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style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">South African Native Labour Corps</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cooking_in_a_labour_camp,_Western_Front,_during_World_War_I._This_photograph_shows_four_men_cooking_and_drinking_soup_from_one_of_the_army_outside_catering_boilers._They_are_all_probably_members_of_(4687898545).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cooking in a labour camp, Western Front, during World War I. This photograph shows four men cooking and drinking soup from one of the army outside catering boilers. They are all probably members of (4687898545)"><img alt="Cooking in a labour camp, Western Front, during World War I. This photograph shows four men cooking and drinking soup from one of the army outside catering boilers. They are all probably members of (4687898545)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cooking_in_a_labour_camp%2C_Western_Front%2C_during_World_War_I._This_photograph_shows_four_men_cooking_and_drinking_soup_from_one_of_the_army_outside_catering_boilers._They_are_all_probably_members_of_%284687898545%29.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cooking_in_a_labour_camp%2C_Western_Front%2C_during_World_War_I._This_photograph_shows_four_men_cooking_and_drinking_soup_from_one_of_the_army_outside_catering_boilers._They_are_all_probably_members_of_%284687898545%29.jpg/450px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cooking_in_a_labour_camp%2C_Western_Front%2C_during_World_War_I._This_photograph_shows_four_men_cooking_and_drinking_soup_from_one_of_the_army_outside_catering_boilers._They_are_all_probably_members_of_%284687898545%29.jpg/600px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="935" data-file-height="686" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Men, probably of the South African Native Labour Corps, cooking on a Soyer stove in a hutted camp on the Western Front, c.1917</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Active</th><td class="infobox-data">1916 – January 1918</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Army" title="South African Army">South African Army</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Notable<br />commanders</th><td class="infobox-data">Colonel S.A.M. Pritchard</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <p>The <b>South African Native Labour Corps</b> (SANLC) was a force of workers formed in 1916 in response to a <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a> request for workers at <a href="/wiki/Third_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Third French Republic">French</a> ports. About 25,000 South Africans joined the Corps. The SANLC was utilized in various menial noncombat tasks. The SANLC was disbanded by the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Government">South African government</a> in January 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_Native_Labour_Corps&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The South African Native Labour Corps or Contingent has its origins in a plan by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Cabinet" title="Imperial War Cabinet">Imperial War Cabinet</a> to employ labour from <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth nations</a> to relieve the shortage of labour at the front and at French ports as ship shortages required that ships be unloaded and returned to transport duties as quickly as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-Willan_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 62">: 62 </span></sup> About 25,000 South Africans were to be recruited, of whom 21,000 were transported via requisitioned merchant steamships to France.<sup id="cite_ref-Willan_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 61">: 61 </span></sup> The first two companies arrived in France on 20 November 1916 and the last group of men left France on 5 January 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-Willan_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 61">: 61 </span></sup> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Louis_Botha" title="Louis Botha">Louis Botha</a>, also Minister of Native Affairs, was involved in the negotiations with the British and ensured that the recruits would have no combat role, with work behind the front lines at ports, through railway, quarrying work and forestry.<sup id="cite_ref-Willan_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 61–63">: 61–63 </span></sup> The South African government wanted to ensure that no black man fought together with a white man on equal terms as this would break down the colour bar between the races leading to the contamination of social and political relations.<sup id="cite_ref-Willan_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 63">: 63 </span></sup> This had implications for the working class in South Africa as a labour division was required between the two races.<sup id="cite_ref-Willan_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 73">: 73 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recruitment_process">Recruitment process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_Native_Labour_Corps&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Recruitment process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The South African parliament did not have to approve the formation of the SANLC as all costs were paid by the British government.<sup id="cite_ref-Willan_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 64">: 64 </span></sup> Recruitment began during September 1916 with a plan to recruit 10,000 black recruits to form five battalions of 2,000 men with 63 officers and NCOs.<sup id="cite_ref-Willan_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 64">: 64 </span></sup> Their contract would be for one year with the possibility of renewal with a monthly payment of £3 which was said to be about ten percent more than normal labour payments.<sup id="cite_ref-Willan_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 64">: 64 </span></sup> The initial recruitment plans' labour requirement was met by January 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-Willan_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 70">: 70 </span></sup> The recruitment process was carried out via Native Commissioners, magistrates, recruitment meetings and the clergy and later using members of the educated black elite in South Africa who believed this would demonstrate loyalty to the King and this effort could be used to negotiate political rights at a later date.<sup id="cite_ref-Willan_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 65">: 65 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Plaatje" class="mw-redirect" title="Solomon Plaatje">Solomon Plaatje</a> of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Native_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Native National Congress">South African Native National Congress</a> would assist in the recruitment process during late 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-Willan_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 65">: 65 </span></sup> By mid-1917, recruitment had slowed and the use of payments to black chiefs and recruiting agents were used to increase the recruitment targets.<sup id="cite_ref-Willan_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 67–68">: 67–68 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition">Opposition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_Native_Labour_Corps&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the South African government's attempt to manage the use of these recruits, opposition to the recruitment of black men to the SANLC came from many quarters of South African society. The <a href="/wiki/South_African_Chamber_of_Mines" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Chamber of Mines">Chamber of Mines</a> was concerned about the loss of labour required to run their gold mines, with the possibility of increased wages if scarcity occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-Willan_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 68">: 68 </span></sup> White farmers also feared the loss of cheap labour and used intimidation to keep the labour on the farms by suggesting the loss of men's homes on these properties.<sup id="cite_ref-Willan_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 69">: 69 </span></sup> Prominent South African politician <a href="/wiki/John_X._Merriman" title="John X. Merriman">John X. Merriman</a> opposed the recruitment, fearing what would happen to society on the return of these men after introducing them to European social conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Willan_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 64">: 64 </span></sup> There was also black opposition to the recruitment process. Due to the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Natives_Land_Act,_1913" title="Natives Land Act, 1913">Native land Act of 1913</a>, there was a fear that land owned by the recruits could be taken from them during their absence overseas and result in the eviction of their families.<sup id="cite_ref-Willan_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 69–70">: 69–70 </span></sup> Superstition also played a part in the opposition, with many black people fearing that one could not cross the seas and return alive.<sup id="cite_ref-Willan_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 70">: 70 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deployment">Deployment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_Native_Labour_Corps&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Deployment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:African_priest_at_Western_Front_during_First_World_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/African_priest_at_Western_Front_during_First_World_War.jpg/220px-African_priest_at_Western_Front_during_First_World_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/African_priest_at_Western_Front_during_First_World_War.jpg/330px-African_priest_at_Western_Front_during_First_World_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/African_priest_at_Western_Front_during_First_World_War.jpg/440px-African_priest_at_Western_Front_during_First_World_War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1322" /></a><figcaption>South African priest, Bishop Lazarus Khumalo on the Western Front. He wears what seem to be <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> vestments over army uniform. He is standing in a camp of wooden huts, probably one of the camps of the South African Native Labour Corps (National Library of Scotland 4687906729)</figcaption></figure> <p>Colonel S.A.M. Pitchard, a member of the Native Affairs Department, was appointed as Officer Commanding the South African Native Labour Corps and arrived in France in October 1916 before the first battalion of 2000 men arrived in November.<sup id="cite_ref-Willan_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 71">: 71 </span></sup> He was under orders to maintain South African control over the SANLC, with their own white officers, ensuring their segregation from French society and in compounds, not on the front and control the job choices allocated to the men.<sup id="cite_ref-Willan_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 71">: 71 </span></sup> The aim of this strict control was to reduce the men's access to other social conditions, the influence of the ideas of trade unionism and lastly work conditions as they did more hours of work than other labour units.<sup id="cite_ref-Willan_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 73">: 73 </span></sup> During December 1916, the British government formed the Directorate of Labour to manage all the labour units from Commonwealth nations and begun to break the battalions into smaller units which begun to break down the South African governments strict control over them with some ending up close to the front lines.<sup id="cite_ref-Willan_2-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 73">: 73 </span></sup> The last men of the first batch of 10,000, the men of 5th Battalion, arrived on 19 February 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-Willan_2-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 71">: 71 </span></sup> By April 1917, the South Africans had managed to withdraw the men from the front to the northern French towns of <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dieppe" title="Dieppe">Dieppe</a>, Rouxesnil, <a href="/wiki/Saigneville" title="Saigneville">Saigneville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dannes" title="Dannes">Dannes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Willan_2-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 74">: 74 </span></sup> After the sinking of the transport ship <a href="/wiki/SS_Mendi" title="SS Mendi">SS <i>Mendi</i></a> with loss of over 600 members of SANLC, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Assembly of South Africa">House of Assembly</a> passed a motion of sympathy to the relatives of the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-Willan_2-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 61">: 61 </span></sup> In January 1917 the South African government had hoped the scheme would raise the numbers in the SANLC to 50,000 as there was still labour shortages on the front but it was not to be and by May 1918, all men were home.<sup id="cite_ref-Willan_2-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 81">: 81 </span></sup> The South African government expressed the reason for the return was a military issue, but most believe that the reason was political as the government was coming under pressure from the opposition who had expressed its concerns for the scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-Willan_2-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 80–81">: 80–81 </span></sup> The excellent service by the men of the SANLC was also acknowledged by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Haig" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Haig">Douglas Haig</a>, Commander in Chief of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>, who expressed his appreciation for their contributions.<sup id="cite_ref-Willan_2-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 61">: 61 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_Native_Labour_Corps&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission">Commonwealth War Graves Commission</a> records 1,304 deaths for the South African Native Labour Corps whose graves and memorials are found mostly in the United Kingdom, France and South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-CWGC_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CWGC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thirteen black servicemen were killed by their officers and NCOs when they mutinied over the imprisonment of a colleague, though this incident was suppressed by the South African government.<sup id="cite_ref-Willan_2-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 79">: 79 </span></sup> Another 331 died in France of medical reasons, probably <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Willan_2-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 77">: 77 </span></sup> Lastly, 607 black servicemen and nine white officers or NCOs died when the ship <a href="/wiki/SS_Mendi" title="SS Mendi">SS <i>Mendi</i></a> sank in a collision with another ship in the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_decorations">War decorations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_Native_Labour_Corps&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: War decorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The South African government issued no war service medal to the black servicemen and the special medal issued by <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">King George V</a> to the troops that served the Empire (the <a href="/wiki/British_War_Medal" title="British War Medal">British War Medal</a>) was disallowed and not issued to the SANLC by the South African government.<sup id="cite_ref-Willan_2-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 83">: 83 </span></sup> It was also said that any compensation scheme issued to servicemen by the South African government was said to be unfair.<sup id="cite_ref-Willan_2-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 83">: 83 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SAM_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAM-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_Native_Labour_Corps&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Labour_Corps" title="Chinese Labour Corps">Chinese Labour Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Labour_Corps" title="Egyptian Labour Corps">Egyptian Labour Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Labour_Corps" title="Indian Labour Corps">Indian Labour Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Labour_Corps" title="Maltese Labour Corps">Maltese Labour Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Mendi" title="SS Mendi">SS Mendi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_Native_Labour_Corps&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/world-war-i-and-south-african-native-labour-contingent">"World War I and the South African Native Labour Contingent"</a>. <i>South African History Online</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+African+History+Online&rft.atitle=World+War+I+and+the+South+African+Native+Labour+Contingent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Farticle%2Fworld-war-i-and-south-african-native-labour-contingent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+Native+Labour+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Willan-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Willan_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willan_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willan_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willan_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willan_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willan_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willan_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willan_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willan_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willan_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willan_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willan_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willan_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willan_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willan_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willan_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willan_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willan_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willan_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willan_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willan_2-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willan_2-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willan_2-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willan_2-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willan_2-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willan_2-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willan_2-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willan_2-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willan_2-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willan_2-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willan_2-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willan_2-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillan,_B.P.1978" class="citation journal cs1">Willan, B.P. (1978). "The South African Native Labour Contingent, 1916–1918". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_African_History" title="The Journal of African History">The Journal of African History</a></i>. <b>19</b> (1): 61–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021853700015954">10.1017/S0021853700015954</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/180612">180612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=The+South+African+Native+Labour+Contingent%2C+1916%E2%80%931918&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-86&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021853700015954&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F180612%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Willan%2C+B.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+Native+Labour+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CWGC-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CWGC_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/">"Commonwealth War Graves Commission"</a>. <i>CWGC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vol+2+No+2&rft.atitle=Military+History+Journal&rft.date=1971-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsamilitaryhistory.org%2Fvol022ed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+Native+Labour+Corps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_African_Native_Labour_Corps&oldid=1256873419">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_African_Native_Labour_Corps&oldid=1256873419</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_South_Africa_in_World_War_I" title="Category:Military units and formations of South Africa in World War I">Military units and formations of South Africa in World War I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_South_Africa" title="Category:Military history of South Africa">Military history of South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_established_in_1916" title="Category:Military units and formations established in 1916">Military units and formations established in 1916</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_disestablished_in_1918" title="Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1918">Military units and formations disestablished in 1918</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Non-combatant_military_personnel" title="Category:Non-combatant military personnel">Non-combatant military personnel</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 November 2024, at 00:18<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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