>, "Forgetter"; <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>: <span lang="akk">𒈨𒈾𒋛𒄿</span> <i>Menasî</i> [<i>me-na-si-i</i>]; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Μανασσῆς</span></span> <i>Manasses</i>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Manasses</i>) was the fourteenth king of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a>. He was the oldest of the sons of <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hephzibah" title="Hephzibah">Hephzibah</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b21.htm#1">2 Kings 21:1</a>). He became king at the age of 12 and reigned for 55 years (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b21.htm#1">2 Kings 21:1</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b33.htm#1">2 Chronicles 33:1</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_account">Biblical account</h2></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> documents Manasseh in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b21.htm#1">2 Kings 21:1–18</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b32.htm#33">2 Chronicles 32:33–33:20</a>. He is also mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_15" title="Jeremiah 15">Jeremiah 15:4</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical prophet">prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a> predicts "four forms of destruction" for the people of Judah because of the evil done by Manasseh in Judah.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manasseh was the first king of Judah who was not contemporary with the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Kingdom">northern kingdom of Israel</a>, which the <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrians</a> had destroyed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 720 BC, deporting much of its population. He re-instituted <a href="/wiki/Polytheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytheistic">polytheistic</a> worship and reversed the religious corrections made by his father Hezekiah – hence his condemnation in several biblical verses.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He married <a href="/wiki/Meshullemeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Meshullemeth">Meshullemeth</a>, daughter of Haruz of <a href="/wiki/Yodfat" title="Yodfat"> Jotbah</a>, and they had a son <a href="/wiki/Amon_of_Judah" title="Amon of Judah">Amon</a>, who succeeded him as king of Judah upon his death. Hezekiah, Manasseh and Amon appear in the <a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">genealogy of Jesus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Matthew%27s_gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew's gospel">Matthew's gospel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a reign of 55 years, the longest in the history of Judah, he died <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 643 BC and was buried in the garden of Uzza, the "garden of his own house" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b21.htm#17">2 Kings 21:17–18</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b33.htm#20">2 Chronicles 33:20</a>), and not in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_David_(historic)" class="mw-redirect" title="City of David (historic)">City of David</a>, among his ancestors. The biblical narratives report Manasseh's accession to the throne at the time of his father's death.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_R._Thiele" title="Edwin R. Thiele">Edwin Thiele</a> concludes that he had commenced his reign as co-regent with his father Hezekiah in 697/696 BC, with the co-regency lasting 12 years and his sole reign beginning in 687/686 BC and continuing until his death in 643/642 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_with_Assyria">Relations with Assyria</h2></div> <p>When Manasseh's reign began, <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a> was king of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, who reigned until 681 BC. Manasseh is mentioned in Assyrian records as a contemporary and loyal vassal of Sennacherib's son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a>. Assyrian records list Manasseh among twenty-two kings required to provide materials for Esarhaddon's building projects. Esarhaddon died in 669 BC and was succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a>, who also names Manasseh as one of a number of vassals who assisted his campaign against Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-Bright_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bright-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Assyrian records are consistent with archaeological evidence of demographic trends and settlement patterns suggesting a period of stability in Judah during Manasseh's reign. Despite the criticisms of his religious policies in the biblical texts, archaeologists such as <a href="/wiki/Israel_Finkelstein" title="Israel Finkelstein">Israel Finkelstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neil_Asher_Silberman" title="Neil Asher Silberman">Neil Asher Silberman</a> credit Manasseh with reviving Judah's rural economy, arguing that a possible Assyrian grant of <a href="/wiki/Most_favoured_nation" title="Most favoured nation">most favoured nation</a> status stimulated the creation of an export market.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2001264–265_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2001264–265-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They argue that changes to the economic structure of the countryside would have required the cooperation of the "countryside aristocracy",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2006182_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2006182-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with restoration of worship at the high places a <i><a href="/wiki/Quid_pro_quo" title="Quid pro quo">quid pro quo</a></i> for this. Apparent devastation of the fertile <a href="/wiki/Shephelah" title="Shephelah">Shephelah</a>, coupled with growth of the population of the highlands and the southeast of the kingdom (especially in the <a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a> valley) during Manasseh's reign, point to this possibility. Finkelstein has also suggested that Manasseh's extensive trade activity as a vassal of Assyria may have provided the basis for some of the biblical stories about <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">King Solomon's</a> great acquisition of wealth through foreign trade relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Olive_oil_trade">Olive oil trade</h3></div> <p>Olive oil production and export played a big role in the economy of the time. There is evidence in the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Re-exportation" title="Re-exportation">entrepôt trade</a>, and an apparently flourishing olive oil industry at <a href="/wiki/Ekron" title="Ekron">Ekron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2006267–270_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2006267–270-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The construction or reconstruction of forts at sites such as <a href="/wiki/Arad,_Israel" title="Arad, Israel">Arad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horvat_Uza" title="Horvat Uza">Horvat Uza</a>, explored by <a href="/wiki/Nadav_Na%27aman" title="Nadav Na'aman">Nadav Na'aman</a> and others,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is also argued by Finkelstein and Silberman to be evidence in support of this thesis,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2006156–157_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2006156–157-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as they would have been needed to protect the trade routes. However, Finkelstein and Silberman argue that the trade led to great disparities between rich and poor, which in turn gave rise to civil unrest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2001271–273_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2001271–273-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, they speculate, the <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomist" title="Deuteronomist">Deuteronomist</a> author or editor of <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">2 Kings</a> later reworked the traditions about Manasseh to portray his outward-looking involvement in trade as, effectively, apostasy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2006181,_205_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2006181,_205-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_policies">Religious policies</h2></div> <p>There are three aspects of Manasseh's religious policy which the writer of <i><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Kings</a></i> considered deplorable: the religious reaction which followed hard upon his accession; its extension by the free adoption of foreign cults; and the bitter persecution of the prophetic party. </p><p>According to Kings, Manasseh reversed the centralizing reforms of his father <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a>, and re-established local shrines, possibly for economic reasons. He restored polytheistic worship of <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b21.htm#1">2 Kings 21</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Temple</a>, and sponsored the Assyrian <a href="/wiki/Astral_cult" class="mw-redirect" title="Astral cult">astral cult</a> throughout Judah.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So zealous was he in his worship of the foreign gods, he is said to have participated in the sacrificial cult of <a href="/wiki/Moloch" title="Moloch">Moloch</a> which consisted of sacrificing young children or passing them through fire (2 Kings 21:6)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His reign may be described as reactionary in relation to his father's, and <i>Kings</i> suggests that he may have executed supporters of his father's reforms. During Manasseh's half-century the popular worship was a medley of native and foreign cults, the influence of which was slow to disappear.<sup id="cite_ref-je_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-je-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2 Kings 21:10 suggests that several prophets combined their condemnation of Manasseh. The <a href="/wiki/Pulpit_Commentary" title="Pulpit Commentary">Pulpit Commentary</a> identifies the prophets as probably <a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a> and possibly <a href="/wiki/Nahum" title="Nahum">Nahum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manasseh's response was to persecute those who had bitterly condemned the popular syncretism. The prophets were put to the sword (Jeremiah 2:30). Exegetical tradition relates that Isaiah, Manasseh's own grandfather,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suffered a particularly painful execution, <a href="/wiki/Death_by_sawing" title="Death by sawing">sawn in two</a> under the king's orders.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Innocent blood" reddened the streets of Jerusalem. For many decades those who sympathized with prophetic ideas were in constant peril.<sup id="cite_ref-je_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-je-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arnold_J._Toynbee" title="Arnold J. Toynbee">Arnold J. Toynbee</a> considers that Manasseh was a pious conservative, defending the faith of his ancestors from Yahweh-only iconoclasts.<sup id="cite_ref-Toynbee1961_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toynbee1961-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assyrian_detention_and_repentance">Assyrian detention and repentance</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manasseh%27s_Sin_and_Repentance_(Bible_Card).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Manasseh%27s_Sin_and_Repentance_%28Bible_Card%29.jpg/200px-Manasseh%27s_Sin_and_Repentance_%28Bible_Card%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Manasseh%27s_Sin_and_Repentance_%28Bible_Card%29.jpg/300px-Manasseh%27s_Sin_and_Repentance_%28Bible_Card%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Manasseh%27s_Sin_and_Repentance_%28Bible_Card%29.jpg/400px-Manasseh%27s_Sin_and_Repentance_%28Bible_Card%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>Manasseh's repentance; as in 2 Chronicles 33:1–13 (illustration from a Bible card published in 1904 by the Providence Lithograph Company)</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b33.htm#11">2 Chronicles 33:11–13</a>, Manasseh was on one occasion brought in chains to the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_king" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian king">Assyrian king</a>, possibly <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a>, presumably for suspected disloyalty. The verse goes on to indicate that he was later treated well and restored to his throne. In <a href="/wiki/The_Chronicler" title="The Chronicler">the Chronicler</a>'s account, the severity of Manasseh's imprisonment brought him to repentance. Manasseh was restored to the throne, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b33.htm#11">2 Chronicles 33:11–13</a>) and abandoned <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a>, removing the foreign idols (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b33.htm#15">2 Chronicles 33:15</a>) and enjoining the people to worship the Lord of Israel <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>. However, neither <i>Kings</i> nor Assyrian records mention this incident.<sup id="cite_ref-Bright_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bright-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronological_notes">Chronological notes</h2></div> <p>Thiele dates Manasseh's reign back from the dates of the reign of his grandson, <a href="/wiki/Josiah" title="Josiah">Josiah</a>. Josiah died at the hands of Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a> in the summer of 609 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By Judean reckoning, which began regnal years in the fall month of <a href="/wiki/Tishri" class="mw-redirect" title="Tishri">Tishri</a>, this would be in the year 610/609 BC. Josiah reigned for 31 years (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b21.htm#19">2 Kings 21:19</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b22.htm#1">22:1</a>) and began to reign after the short two-year reign of <a href="/wiki/Amon_of_Judah" title="Amon of Judah">Amon</a>. Manasseh's last year, 33 years earlier, would be 643/642 BC. </p><p>The length of Manasseh's reign is given as 55 years in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b20.htm#21">2 Kings 20:21</a>. Assuming non-accession reckoning, as he usually did for coregencies, Thiele determined 54 "actual" years back to 697/696 BC, as the year when the Hezekiah/Manasseh coregency began. Non-accession reckoning means that the first partial year of a king in office was counted twice, once for him and once for his predecessor, so that one year must be subtracted when measuring spans of time. An analysis of the data for <a href="/wiki/Jeroboam_II" title="Jeroboam II">Jeroboam II</a> of Israel and <a href="/wiki/Jehoshaphat" title="Jehoshaphat">Jehoshaphat</a> of Judah, both of whom had coregencies, shows that their years were measured in this way. </p><p>Regarding the Hezekiah/Manasseh coregency, Thiele observes Manasseh began his reign when he was 12 years old (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b21.htm#1">2 Kings 21:1</a>), and then comments, "A Hebrew lad when he reached the age of twelve was a 'son of the law' and had become <i>gadol</i>. He had then passed from the days of childhood to youth and was considered old enough to concern himself with the serious work of life ... it is only to be expected that the king, facing the prospect of the termination of his reign within fifteen years [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b20.htm#6">2 Kings 20:6</a>], would at the earliest moment give the heir-presumptive every advantage of training in leadership."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_other_literature">In other literature</h2></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_in_Rabbinic_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaiah in Rabbinic Literature">rabbinic literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Isaiah" title="Ascension of Isaiah">Christian pseudepigrapha</a>, Manasseh is accused of executing the prophet <a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a>, who was identified as the maternal grandfather of Manasseh.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a>, a penitential prayer attributed to Manasseh, appears in some Christian Bibles, but is considered <a href="/wiki/Apocryphal" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocryphal">apocryphal</a> by <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a>. </p><p>Manasseh is also made reference to in chapter 21 of <a href="/wiki/Meqabyan#First_Book_of_Ethiopian_Maccabees_(1_Meqabyan)" title="Meqabyan">1 Meqabyan</a>, a book considered <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">canonical</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a>, where he is used as an example of ungodly king.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-biblical_sources" title="List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources">List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jeremiah+15:3–4&version=nkjv">Jeremiah 15:3–4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b21.htm#2">2 Kings 21:2</a> and following</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+1:10&version=nkjv">Matthew 1:10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Kings+20:24&version=nkjv">2 Kings 20:24</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b32.htm#33">2 Chronicles 32:33</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Edwin Thiele, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mysterious_Numbers_of_the_Hebrew_Kings" title="The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings">The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings</a></i>, (1st ed.; New York: Macmillan, 1951; 2nd ed.; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1965; 3rd ed.; Grand Rapids: Zondervan/Kregel, 1983). <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8254-3825-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8254-3825-X">0-8254-3825-X</a>, 9780825438257, 217</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bright-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bright_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bright_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBright2017" class="citation book cs1">Bright, John (10 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0VG67yLs-LAC&q=assyrian+records%2C+manasseh%2C+esarhaddon&pg=PA311"><i>A History of Israel</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664220686" title="Special:BookSources/9780664220686"><bdi>9780664220686</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Israel&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2017-08-10&rft.isbn=9780664220686&rft.aulast=Bright&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0VG67yLs-LAC%26q%3Dassyrian%2Brecords%252C%2Bmanasseh%252C%2Besarhaddon%26pg%3DPA311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManasseh+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2001264–265-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2001264–265_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2001">Finkelstein & Silberman 2001</a>, pp. 264–265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2006182-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2006182_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2006">Finkelstein & Silberman 2006</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_J._Adams" title="Matthew J. Adams">Matthew J. Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel_Finkelstein" title="Israel Finkelstein">Israel Finkelstein</a> (16 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7gmSMAuH7sA"><i>Episode Thirteen: Solomon, King of Globalization</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(video)</span>. Jerusalem: W. F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research. Event occurs at 26:27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Episode+Thirteen%3A+Solomon%2C+King+of+Globalization&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=W.+F.+Albright+Institute+of+Archaeological+Research&rft.date=2021-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D7gmSMAuH7sA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManasseh+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2006267–270-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2006267–270_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2006">Finkelstein & Silberman 2006</a>, pp. 267–270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finkelstein, Israel (1992) "Horvat Qitmit and the Southern Trade in the Late Iron Age II", <i>Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins</i> 108: 156–170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gitin, Sy (1995) "Tel Miqne-Ekron in the 7th Century BC: The Impact of Economic Innovation and Foreign Cultural Influences on a Neo-Assyrian Vassal State." In Gitin, Sy (Ed.), <i>Recent Excavations in Israel: A View to the West</i>, 61–79. Dubuque.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Na'aman, Nadav (1994) "Hezekiah and the Kings of Assyria," <i>Tel Aviv</i> 21: 235–254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2006156–157-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2006156–157_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2006">Finkelstein & Silberman 2006</a>, pp. 156–157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2001271–273-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2001271–273_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2001">Finkelstein & Silberman 2001</a>, pp. 271–273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2006181,_205-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2006181,_205_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2006">Finkelstein & Silberman 2006</a>, pp. 181, 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halpern, Baruch (1998) "Why Manasseh was Blamed for the Babylonian Exile: The Revolution of a Biblical Tradition", <i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Testamentum" title="Vetus Testamentum">Vetus Testamentum</a></i> 48: 473–514.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2kSovzudhFUC&dq=Battle+of+Carchemish&pg=PA153">Malamat, Abraham and Ben-Sasson, Haim Hillel. <i>A History of the Jewish People</i>, Harvard University Press, 1976</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674397316" title="Special:BookSources/9780674397316">9780674397316</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stavrakopoulou, F. (2004). King Manasseh and child sacrifice: Biblical distortions of historical realities. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-je-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-je_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-je_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10343-manasseh">"Manasseh"</a>. <i>JewishEncyclopedia.com</i>. 1906<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Manasseh&rft.date=1906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F10343-manasseh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManasseh+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/commentaries/pulpit/2_kings/21.htm">Pulpit Commentary on 2 Kings 21</a>, accessed 26 January 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7668-hezekiah">"Hezekiah"</a>. <i>JewishEncyclopedia.com</i>. 1906.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Hezekiah&rft.date=1906&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F7668-hezekiah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManasseh+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8235-isaiah">"Isaiah"</a>. <i>JewishEncyclopedia.com</i>. 1906<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Isaiah&rft.date=1906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F8235-isaiah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManasseh+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toynbee1961-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Toynbee1961_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToynbeeRoyal_Institute_of_International_Affairs1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Joseph_Toynbee" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold Joseph Toynbee">Toynbee, Arnold</a>; Royal Institute of International Affairs (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h98IAQAAIAAJ"><i>A Study of History</i></a>. Vol. 12. Oxford University Press, H. Milford. p. 425.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Study+of+History&rft.pages=425&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+H.+Milford&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Toynbee&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft.au=Royal+Institute+of+International+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh98IAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManasseh+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. J. Wiseman, <i>Chronicles of Chaldean Kings</i> (London: Trustees of the British Museum, 1956) 94–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwin R. Thiele, <i>The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings</i> (2nd ed.; Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1965) 158–159.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2001" class="citation book cs1">Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2001). <i>The Bible Unearthed</i>. New York: Free Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+Unearthed&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft.au=Silberman%2C+Neil+Asher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManasseh+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2006" class="citation book cs1">Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2006). <i>David and Solomon: In Search of the Bible's Sacred Kings and the Roots of Western Tradition</i>. New York: Free Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=David+and+Solomon%3A+In+Search+of+the+Bible%27s+Sacred+Kings+and+the+Roots+of+Western+Tradition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft.au=Silberman%2C+Neil+Asher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManasseh+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Manasseh_of_Judah" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Manasseh of Judah">Manasseh of Judah</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/topics/menasseh-(king-of-judah)?sort=Relevance&tab=sources">Menasseh in the Talmud</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10343-manasseh">"Manasseh"</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Manasseh (King of Judah)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Manasseh_(King_of_Judah)">"Manasseh, King of Judah" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Manasseh%2C+King+of+Judah&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManasseh+of+Judah" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Manasseh of Judah </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">House of David</a></b></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah#The_Kings_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">King of Judah</a> </b><br />Coregency: 697–687 BC<br />Sole reign: 687–643 BC </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Amon_of_Judah" title="Amon of Judah">Amon</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_of_Israel_and_Judah" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_Ancient_Israel" title="Template:Rulers of Ancient Israel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rulers_of_Ancient_Israel" title="Template talk:Rulers of Ancient Israel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers_of_Ancient_Israel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers of Ancient Israel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_Israel_and_Judah" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rulers of <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Israel and Judah</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">Davidic line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Israel_and_Judah" title="Kings of Israel and Judah">Kings of Israel and Judah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Judah" title="Kings of Judah">Kings of Judah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Israel<br />(united monarchy)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ish-bosheth" title="Ish-bosheth">Ish-bosheth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel<br />(northern kingdom)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeroboam" title="Jeroboam">Jeroboam I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadab_of_Israel" title="Nadab of Israel">Nadab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baasha_of_Israel" title="Baasha of Israel">Baasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elah_(king)" title="Elah (king)">Elah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimri_(king)" title="Zimri (king)">Zimri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibni" title="Tibni">Tibni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omri" title="Omri">Omri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahab" title="Ahab">Ahab</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jezebel" title="Jezebel">Jezebel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahaziah_of_Israel" title="Ahaziah of Israel">Ahaziah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoram_of_Israel" title="Jehoram of Israel">Jehoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehu" title="Jehu">Jehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoahaz_of_Israel" title="Jehoahaz of Israel">Jehoahaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoash_of_Israel" title="Jehoash of Israel">Jehoash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeroboam_II" title="Jeroboam II">Jeroboam II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_of_Israel" title="Zechariah of Israel">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallum_of_Israel" title="Shallum of Israel">Shallum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menahem" title="Menahem">Menahem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekahiah" title="Pekahiah">Pekahiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekah" title="Pekah">Pekah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoshea" title="Hoshea">Hoshea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah<br />(southern kingdom)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rehoboam" title="Rehoboam">Rehoboam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abijah_of_Judah" title="Abijah of Judah">Abijam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_of_Judah" title="Asa of Judah">Asa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoshaphat" title="Jehoshaphat">Jehoshaphat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoram_of_Judah" title="Jehoram of Judah">Jehoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahaziah_of_Judah" title="Ahaziah of Judah">Ahaziah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athaliah" title="Athaliah">Athaliah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoash_of_Judah" title="Jehoash of Judah">Jehoash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaziah_of_Judah" title="Amaziah of Judah">Amaziah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzziah" title="Uzziah">Uzziah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jotham" title="Jotham">Jotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahaz" title="Ahaz">Ahaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amon_of_Judah" title="Amon of Judah">Amon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah" title="Josiah">Josiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoahaz_of_Judah" title="Jehoahaz of Judah">Jehoahaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoiakim" title="Jehoiakim">Jehoiakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeconiah" title="Jeconiah">Jeconiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zedekiah" title="Zedekiah">Zedekiah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Judea<br />(Hasmonean dynasty)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon Thassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_I" title="Aristobulus I">Aristobulus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus">Alexander Jannaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_II" title="Aristobulus II">Aristobulus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Mattathias" title="Antigonus II Mattathias">Antigonus II Mattathias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Jewish leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_leaders_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel">List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156328#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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