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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_(black_spear).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Coat of arms of the Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28black_spear%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28black_spear%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28black_spear%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28black_spear%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28black_spear%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28black_spear%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <b><a href="/wiki/Pre-colonial_history_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Pre-colonial history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Early history</a></b></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <b>pre–1876</b></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kingdom of Kongo</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1390–1914</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Luba">Kingdom of Luba</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1585–1889</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Lunda">Kingdom of Lunda</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1600–1887</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Kuba_Kingdom" title="Kuba Kingdom">Kuba Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1625–1884</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Chokwe_people#History" title="Chokwe people">Kingdom of Chokwe</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1800–1891</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Yeke_Kingdom" title="Yeke Kingdom">Yeke Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1856–1891</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <b><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Congo_Basin" title="Colonization of the Congo Basin">Colonization</a></b></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <b>1876–1960</b></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/International_African_Association" title="International African Association">Intl. African Association</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1876–1879</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_the_Congo" title="International Association of the Congo">Intl. Congo Society</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1879–1885</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">Atrocities</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1885–1908</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1908–1960</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo_in_World_War_II" title="Belgian Congo in World War II">World War II</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1940–1945</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Independence</a></b></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <b>post–1960</b></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1960–1965</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)" title="Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)">Congo–Léopoldville</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1960–1971</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shaba_I" title="Shaba I">Shaba I</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shaba_II" title="Shaba II">II</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1971–1997</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1996–1997</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1998–2003</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kabila" title="Joseph Kabila">Joseph Kabila presidency</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2001–2019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi" title="Félix Tshisekedi">Félix Tshisekedi presidency</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2019–present</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Years_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:Years in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Years</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a 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#b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/2000s_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Special:EditPage/2000s in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%222000s+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo%22">"2000s in the Democratic Republic of the Congo"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%222000s+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%222000s+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%222000s+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%222000s+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%222000s+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2007</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Congolese history in the 2000s</b> has primarily revolved around the <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a> (1998–2003) and the empowerment of a <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Government_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">transitional government</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2000_to_2003">2000 to 2003</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2000s_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: 2000 to 2003"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2002_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="2002 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">2002 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kabila" title="Joseph Kabila">Joseph Kabila</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> in 2001 when his father, President <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Kabila" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurent Kabila">Laurent Kabila</a>, was assassinated. In October 2002 Kabila negotiated the withdrawal of <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwandan</a> forces occupying eastern Congo. Two months later, the <a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Accord" title="Pretoria Accord">Pretoria Accord</a> was signed by all remaining warring parties to end the fighting and establish a government of national unity. The transitional period came to end with the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_general_election,_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo general election, 2006">2006 general election</a> and the swearing in of Kabila as President on December 6, 2006. </p><p>On December 17, 2002 the Congolese parties of the Inter Congolese Dialogue, namely: the national government, the MLC, the RCD, the RCD-ML, the RCD-N, the domestic political opposition, representatives of civil society and the Mai Mai, signed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_and_All-Inclusive_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Global and All-Inclusive Agreement (page does not exist)">Global and All-Inclusive Agreement</a>. The Agreement obliges the parties to a plan to reunify the country, disarm and integrate the warring parties and hold elections. There have been numerous problems, resulting in continued instability in much of the country and a delay in the scheduled national elections from June 2005 to March 2006, later pushed back again to 30 July 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This agreement marked the formal end of the Second Congo War. Three rebel groups supported by Uganda, the MLC, RCD-N and RCD-ML, signed a ceasefire, the <a href="/wiki/Gbadolite_Agreement" title="Gbadolite Agreement">Gbadolite Agreement</a>, on December 31, 2002. This obliged them to immediately stop all fighting in the <a href="/wiki/Isiro" title="Isiro">Isiro</a>-<a href="/wiki/Bafwasende" title="Bafwasende">Bafwasende</a>-<a href="/wiki/Beni,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Beni, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Beni</a>-<a href="/wiki/Watsa" title="Watsa">Watsa</a> quadrangle and to accept United Nations military observers in the area. It also contained guarantees of the freedom of movement of the civilian population and humanitarian organizations from one area to another. This treaty was violated numerous times. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2003">2003</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2000s_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 2003"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A transitional government was set up in July 2003; Joseph Kabila remains as president and now has four vice presidents representing the former government, former rebel groups, and the political opposition. </p><p>Despite the formal end of hostilities the conflict continued. During January and February 2003, MONUC observed numerous hostile troop movements, mainly between Uganda, Rwanda and their respective proxies. On May 1, 2003 Uganda withdrew its regular forces from <a href="/wiki/Bunia" title="Bunia">Bunia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ituri_Interim_Administration" title="Ituri Interim Administration">Ituri</a> in-line with the <a href="/wiki/Luanda_Agreement" title="Luanda Agreement">Luanda Agreement</a>. Fighting erupted between the <a href="/wiki/Hema_(ethnicity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hema (ethnicity)">Hema</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lendu" class="mw-redirect" title="Lendu">Lendu</a> ethnic groups between 7 May and 16 May in Bunia. </p><p>On 30 June a transitional government composed of the various groups of the Inter Congolese Dialogue was formed. Over the course of September, a reinforced MONUC presence carried out the "Bunia, weapon-free zone" operation to demilitarize the province. They were partially successful, though a low-grade conflict continues to permeate the region. </p><p>In September 2004 between 20,000 and 150,000 people fled unrest in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Kivu" title="Kivu">Kivu</a> province caused by an advance of government troops against breakaway national army soldiers.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3681630.stm">[1]</a> On October 1, 2004, the UN Security Council decided to deploy 5,900 more soldiers to the <a href="/wiki/MONUC" class="mw-redirect" title="MONUC">MONUC</a> mission in Congo, although UN Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a> had asked for some 12,000. </p><p>In this period the <a href="/wiki/International_Rescue_Committee" title="International Rescue Committee">International Rescue Committee</a> reported that the conflict was killing 1,000 people a day, and called the international response "abysmal". Comparing the war with Iraq, it said that during 2004 Iraq received aid worth the equivalent of $138 per person, whilst the Congo received $3 per person.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4080867.stm">[2]</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2004">2004</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2000s_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 2004"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In late November 2004 Rwandan president <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame">Paul Kagame</a> declared that Rwanda retained the option of sending troops into Congo to fight Hutu militants, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda">Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda</a> (FDLR) that has not yet been disarmed as promised in the 2002 <a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Accord" title="Pretoria Accord">Pretoria Agreement</a>. As of mid-December 2004 there were many reports that Rwandan forces had crossed the border. MONUC chief <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%27Hand_Djalouzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M'Hand Djalouzi (page does not exist)">M'Hand Djalouzi</a>, commenting on the reports, said on December 1, "Infiltration is nothing new but this is something else, it has the appearance of an invasion." It remains unclear whether the Rwandan military is holding territory or carrying out temporary operations. The UN has promised to investigate. </p><p>On December 16, the BBC reported that 20,000 civilians had fled fighting in the <a href="/wiki/North_Kivu" title="North Kivu">North Kivu</a> town of Kanyaboyonga, 100 miles north of Goma. Antigovernment forces led by a Captain Kabakuli Kennedy, who has stated that he is fighting to defend the Banyamulenge, has routed loyalist government forces and holds the town and the surrounding mountains. The government sent a mediation team to investigate and accused Rwanda of supporting another insurgency. Rwanda has denied any involvement in the fighting.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4094929.stm">[3]</a> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a> released a report on 17 December warning that the Rwandan intervention threatened to roll back the progress made in years of peace talks. They further noted that the two recent wars both began in similar circumstances to that existing presently in the Kivus and that another regional war was entirely possible if diplomatic efforts were not made.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.icg.org/home/index.cfm?l=1&id=3180">[4]</a> </p><p>Later in 2004, Nkunda's forces began clashing with the DRC army in <a href="/wiki/Sud-Kivu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sud-Kivu">Sud-Kivu</a> and by May 2004, occupied <a href="/wiki/Bukavu" title="Bukavu">Bukavu</a> where he was accused of committing war crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-indp_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nkunda claimed he was attempting to prevent genocide against Tutsis in the region,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a claim rejected by MONUC,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and denied the claim that he was following orders from Rwanda. Following UN negotiations which secured the withdrawal of Nkunda's troops from Bukuvu back to the Masisi forests, part of his army split, and led by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Jules_Mutebutsi" title="Jules Mutebutsi">Jules Mutebutsi</a> left for Rwanda.<sup id="cite_ref-indp_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 150,000 <a href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</a>-speaking people (Nkunda's own language) were reported to have fled from Sud-Kivu to Nord-Kivu in fear of reprisal attacks by DRC army.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2005">2005</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2000s_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 2005"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On January 25, 2005 the UN reported that Uganda and Rwanda were continuing to arm insurgent groups in eastern Congo, in violation of a United Nations arms embargo in the region. Both nations denied any wrongdoing, and the <a href="/wiki/Uganda_People%27s_Defence_Force" title="Uganda People's Defence Force">UPDF</a> spokesman suggested that <a href="/wiki/MONUC" class="mw-redirect" title="MONUC">MONUC</a> was useless and should be disbanded. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/KHII-6983PF?OpenDocument">[5]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070811210714/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/KHII-6983PF?OpenDocument">Archived</a> 2007-08-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Meanwhile, a meeting of African leaders in <a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a> agreed to send more <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeepers</a> to the Congo and tasked with disarming the mainly Hutu rebel forces in an attempt to stem the escalating tensions. In response, a spokesman of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda">Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda</a> stated on 2 February that the FDLR would resist with force any attempt to disarm it.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/VBOL-698CRR?OpenDocument">[6]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190739/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/VBOL-698CRR?OpenDocument">Archived</a> 2007-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The same day <a href="/wiki/US_Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="US Secretary of State">US Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> welcomed senior officials from the DRC, Uganda and Rwanda to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington, DC</a> for talks aimed at easing tensions in the region. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%A9gion_Ituri_R%C3%A9publique_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Congo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/R%C3%A9gion_Ituri_R%C3%A9publique_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Congo.png/220px-R%C3%A9gion_Ituri_R%C3%A9publique_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Congo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/R%C3%A9gion_Ituri_R%C3%A9publique_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Congo.png/330px-R%C3%A9gion_Ituri_R%C3%A9publique_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Congo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/R%C3%A9gion_Ituri_R%C3%A9publique_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Congo.png/440px-R%C3%A9gion_Ituri_R%C3%A9publique_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Congo.png 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ituri_Interim_Administration" title="Ituri Interim Administration">Ituri</a> <i>(highlighted)</i> is just north of <a href="/wiki/Nord-Kivu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nord-Kivu">Nord-Kivu</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On February 25, the resilience of the <a href="/wiki/Ituri_conflict" title="Ituri conflict">Ituri conflict</a> was demonstrated when nine <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladeshi</a> MONUC peacekeepers were ambushed and killed by unidentified gunmen while patrolling an <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_person" title="Internally displaced person">internally displaced persons</a> camp in Kafe in <a href="/wiki/Ituri_Province" title="Ituri Province">Ituri</a> Province. This was the largest single loss of peacekeeper life since the 1994 <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a>. <a href="/wiki/Floribert_Ndjabu" title="Floribert Ndjabu">Floribert Ndjabu</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_and_Integrationist_Front" title="Nationalist and Integrationist Front">Nationalist and Integrationist Front</a> (FNI) militia operating in northeastern Ituri was arrested, while three other militia leaders were questioned. <a href="/wiki/MONUC" class="mw-redirect" title="MONUC">MONUC</a> forces assaulted an FNI stronghold and killed fifty militia members, in what the <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary-General">Secretary-General</a> referred to as "self-defense." </p><p>On March 31 the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda">Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda</a> (FDLR) stated that it was giving up the armed struggle and returning to Rwanda to form a <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a>. This announcement followed talks mediated by <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sant%27Egidio" title="Community of Sant'Egidio">Sant'Egidio</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> with Congolese government representatives. If carried out by the various FDLR commanders, a return would remove one of the major sources of tensions in the region. The Rwandan government stated that any returnee who participated in the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a> would face justice. </p><p>In December 2005 UN and Congolese troops launched an <a href="/wiki/Operation_North_Night_Final" title="Operation North Night Final">operation</a> in the Ituri district in order to restore peace and drive out the Ugandan-backed rebels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2006">2006</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2000s_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2006"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2006_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="2006 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">2006 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> <p>The constitution of the DRC was formally adopted on 19 February 2006 after it was approved in a popular referendum in December. A new <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">national flag</a> was adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_19Feb06_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_19Feb06-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With UN assistance, on July 30, 2006 free <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_general_election,_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo general election, 2006">first multi-party elections</a> were held since independence in 1960. After this <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kabila" title="Joseph Kabila">Joseph Kabila</a> took 45% of the votes and his opponent Jean-Pierre Bemba took 20%. That was the origin of a fight between the two parts from August 20–22, 2006 in the streets of the capital, <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>. Sixteen people died before policemen and UN mission MONUC took control of the city. A run-off election was held on 29 October 2006. On November 11, with 65% of the votes counted and Kabila holding the lead with 61% to Bemba's 39%, and with some of Bemba's supporters claiming election fraud, fighting again broke out in the streets of Kinshasa between soldiers supporting each candidate, killing two civilians.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2007">2007</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2000s_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2007"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2007_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="2007 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">2007 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> <p>Tutsi-majority army brigades fought with the Hutu <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda">Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda</a> (FDLR) throughout 2007. More than 165,000 people fled the fighting. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo">United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo</a> and human rights activists accused the army of targeting civilian centers sympathetic to the FDLR. The Bravo Brigade allegedly murdered 15 civilians in Buramba village in March. General Gabriel Amisi temporarily halted operations against the FDLR in August, saying operations would resume when ethnically mixed brigades would replace the current Tutsi-majority forces.<sup id="cite_ref-aug_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aug-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2000s_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_Government_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_National_Assembly_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Transitional National Assembly of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Transitional National Assembly of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2000s_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5071024.stm">Fears over DR Congo campaigning</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, 12 June 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indp-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-indp_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-indp_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.independent.co.uk/world/africa/article41111.ece">"Rebel troops capture Bukavu and threaten third Congo war"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080110110447/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/africa/article41111.ece">Archived</a> 2008-01-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>, June 3, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=42990">"DRC: Interview with rebel general Laurent Nkunda"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Humanitarian" title="The New Humanitarian">IRIN</a></i>, September 2, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/print.asp?ReportID=41738">"DRC: UN preliminary report rules out genocide in Bukavu"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050909163224/http://www.irinnews.org/print.asp?ReportID=41738">Archived</a> September 9, 2005, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Humanitarian" title="The New Humanitarian">IRIN</a></i>, January 17, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/print.asp?ReportID=43167">"DRC: Government troops seize rebel stronghold, general says"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060317045003/http://www.irinnews.org/print.asp?ReportID=43167">Archived</a> March 17, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Humanitarian" title="The New Humanitarian">IRIN</a></i>, September 14, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_19Feb06-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_19Feb06_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnaud Zajtman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4728954.stm">New DR Congo constitution adopted</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, 19 February 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aug-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aug_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/world/20070822-0729-congo-democratic-executions.html">U.N. finds half-buried corpses at Congo army camp</a> SignOnSandiego</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2000s_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ictj.org/our-work/regions-and-countries/democratic-republic-congo-drc">International Center for Transitional Justice, Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/MHII-65G8B8?OpenDocument">Global and Inclusive Agreement on Transition in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, signed in Pretoria, South Africa on 16 December 2002</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070814231138/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/print/cg.html">CIA World Factbook</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monuc.org/Home.aspx?lang=en">MONUC website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070810031047/http://www.monuc.org/Home.aspx?lang=en">Archived</a> 2007-08-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070810020220/http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/online/congojournal/">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - Ripples of Genocide: Journey through Eastern Congo</a>, testimonials from foreign visitors from 2002 and 2003</li></ul> <div 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href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-colonial_history_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Pre-colonial history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Congo_Basin" title="Colonization of the Congo Basin">Colonization (1867–85)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_the_Congo_Free_State_and_Belgian_Congo" title="List of colonial governors of the Congo Free State and Belgian Congo">Colonial governors (1885–1960)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State (1885–1908)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">Atrocities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo (1908–60)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo_in_World_War_II" title="Belgian Congo in World War II">World War II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)" title="Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)">Congo-Léopoldville (1960–65)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis (1960–65)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Katanga" title="State of Katanga">State of Katanga (1960–63)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire (1965–97)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War (1996–98)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War (1998–2003)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2000s</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_Government_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Transitional Government (2003–06)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M23_rebellion" title="M23 rebellion">M23 rebellion (2012–13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="M23 offensive (2022–present)">M23 offensive (2022–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nature_conservation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:Nature conservation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Deforestation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of ecoregions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:Mountain ranges of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of rivers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of volcanoes in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Wildlife of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_place_names_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Former place names in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Former place names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Politics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Subdivisions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Court of Cassation (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Court of Cassation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Elections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Foreign relations of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Mobutu_Sese_Seko_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Mobutu Sese Seko administration">Foreign policy under Mobutu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Human rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Law enforcement in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Chief of Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Parliament of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Senate (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="National Assembly (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">National Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of political parties in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of presidents of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of prime ministers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Agriculture in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Congo" title="Central Bank of the Congo">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of companies of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Energy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_franc" title="Congolese franc">Franc (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Telecommunications in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Tourism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Transport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:Society of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Child marriage in Democratic Republic of the Congo">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Corruption in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Crime in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Demographics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Health in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Human trafficking in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Prostitution in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" title="Social issues in the Democratic Republic of Congo">Social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Women in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Cinema of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_cuisine" title="Congolese cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Football in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mass media in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Public holidays in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Public holidays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td 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