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</button> <ul id="toc-Military_career,_1979–1994-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ugandan_Bush_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ugandan_Bush_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Ugandan Bush War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ugandan_Bush_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rwandan_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rwandan_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Rwandan Civil War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rwandan_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rwandan_genocide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rwandan_genocide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Rwandan genocide </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rwandan_genocide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vice_President_and_Minister_of_Defence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vice_President_and_Minister_of_Defence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Vice President and Minister of Defence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vice_President_and_Minister_of_Defence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Vice President and Minister of Defence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Vice_President_and_Minister_of_Defence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Domestic_situation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_situation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Domestic situation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_situation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refugee_crisis_and_insurgency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refugee_crisis_and_insurgency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Refugee crisis and insurgency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refugee_crisis_and_insurgency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congo_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congo_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Congo wars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congo_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Presidency </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Presidency subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Accession </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 New constitution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elections_and_referendum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections_and_referendum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Elections and referendum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections_and_referendum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presidential_election,_2003" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_election,_2003"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Presidential election, 2003 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_election,_2003-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_election,_2010" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_election,_2010"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Presidential election, 2010 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_election,_2010-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_referendum,_2015" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_referendum,_2015"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Constitutional referendum, 2015 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_referendum,_2015-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_election,_2017" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_election,_2017"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.4 Presidential election, 2017 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_election,_2017-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Domestic policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vision_2020_and_Vision_2050" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vision_2020_and_Vision_2050"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Vision 2020 and Vision 2050 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vision_2020_and_Vision_2050-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.2 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.3 Education and health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Foreign policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1 Democratic Republic of the Congo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uganda_and_the_East_African_Community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uganda_and_the_East_African_Community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.2 Uganda and the East African Community </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uganda_and_the_East_African_Community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.3 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States,_United_Kingdom_and_the_Commonwealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States,_United_Kingdom_and_the_Commonwealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.4 United States, United Kingdom and the Commonwealth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States,_United_Kingdom_and_the_Commonwealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China_and_moves_towards_self-sufficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China_and_moves_towards_self-sufficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.5 China and moves towards self-sufficiency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China_and_moves_towards_self-sufficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassinations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassinations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Assassinations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassinations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chairperson_of_the_African_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Chairperson of the African Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chairperson_of_the_African_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_image_and_personality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_image_and_personality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Public image and personality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_image_and_personality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Honours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Paul Kagame</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" > 79 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%96%E1%88%8D_%E1%8A%AB%E1%8C%8B%E1%88%9C" title="ፖል ካጋሜ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፖል ካጋሜ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87" title="بول كاغامه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بول كاغامه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol_Kaqame" title="Pol Kaqame – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pol Kaqame" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87" title="পল কেগামে – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পল কেগামে" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8D" title="Поль Кагамэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Поль Кагамэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8D" title="Поль Кагамэ – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Поль Кагамэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Пол Кагаме – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пол Кагаме" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B5" title="Πολ Καγκάμε – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολ Καγκάμε" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87" title="پل کاگامه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پل کاگامه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4_%EC%B9%B4%EA%B0%80%EB%A9%94" title="폴 카가메 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴 카가메" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B8%D5%AC_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A5" title="Փոլ Կագամե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փոլ Կագամե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87" title="पाउल कागमे – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पाउल कागमे" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%92%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%94" title="פול קגאמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פול קגאמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94" title="პოლ კაგამე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოლ კაგამე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_Kagame" title="Paulus Kagame – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Paulus Kagame" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pols_Kagame" title="Pols Kagame – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pols Kagame" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="ပေါလ် ကာဂါမေး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပေါလ် ကာဂါမေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%A1" title="ポール・カガメ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポール・カガメ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="پاول کاګامی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پاول کاګامی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5,_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Кагаме, Поль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кагаме, Поль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Пол Кагаме – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пол Кагаме" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1" title="พอล คากาเม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พอล คากาเม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5,_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Кагаме, Поль – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Кагаме, Поль" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Поль Кагаме – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Поль Кагаме" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%DA%A9%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%92" title="پال کگامے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پال کگامے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%8A%A0%E6%A2%85" title="保罗·卡加梅 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="保罗·卡加梅" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Paul Kagame" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%8A%A0%E6%A2%85" title="卡加梅 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="卡加梅" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%8A%A0%E6%A2%85" title="保罗·卡加梅 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="保罗·卡加梅" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1231345#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Kagame" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kagame_(surname)" title="Kagame (surname)">Kagame (surname)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Paul Kagame</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Kagame_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Paul_Kagame_2023.jpg/220px-Paul_Kagame_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Paul_Kagame_2023.jpg/330px-Paul_Kagame_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Paul_Kagame_2023.jpg/440px-Paul_Kagame_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="1528" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Kagame in 2023</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">4th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Rwanda">President of Rwanda</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender"><a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">Assumed office 22 April 2000<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_a">[a]</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Makuza" title="Bernard Makuza">Bernard Makuza</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Habumuremyi" title="Pierre Habumuremyi">Pierre Habumuremyi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anastase_Murekezi" title="Anastase Murekezi">Anastase Murekezi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Ngirente" title="Édouard Ngirente">Édouard Ngirente</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pasteur_Bizimungu" title="Pasteur Bizimungu">Pasteur Bizimungu</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">16th <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Chair-in-Office" title="Commonwealth Chair-in-Office">Commonwealth Chair-in-Office</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 24 June 2022 – 25 October 2024</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fiam%C4%93_Naomi_Mata%CA%BBafa" title="Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa">Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">16th <a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson of the African Union</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 28 January 2018 – 10 February 2019</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Cond%C3%A9" title="Alpha Condé">Alpha Condé</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Abdel Fattah el-Sisi</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Rwanda" title="Vice President of Rwanda">Vice President of Rwanda</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 19 July 1994 – 22 April 2000</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pasteur_Bizimungu" title="Pasteur Bizimungu">Pasteur Bizimungu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Office established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Office abolished</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Rwanda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Defence (Rwanda)">Minister of Defence</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 19 July 1994 – 22 April 2000</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pasteur_Bizimungu" title="Pasteur Bizimungu">Pasteur Bizimungu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Bizimana" title="Augustin Bizimana">Augustin Bizimana</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Habyarimana" title="Emmanuel Habyarimana">Emmanuel Habyarimana</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"> (1957-10-23) 23 October 1957 (age 67) Tambwe, <a href="/wiki/Gitarama_Province" title="Gitarama Province">Gitarama Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi" title="Ruanda-Urundi">Ruanda-Urundi</a> (now Nyarutovu, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Front" title="Rwandan Patriotic Front">Rwandan Patriotic Front</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Kagame" title="Jeannette Kagame">Jeannette Nyiramongi</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1989)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Command_and_General_Staff_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Command and General Staff College">Command and General Staff College</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paulkagame.com">Official website</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda"><img alt="Uganda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/National_Resistance_Army" title="National Resistance Army">National Resistance Army</a> (1979–1990) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Rwandan_Patriotic_Front_Flag.svg/23px-Rwandan_Patriotic_Front_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Rwandan_Patriotic_Front_Flag.svg/35px-Rwandan_Patriotic_Front_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Rwandan_Patriotic_Front_Flag.svg/45px-Rwandan_Patriotic_Front_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Front" title="Rwandan Patriotic Front">Rwandan Patriotic Front</a> (since 1990) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> (since 1994)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1979–2000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a> <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">Rwandan Civil War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">a. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_a">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Acting_(law)" title="Acting (law)">Acting</a>: 24 March – 22 April 2000</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Paul Kagame (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/kəˈɡɑːmeɪ/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/1a\/En-us-Paul_Kagame_from_Rwanda_pronunciation_%28Voice_of_America%29.ogg\/En-us-Paul_Kagame_from_Rwanda_pronunciation_%28Voice_of_America%29.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Paul Kagame from Rwanda pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/En-us-Paul_Kagame_from_Rwanda_pronunciation_%28Voice_of_America%29.ogg/En-us-Paul_Kagame_from_Rwanda_pronunciation_%28Voice_of_America%29.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Paul_Kagame_from_Rwanda_pronunciation_(Voice_of_America).ogg" title="File:En-us-Paul Kagame from Rwanda pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">kə-GAH-may</a>; born 23 October 1957) is a Rwandan politician and former military officer who has been the <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Rwanda" title="List of presidents of Rwanda">President of Rwanda</a> since 2000. He was previously a commander of the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Front" title="Rwandan Patriotic Front">Rwandan Patriotic Front</a> (RPF), a rebel armed force which invaded Rwanda in 1990. The RPF was one of the parties of the conflict during the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">Rwandan Civil War</a> and the armed force which ended the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a>. He was considered Rwanda's <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> leader when he was <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Rwanda" title="Vice President of Rwanda">Vice President</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defense_(Rwanda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Defense (Rwanda)">Minister of Defence</a> under President <a href="/wiki/Pasteur_Bizimungu" title="Pasteur Bizimungu">Pasteur Bizimungu</a> from 1994 to 2000 after which the vice-presidential post was abolished. Born to a <a href="/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi">Tutsi</a> family in southern Rwanda that fled to <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> when he was two years old, Kagame spent the rest of his childhood there during the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Revolution" title="Rwandan Revolution">Rwandan Revolution</a>, which ended Tutsi political dominance. In the 1980s, Kagame fought in <a href="/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni" title="Yoweri Museveni">Yoweri Museveni</a>'s rebel army becoming a senior Ugandan army officer after many military victories led Museveni to the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Uganda" title="President of Uganda">Ugandan presidency</a>. Kagame joined the RPF, taking control of the group when previous leader <a href="/wiki/Fred_Rwigyema" title="Fred Rwigyema">Fred Rwigyema</a> died on the second day of the 1990 invasion. By 1993, the RPF controlled significant territory in Rwanda and <a href="/wiki/Arusha_Accords_(Rwanda)" title="Arusha Accords (Rwanda)">a ceasefire</a> was negotiated. The <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana_and_Cyprien_Ntaryamira" title="Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira">assassination</a> of Rwandan President <a href="/wiki/Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana" title="Juvénal Habyarimana">Juvénal Habyarimana</a> set off the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">genocide</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">Hutu</a> extremists killed an estimated 500,000 to 800,000 Tutsi and moderate Hutu. Kagame resumed the civil war and ended the genocide with a military victory. During his vice presidency, Kagame controlled the national army and was responsible for maintaining the government's power, while other officials began rebuilding the country. Many RPF soldiers carried out retribution killings. Kagame said he did not support these killings but failed to stop them. Hutu refugee camps formed in <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a> and other countries and the RPF attacked the camps in 1996, but insurgents continued to attack Rwanda. As part of the invasion, Kagame sponsored two rebel wars in Zaire. Rwandan- and Ugandan-backed rebels won the <a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">first war</a> (1996–97), installing <a href="/wiki/Laurent-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Kabila" title="Laurent-Désiré Kabila">Laurent-Désiré Kabila</a> as <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of heads of state of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">president</a> in place of dictator <a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu Sese Seko</a> and returning Zaire to its former pre-Mobutu name, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> (DRC). The <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">second war</a> was launched in 1998 against Kabila, and later his son <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kabila" title="Joseph Kabila">Joseph</a>, following the DRC government's expulsion of Rwandan and Ugandan military forces from the country. The war escalated into a conflict that lasted until a 2003 peace deal and ceasefire. Bizimungu resigned in 2000, most likely having been forced to do so, following a falling out with the RPF. He was replaced by Kagame. Bizimungu was later imprisoned for corruption and inciting ethnic violence, charges that human rights groups described as politically motivated. Kagame's rule is considered authoritarian, and human rights groups accuse him of political repression. Overall opinion on the regime by foreign observers is mixed, and as president, Kagame has prioritised national development, launching programmes which have led to development on key indicators including <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Rwanda" title="Healthcare in Rwanda">healthcare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Rwanda" title="Education in Rwanda">education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rwanda" title="Economy of Rwanda">economic growth</a>. Kagame has had mostly good relations with the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rwanda%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Rwanda–United States relations">United States</a>; his relations with France were poor until 2009. Relations with the DRC remain tense despite the 2003 ceasefire; human rights groups and a leaked United Nations report allege Rwandan support for two insurgencies in the country, a charge Kagame denies. Several countries suspended aid payments in 2012 following these allegations. Since coming to power, Kagame has won <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Rwanda" title="Elections in Rwanda">four presidential elections</a>, but none of these have been rated free or fair by international observers. His role in the assassination of exiled political opponents has been controversial. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> Kagame was born on 23 October 1957, the youngest of six children,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaugh20048-1">[1]</a> in Tambwe, <a href="/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi" title="Ruanda-Urundi">Ruanda-Urundi</a>, a village located in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Province,_Rwanda" title="Southern Province, Rwanda">Southern Province</a> of Rwanda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffice_of_the_President_(I)2011-2">[2]</a> His father, Deogratias Rutagambwa, was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi">Tutsi</a> ethnic group, from which the royal family had been derived since the 18th century or earlier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrétien2003160-3">[3]</a> A member of the Bega clan, Deogratias Rutagambwa had family ties to King <a href="/wiki/Mutara_III_of_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutara III of Rwanda">Mutara III</a>, but he pursued an independent business career rather than maintain a close connection to the royal court.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaugh20048-1">[1]</a> Kagame's mother, Asteria Bisinda, descended from the family of the last Rwandan queen, <a href="/wiki/Rosalie_Gicanda" title="Rosalie Gicanda">Rosalie Gicanda</a>, that is from the Hebera branch of the royal Nyiginya clan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelmas1950-4">[4]</a> At the time of Kagame's birth, Rwanda was a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Trust_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Trust Territories">United Nations Trust Territory</a> which had been ruled, in various forms, by <a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgium</a> since 1916 under a mandate to oversee eventual <a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonization of Africa">independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_(II)-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_(III)-6">[6]</a> Rwandans were made up of three distinct groups: the minority Tutsi were the traditional ruling class, and the Belgian colonial administration had long promoted Tutsi supremacy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2010450-7">[7]</a> while the majority <a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">Hutu</a> were agriculturalists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier199911–12-8">[8]</a> The third group, the <a href="/wiki/Twa" title="Twa">Twa</a>, were a forest-dwelling <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_peoples" title="Pygmy peoples">pygmy people</a> descended from Rwanda's earliest inhabitants, who formed less than 1% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMamdani200261-9">[9]</a> Tensions between Tutsi and Hutu had been escalating during the 1950s, and culminated in the 1959 <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Revolution" title="Rwandan Revolution">Rwandan Revolution</a>. Hutu activists began killing Tutsi, forcing more than 100,000 Tutsis to seek refuge in neighbouring countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGourevitch200058–59-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier199951-11">[11]</a> Kagame's family abandoned their home and lived for two years in northeastern Rwanda, eventually crossing the border into <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>. They moved gradually north, and settled in the Nshungerezi refugee camp in the <a href="/wiki/Toro_sub-region" class="mw-redirect" title="Toro sub-region">Toro sub-region</a> in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaugh20048-1">[1]</a> It was around this time that Kagame first met <a href="/wiki/Fred_Rwigyema" title="Fred Rwigyema">Fred Rwigyema</a>, the future leader of the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Front" title="Rwandan Patriotic Front">Rwandan Patriotic Front</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer200812-12">[12]</a> Kagame began his primary education in a school near the refugee camp, where he and other Rwandan refugees learned how to speak English and began to integrate into Ugandan culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaugh200410-13">[13]</a> At the age of nine, he moved to the respected Rwengoro Primary School, around 16 kilometres (10 mi) away.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer200813-14">[14]</a> He subsequently attended <a href="/wiki/Ntare_School" title="Ntare School">Ntare School</a>, one of the best schools in Uganda, which was also the alma mater of future Ugandan President <a href="/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni" title="Yoweri Museveni">Yoweri Museveni</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer200813-14">[14]</a> According to Kagame, the death of his father in the early-1970s, and the departure of Rwigyema to an unknown location, led to a decline in his academic performance and an increased tendency to fight those who belittled the Rwandan population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer200814-15">[15]</a> He was eventually suspended from Ntare and completed his studies at Old Kampala Secondary School.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer200815-16">[16]</a> After completing his education, Kagame made two visits to Rwanda, in 1977 and 1978. He was initially hosted by family members of his former classmates, but upon arrival in <a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a>; he made contact with members of his own family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaugh200416–18-17">[17]</a> He kept a low profile on these visits, believing that his status as a well-connected Tutsi exile could lead to arrest. On his second visit, he entered the country through <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a> rather than Uganda to avoid suspicion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaugh200416–18-17">[17]</a> Kagame used his time in Rwanda to explore the country, familiarise himself with the political and social situation, and make connections that would prove useful to him in his later activities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaugh200416–18-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_career,_1979–1994">Military career, 1979–1994</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ugandan_Bush_War">Ugandan Bush War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museveni1987.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Profile picture of Yoweri Museveni during a visit to President Reagan of the United States in 1987" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Museveni1987.png" decoding="async" width="209" height="201" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="209" data-file-height="201" /></a><figcaption>Kagame served under <a href="/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni" title="Yoweri Museveni">Yoweri Museveni</a> (pictured) in the <a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 1978, <a href="/wiki/Fred_Rwigyema" title="Fred Rwigyema">Fred Rwigyema</a> returned to western Uganda and reunited with Kagame.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer200819-18">[18]</a> During his absence, Rwigyema had joined the rebel army of <a href="/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni" title="Yoweri Museveni">Yoweri Museveni</a>. Based in <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, it aimed to overthrow the Ugandan government of <a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Idi Amin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer200819-18">[18]</a> Rwigyema returned to Tanzania and fought in <a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">the 1979 war</a> during which Museveni's rebel group, <a href="/wiki/Front_for_National_Salvation" title="Front for National Salvation">FRONASA</a>, allied with the Tanzanian army and other Ugandan exiles, defeated Amin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEState_House,_Republic_of_Uganda-19">[19]</a> After Amin's defeat, Kagame and other Rwandan refugees pledged allegiance to Museveni, who had become a cabinet member in the transition government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer200820-20">[20]</a> Kagame received training at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Command_and_General_Staff_College" title="United States Army Command and General Staff College">United States Army Command and General Staff College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Leavenworth" title="Fort Leavenworth">Fort Leavenworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer200838–39-21">[21]</a> Former incumbent <a href="/wiki/Milton_Obote" title="Milton Obote">Milton Obote</a> won the <a href="/wiki/1980_Ugandan_general_election" title="1980 Ugandan general election">1980 Ugandan general election</a>. Museveni disputed the result, and he and his followers withdrew from the new government in protest. In 1981, Museveni formed the rebel <a href="/wiki/Popular_Resistance_Army" title="Popular Resistance Army">Popular Resistance Army</a> (PRA); Kagame and Rwigyema joined as founding soldiers, along with 38 Ugandans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssociated_Press_(I)1981-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer200839-23">[23]</a> The army's goal was to overthrow Obote's government, in what became known as the Ugandan Bush War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer200839-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENganda2009-24">[24]</a> Kagame took part in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kabamba" title="Battle of Kabamba">Battle of Kabamba</a>, the PRA's first operation, in February 1981.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKainerugaba201067–68,_76-25">[25]</a> Kagame and Rwigema joined the PRA primarily to ease conditions for Rwandan refugees persecuted by Obote. They also had a long-term goal of returning with other Tutsi refugees to Rwanda; military experience would enable them to fight the Hutu-dominated Rwandan army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer200840-26">[26]</a> The PRA merged with another rebel group in June 1981, forming the <a href="/wiki/National_Resistance_Army" title="National Resistance Army">National Resistance Army</a> (NRA).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasozi1994164–165-27">[27]</a> In the NRA, Kagame specialized in intelligence-gathering, and he rose to a position close to Museveni's.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer200844–45-28">[28]</a> The NRA, based in the <a href="/wiki/Luwero_Triangle" title="Luwero Triangle">Luwero Triangle</a>, fought the Ugandan army for the next five years, even after Obote was deposed in <a href="/wiki/1985_Ugandan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1985 Ugandan coup d'état">a 1985 coup d'état</a> and the start of <a href="/wiki/Nairobi_Agreement,_1985" title="Nairobi Agreement, 1985">peace talks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Congress2010-29">[29]</a> In 1986, the NRA <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kampala" title="Battle of Kampala">captured Kampala</a> with a force of 14,000 soldiers, including 500 Rwandans, and formed a new government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer200847-30">[30]</a> After Museveni's inauguration as president he appointed Kagame and Rwigyema as senior officers in the new Ugandan army; Kagame was the head of military intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer200850–51-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson_(I)2000-32">[32]</a> In a 2018 paper, Canadian scholar and Rwanda expert <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Caplan" title="Gerald Caplan">Gerald Caplan</a> described this appointment as a remarkable achievement for a foreigner and a refugee. Caplan noted Museveni's reputation for toughness, and said that Kagame would have had to be similarly tough to earn such a position. He also commented on the nature of military intelligence work, saying "it is surely unrealistic to expect that Kagame refrained from the kind of unsavory activities that military security specializes in."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaplan2018153-33">[33]</a> In addition to their army duties, Kagame and Rwigyema began building a covert network of Rwandan Tutsi refugees within the army's ranks, intended as the nucleus for an attack on Rwanda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer200851–52-34">[34]</a> In 1989, Rwanda's President <a href="/wiki/Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana" title="Juvénal Habyarimana">Habyarimana</a> and many Ugandans in the army began to criticise Museveni over his appointment of Rwandan refugees to senior positions,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMamdani2002175-35">[35]</a> and he demoted Kagame and Rwigyema.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer200853-36">[36]</a> Kagame and Rwigeema remained de facto senior officers, but the change caused them to accelerate their plans to invade Rwanda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer200853–54-37">[37]</a> They joined an organisation called the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Front" title="Rwandan Patriotic Front">Rwandan Patriotic Front</a> (RPF), a refugee association which had been operating under various names since 1979.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer200848–50-38">[38]</a> Rwigyema became the RPF leader shortly after joining and, while still working for the Ugandan army, he and Kagame completed their invasion plans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer200854-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rwandan_Civil_War">Rwandan Civil War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">Rwandan Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RwandaVolcanoAndLake_cropped2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a lake with one of the Virunga Mountains behind, partially in cloud" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/RwandaVolcanoAndLake_cropped2.jpg/220px-RwandaVolcanoAndLake_cropped2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/RwandaVolcanoAndLake_cropped2.jpg/330px-RwandaVolcanoAndLake_cropped2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/RwandaVolcanoAndLake_cropped2.jpg/440px-RwandaVolcanoAndLake_cropped2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Virunga_Mountains" title="Virunga Mountains">Virunga Mountains</a>, Kagame's RPF base from 1990 to 1991</figcaption></figure> In October 1990, Rwigyema led a force of over 4,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelvern200614-40">[40]</a> RPF rebels into Rwanda at the <a href="/wiki/Kagitumba" title="Kagitumba">Kagitumba</a> border post, advancing 60 km (37 mi) south to the town of Gabiro.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier199994–95-41">[41]</a> Kagame was not present at the initial raids, as he was in the United States, attending the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Command_and_General_Staff_College" title="United States Army Command and General Staff College">Command and General Staff College</a> in Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. On the second day of the attack, Rwigyema was shot in the head and killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaplan2018153-33">[33]</a> The exact circumstances are disputed; the official line of Kagame's government,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGovernment_of_Rwanda2009-42">[42]</a> and the version mentioned by historian <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Prunier" title="Gérard Prunier">Gérard Prunier</a> in his 1995 book on the subject, was that Rwigyema was killed by a stray bullet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier199995–96-43">[43]</a> In his 2009 book Africa's World War, Prunier says Rwigyema was killed by his subcommander Peter Bayingana, following an argument over tactics. According to this account, Bayingana and fellow subcommander Chris Bunyenyezi were then executed on the orders of Museveni.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier200913–14-44">[44]</a> In a 2005 conversation with Caplan, Prunier provided a different account, stating that Bayingana and Bunyenyezi's killers were recruited by Kagame. Caplan notes that lack of research means the truth of this is uncertain, but that if true, the "tales of death and intrigue [offer] yet another insight into Kagame's character".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaplan2018153-33">[33]</a> Rwigyema's death threw the RPF into confusion. France and Zaire deployed forces in support of the Rwandan army, and by the end of October, the RPF had been pushed back into the far north east corner of the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier199996-45">[45]</a> Kagame returned to Africa and took command of the RPF forces, which had been reduced to fewer than 2,000 troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelvern200027–30-46">[46]</a> Kagame and his soldiers moved west, through Uganda, to the <a href="/wiki/Virunga_Mountains" title="Virunga Mountains">Virunga Mountains</a>, a rugged high-altitude area where the terrain worked in their favour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier1999114–115-47">[47]</a> From there, he re-armed and reorganised the army, and carried out fundraising and recruitment from the Tutsi diaspora.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier1999117–118-48">[48]</a> Kagame restarted combat in January 1991, with an attack on the northern town of <a href="/wiki/Ruhengeri" title="Ruhengeri">Ruhengeri</a>. Benefiting from the element of surprise, the RPF captured the town and held it for a day before retreating back into the forests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier1999120-49">[49]</a> For the next year, the RPF waged a hit-and-run <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla war">guerrilla war</a>, capturing some border areas but not making significant gains against the Rwandan army. These actions caused an exodus of around 300,000 Hutu from the affected areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier1999135-50">[50]</a> Prunier wrote in 1995 that the RPF were surprised that Hutu peasants "showed no enthusiasm for being 'liberated' by them".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier1999136-51">[51]</a> In her 2018 book <a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_Blood" title="In Praise of Blood">In Praise of Blood</a>, however, Canadian journalist <a href="/wiki/Judi_Rever" class="mw-redirect" title="Judi Rever">Judi Rever</a> quoted witnesses who said that the exodus was forced by RPF attacks on the villages including the laying of landmines and shooting of children. Caplan's paper questions the credibility of many of the witnesses Rever had spoken to, but noted that "there are considerable other sources besides Rever that attest to RPF war crimes".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaplan2018178–180-52">[52]</a> Following the June 1992 formation of a multi-party coalition government in Kigali, Kagame announced a ceasefire and initiated negotiations with the Rwandan government in <a href="/wiki/Arusha" title="Arusha">Arusha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier1999150-53">[53]</a> In early-1993, groups of extremist Hutu formed and began campaigns of large-scale violence against the Tutsi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier1999173–174-54">[54]</a> Kagame responded by suspending peace talks temporarily and launching a major attack, gaining a large swathe of land across the north of the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier1999174–177-55">[55]</a> Peace negotiations resumed in Arusha, and the resulting set of agreements, known as the <a href="/wiki/Arusha_Accords_(Rwanda)" title="Arusha Accords (Rwanda)">Arusha Accords</a>, were signed in August 1993. The RPF were given positions in a broad-based transitional government (BBTG) and in the national army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier1999187,_190–191-56">[56]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Assistance_Mission_for_Rwanda" title="United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda">United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda</a> (UNAMIR), a peacekeeping force, arrived and the RPF were given a base in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Rwanda" title="Parliament of Rwanda">national parliament</a> building in Kigali to use during the establishment of the BBTG.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallaire2005126–131-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rwandan_genocide">Rwandan genocide</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a></div> On 6 April 1994, Rwandan President Habyarimana's plane <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana_and_Cyprien_Ntaryamira" title="Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira">was shot down</a> near <a href="/wiki/Kigali_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Kigali Airport">Kigali Airport</a>, killing both Habyarimana and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Burundi">President of Burundi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprien_Ntaryamira" title="Cyprien Ntaryamira">Cyprien Ntaryamira</a>, as well as their entourage and three French crew members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Assembly_of_France1998-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(I)2010-59">[59]</a> The attackers remain unknown. Prunier, in his 1995 book, concluded that it was most likely a coup d'état carried out by extreme Hutu members of Habyarimana's government who feared that the president was serious about honouring the Arusha agreement, and was a planned part of the genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier1999221-60">[60]</a> This theory was disputed in 2006 by French judge <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Brugui%C3%A8re" title="Jean-Louis Bruguière">Jean-Louis Bruguière</a>, and in 2008 by Spanish judge <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Andreu" title="Fernando Andreu">Fernando Andreu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2008-61">[61]</a> Both alleged that Kagame and the RPF were responsible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruguière20061-62">[62]</a> Rever also held Kagame responsible, giving as his motive a desire to plunge Rwanda into disorder and therefore provide a platform for the RPF to complete their conquest of the country. Evaluating the two arguments later in 2018, Caplan questioned the evidence used by Bruguière and Rever, stating that it has been repeatedly "discredited for its methodology and its dependence on sources who have split bitterly with Kagame".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaplan2018176-63">[63]</a> Caplan also noted that Hutu extremists had made multiple prior threats to kill Habyarimana in their journals and radio stations, and cited eyewitness accounts of roadblocks being erected in Kigali and killings initiated within one hour of the crash – evidence that the shooting of the plane was ordered as the initiation of the genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaplan2018177–178-64">[64]</a> Following Habyarimana's death, a military committee led by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9oneste_Bagosora" title="Théoneste Bagosora">Théoneste Bagosora</a> took immediate control of the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallaire2005224-65">[65]</a> Under the committee's direction, the Hutu militia <a href="/wiki/Interahamwe" title="Interahamwe">Interahamwe</a> and the Presidential Guard began to kill Hutu and Tutsi opposition politicians and other prominent Tutsi figures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier1999230-66">[66]</a> The killers then targeted the entire Tutsi population, as well as moderate Hutu,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERombouts2004182-67">[67]</a> beginning the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_New_York_Times1994-68">[68]</a> Over the course of approximately 100 days, an estimated 206,000 to 800,000 Tutsi and moderate Hutu were killed on the orders of the committee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeierhenrich2020-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuichaoua20203-70">[70]</a> On 7 April, Kagame warned the committee and UNAMIR that he would resume the civil war if the killing did not stop.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallaire2005247-71">[71]</a> The next day, the Rwandan government forces attacked the national parliament building from several directions, but the RPF troops stationed there successfully fought back.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallaire2005264–265-72">[72]</a> Kagame began an attack from the north on three fronts, seeking to link up quickly with the troops isolated in Kigali.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallaire2005269-73">[73]</a> An interim government was set up but Kagame refused to talk to it, believing that it was just a cover for Bagosora's rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier1999268-74">[74]</a> Over the next few days, the RPF advanced steadily south, capturing Gabiro and large areas of countryside to the north and east of Kigali.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallaire2005288-75">[75]</a> They avoided attacking Kigali or <a href="/wiki/Byumba" title="Byumba">Byumba</a> at this stage, but conducted manoeuvres designed to encircle the cities and cut off supply routes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallaire2005299-76">[76]</a> Throughout April there were numerous attempts by UNAMIR to establish a ceasefire, but Kagame insisted each time that the RPF would not stop fighting unless the killings stopped.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallaire2005300-77">[77]</a> In late April, the RPF secured the whole of the Tanzanian border area and began to move west from Kibungo, to the south of Kigali.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallaire2005326–327-78">[78]</a> They encountered little resistance, except around Kigali and Ruhengeri.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier1999268-74">[74]</a> By 16 May, they had cut the road between Kigali and <a href="/wiki/Gitarama" class="mw-redirect" title="Gitarama">Gitarama</a>, the temporary home of the interim government, and by 13 June, they had taken Gitarama, following an unsuccessful attempt by the Rwandan government forces to reopen the road. The interim government was forced to relocate to <a href="/wiki/Gisenyi" title="Gisenyi">Gisenyi</a> in the far north west.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallaire2005410-79">[79]</a> As well as fighting the war, Kagame was recruiting heavily to expand the army. The new recruits included Tutsi survivors of the genocide and refugees from <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>, but were less well trained and disciplined than the earlier recruits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier1999270-80">[80]</a> Having completed the encirclement of Kigali, Kagame spent the latter half of June fighting to take the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallaire2005421-81">[81]</a> The government forces had superior manpower and weapons, but the RPF steadily gained territory, as well as conducting raids to rescue civilians from behind enemy lines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallaire2005421-81">[81]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_Dallaire" title="Roméo Dallaire">Roméo Dallaire</a>, the force commander of UNAMIR, this success was due to Kagame being a "master of psychological warfare";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallaire2005421-81">[81]</a> he exploited the fact that the government forces were concentrating on the genocide rather than the fight for Kigali, and capitalised on the government's loss of morale as it lost territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallaire2005421-81">[81]</a> The RPF finally defeated the Rwandan government forces in Kigali on 4 July,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallaire2005459-82">[82]</a> and on 18 July took Gisenyi and the rest of the north west, forcing the interim government into Zaire and ending the genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier1999298–299-83">[83]</a> At the end of July 1994, Kagame's forces held the whole of Rwanda except for a zone in the south west, which had been occupied by a French-led United Nations force as part of <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Turquoise" title="Opération Turquoise">Opération Turquoise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallaire2005474–475-84">[84]</a> Kagame's tactics and actions during the genocide have proved controversial. Western observers such as Dallaire and <a href="/wiki/Luc_Marchal" title="Luc Marchal">Luc Marchal</a>, the senior Belgian peacekeeper in Rwanda at the time, have stated that the RPF prioritised taking power over saving lives or stopping the genocide.<a href="#cite_note-87">[a]</a> Scholars also believe that the RPF killed many Rwandan civilians, predominantly Hutu, during the genocide and in the months that followed. The death toll from these killings is in the tens or even hundreds of thousands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier1999359–360-88">[87]</a> In her book Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda, written for <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, Rwanda expert <a href="/wiki/Alison_des_Forges" class="mw-redirect" title="Alison des Forges">Alison des Forges</a> wrote that despite saving many lives, the RPF "relentlessly pursued those whom they thought guilty of genocide" and that "in their drive for military victory and a halt to the genocide, the RPF killed thousands, including noncombatants as well as government troops and members of militia".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDes_Forges1999691-89">[88]</a> Human rights violations by the RPF during the genocide have also been documented in a 2000 report compiled by the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a>, and by Prunier in Africa's World War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaplan2018155–157-90">[89]</a> In an interview with journalist <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kinzer" title="Stephen Kinzer">Stephen Kinzer</a>, Kagame acknowledged that killings had occurred but said that they were carried out by rogue soldiers and had been impossible to control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer2008191-91">[90]</a> RPF killings continued after the end of the genocide, gaining international attention with the 1995 <a href="/wiki/Kibeho_massacre" title="Kibeho massacre">Kibeho massacre</a>, in which soldiers opened fire on a camp for <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_persons" class="mw-redirect" title="Internally displaced persons">internally displaced persons</a> in <a href="/wiki/Butare_Province" title="Butare Province">Butare Province</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorch1995-92">[91]</a> Australian soldiers serving as part of UNAMIR estimated at least 4,000 people were killed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustralian_War_Memorial-93">[92]</a> while the Rwandan government claimed that the death toll was 338.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier200942-94">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vice_President_and_Minister_of_Defence">Vice President and Minister of Defence</h2></div> The post-genocide Rwandan government took office in Kigali in July 1994.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier1999299-95">[94]</a> It was based loosely on the Arusha Accords, but Habyarimana's party, MRND was outlawed. The positions it had been assigned were taken over by the RPF.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier1999299–300-96">[95]</a> The military wing of the RPF was renamed as the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Rwandan Patriotic Army">Rwandan Patriotic Army</a> (RPA), and became the national army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallis2007ix-97">[96]</a> Paul Kagame assumed the dual roles of <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Rwanda" title="Vice President of Rwanda">Vice President of Rwanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Rwanda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Defence (Rwanda)">Minister of Defence</a> while <a href="/wiki/Pasteur_Bizimungu" title="Pasteur Bizimungu">Pasteur Bizimungu</a>, a Hutu who had been a civil servant under Habyarimana before fleeing to join the RPF, was appointed president.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier199990,_300-98">[97]</a> Bizimungu and his cabinet had some control over domestic affairs, but Kagame remained commander-in-chief of the army and was the de facto ruler of the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaugh2004120–121-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier1999369-100">[99]</a> German public broadcaster <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a> stated that "Bizimungu was commonly seen as a placeholder for Kagame".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutsche_Welle2020-101">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_situation">Domestic situation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DF-ST-98-01731.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Overhead view of Kagame and Perry seated on leather seats with a large microphone visible and another army member in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/DF-ST-98-01731.jpg/220px-DF-ST-98-01731.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/DF-ST-98-01731.jpg/330px-DF-ST-98-01731.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/DF-ST-98-01731.jpg/440px-DF-ST-98-01731.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2842" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>Vice President Kagame with United States Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/William_J._Perry" title="William J. Perry">William J. Perry</a>, July 1994</figcaption></figure> The infrastructure and economy of the country suffered greatly during the genocide. Many buildings were uninhabitable, and the former regime had taken all currency and moveable assets when they fled the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer2008181-102">[101]</a> Human resources were also severely depleted, with over 40% of the population having been killed or fled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer2008181-102">[101]</a> Many who remained were traumatised; most had lost relatives, witnessed killings, or participated in the genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum-103">[102]</a> Kagame controlled the national army and was responsible for maintaining the government's power, while other officials began rebuilding the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner1994-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer2008187-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_State_(VI)1995-106">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">Non-governmental organisations</a> began to move back into the country, and the <a href="/wiki/International_community" title="International community">international community</a> spent US$1.5 billion on <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">humanitarian aid</a> between July and December 1994, but Prunier described this as "largely unconnected with the real economic needs of the community".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier1999327–328-107">[106]</a> Kagame strove to portray the government as inclusive and not Tutsi-dominated. He directed removal of ethnicity from citizens' national identity cards, and the government began a policy of downplaying the distinctions between Hutu, Tutsi, and Twa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner1994-104">[103]</a> The unity government suffered a partial collapse in 1995. The continuing violence, along with appointing of local government officials who were almost exclusively RPF Tutsi, caused serious disagreement between Kagame and senior Hutu government members, including prime minister <a href="/wiki/Faustin_Twagiramungu" title="Faustin Twagiramungu">Faustin Twagiramungu</a> and interior minister <a href="/wiki/Seth_Sendashonga" title="Seth Sendashonga">Seth Sendashonga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier1999367–368-108">[107]</a> Twagiramungu resigned in August, and Kagame fired Sendashonga and three others the next day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier1999367–368-108">[107]</a> Pasteur Bizimungu remained president but the makeup of the new government was predominantly RPF Tutsi loyal to Kagame.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer2008192-109">[108]</a> Twagiramungu and Sendashonga moved abroad to form a new opposition party shortly after leaving the government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier1999368-110">[109]</a> Sendashonga, who had also spoken out about the need for punishing killings by rogue RPF soldiers, moved to Kenya. Having survived an attempt on his life in 1996, he was assassinated in Nairobi in May 1998, when a UN vehicle in which he was travelling was fired upon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1998-111">[110]</a> Many observers believe Kagame ordered the killing; as Caplan noted: "the RPF denied any responsibility, which no one other than RPF partisans believed".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaplan2018158-112">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refugee_crisis_and_insurgency">Refugee crisis and insurgency</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_refugee_crisis" title="Great Lakes refugee crisis">Great Lakes refugee crisis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rwandan_refugee_camp_in_east_Zaire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="View of refugee camp on foggy day, showing tents of various colours and the refugees" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Rwandan_refugee_camp_in_east_Zaire.jpg/220px-Rwandan_refugee_camp_in_east_Zaire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Rwandan_refugee_camp_in_east_Zaire.jpg/330px-Rwandan_refugee_camp_in_east_Zaire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Rwandan_refugee_camp_in_east_Zaire.jpg/440px-Rwandan_refugee_camp_in_east_Zaire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Refugee_camp" title="Refugee camp">refugee camp</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a>, 1994</figcaption></figure> Following the RPF victory, approximately two million Hutu fled to refugee camps in neighboring countries, particularly Zaire, fearing RPF reprisals for the Rwandan genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier1999312-113">[112]</a> The camps were set up by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a> (UNHCR), but were effectively controlled by the army and government of the former Hutu regime, including many leaders of the genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier1999313–314-114">[113]</a> This regime was determined to return to power in Rwanda and began rearming, killing Tutsi residing in Zaire, and launching cross-border incursions in conjunction with the Interahamwe paramilitary group.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier1999381–382-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomfret1997-116">[115]</a> By late 1996, the Hutu militants represented a serious threat to the new Rwandan regime, and Kagame launched a counteroffensive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier1999382-117">[116]</a> Kagame first provided troops and military training<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomfret1997-116">[115]</a> to aid a rebellion against Zaire by the <a href="/wiki/Banyamulenge" title="Banyamulenge">Banyamulenge</a>, a Tutsi group living near <a href="/wiki/Bukavu" title="Bukavu">Bukavu</a> in the Zairian <a href="/wiki/South_Kivu" title="South Kivu">South Kivu</a> province.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier1999384–385-118">[117]</a> With Rwandan army support, the Banyamulenge defeated local security forces and began attacking the Hutu refugee camps in the area. At the same time, Kagame's forces joined with Zairian Tutsi around <a href="/wiki/Goma" title="Goma">Goma</a> to attack two of the camps there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomfret1997-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier1999384–385-118">[117]</a> Most refugees from the attacked camps moved to the large Mugunga camp. In November 1996, the Rwandan army attacked Mugunga, causing an estimated 800,000 refugees to flee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier2009118-119">[118]</a> Many returned to Rwanda despite the presence of the RPF; others ventured further west into Zaire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier2009122–123-120">[119]</a> Despite the disbanding of the camps, the defeated forces of the former regime continued a cross-border insurgency campaign into Rwanda from <a href="/wiki/North_Kivu" title="North Kivu">North Kivu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer2008209-121">[120]</a> The insurgents maintained a presence in Rwanda's north western provinces and were supported by the predominantly Hutu population, many of whom had lived in the refugee camps before they were attacked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer2008216-122">[121]</a> In addition to supporting the wars in the Congo, Kagame began a propaganda campaign to bring the Hutu to his side.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer2008215–218-123">[122]</a> He integrated former soldiers of the deposed genocidal regime's military into the RPF-dominated <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Defence_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Rwandan Defence Forces">national army</a> and appointed senior Hutu to key local government positions in the areas hit by insurgency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer2008215–218-123">[122]</a> These tactics were eventually successful; by 1999, the population in the north west had stopped supporting the insurgency and the insurgents were mostly defeated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrittain1999-124">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congo_wars">Congo wars</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Congo_War_Africa_map_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Second_Congo_War_Africa_map_en.png/220px-Second_Congo_War_Africa_map_en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Second_Congo_War_Africa_map_en.png/330px-Second_Congo_War_Africa_map_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Second_Congo_War_Africa_map_en.png/440px-Second_Congo_War_Africa_map_en.png 2x" data-file-width="1526" data-file-height="1444" /></a><figcaption>Belligerents of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a></figcaption></figure> Although his primary reason for military action in Zaire was the dismantling of the refugee camps, Kagame also began planning a war to remove long-time dictator President <a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu Sese Seko</a> from power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomfret1997-116">[115]</a> Mobutu had supported the genocidaires based in the camps, and was also accused of allowing attacks on Tutsi people within Zaire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBymanChalkHoffmanRosenau200118-125">[124]</a> Together with Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni, Kagame supported the newly created <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo">Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo</a> (ADFL), an alliance of four rebel groups headed by <a href="/wiki/Laurent-D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9_Kabila" title="Laurent-Désiré Kabila">Laurent-Désiré Kabila</a>, which began waging the <a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier2009113–116-126">[125]</a> The ADFL, helped by Rwandan and Ugandan troops, took control of North and South Kivu provinces in November 1996 and then advanced west, gaining territory from the poorly organised and demotivated Zairian army with little fighting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier2009128–133-127">[126]</a> By May 1997, they controlled almost the whole of Zaire except for the capital <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>; Mobutu fled and the ADFL took the capital without fighting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier2009136-128">[127]</a> The country was renamed as the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> (DRC) and Kabila became the new president.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(II)-129">[128]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Defence_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Rwandan Defence Forces">Rwandan Defence Forces</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo">ADFL</a> were accused of carrying out mass atrocities during the First Congo War, with as many as 222,000 Rwandan Hutu refugees declared missing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECDI1998-130">[129]</a> Kagame and the Rwandan government retained strong influence over Kabila following his inauguration, and the RPA maintained a heavy presence in Kinshasa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier2009174-131">[130]</a> Congolese in the capital resented this, as did many in the eastern Kivu provinces, where ethnic clashes increased sharply.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier2009177-132">[131]</a> In July 1998, Kabila fired his Rwandan chief-of-staff, <a href="/wiki/James_Kabarebe" title="James Kabarebe">James Kabarebe</a>, and ordered all RPA troops to leave the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier2009178–179-133">[132]</a> Kagame accused Kabila of supporting the ongoing insurgency against Rwanda from North Kivu, the same accusation he had made about Mobutu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer2008210–211-134">[133]</a> He responded to the expulsion of his soldiers by backing a new rebel group, the <a href="/wiki/Rally_for_Congolese_Democracy" title="Rally for Congolese Democracy">Rally for Congolese Democracy</a> (RCD), and launching the <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier2009182–183-135">[134]</a> The first action of the war was a <a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">blitzkrieg</a> by the RCD and RPA, led by Kabarebe. These forces made quick gains, advancing in twelve days from the Kivu provinces west to within 130 kilometres (81 mi) of Kinshasa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier2009184-136">[135]</a> The capital was saved by the intervention of <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, Namibia and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> on Kabila's side.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier2009186-137">[136]</a> Following the failure of the blitzkrieg, the conflict developed into a long-term conventional war, which lasted until 2003 and caused millions of deaths and massive damage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(II)-129">[128]</a> According to a report by the <a href="/wiki/International_Rescue_Committee" title="International Rescue Committee">International Rescue Committee</a> (IRC), this conflict led to the loss of between 3 million and 7.6 million lives, many through starvation and disease accompanying the social disruption of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssociated_Press_(II)2010-138">[137]</a> Although Kagame's primary reason for the two wars in the Congo was Rwanda's security, he was alleged to gain economic benefit by exploiting the <a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">mineral wealth</a> of the eastern Congo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer2008211–212-139">[138]</a> The 2001 United Nations Report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo alleged that Kagame, along with Ugandan President Museveni, were "on the verge of becoming the godfathers of the illegal exploitation of natural resources and the continuation of the conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_(IV)2001211-140">[139]</a> The report also claimed that the Rwandan Ministry of Defence contained a "Congo Desk" dedicated to collecting taxes from companies licensed to mine minerals around <a href="/wiki/Kisangani" title="Kisangani">Kisangani</a>, and that substantial quantities of <a href="/wiki/Coltan" title="Coltan">coltan</a> and diamonds passed through Kigali before being resold on the international market by staff on the Congo Desk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_(IV)2001126–129-141">[140]</a> International NGO <a href="/wiki/Global_Witness" title="Global Witness">Global Witness</a> also conducted field studies in early 2013. It concluded that minerals from North and South Kivu are exported illegally to Rwanda and then marketed as Rwandan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlobal_Witness20136-142">[141]</a> Kagame dismissed these allegations as unsubstantiated and politically motivated; in a 2002 interview with newsletter <a href="/wiki/Africa_Confidential" title="Africa Confidential">Africa Confidential</a>, Kagame said that if solid evidence against Rwandan officers was presented, it would be dealt with very seriously.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithWallis2002-143">[142]</a> In 2010, the United Nations released a report accusing the Rwandan army of committing wide scale human rights violations and crimes against humanity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo during the <a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo Wars</a>, charges denied by the Rwandan government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGreal2010-144">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency">Presidency</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accession">Accession</h3></div> In the late 1990s, Kagame began to disagree publicly with Bizimungu and the Hutu-led government in Rwanda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer2008220,_240–241-145">[144]</a> Kagame accused Bizimungu of corruption and poor management,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer2008221–222-146">[145]</a> while Bizimungu felt that he had no power over appointments to the cabinet and that the <a href="/wiki/Transitional_National_Assembly_of_Rwanda" title="Transitional National Assembly of Rwanda">Transitional National Assembly</a> was acting purely as a puppet for Kagame.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier2009241-147">[146]</a> Bizimungu resigned from the presidency in March 2000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(III)2000-148">[147]</a> Historians generally believe that Bizimungu was forced into resigning by Kagame after denouncing the National Assembly and attempting to sow discord within the RPF.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier2009241-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaplan2018161-149">[148]</a> However, Kagame told Kinzer that he was surprised by the development saying that he had received the "startling news" in a phone call from a friend.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer2008224-150">[149]</a> Following Bizimungu's resignation, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Rwanda" title="Supreme Court of Rwanda">Supreme Court</a> ruled that Kagame should become acting president until a permanent successor was chosen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIRIN_(I)2000-151">[150]</a> Kagame had been de facto leader since 1994, but focused more on military, foreign affairs and the country's security than day-to-day governance. By 2000, the threat posed by cross-border rebels was reduced and when Bizimungu resigned, Kagame decided to seek the presidency himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer2008220-152">[151]</a> The transitional constitution was still in effect, which meant the president was elected by government ministers and the Transitional National Assembly rather than by a <a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">direct election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_(V)-153">[152]</a> The RPF selected two candidates, Kagame and RPF secretary general <a href="/wiki/Charles_Murigande" title="Charles Murigande">Charles Murigande</a>; the ministers and parliament elected Kagame by eighty-one votes to three.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(IV)2000-154">[153]</a> Kagame was sworn in as president in April 2000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(V)2000-155">[154]</a> Several Hutu politicians, including the prime minister <a href="/wiki/Pierre-C%C3%A9lestin_Rwigema" title="Pierre-Célestin Rwigema">Pierre-Célestin Rwigema</a>, left the government at around the same time as Bizimungu, leaving a cabinet dominated by those close to Kagame.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer2008224-150">[149]</a> Bizimungu started his own party in 2001, but Kagame's government banned it on the grounds that political campaigning was not permitted under the transitional constitution. The following year, Kagame issued a public statement to Bizimungu, warning him that the government's patience with his continued involvement in party politics was "not infinite",<a href="#cite_note-:1-156">[155]</a> and Bizimungu was arrested two weeks later<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIRIN_(V)2002-157">[156]</a> and convicted of corruption and inciting ethnic violence, charges which human rights groups said were politically motivated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsiimwe2007-158">[157]</a> He was imprisoned until 2007, when he was <a href="/wiki/Prerogative_of_mercy_(Rwanda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prerogative of mercy (Rwanda)">pardoned</a> by Kagame.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(VI)2007-159">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_constitution">New constitution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Rwanda" title="Constitution of Rwanda">Constitution of Rwanda</a></div> Between 1994 and 2003, Rwanda was governed by a set of documents combining President Habyarimana's 1991 constitution, the Arusha Accords, and some additional protocols introduced by the transitional government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGasamagera20071–2-160">[159]</a> As required by the accords, Kagame set up a constitutional commission to draft a new permanent constitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGasamagera20073-161">[160]</a> The constitution was required to adhere to a set of fundamental principles including equitable power sharing and democracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGasamagera20074-162">[161]</a> The commission sought to ensure that the draft constitution was "home-grown", relevant to Rwanda's specific needs, and reflected the views of the entire population; they sent questionnaires to civil groups across the country and rejected offers of help from the international community, except for financial assistance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGasamagera20075–6-163">[162]</a> The draft constitution was released in 2003; it was approved by the parliament, and was then put to a referendum in May of that year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(VII)2003-164">[163]</a> The referendum was widely promoted by the government; ultimately, 95% of eligible adults registered to vote and the turnout on voting day was 87%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEconomist2003-165">[164]</a> The constitution was overwhelmingly accepted, with 93% voting in favour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEconomist2003-165">[164]</a> The constitution provided for a two-house parliament, an elected president serving seven-year terms, and multi-party politics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEconomist2003-165">[164]</a> The constitution also sought to prevent Hutu or Tutsi hegemony over political power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEconomist2003-165">[164]</a> Article 54 states that "political organizations are prohibited from basing themselves on race, ethnic group, tribe, clan, region, sex, religion or any other division which may give rise to discrimination".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECJCR2003article_54-166">[165]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, this clause, along with later laws enacted by the parliament, effectively make Rwanda a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a>, as "under the guise of preventing another genocide, the government displays a marked intolerance of the most basic forms of dissent".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth2009-167">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elections_and_referendum">Elections and referendum</h3></div> Since ascending to the presidency in 2000, Kagame has faced four <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Rwanda" title="Elections in Rwanda">presidential elections</a>, in 2003, 2010, 2017 and 2024. On each occasion, he was re-elected in a landslide, winning more than 90 percent of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEshadmin2017-168">[167]</a> A constitutional amendment referendum in 2015, which gave Kagame the ability to stand for additional terms, also passed by similar margins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcVeigh2015-169">[168]</a> International election monitors, human rights organisations and journalists generally regard these elections as lacking freedom and fairness, with interventions by the Rwandan state to ensure Kagame's victory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaplan2018161-149">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_State_(II)2017-170">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuman_Rights_Watch_(IV)2017-171">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutsche_Welle2017-172">[171]</a> According to Ida Sawyer, Central Africa director for Human Rights Watch, "Rwandans who have dared raise their voices or challenge the status quo have been arrested, forcibly disappeared, or killed, independent media have been muzzled, and intimidation has silenced groups working on civil rights or free speech". Following the 2017 poll, Human Rights Watch released evidence of irregularities by election officials including forcing voters to write their votes in full view and casting votes for electors who had not appeared.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuman_Rights_Watch_(IV)2017-171">[170]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> said it was "disturbed by irregularities observed during voting" as well as "long-standing concerns over the integrity of the vote-tabulation process".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_State_(III)2017-173">[172]</a> In their 2018 book How to Rig an Election, political scientists <a href="/wiki/Nic_Cheeseman" title="Nic Cheeseman">Nic Cheeseman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Klaas" title="Brian Klaas">Brian Klaas</a> said they were asked by journalists why Kagame went "through the motions of organizing a national poll that he was predestined to win". The book gave likely reasons for the continuation of the polls, including the fact that elections are "important to secure a base level of international legitimacy" and that "not even pretending to hold elections will get a country kicked out of the African Union".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheesemanKlaas2018214–215-174">[173]</a> Law professor and human rights researcher Lars Waldorf wrote that the RPF's manipulation of polls could be designed to make itself appear stronger. Waldorf said that the party's margins of victory "are not meant to be convincing; rather, they are meant to signal to potential opponents and the populace that Kagame and the RPF are in full control."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldorf201783-175">[174]</a> Scholars are divided on whether Kagame would have won the elections had he not used manipulative tactics. Writing about RPF intimidation of opposition candidates in the run-up to elections, Caplan said "what was most infuriating was that none of this was necessary for the RPF to hold on to power". Belgian academic <a href="/wiki/Filip_Reyntjens" title="Filip Reyntjens">Filip Reyntjens</a> disagrees, however, stating that "the RPF is fully aware that opening up the political system would eventually lead to a loss of power".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReyntjens2011-176">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Presidential_election,_2003">Presidential election, 2003</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2003_Rwandan_presidential_election" title="2003 Rwandan presidential election">2003 Rwandan presidential election</a></div> The first post-genocide election was held in August 2003, following the adoption of the new constitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(VIII)2003-177">[176]</a> In May, the parliament voted to ban the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Democratic_Movement" title="Republican Democratic Movement">Republican Democratic Movement</a> (MDR), following a parliamentary commission report accusing the MDR of "divisive" ideology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIRIN_(II)2003-178">[177]</a> The MDR had been one of the coalition parties in the transitional government of national unity, and was the second-largest party in the country after the RPF.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(IX)2003-179">[178]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> criticised this move, claiming that "the unfounded allegations against the individuals mentioned in the report appear to be part of a government-orchestrated crackdown on the political opposition".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmnesty_International_(I)2003-180">[179]</a> Kagame was the RPF candidate, while former prime minister Twagiramungu was his main challenger. Twagiramungu had intended to run as the candidate for the MDR, but instead sought the presidency as an independent following the party's banishment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIRIN_(III)2003-181">[180]</a> He returned to the country from Europe in June 2003 and began campaigning in August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIRIN_(III)2003-181">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(X)2003-182">[181]</a> Kagame declared victory in the election one day after the poll,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaver_County_Times2003-183">[182]</a> and his win was later confirmed by the National Electoral Commission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENunley-184">[183]</a> The final results showed that Kagame received 95.1 per cent of the vote, Twagiramungu 3.6 per cent, and the third candidate, Jean Nepomuscene Nayinzira, 1.3 per cent; the voter turnout was 96.6 per cent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENunley-184">[183]</a> The campaign, election day, and aftermath were largely peaceful, although an observer from the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) raised concerns about intimidation of opposition supporters by the RPF.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuters_(I)2003-185">[184]</a> Twagiramungu rejected the result of the election and also questioned the margin of victory, saying "Almost 100 per cent? That's not possible".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuters_(I)2003-185">[184]</a> He filed a petition at the Supreme Court to nullify the result, but was unsuccessful and he left Rwanda shortly afterwards, fearing that he would be arrested.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIRIN_(IV)2003-186">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEImmigration_and_Refugee_Board_of_Canada2006-187">[186]</a> The EU observer also questioned the result, citing "numerous irregularities", but also describing the poll as a "positive step" in the country's history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECPJ2004-188">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Presidential_election,_2010">Presidential election, 2010</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2010_Rwandan_presidential_election" title="2010 Rwandan presidential election">2010 Rwandan presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Kagame_New_York_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Close up photo of Paul Kagame smiling at the premiere of the film Earth Made of Glass" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Paul_Kagame_New_York_2010.jpg/170px-Paul_Kagame_New_York_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Paul_Kagame_New_York_2010.jpg/255px-Paul_Kagame_New_York_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Paul_Kagame_New_York_2010.jpg/340px-Paul_Kagame_New_York_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1443" data-file-height="1804" /></a><figcaption>Kagame in 2010</figcaption></figure> Kagame ran for re-election in 2010, at the end of his first elected term.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECJCR2003articles_100–101-189">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2010-190">[189]</a> He was endorsed by the RPF national congress as their candidate in May 2010, and was accepted as a candidate in July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKagireStraziuso2010-191">[190]</a> His highest-profile opponent was <a href="/wiki/Victoire_Ingabire" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoire Ingabire">Victoire Ingabire</a>, a Hutu who had been living abroad for some years, and returned to Rwanda in January 2010 to run for the presidency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKagireStraziuso2010-191">[190]</a> After a series of criticisms of Kagame's policies, she was arrested in April and prohibited from running in the election,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhewell2010-192">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_Times_(I)2010-193">[192]</a> as part of what Amnesty International's Tawanda Hondora described as "pre-electoral repression".<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> Kagame began his campaign with a rally at Kigali's <a href="/wiki/Amahoro_Stadium" title="Amahoro Stadium">Amahoro Stadium</a> on 20 July,<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> and held rallies across the country during the subsequent campaign period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraquehaisNorris-Trent2010-196">[195]</a> The rallies attracted tens of thousands, shouting enthusiastically for Kagame, although reporters for <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> interviewed a number of Rwandans who said that they were "not free to vote against him and that government officials down to the village level had put enormous pressure on them to register to vote; contribute some of their meager earnings to Mr. Kagame's campaign; and attend rallies".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGettlemanKron2010-197">[196]</a> The election went ahead in August 2010 without Ingabire and two other banned candidates, Kagame facing three opponents described by Human Rights Watch as "broadly supportive of the RPF".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuman_Rights_Watch_(II)2010-198">[197]</a> Kagame went on to receive 93.08 per cent of the vote in the election. Opposition and human rights groups said that the election was tainted by repression, murder, and lack of credible competition. Kagame responded by saying "I see no problems, but there are some people who choose to see problems where there are not."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl_Jazeera_(II)2010-199">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Constitutional_referendum,_2015">Constitutional referendum, 2015</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2015_Rwandan_constitutional_referendum" title="2015 Rwandan constitutional referendum">2015 Rwandan constitutional referendum</a></div> As Kagame's second term progressed, he began to hint that he might seek to rewrite the term-limit clause of the Rwandan constitution, to allow him to run for a third term in the 2017 elections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2014-200">[199]</a> Earlier in his presidency he had ruled it out,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2014-200">[199]</a> but in a 2014 speech at <a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts University</a> in the United States, Kagame said that he did not know when he would leave office, and that it was up to the Rwandan people to decide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2014-200">[199]</a> He told delegates "...let's wait and see what happens as we go. Whatever will happen, we'll have an explanation."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2014-200">[199]</a> The following year, a protest occurred outside <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Rwanda" title="Parliament of Rwanda">parliament</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaing2015-201">[200]</a> and a petition signed by 3.7 million people—more than half of the electorate—was presented to lawmakers asking for Kagame to be allowed to stay in office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgence_France-Presse2015-202">[201]</a> The parliament responded by passing an amendment to the constitution in November 2015, with both the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of Rwanda">Chamber of Deputies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of Rwanda">Senate</a> voting unanimously in favour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl_Jazeera_(IV)2015-203">[202]</a> The motion passed kept the two-term limit in place, and also reduced the length of terms from 7 years to 5 years, but it made an explicit exception for Kagame, who would be permitted to run for a third 7-year term followed by two further 5-year terms, if he so desired.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl_Jazeera_(IV)2015-203">[202]</a> After the amendment was passed in parliament, a referendum was required for it to come into effect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl_Jazeera_(IV)2015-203">[202]</a> The referendum took place on 18 December 2015, with Rwandans overseas voting on 17 December.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(XVIII)2015-204">[203]</a> The amendment was approved by the electorate, with 6.16 million voters saying yes, approximately 98 per cent of the votes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcVeigh2015-169">[168]</a> The electoral commission stated that the vote had been peaceful and orderly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcVeigh2015-169">[168]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Green_Party_of_Rwanda" title="Democratic Green Party of Rwanda">Democratic Green Party</a>, the most prominent domestic group opposing the change, protested that it had not been permitted to campaign openly against the amendment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcVeigh2015-169">[168]</a> Human Rights Watch executive director <a href="/wiki/Ken_Roth" class="mw-redirect" title="Ken Roth">Ken Roth</a> announced on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> that he did not believe the election to be free and fair, saying there was "no suspense in Rwanda referendum when so many dissidents silenced, civil society stifled".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcVeigh2015-169">[168]</a> The amendment itself was criticised by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and also the United States, which released a statement saying that Kagame should respect the previous term limits and "foster a new generation of leaders in Rwanda".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcVeigh2015-169">[168]</a> Kagame responded that it was not his own decision to seek a third term, but that the parliament and the people had demanded it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcVeigh2015-169">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Presidential_election,_2017">Presidential election, 2017</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2017_Rwandan_presidential_election" title="2017 Rwandan presidential election">2017 Rwandan presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Paul_Kagame_(2018-06-13)_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Vladimir_Putin_and_Paul_Kagame_%282018-06-13%29_02.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Paul_Kagame_%282018-06-13%29_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Vladimir_Putin_and_Paul_Kagame_%282018-06-13%29_02.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Paul_Kagame_%282018-06-13%29_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Vladimir_Putin_and_Paul_Kagame_%282018-06-13%29_02.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Paul_Kagame_%282018-06-13%29_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Kagame with Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> in June 2018</figcaption></figure> In accordance with the constitutional change, a presidential election was held in August 2017.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurke2017-205">[204]</a> The highest-profile opposition figure for the 2017 election was local businesswoman <a href="/wiki/Diane_Rwigara" title="Diane Rwigara">Diane Rwigara</a>. Although she acknowledged that "much has improved under Kagame", Rwigara was also critical of Kagame's government, saying that "people disappear, others get killed in unexplained circumstances and nobody speaks about this because of fear".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESauuna2017-206">[205]</a> Like Ingabire in 2010, Rwigara was barred from running in the election.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean2018-207">[206]</a> Kagame was endorsed as the RPF's candidate for the election in mid-June,<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> and began his re-election campaign in mid-July with a rally in <a href="/wiki/Ruhango" title="Ruhango">Ruhango</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESevenzo2017-209">[208]</a> After three weeks of campaigning, concluding with a large rally in <a href="/wiki/Gasabo_District" title="Gasabo District">Gasabo District</a>,<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> the election went ahead between Kagame and two opposition candidates.<a href="#cite_note-ktpr_Rwan-211">[210]</a> Kagame was re-elected for a third term with 98.8 per cent of the vote, his highest percentage to date. He was sworn in for another seven-year term on 18 August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETumwebaze2017-212">[211]</a> As with his previous victories, independent monitors and human rights organisations cited irregularities and intimidation in the conduct of the election.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_State_(IV)2018-213">[212]</a> Cheeseman and Klaas said in their book that he had "not even bothered to try and manipulate the election in the clever ways" he had used in previous campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheesemanKlaas2018218-214">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_policy">Domestic policy</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vision_2020_and_Vision_2050">Vision 2020 and Vision 2050</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vision_2020_(Rwanda)" title="Vision 2020 (Rwanda)">Vision 2020 (Rwanda)</a></div> In the late 1990s, Kagame began actively planning methods to achieve national development. He launched a national consultation process<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMINECOFIN_(I)-215">[214]</a> and also sought the advice of experts from emerging nations including China, Singapore and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer2008226–227-216">[215]</a> Following these consultations, and shortly after assuming the presidency, Kagame launched an ambitious programme of national development called <a href="/wiki/Vision_2020_(Rwanda)" title="Vision 2020 (Rwanda)">Vision 2020</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer2008226–227-216">[215]</a> The major purposes of the programme were to unite the Rwandan people and to transform Rwanda from a highly impoverished into a <a href="/wiki/Middle_income_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle income country">middle income country</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMINECOFIN_(I)-215">[214]</a> The programme consists of a list of goals which the government aimed to achieve before the year 2020.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer2008226–227-216">[215]</a> These include reconstruction, infrastructure and transport improvements, good governance, improving agriculture production, private sector development, and health and education improvements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMINECOFIN_(I)-215">[214]</a> In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_and_Economic_Planning_(Rwanda)" title="Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (Rwanda)">Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MINECOFIN)</a> issued a report indicating the progress of the Vision 2020 goals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMINECOFIN_(II)20112-217">[216]</a> The report examined the stated goals of the programme and rated each one with a status of "on-track", "on-watch" or "off-track". Of 44 goals, it found that 66% were on-track, 11% were on-watch, and 22% were off-track.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMINECOFIN_(II)20112-217">[216]</a> The major areas identified as off-track were population, poverty and the environment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMINECOFIN_(II)20112-217">[216]</a> By 2012, MINECOFIN's review found that 26% of Vision 2020's original indicators had already been achieved.<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> While also highlighting key areas for improvement, the review made several upward revisions, including revising the GDP per capita target from $900 to $1,240.<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> In the same year, an independent review of the strategy carried out by academics based in Belgium rated progress as "quite encouraging", mentioning development in the education and health sectors, as well as Kagame's fostering of a favourable business environment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsomsRostagno2012-220">[219]</a> The review also raised concerns about the policy of "maximum growth at any cost", suggesting that this was leading to a situation in which the rich prospered while the rural poor saw little benefit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsomsRostagno2012-220">[219]</a> Upon completion of the programme in December 2020, Kagame announced <a href="/wiki/Vision_2050_(Rwanda)" title="Vision 2050 (Rwanda)">Vision 2050</a>, remarking that "Vision 2020 was about what we had to do in order to survive and regain our dignity. But Vision 2050 has to be about the future we choose, because we can, and because we deserve it."<a href="#cite_note-:0-221">[220]</a> Vision 2050 focuses around the two main pillars of Economic Growth and Prosperity and High Quality of Life and Standards of Life for Rwandans.<a href="#cite_note-:0-221">[220]</a> Vision 2050 is the programmatic articulation of Kagame's ambition for Rwanda to become an upper-middle income country by 2035, and a <a href="/wiki/High-income_country" class="mw-redirect" title="High-income country">high-income country</a> by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economy">Economy</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rwanda" title="Economy of Rwanda">Economy of Rwanda</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Highrise_in_Kigali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/Highrise_in_Kigali.jpg/220px-Highrise_in_Kigali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/Highrise_in_Kigali.jpg/330px-Highrise_in_Kigali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/Highrise_in_Kigali.jpg/440px-Highrise_in_Kigali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5984" data-file-height="3376" /></a><figcaption>A view of Kigali in 2018. Kagame has stated that he believes Rwanda can emulate the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Singapore" title="Economy of Singapore">economic development of Singapore</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kigali2018Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kigali2018Cropped.jpg/220px-Kigali2018Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kigali2018Cropped.jpg/330px-Kigali2018Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kigali2018Cropped.jpg/440px-Kigali2018Cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The skyline of Kigali in 2018</figcaption></figure> Rwanda's economy has grown rapidly under Kagame's presidency, with per-capita gross domestic product (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a>) estimated at <a href="/wiki/Geary-Khamis_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="Geary-Khamis dollar">$</a>2,214 in 2020, compared with $631 in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank_(V)2020-223">[222]</a> Annual growth between 2000 and 2020 averaged 7% per year.<a href="#cite_note-225">[b]</a> Kagame's economic policy is based on <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">liberalising</a> the economy, reducing <a href="/wiki/Red_tape" title="Red tape">red tape</a> for businesses,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurdock2010-226">[224]</a> and transforming the country from an agricultural to a <a href="/wiki/Knowledge-based_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge-based economy">knowledge-based economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanyesigye2012-227">[225]</a> Kagame has stated that he believes Rwanda can emulate the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Singapore" title="Economy of Singapore">economic development of Singapore</a> since 1960.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusoni2013-228">[226]</a> Kagame, as set out in the national Vision 2050 Policy, believes that Rwanda can become an upper-middle income country by 2035, and a high-income country by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> Kagame's economic policy has been praised by many foreign donors and investors, including <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Starbucks" title="Starbucks">Starbucks</a> chairman <a href="/wiki/Howard_Schultz" title="Howard Schultz">Howard Schultz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2010-230">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2009-231">[229]</a> The country is also recognized internationally for its effective institutions and low levels of corruption.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson2011441-232">[230]</a> Rwanda has also illegally exploited Congolese minerals, which is an important aspect of the success of Rwanda's economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2010-230">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReyntjens2013164–165-233">[231]</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a> researcher Stefaan Marysse estimated that in 1999, 6.1% of Rwanda's GDP came from illegal resource extraction in the DRC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassimon_''et_al.''201354-234">[232]</a> In 2013, foreign aid made up over 20 percent of GDP and nearly half of the budget.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReyntjens2013164-235">[233]</a> Economic growth has disproportionally accrued to elites in the capital while rural areas lag behind.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson2011451-236">[234]</a> Although the government officially has a policy of <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a>, in practice it has increased state control of the economy using corporations with strong ties to the state and the ruling party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReyntjens2013165-237">[235]</a> Rwanda is a country of few natural resources,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_State_(I)2012-238">[236]</a> and the economy is heavily dependent on <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence agriculture</a>, with an estimated 75% of the working population engaged in farming. Under Kagame's presidency, the <a href="/wiki/Service_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Service sector">service sector</a> has grown strongly. It makes up approximately half of the country's GDP and is the second largest employer after agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-:1-156">[155]</a> Key tertiary contributors include banking and finance, wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurants, transport, storage, communication, insurance, real estate, business services, and public administration, including education and health.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENantaba2010-239">[237]</a> <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">Information and communications technology</a> (ICT) is a Vision 2020 priority, with a goal of transforming Rwanda into an ICT hub for Africa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanyesigye2012-227">[225]</a> To this end, the government has completed a 2,300 kilometres (1,400 mi) <a href="/wiki/Fibre_optic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre optic">fibre-optic</a> telecommunications network, intended to provide broadband services and facilitate electronic commerce.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuters_(III)2011-240">[238]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Rwanda" title="Tourism in Rwanda">Tourism</a> is one of the fastest-growing economic resources and became the country's leading <a href="/wiki/Foreign-exchange_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign-exchange reserves">foreign exchange</a> earner in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirakwate2012-241">[239]</a> Rwanda ranks highly in several categories of the World Bank's <a href="/wiki/Ease_of_doing_business_index" title="Ease of doing business index">ease of doing business index</a>. In 2005, after the country was ranked 158th on the Ease of Doing Business Index, Kagame set up a special unit to analyze the economy and provide solutions to easing business.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETopping2014-242">[240]</a> As a result, the country topped the list of reformers in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurdock2010-226">[224]</a> In 2012, the country's overall ease of doing business index ranking was 52nd out of 185 countries worldwide, and third out of 46 in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank_(IV)2012-243">[241]</a> It was eighth on the 2012 rankings for ease of starting a business;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank_(III)2012-244">[242]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Rwanda_Development_Board" title="Rwanda Development Board">Rwanda Development Board</a> asserts that a business can be authorised and registered in 24 hours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurdock2010-226">[224]</a> The business environment and economy also benefit from relatively low corruption in the country; in 2010, <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a> ranked Rwanda as the eighth cleanest out of 47 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and sixty-sixth cleanest out of 178 in the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETransparency_International2010-245">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Education_and_health">Education and health</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Rwanda" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Rwanda">COVID-19 pandemic in Rwanda</a></div> Kagame has made education for <a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Rwanda" title="Youth in Rwanda">youth in Rwanda</a> a high priority for his administration, allocating 17% of the annual budget to the sector.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Review2013-246">[244]</a> The Rwandan government provides free education in state-run schools for twelve years: six years in primary and six in secondary school.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNDP2012-247">[245]</a> The final three years of free education were introduced in 2012 following a pledge by Kagame during his 2010 re-election campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERwirahira2012-248">[246]</a> Kagame credits his government with improvements in the tertiary education sector; the number of universities has risen from 1 in 1994 to 29 in 2010,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKagame2011-249">[247]</a> and the tertiary <a href="/wiki/Gross_enrollment_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross enrollment ratio">gross enrollment ratio</a> increased from 4% in 2008 to 7% in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank_(I)-250">[248]</a> From 1994 until 2009, secondary education was offered in either French or English;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGreal2009-251">[249]</a> since 2009, due to the country's increasing ties with the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, English has been the sole language of instruction in public schools from primary school grade 4 onward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVSO20123-252">[250]</a> The country's <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> rate, defined as those aged 15 or over who can read and write, was 71% in 2009, up from 58% in 1991 and 38% in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank_(II)-253">[251]</a> Rwanda's health profile is dominated by communicable diseases,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWHO_(I)20095-254">[252]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>. Prevalence and mortality rates have sharply declined in the past decade<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWHO_(I)20094–7-255">[253]</a> but the short supply or unavailability of certain medicines continues to challenge disease management.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWHO_(I)200910-256">[254]</a> Kagame's government is seeking to improve this situation as one of the Vision 2020 priorities. It has increased funding, with the health budget up from 3.2% of national expenditure in 1996 to 9.7% in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWHO_(I)200910-256">[254]</a> It also set up training institutes, including the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kigali_Health_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kigali Health Institute (page does not exist)">Kigali Health Institute</a> (KHI),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKHI2012-257">[255]</a> and in 2008 effected laws making health insurance mandatory for all individuals;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWHO_(II)2008-258">[256]</a> by 2010, over 90% of the population was covered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNeil2010-259">[257]</a> These policies have contributed to a steady increase in quality of healthcare and improvement in key indicators during Kagame's presidency. In 2010, 91 children died before their fifth birthday for every 1000 live births, down from 163 under five deaths for every 1000 live births in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNICEF2012-260">[258]</a> Prevalence of some diseases is declining, including the elimination of maternal and neonatal <a href="/wiki/Tetanus" title="Tetanus">tetanus</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWHO_(I)20094-261">[259]</a> and a sharp reduction in malaria <a href="/wiki/Morbidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Morbidity">morbidity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality rate</a>, and specific <a href="/wiki/Lethality" title="Lethality">lethality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWHO_(I)20095-254">[252]</a> In response to shortages in qualified medical personnel, in 2011 the Rwandan government launched an eight-year US$151.8 million initiative to train medical professionals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERwanda_Human_Resources_for_Health_Program2011-262">[260]</a> Kagame has garnered praise for the country's response to the ongoing global <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. Despite the country having a relatively underdeveloped health care system, Rwanda has one of the lowest infection and mortality rates in the world, and is seen as a success story. Rwanda is currently the only nation in Africa whose residents are permitted to enter the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> for non essential travel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaubien2020-263">[261]</a> Rwanda's response has not been without its criticisms, in particular the curbing of <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> and <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individual freedoms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBariyo2020-264">[262]</a> By April 2022. Rwanda was one of the few countries in Africa to have fully vaccinated over 60% of its population against COVID-19.<a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations">Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M23_in_Goma.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/M23_in_Goma.PNG/220px-M23_in_Goma.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/M23_in_Goma.PNG/330px-M23_in_Goma.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/M23_in_Goma.PNG/440px-M23_in_Goma.PNG 2x" data-file-width="851" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Anti-government rebels from the <a href="/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement">23 March (M23) Movement</a>, widely considered to have been supported by Rwanda, during their capture of the provincial capital at <a href="/wiki/Goma" title="Goma">Goma</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Kivu" title="North Kivu">North Kivu</a> in November 2012. </figcaption></figure> The Second Congo War, which began in 1998, was still raging when Kagame assumed the presidency in 2000. <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, Angola, Zimbabwe, and <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> had committed troops to the Congolese government side,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(II)-129">[128]</a> while Rwanda, Uganda, and Burundi were supporting rebel groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier2009193–198-266">[264]</a> The rebel group Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD) had split in 1999 into two factions: the <a href="/wiki/Rally_for_Congolese_Democracy%E2%80%93Goma" title="Rally for Congolese Democracy–Goma">RCD-Goma</a>, supported by Rwanda, and the <a href="/wiki/RCD-Kisangani" class="mw-redirect" title="RCD-Kisangani">RCD-Kisangani</a>, which was allied to Uganda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier2009221-267">[265]</a> Uganda also supported the <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_the_Congo" title="Movement for the Liberation of the Congo">Movement for the Liberation of the Congo</a> (MLC), a rebel group from the north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier2009221-267">[265]</a> All these rebel groups were at war with Kabila's government in Kinshasa, but were also increasingly hostile to each other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier2009221-267">[265]</a> Various peace meetings had been held, culminating in the July 1999 <a href="/wiki/Lusaka_Ceasefire_Agreement" title="Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement">Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement</a> which was signed by Kabila, Kagame and all the other foreign governments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier2009224–225-268">[266]</a> The rebel groups were not party to the agreement, and fighting continued.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier2009224–225-268">[266]</a> The RPA continued to be heavily involved in the Congo War during 2000, fighting battles against the Ugandan army in Kisangani and against Kabila's army in <a href="/wiki/Kasai_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasai region">Kasai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Katanga_Province" title="Katanga Province">Katanga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier2009225,_234-269">[267]</a> In January 2001, Kabila was assassinated inside his palace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherwellLong2001-270">[268]</a> His son <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kabila" title="Joseph Kabila">Joseph</a> was appointed president and immediately began asserting his authority by dismissing his father's cabinet and senior army commanders,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier2009258,_263-271">[269]</a> assembling a new government, and engaging with the international community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier2009257-272">[270]</a> The new government provided impetus for renewed peace negotiations, and in July 2002 a peace agreement was reached between Rwanda, Congo, and the other major participants, in which all foreign troops would withdraw and RCD-Goma would enter a power-sharing transitional government with Joseph Kabila as interim president until elections could be held.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier2009272-273">[271]</a> Kagame's government announced at the end of 2002 that all uniformed Rwandan troops had left Congolese territory, but this was contradicted by a 2003 report by UN panel of experts. According to this report, the Rwandan army contained a dedicated "Congo desk" which used the armed forces for large-scale illegal appropriation of Congolese resources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmbruster2003-274">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuman_Rights_Watch_(I)2005-275">[273]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_heads_of_delegations_attending_the_Russia-Africa_Summit_pose_for_photographs_(2019-10-24).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/The_heads_of_delegations_attending_the_Russia-Africa_Summit_pose_for_photographs_%282019-10-24%29.jpg/220px-The_heads_of_delegations_attending_the_Russia-Africa_Summit_pose_for_photographs_%282019-10-24%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/The_heads_of_delegations_attending_the_Russia-Africa_Summit_pose_for_photographs_%282019-10-24%29.jpg/330px-The_heads_of_delegations_attending_the_Russia-Africa_Summit_pose_for_photographs_%282019-10-24%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/The_heads_of_delegations_attending_the_Russia-Africa_Summit_pose_for_photographs_%282019-10-24%29.jpg/440px-The_heads_of_delegations_attending_the_Russia-Africa_Summit_pose_for_photographs_%282019-10-24%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Kagame, DRC president <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi" title="Félix Tshisekedi">Félix Tshisekedi</a> and other African leaders at the <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Africa_Summit_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia–Africa Summit 2019">Russia–Africa Summit</a> in Sochi on 24 October 2019</figcaption></figure> Despite the agreement and subsequent ceasefire, relations between Kagame and the Congolese government remained tense.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmbruster2003-274">[272]</a> Kagame blamed the DRC for failing to suppress the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda">Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda</a> (FDLR), Rwandan Hutu rebels operating in North and South Kivu provinces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl_Jazeera_(III)2007-276">[274]</a> Kabila accused Rwanda of using the Hutu as a "pretext for maintaining its control and influence in the area".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoice_of_America2009-277">[275]</a> There has been <a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">ongoing conflict</a> in Congo's eastern provinces since 2004, during which Kagame has backed two major insurgencies. This included a major rebellion from 2005 to 2009, led by Congolese Tutsi <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Nkunda" title="Laurent Nkunda">Laurent Nkunda</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/M23_rebellion" title="M23 rebellion">a rebellion</a> carried out by the <a href="/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement">March 23 Movement</a> (M23) under leader <a href="/wiki/Bosco_Ntaganda" title="Bosco Ntaganda">Bosco Ntaganda</a>, beginning in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Crisis_Group2020-278">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(XVII)2014-279">[277]</a> A leaked United Nations report in 2012 cited Kagame's defence minister James Kabarebe as being effectively the commander of the M23.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(XIV)2012-280">[278]</a> Relations have improved since 2016, as Kagame held a bilateral meeting with Kabila in Gisenyi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPielTilouine2016-281">[279]</a> When <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi" title="Félix Tshisekedi">Félix Tshisekedi</a> was elected DRC president in 2019, Kagame – the AU chairman at the time – unsuccessfully called for an AU investigation into the poll. Despite this, he has developed a close relationship with Tshisekedi since the latter's election, with summits in both Kinshasa and Kigali. As of 2020, Kagame still faces accusations that Rwanda's troops are active within the Kivu provinces. Congolese officials such as <a href="/wiki/Walikale_Territory" title="Walikale Territory">Walikale</a> member of parliament <a href="/wiki/Juv%C3%A9nal_Munubo" title="Juvénal Munubo">Juvénal Munubo</a>, as well as civilians, have reported sighting RDF soldiers in the DRC, but Kagame consistently denies these claims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGras2020-282">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uganda_and_the_East_African_Community">Uganda and the East African Community</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="Kenya–Rwanda relations">Kenya–Rwanda relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda%E2%80%93Tanzania_relations" title="Rwanda–Tanzania relations">Rwanda–Tanzania relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_African_Community_heads_of_state.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Five presidents seated on chairs in an outdoor scene with sunshine and a red carpet: Yoweri Museveni of Uganda, Mwai Kibaki of Kenya, Paul Kagame of Rwanda, Jakaya Kikwete of Tanzania and Pierre Nkurunziza of Burundi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/East_African_Community_heads_of_state.jpg/220px-East_African_Community_heads_of_state.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/East_African_Community_heads_of_state.jpg/330px-East_African_Community_heads_of_state.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/East_African_Community_heads_of_state.jpg/440px-East_African_Community_heads_of_state.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Kagame with the other four <a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a> Heads of States in April 2009</figcaption></figure> Kagame spent most of his childhood and young adult years living in Uganda, and has a personal relationship with President Yoweri Museveni dating back to the late 1970s;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer200820-20">[20]</a> they fought together in the Ugandan Bush War, and Kagame was appointed head of military intelligence in Museveni's national army following the NRA victory in 1986.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer200850–51-31">[31]</a> When the RPF soldiers abandoned the Ugandan army and invaded Rwanda in 1990, Museveni did not explicitly support them, but according to Prunier it is likely that he had prior knowledge of the plan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier199997–98-283">[281]</a> Museveni also allowed the RPF safe passage through Ugandan territory to the Virunga mountains after their early defeats in the war,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier1999114–115-47">[47]</a> and revealed in a 1998 heads of state meeting that Uganda had helped the RPF materially during the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">Rwandan Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMamdani2002183-284">[282]</a> Following the RPF victory, the two countries enjoyed a close political and trade relationship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson_(II)2000-285">[283]</a> Rwanda and Uganda were allies during the First Congo War against Zaire, with both countries being instrumental in the setting up of the AFDL and committing troops to the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReyntjens200948-286">[284]</a> The two nations joined forces again at the beginning of the Second Congo War, but relations soured in late 1998 as Museveni and Kagame had very different priorities in fighting the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier2009220-287">[285]</a> In early 1999, the RCD rebel group split into two, with Rwanda and Uganda supporting opposing factions,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier2009220-287">[285]</a> and in August the Rwandan and Ugandan armies battled each other with heavy artillery in the Congolese city of Kisangani.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier2009225-288">[286]</a> The two sides <a href="/wiki/Six_Day_War_(Kisangani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Day War (Kisangani)">fought again in Kisangani</a> in May and June 2000, causing the deaths of 120 soldiers and around 640 Congolese civilians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier2009242-289">[287]</a> Relations slowly thawed in the 2000s, and by 2011 the two countries enjoyed a close friendship once more.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeuler2011-290">[288]</a> Further conflict between Kagame and Museveni arose in early 2019, as the two countries conflicted over trade and regional politics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorbrookKantaiSmith2019-291">[289]</a> Kagame accused Museveni's government of supporting the FDLR and harassing Rwandan nationals in Uganda, leading Rwanda to set up a blockade of trucks at the border.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohamed_(II)2019-292">[290]</a> Museveni accused Rwanda of sending troops into its territory, including an incident in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rukiga_district&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rukiga district (page does not exist)">Rukiga district</a> in which a Ugandan citizen was killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorbrookKantaiSmith2019-291">[289]</a> The Rwanda–Uganda border reopened on 31 January 2022.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMutangana2022-293">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReyntjens2022-294">[292]</a> In 2007, Rwanda joined the East African Community, an intergovernmental organisation for the East Africa region comprising Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Burundi, and Rwanda. The country's accession required the signing of various agreements with the other members, including a defence intelligence sharing pact, a <a href="/wiki/Customs_union" title="Customs union">customs union</a>, and measures to combat drug trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsike2007-295">[293]</a> The countries of the Community established a <a href="/wiki/Common_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Common market">common market</a> in 2011, and plan further integration, including moves toward political federation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEast_African_Community_(I)-296">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavelle2008-297">[295]</a> The community has also set up an <a href="/w/index.php?title=East_African_Monetary_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East African Monetary Institute (page does not exist)">East African Monetary Institute</a>, which aims to introduce a single currency by 2024.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEast_African_Community_(II)2020-298">[296]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isaac_Herzog_visit_to_Rwanda,_April_2024_(MYN_5252).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Isaac_Herzog_visit_to_Rwanda%2C_April_2024_%28MYN_5252%29.jpg/220px-Isaac_Herzog_visit_to_Rwanda%2C_April_2024_%28MYN_5252%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Isaac_Herzog_visit_to_Rwanda%2C_April_2024_%28MYN_5252%29.jpg/330px-Isaac_Herzog_visit_to_Rwanda%2C_April_2024_%28MYN_5252%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Isaac_Herzog_visit_to_Rwanda%2C_April_2024_%28MYN_5252%29.jpg/440px-Isaac_Herzog_visit_to_Rwanda%2C_April_2024_%28MYN_5252%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Kagame with Israeli President <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Herzog" title="Isaac Herzog">Isaac Herzog</a> on 7 April 2024</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="France–Rwanda relations">France–Rwanda relations</a></div> France maintained close ties with President Habyarimana during his years in power, as part of its <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7afrique" title="Françafrique">Françafrique</a> policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier199989-299">[297]</a> When the RPF launched the Rwandan Civil War in 1990, Habyarimana was immediately granted assistance from the President of France, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier1999100–101-300">[298]</a> France sent 600 paratroopers, who effectively ran the government's response to the invasion and were instrumental in regaining almost all territory the RPF had gained in the first days of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer200878-301">[299]</a> France maintained this military presence throughout the war, engaging Kagame's RPF forces again in February 1993 during the offensive that doubled RPF territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallaire200562-302">[300]</a> In the later stages of the 1994 Rwandan genocide, France launched Opération Turquoise, a United Nations mandated mission to create safe humanitarian areas for protection of <a href="/wiki/Displaced_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Displaced person">displaced persons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a>, and civilians in danger; many Rwandans interpreted it as a mission to protect Hutu from the RPF, including some who had participated in the genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFassbender201127-303">[301]</a> The French remained hostile to the RPF, and their presence temporarily stalled Kagame's advance in southwestern Rwanda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGreal2007-304">[302]</a> France continued to shun the new RPF government following the end of the genocide and the withdrawal of Opération Turquoise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench1994-305">[303]</a> Diplomatic relations were finally reestablished in January 1995, but remained tense as Rwanda accused France of aiding the genocidaires, while France defended its interventions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1995-306">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHranjski1999-307">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustralian_Associated_Press2004-308">[306]</a> In 2006, French judge Jean-Louis Bruguière released a report on the assassination of President Habyarimana which concluded that Kagame had ordered the shooting of the plane. Bruguière subsequently issued arrest warrants for nine of Kagame's close aides.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(XI)2006-309">[307]</a> Kagame denied the charges and immediately broke off diplomatic relations with France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(XII)2006-310">[308]</a> Relations began to thaw in 2008,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKwibuka2008-311">[309]</a> and diplomacy was resumed in late 2009.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuters_(II)2009-312">[310]</a> In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> became the first French president to visit Rwanda since the genocide, admitting for the first time that France made "grave errors of judgment".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESundaram2010-313">[311]</a> Kagame reciprocated with an official visit to Paris in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(XIII)2011-314">[312]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States,_United_Kingdom_and_the_Commonwealth">United States, United Kingdom and the Commonwealth</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="Bangladesh–Rwanda relations">Bangladesh–Rwanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="India–Rwanda relations">India–Rwanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Rwanda–South Africa relations">Rwanda–South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Rwanda–United Kingdom relations">Rwanda–United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rwanda%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Rwanda–United States relations">Rwanda–United States relations</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Kagame_with_Obamas_Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Michelle Obama, Paul Kagame and Barack Obama, standing and smiling in front of a curtain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Paul_Kagame_with_Obamas_Cropped.jpg/220px-Paul_Kagame_with_Obamas_Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Paul_Kagame_with_Obamas_Cropped.jpg/330px-Paul_Kagame_with_Obamas_Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Paul_Kagame_with_Obamas_Cropped.jpg/440px-Paul_Kagame_with_Obamas_Cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Paul Kagame with United States President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and First Lady <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a> in September 2009</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Prime_Minister,_Shri_Narendra_Modi_meeting_the_President_of_Rwanda,_Mr._Paul_Kagame,_on_the_sidelines_of_the_International_Solar_Alliance_(ISA)_Summit,_in_New_Delhi_on_March_11,_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Shri_Narendra_Modi_meeting_the_President_of_Rwanda%2C_Mr._Paul_Kagame%2C_on_the_sidelines_of_the_International_Solar_Alliance_%28ISA%29_Summit%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_March_11%2C_2018.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Shri_Narendra_Modi_meeting_the_President_of_Rwanda%2C_Mr._Paul_Kagame%2C_on_the_sidelines_of_the_International_Solar_Alliance_%28ISA%29_Summit%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_March_11%2C_2018.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Shri_Narendra_Modi_meeting_the_President_of_Rwanda%2C_Mr._Paul_Kagame%2C_on_the_sidelines_of_the_International_Solar_Alliance_%28ISA%29_Summit%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_March_11%2C_2018.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1230" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>Kagame with Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> in 2018</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S.-_Africa_Leaders%E2%80%99_Summit_Dinner_White_House,_14_December_2022_(52565663179).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/U.S.-_Africa_Leaders%E2%80%99_Summit_Dinner_White_House%2C_14_December_2022_%2852565663179%29.jpg/220px-U.S.-_Africa_Leaders%E2%80%99_Summit_Dinner_White_House%2C_14_December_2022_%2852565663179%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/U.S.-_Africa_Leaders%E2%80%99_Summit_Dinner_White_House%2C_14_December_2022_%2852565663179%29.jpg/330px-U.S.-_Africa_Leaders%E2%80%99_Summit_Dinner_White_House%2C_14_December_2022_%2852565663179%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/U.S.-_Africa_Leaders%E2%80%99_Summit_Dinner_White_House%2C_14_December_2022_%2852565663179%29.jpg/440px-U.S.-_Africa_Leaders%E2%80%99_Summit_Dinner_White_House%2C_14_December_2022_%2852565663179%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Kagame with US President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Africa_Leaders_Summit_2022" title="United States–Africa Leaders Summit 2022">United States–Africa Leaders Summit</a> in 2022</figcaption></figure> Since the end of the Rwandan genocide in 1994, Rwanda has enjoyed a close relationship with the English speaking world, in particular the United States (US) and United Kingdom (UK). The two countries have been highly supportive of the RPF programme of stabilisation and rebuilding, with the UK donating large sums each year in <a href="/wiki/Budget_support" title="Budget support">budget support</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2012-315">[313]</a> and the US providing military aid<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2012-315">[313]</a> as well as supporting development projects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForeignAssistance.gov2013-316">[314]</a> As president, Kagame has been critical of the West's lack of response to the genocide, and the UK and US have responded by admitting guilt over the issue: Bill Clinton, who was President of the United States during the genocide, has described his failure to act against the killings as a "personal failure".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2012-315">[313]</a> During the 2000s, Clinton and UK prime minister <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> praised the country's progress under Kagame, citing it as a model recipient for international development funds, and Clinton referred to Kagame as "one of the greatest leaders of our time".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2012-315">[313]</a> Both Clinton and Blair have maintained support for the country beyond the end of their terms of office, Clinton via the <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Global_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinton Global Initiative">Clinton Global Initiative</a> and Blair through his role as an unpaid advisor to the Rwandan government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWintour2008-317">[315]</a> As part of his policy of maintaining close relations with English speaking countries, Kagame sought membership of the Commonwealth of Nations, which was granted in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPflanz2009-318">[316]</a> Rwanda was only the second country, after <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, to join the Commonwealth having never had colonial links to the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPflanz2009-318">[316]</a> Kagame attended the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting" title="Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting">Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting</a> in Perth, Australia, addressing the Business Forum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffice_of_the_President_(II)2011-319">[317]</a> Rwanda also successfully applied for a rotating seat on the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> in 2012, taking over the presidency of that organisation in April 2013.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunyaneza2013-320">[318]</a> Kagame's relations with the US and UK came under strain in the early 2010s, following allegations that Rwanda is supporting the M23 rebel movement in Eastern Congo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2012-315">[313]</a> The UK suspended its budgetary aid programme in 2012, freezing a <a href="/wiki/Pound_Sterling" class="mw-redirect" title="Pound Sterling">£</a>21 million donation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(XVI)2012-321">[319]</a> Other European nations such as Germany also suspended general budgetary support from 2008 onwards. Payments by these countries were gradually restored from 2013, but took the form of sector budgetary support and support for specific programmes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDEval2008-322">[320]</a> The US also froze some of its military aid programme for Rwanda in 2012, although it stopped short of suspending aid altogether.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGreal2012-323">[321]</a> By 2020, the US remained supportive of Kagame's government and was Rwanda's largest bilateral donor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_State_(V)2020-324">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSAID2020-325">[323]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China_and_moves_towards_self-sufficiency">China and moves towards self-sufficiency</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="China–Rwanda relations">China–Rwanda relations</a></div> China has been investing in Rwandan infrastructure since 1971, with early projects including hospitals in <a href="/wiki/Kibungo" title="Kibungo">Kibungo</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masaka_(Rwanda)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masaka (Rwanda) (page does not exist)">Masaka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMizero20121-326">[324]</a> Under Kagame's presidency, trade between the two countries has grown rapidly. The volume of trade increased five-fold between 2005 and 2009,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusoni2011-327">[325]</a> and it doubled again in the following three years, being worth US$160 million in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGasore2013-328">[326]</a> Projects completed include the renovation of the Kigali road network, funded using a Chinese government loan and undertaken by <a href="/wiki/Road_and_Bridge_Construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Road and Bridge Construction">China Road and Bridge Corporation</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChina_Road_and_Bridge_Corporation2007-329">[327]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Kigali_City_Tower" title="Kigali City Tower">Kigali City Tower</a>, which was built by <a href="/wiki/China_Civil_Engineering_Construction" class="mw-redirect" title="China Civil Engineering Construction">China Civil Engineering Construction</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsiimwe2010-330">[328]</a> and a pay television service operated by <a href="/wiki/Star_Media" title="Star Media">Star Media</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButera2011-331">[329]</a> Kagame has been vocal in his praise of China and its model for relations with Africa, saying in a 2009 interview that "the Chinese bring what Africa needs: investment and money for governments and companies".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(XV)2009-332">[330]</a> This is in contrast to Western countries, whom Kagame accuses of focussing too heavily on giving aid to the continent rather than building a trading relationship; he also believes that they keep African products out of the world marketplace by the use of high <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(XV)2009-332">[330]</a> China does not openly involve itself in the domestic affairs of the countries with which it trades,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(XV)2009-332">[330]</a> hence has not followed the West in criticising Kagame's alleged involvement in the war in the Congo. Kagame's ultimate goal in international relations is to shift Rwanda from a country dependent on donor aid and loans towards self-sufficiency, trading with other countries on an equal footing. In a 2009 article, Kagame wrote that "the primary purpose of aid should ultimately be to work itself out", and should therefore focus on self-sufficiency and building private sector development.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKagame2009-333">[331]</a> Kagame cited an example of donor countries providing free fertilisers to farmers; he believes this to be wrong because it undercuts local fertiliser businesses, preventing them from growing and becoming competitive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKagame2009-333">[331]</a> In 2012, Kagame launched the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agaciro_Development_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agaciro Development Fund (page does not exist)">Agaciro Development Fund</a>, following proposals made at a national dialogue session in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgaciro_Development_Fund_(I)2-334">[332]</a> Agaciro is a solidarity fund whose goal is to provide development finance sourced within Rwanda, supplementing aid already received from overseas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffice_of_the_President_(III)2012-335">[333]</a> The fund invites contributions from Rwandan citizens, within the country and in the diaspora, as well as private companies and "friends of Rwanda".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgaciro_Development_Fund_(I)2-334">[332]</a> The fund will allocate its funds based on consultations with the populace,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgaciro_Development_Fund_(I)2-334">[332]</a> as well as financing projects contributing to the Vision 2020 programme.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgaciro_Development_Fund_(II)-336">[334]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assassinations">Assassinations</h2></div> Throughout Kagame's tenure as vice president and president, he has been linked with murders and disappearances of political opponents, both in Rwanda and abroad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2010-337">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYork2015-338">[336]</a> In a 2014 report titled "Repression Across Borders", Human Rights Watch documents at least 10 cases involving attacks or threats against critics outside Rwanda since the late 1990s, citing their criticism of the Rwandan government, the RPF or Kagame.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuman_Rights_Watch_(III)2014-339">[337]</a> Examples include the killing of Sendashonga in 1998, the assassination attempts against Nyamwasa in South Africa, as well as the murder of former intelligence chief <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Karegeya" title="Patrick Karegeya">Patrick Karegeya</a> in South Africa on 31 December 2013. Speaking about Karegeya's killing, Kagame spoke of his approval, saying "whoever betrays the country will pay the price, I assure you".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYork2015-338">[336]</a> In 2015, a former Rwandan military officer testified before the U.S. Congress that the Rwandan government had offered him $1 million to assassinate Karegeya as well as Kagame critic General <a href="/wiki/Kayumba_Nyamwasa" title="Kayumba Nyamwasa">Kayumba Nyamwasa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_House_Foreign_Affairs_Subcommittee_on_Africa,_Global_Health_and_Global_Human_Rights2015-340">[338]</a> After his testimony, this officer himself faced threats in Belgium as did a Canadian journalist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYork2015-338">[336]</a> In December 2017, a South African court found that the Rwandan government continued to plot the assassination of its critics overseas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYork2017-341">[339]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chairperson_of_the_African_Union">Chairperson of the African Union</h2></div> Kagame was <a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson of the African Union</a> from 28 January 2018 to 10 February 2019.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMumbere2018-342">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohamed_(I)2019-343">[341]</a> As Chair, Kagame promoted the <a href="/wiki/Single_African_Air_Transport_Market" title="Single African Air Transport Market">Single African Air Transport Market</a> (SAATM) and the African <a href="/wiki/Continental_Free_Trade_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Free Trade Area">Continental Free Trade Area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMumbere2018-342">[340]</a> The proposed Continental Free Trade Area was signed on 21 March 2018 by 44 of the 55 AU nations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArab_News2018-344">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgence_France-Presse2019-345">[343]</a> By the time he left office in February 2019, the Continental Free Trade had already been ratified by 19 of the 22 nations needed for it to officially go into effect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgence_France-Presse2019-345">[343]</a> Kagame also pushed through a reform of African Union structures in an effort to improve their effectiveness and make them financially sustainable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurianskyiGruzd20192-346">[344]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_image_and_personality">Public image and personality</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rwandan_President_Paul_Kagame.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Picture of Kagame, standing, wearing a dark suit with purple tie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Rwandan_President_Paul_Kagame.jpg/170px-Rwandan_President_Paul_Kagame.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Rwandan_President_Paul_Kagame.jpg/255px-Rwandan_President_Paul_Kagame.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Rwandan_President_Paul_Kagame.jpg/340px-Rwandan_President_Paul_Kagame.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>Kagame visited the 2014 ITU Plenipotentiary conference in <a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a>, South Korea.</figcaption></figure> Views on his leadership vary widely among international scholars and journalists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaplan2018154-347">[345]</a> According to political scientist Alexander Dukalskis, Kagame has been adept in developing a sophisticated positive image of Rwanda abroad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDukalskis2021140-348">[346]</a> Dukalskis says that to suppress negative information, the Kagame regime has curtailed access to academics and journalists, and threatened and assassinated critics of the regime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDukalskis2021140-348">[346]</a> Others, such as <a href="/wiki/Philip_Gourevitch" title="Philip Gourevitch">Philip Gourevitch</a>, author of the 1998 book <a href="/wiki/We_Wish_to_Inform_You_That_Tomorrow_We_Will_Be_Killed_with_Our_Families" title="We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families">We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families</a>, focus on his achievements in ending the genocide after the international community failed to do so, as well as the reconciliation, economic growth, foreign investment, improved public health and education.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaplan2018154-347">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldorf2017-349">[347]</a> This is countered by authors such as Judi Rever, who highlight war crimes committed by the RPF before, during, and after the 1994 genocide, the effects of the civil war, assassinations of opponents and the totalitarianism of his regime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaplan2018154-347">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatfess2015-350">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECongo_Forum2016-351">[349]</a> In Rethinking the Rwandan Narrative for the 25th Anniversary, Gerald Caplan states that a new narrative is required to reconcile these conflicting viewpoints, incorporating aspects from both points of view and "striking the proper balance between the old and the newly revised".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaplan2018185-352">[350]</a> In Rwanda, Kagame's RPF is seen as a Tutsi-dominated party, and in the years following the 1994 genocide, it was deeply unpopular with the Hutu, who constitute 85% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier2009122–123-120">[119]</a> Approximately two million Hutu lived as refugees in neighbouring countries until 1996, when Kagame forced them to return home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier2009122–123-120">[119]</a> Many Hutu also supported the late 1990s cross-border insurgency against Kagame by defeated forces of the former regime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer2008209-121">[120]</a> By 1999, the RPF had weakened the insurgents and Tutsi and Hutu began living together peacefully in the northwest. Kayumba Nyamwasa, at the time still part of the Rwandan army, said that "the mood had changed", attributing a shift in Hutu attitude to a shift in the "balance of forces in the country", with the genocidaires having "no chance of returning to power".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrittain1999-124">[123]</a> As of 2021, with a lack of free speech in Rwanda,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedom_House2011-353">[351]</a> and elections which are generally regarded as lacking freedom and fairness,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_State_(II)2017-170">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuman_Rights_Watch_(IV)2017-171">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutsche_Welle2017-172">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaplan2018161-149">[148]</a> Kagame's popularity among the Rwandan population is unknown. Journalists Jason Burke of <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a>'s Rashid Abdallah describe the president as "authentically popular in Rwanda" and as enjoying "overwhelming public support" respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurke2017-205">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdallah2019-354">[352]</a> British journalist and author <a href="/wiki/Michela_Wrong" title="Michela Wrong">Michela Wrong</a> and Filip Reyntjens disagree, with Wrong saying that "the level of invective Kagame dedicates to the Rwanda National Congress, the amount of energy he has expended trying to get Uganda and South Africa to expel or extradite or close down these players, suggests he sees them as a real threat".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReyntjens2011-176">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuhumuza2019-355">[353]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:01.KagameProtest.JWMarriott.NW.WDC.31may06_(157539675).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/01.KagameProtest.JWMarriott.NW.WDC.31may06_%28157539675%29.jpg/220px-01.KagameProtest.JWMarriott.NW.WDC.31may06_%28157539675%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/01.KagameProtest.JWMarriott.NW.WDC.31may06_%28157539675%29.jpg/330px-01.KagameProtest.JWMarriott.NW.WDC.31may06_%28157539675%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/01.KagameProtest.JWMarriott.NW.WDC.31may06_%28157539675%29.jpg/440px-01.KagameProtest.JWMarriott.NW.WDC.31may06_%28157539675%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1648" /></a><figcaption>Protests against Kagame during his May 2006 visit to the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>. The banner in the center says the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> should "stop supporting the genocide in [the] <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a>".</figcaption></figure> Kagame's image among foreign leaders was very positive until the late 2000s. He was credited with ending the genocide, bringing peace and security to Rwanda, and achieving development. Since 2010, the international community has increasingly criticized Kagame following a leaked United Nations report alleging Rwanda's support for the rebel M23 movement in Congo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News_(XIV)2012-280">[278]</a> In 2012, the United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands and several other countries suspended programmes of budget support to Rwanda, with many redirecting their aid to project-based assistance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord2012-356">[354]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?280860-1/a-thousand-hills-rwandas-rebirth-man-dreamt-it">Presentation by Kinzer on A Thousand Hills, June 18, 2008</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Describing Kagame's personality, <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_Dallaire" title="Roméo Dallaire">Roméo Dallaire</a> has written that he has a "studious air that didn't quite disguise his hawk-like intensity".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallaire200566-357">[355]</a> American journalist <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kinzer" title="Stephen Kinzer">Stephen Kinzer</a>, who wrote the biography A Thousand Hills: Rwanda's Rebirth and the Man Who Dreamed It in collaboration with Kagame himself, describes him as "one of the most intriguing leaders in Africa".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer20083-358">[356]</a> Despite praising Kagame's leadership skills,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer20083-358">[356]</a> Kinzer also cites a personality of "chronic impatience, barely suppressed anger, and impulsive scorn for critics".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer20085-359">[357]</a> In an interview with the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Telegraph">Daily Telegraph</a>'s Richard Grant, Kagame said that he sleeps for only four hours per night, devoting the remainder of his day to work, exercise, family, and reading academic texts and foreign newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2010-230">[228]</a> When asked about his reputation for physically beating his subordinates by journalist <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Gettleman" title="Jeffrey Gettleman">Jeffrey Gettleman</a>, Kagame said, "I can be very tough, I can make mistakes like that".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldorf201774-360">[358]</a> Kagame has received <a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honours_bestowed_upon_Paul_Kagame" title="List of awards and honours bestowed upon Paul Kagame">many honours and accolades</a> during his presidency. These include honorary degrees and medals from several Western universities,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversity_of_the_Pacific2010-361">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOklahoma_Christian_University-362">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversity_of_Glasgow2007-363">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColumbia_University-364">[362]</a> as well as the highest awards bestowed by the countries of <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_Times_(II)2009-365">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_Times_(III)2010-366">[364]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Council_for_East_and_Central_Africa_Football_Associations" class="mw-redirect" title="Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations">Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations</a> football tournament has been named the <a href="/wiki/Kagame_Interclub_Cup" title="Kagame Interclub Cup">Kagame Interclub Cup</a> since 2002, due to Kagame's sponsorship of the event.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanaPress2002-367">[365]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JeannetteKagame.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Jeannette Kagame shown sitting at a desk at a public event, wearing a yellow jacket" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/JeannetteKagame.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="126" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="126" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Kagame" title="Jeannette Kagame">Jeannette Kagame</a>, Paul Kagame's wife</figcaption></figure> Kagame married <a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Kagame" title="Jeannette Kagame">Jeannette Nyiramongi</a>, a Tutsi exile living in <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, Kenya, in Uganda on 10 June 1989.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer200859–62-368">[366]</a> Kagame had asked his relatives to suggest a suitable marriage and they recommended Nyiramongi. Kagame travelled to Nairobi and introduced himself, persuading her to visit him in Uganda. Nyiramongi was familiar with the RPF and its goal of returning refugees to Rwanda. She held Kagame in high regard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer200859–62-368">[366]</a> The couple have four children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENamanya2009-369">[367]</a> His daughter, Ange Kagame Ndengeyingoma, completed her education abroad and was absent from the public eye for most of her childhood due to security and privacy reasons.<a href="#cite_note-WomenHallComesofAge-370">[368]</a> She attended <a href="/wiki/Dana_Hall_School" title="Dana Hall School">Dana Hall School</a>, a private preparatory school located in <a href="/wiki/Wellesley,_Massachusetts" title="Wellesley, Massachusetts">Wellesley, Massachusetts</a> in the United States. She attended <a href="/wiki/Smith_College" title="Smith College">Smith College</a> where she majored in political science with a minor in African studies. She also holds a master's degree in international affairs from <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Kagame can speak three languages, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>,<a href="#cite_note-IgiheMuKiganiro-371">[369]</a> and is a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Arsenal_F.C." title="Arsenal F.C.">Arsenal F.C</a>.<a href="#cite_note-372">[370]</a> He is <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a><a href="#cite_note-373">[371]</a><a href="#cite_note-374">[372]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teetotalism" title="Teetotalism">teetotal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-375">[373]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2></div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:BEN_National_Order_of_Dahomey_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/BEN_National_Order_of_Dahomey_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/60px-BEN_National_Order_of_Dahomey_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/BEN_National_Order_of_Dahomey_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/90px-BEN_National_Order_of_Dahomey_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/BEN_National_Order_of_Dahomey_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/120px-BEN_National_Order_of_Dahomey_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_Benin" title="National Order of Benin">National Order of Benin</a> (2010)</li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Burkina_Faso_Ordre_national_GC_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Burkina_Faso_Ordre_national_GC_ribbon.svg/60px-Burkina_Faso_Ordre_national_GC_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Burkina_Faso_Ordre_national_GC_ribbon.svg/90px-Burkina_Faso_Ordre_national_GC_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Burkina_Faso_Ordre_national_GC_ribbon.svg/120px-Burkina_Faso_Ordre_national_GC_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Grand Cross of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordre_de_l%27%C3%89talon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ordre de l'Étalon (page does not exist)">Ordre de l'Étalon</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordre_de_l%27%C3%89talon" class="extiw" title="fr:Ordre de l'Étalon">fr</a>], formerly National Order of Burkina Faso (2019)<a href="#cite_note-376">[374]</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:CAR_Ordre_de_la_Reconnaissance_Centrafricaine_GC_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/CAR_Ordre_de_la_Reconnaissance_Centrafricaine_GC_ribbon.svg/60px-CAR_Ordre_de_la_Reconnaissance_Centrafricaine_GC_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/CAR_Ordre_de_la_Reconnaissance_Centrafricaine_GC_ribbon.svg/90px-CAR_Ordre_de_la_Reconnaissance_Centrafricaine_GC_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/CAR_Ordre_de_la_Reconnaissance_Centrafricaine_GC_ribbon.svg/120px-CAR_Ordre_de_la_Reconnaissance_Centrafricaine_GC_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Grand Cross of the Order of Reconnaissance of Central African (2019)</li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:National_Order_of_Merit_-_Grand_Cross_(Guinea).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/National_Order_of_Merit_-_Grand_Cross_%28Guinea%29.png/60px-National_Order_of_Merit_-_Grand_Cross_%28Guinea%29.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/National_Order_of_Merit_-_Grand_Cross_%28Guinea%29.png/90px-National_Order_of_Merit_-_Grand_Cross_%28Guinea%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/National_Order_of_Merit_-_Grand_Cross_%28Guinea%29.png/120px-National_Order_of_Merit_-_Grand_Cross_%28Guinea%29.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_Merit_(Guinea)" title="National Order of Merit (Guinea)">National Order of Merit</a> (2016)<a href="#cite_note-377">[375]</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Medalha_Am%C3%ADlcar_Cabral.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Medalha_Am%C3%ADlcar_Cabral.svg/60px-Medalha_Am%C3%ADlcar_Cabral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Medalha_Am%C3%ADlcar_Cabral.svg/90px-Medalha_Am%C3%ADlcar_Cabral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Medalha_Am%C3%ADlcar_Cabral.svg/120px-Medalha_Am%C3%ADlcar_Cabral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Recipient of the Medal of Amílcar Cabral (20 June 2024)<a href="#cite_note-378">[376]</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Cote_d%27Ivoire_Ordre_national_GC_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Cote_d%27Ivoire_Ordre_national_GC_ribbon.svg/60px-Cote_d%27Ivoire_Ordre_national_GC_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Cote_d%27Ivoire_Ordre_national_GC_ribbon.svg/90px-Cote_d%27Ivoire_Ordre_national_GC_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Cote_d%27Ivoire_Ordre_national_GC_ribbon.svg/120px-Cote_d%27Ivoire_Ordre_national_GC_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/National_Order_of_the_Ivory_Coast" title="National Order of the Ivory Coast">National Order of the Ivory Coast</a> (2018)<a href="#cite_note-379">[377]</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_Wissam_al_Mohamadi_Morocco.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ribbon_Wissam_al_Mohamadi_Morocco.png/60px-Ribbon_Wissam_al_Mohamadi_Morocco.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ribbon_Wissam_al_Mohamadi_Morocco.png/90px-Ribbon_Wissam_al_Mohamadi_Morocco.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Ribbon_Wissam_al_Mohamadi_Morocco.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a> Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Muhammad" title="Order of Muhammad">Order of Muhammad</a> (2016)<a href="#cite_note-380">[378]</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Pioneers_of_Liberia_-_ribbon_bar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Order_of_the_Pioneers_of_Liberia_-_ribbon_bar.png/60px-Order_of_the_Pioneers_of_Liberia_-_ribbon_bar.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Order_of_the_Pioneers_of_Liberia_-_ribbon_bar.png/90px-Order_of_the_Pioneers_of_Liberia_-_ribbon_bar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Order_of_the_Pioneers_of_Liberia_-_ribbon_bar.png/120px-Order_of_the_Pioneers_of_Liberia_-_ribbon_bar.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Pioneers_of_Liberia" title="Order of the Pioneers of Liberia">Order of the Pioneers of Liberia</a> (2009)</li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Orden_Republike_Srbije.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Orden_Republike_Srbije.gif/60px-Orden_Republike_Srbije.gif" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Orden_Republike_Srbije.gif/90px-Orden_Republike_Srbije.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Orden_Republike_Srbije.gif/120px-Orden_Republike_Srbije.gif 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Second Class of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Order of the Republic of Serbia">Order of the Republic of Serbia</a> (2016)</li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Pearl_of_Africa_(Uganda)_-_ribbon_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Order_of_the_Pearl_of_Africa_%28Uganda%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/60px-Order_of_the_Pearl_of_Africa_%28Uganda%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Order_of_the_Pearl_of_Africa_%28Uganda%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/90px-Order_of_the_Pearl_of_Africa_%28Uganda%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Order_of_the_Pearl_of_Africa_%28Uganda%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/120px-Order_of_the_Pearl_of_Africa_%28Uganda%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Most_Excellent_Order_of_the_Pearl_of_Africa" title="Most Excellent Order of the Pearl of Africa">Most Excellent Order of the Pearl of Africa</a>: Grand Master (2012)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Francophonie" class="mw-redirect" title="La Francophonie">La Francophonie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Ordre_de_la_Pl%C3%A9iade_(Francophonie).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ordre_de_la_Pl%C3%A9iade_%28Francophonie%29.gif/60px-Ordre_de_la_Pl%C3%A9iade_%28Francophonie%29.gif" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ordre_de_la_Pl%C3%A9iade_%28Francophonie%29.gif/90px-Ordre_de_la_Pl%C3%A9iade_%28Francophonie%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ordre_de_la_Pl%C3%A9iade_%28Francophonie%29.gif/120px-Ordre_de_la_Pl%C3%A9iade_%28Francophonie%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_La_Pl%C3%A9iade" title="Order of La Pléiade">Order of La Pléiade</a> (2022)<a href="#cite_note-381">[379]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rwanda" title="History of Rwanda">History of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Rwanda" title="Politics of Rwanda">Politics of Rwanda</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Marchal told Rever, "Not only did the RPF not show the slightest interest in protecting Tutsis, it fuelled the chaos. The RPF had one objective. It was to seize power and use the massacres as stock in trade to justify its military operations. This is what I saw."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrett2018909–912-85">[85]</a> Meanwhile, Dallaire wrote in <a href="/wiki/Shake_Hands_with_the_Devil_(book)" title="Shake Hands with the Devil (book)">Shake Hands with the Devil</a> that "the deaths of Rwandans can also be laid at the door of the military genius, Paul Kagame, who did not speed up his [military] campaign when the scale of the genocide became clear, and even talked candidly with me at several points about the price his fellow Tutsi might have to pay for the cause. The 'cause' was clear. It was not defeating the Government's forces to stop the genocide as soon as possible. It was continuing the civil war until the RPF could take over the entire country."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaplan2018154–155-86">[86]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> Average of 8.371 (2000), 8.485 (2001), 13.192 (2002), 2.202 (2003), 7.448 (2004), 9.378 (2005), 9.227 (2006), 7.633 (2007), 11.161 (2008), 6.248 (2009), 7.335 (2010), 7.958 (2011), 8.642 (2012), 4.72 (2013), 6.167 (2014), 8.857 (2015), 5.971 (2016), 3.976 (2017), 8.579 (2018), 9.461 (2019), −3.355 (2020).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank_(VI)2020-224">[223]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaugh20048-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaugh20048_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaugh20048_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaugh20048_1-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaugh2004">Waugh 2004</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffice_of_the_President_(I)2011-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffice_of_the_President_(I)2011_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOffice_of_the_President_(I)2011">Office of the President (I) 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrétien2003160-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChrétien2003160_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChrétien2003">Chrétien 2003</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelmas1950-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelmas1950_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDelmas1950">Delmas 1950</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_(II)-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_(II)_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUnited_Nations_(II)">United Nations (II)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_(III)-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_(III)_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUnited_Nations_(III)">United Nations (III)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2010450-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2010450_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAppiahGates2010">Appiah & Gates 2010</a>, p. 450. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier199911–12-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrunier199911–12_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrunier1999">Prunier 1999</a>, pp. 11–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMamdani200261-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMamdani200261_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMamdani2002">Mamdani 2002</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGourevitch200058–59-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGourevitch200058–59_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGourevitch2000">Gourevitch 2000</a>, pp. 58–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier199951-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrunier199951_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrunier1999">Prunier 1999</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer200812-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinzer200812_12-0">^</a> 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p. 216. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer2008215–218-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinzer2008215–218_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinzer2008215–218_123-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKinzer2008">Kinzer 2008</a>, pp. 215–218. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrittain1999-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrittain1999_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrittain1999_124-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrittain1999">Brittain 1999</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBymanChalkHoffmanRosenau200118-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBymanChalkHoffmanRosenau200118_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBymanChalkHoffmanRosenau2001">Byman et al. 2001</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier2009113–116-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrunier2009113–116_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrunier2009">Prunier 2009</a>, pp. 113–116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrunier2009128–133-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrunier2009128–133_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrunier2009">Prunier 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news24.com/news24/former-rwandan-pres-arrested-20020421">"Former Rwandan pres arrested"</a>. <a href="/wiki/News24_(website)" title="News24 (website)">News24</a>. <a 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Review of African Political Economy. 39 (133): 427–450. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03056244.2012.710836">10.1080/03056244.2012.710836</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10.1080%2F03056244.2012.710836">10.1080/03056244.2012.710836</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-6244">0305-6244</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154937703">154937703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+African+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Rwanda%27s+Vision+2020+halfway+through%3A+what+the+eye+does+not+see&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=133&rft.pages=427-450&rft.date=2012-09-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10.1080%2F03056244.2012.710836&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154937703%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0305-6244&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03056244.2012.710836&rft.aulast=Ansoms&rft.aufirst=An&rft.au=Rostagno%2C+Donatella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppiahGates2010" class="citation book cs1">Appiah, Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC">Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 1</a> (illustrated ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9"><bdi>978-0-19-533770-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111210158/https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 18 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Africa%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533770-9&rft.aulast=Appiah&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Gates%2C+Henry+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA0XNvklcqbwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArab_News2018" class="citation web cs1">Arab News (21 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabnews.com/node/1270936/business-economy">"44 African nations sign pact establishing free trade area"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180526221224/http://www.arabnews.com/node/1270936/business-economy">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=44+African+nations+sign+pact+establishing+free+trade+area&rft.date=2018-03-21&rft.au=Arab+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F1270936%2Fbusiness-economy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmbruster2003" class="citation news cs1">Armbruster, Stefan (18 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/2775029.stm">"Rwanda denies DRC plundering"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609073913/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/2775029.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Rwanda+denies+DRC+plundering&rft.date=2003-02-18&rft.aulast=Armbruster&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F2775029.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsiimwe2007" class="citation news cs1">Asiimwe, Arthur (6 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-rwanda-president-idUSL0650070720070406">"Rwanda's ex-president freed from prison"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210121070836/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-rwanda-president-idUSL0650070720070406">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rwanda%27s+ex-president+freed+from+prison&rft.date=2007-04-06&rft.aulast=Asiimwe&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-rwanda-president-idUSL0650070720070406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsiimwe2010" class="citation news cs1">Asiimwe, Bosco (26 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140320190317/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=14364&a=32913">"$200m project launched in Kigali"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Times_(Rwanda)" title="The New Times (Rwanda)">The New Times</a>. Kigali. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=14364&a=32913">the original</a> on 20 March 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Times&rft.atitle=%24200m+project+launched+in+Kigali&rft.date=2010-08-26&rft.aulast=Asiimwe&rft.aufirst=Bosco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newtimes.co.rw%2Fnews%2Findex.php%3Fi%3D14364%26a%3D32913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssociated_Press_(I)1981" class="citation news cs1">Associated Press (I) (7 April 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ffVdAAAAIBAJ&pg=1617,1050843&dq=museveni&hl=en">"Guerrillas Ambush Troops in Uganda"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Observer%E2%80%93Reporter" title="Observer–Reporter">Observer–Reporter</a>. Washington, Penn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200618133547/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ffVdAAAAIBAJ&pg=1617,1050843&dq=museveni&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Observer%E2%80%93Reporter&rft.atitle=Guerrillas+Ambush+Troops+in+Uganda&rft.date=1981-04-07&rft.au=Associated+Press+%28I%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DffVdAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1617%2C1050843%26dq%3Dmuseveni%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssociated_Press_(II)2010" class="citation news cs1">Associated Press (II) (20 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna34958903">"Review of Congo war halves death toll"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201023150043/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/34958903/ns/world_news-africa/t/review-congo-war-halves-death-toll/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Review+of+Congo+war+halves+death+toll&rft.date=2010-01-20&rft.au=Associated+Press+%28II%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna34958903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_Associated_Press2004" class="citation news cs1">Australian Associated Press (7 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ffVdAAAAIBAJ&pg=1617,1050843&hl=en">"We did our best in Rwanda: France"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a>. Retrieved 10 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=We+did+our+best+in+Rwanda%3A+France&rft.date=2004-04-07&rft.au=Australian+Associated+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DffVdAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1617%2C1050843%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_War_Memorial" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Australian_War_Memorial" title="Australian War Memorial">Australian War Memorial</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/units/unit_15687.asp">"United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR)"</a>. War history. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130701223309/http://www.awm.gov.au/units/unit_15687.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=War+history&rft.atitle=United+Nations+Assistance+Mission+for+Rwanda+%28UNAMIR%29&rft.au=Australian+War+Memorial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Funits%2Funit_15687.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBariyo2020" class="citation web cs1">Bariyo, Nicholas (29 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/rwandas-aggressive-approach-to-covid-wins-plauditsand-warnings-11601372482">"Rwanda's Aggressive Approach to Covid Wins Plaudits—and Warnings"</a>. Wall Street Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201216154550/https://www.wsj.com/articles/rwandas-aggressive-approach-to-covid-wins-plauditsand-warnings-11601372482">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Rwanda%27s+Aggressive+Approach+to+Covid+Wins+Plaudits%E2%80%94and+Warnings&rft.date=2020-09-29&rft.aulast=Bariyo&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Frwandas-aggressive-approach-to-covid-wins-plauditsand-warnings-11601372482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_News_(I)2010" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News (I)</a> (12 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8453832.stm">"Hutus 'killed Rwanda President Juvenal Habyarimana'"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130601115647/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8453832.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hutus+%27killed+Rwanda+President+Juvenal+Habyarimana%27&rft.date=2010-01-12&rft.au=BBC+News+%28I%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F8453832.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_News_(II)" class="citation news cs1">BBC News (II). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13283212">"Democratic Republic of Congo profile"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120021105/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13283212">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Democratic+Republic+of+Congo+profile&rft.au=BBC+News+%28II%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-13283212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_News_(III)2000" class="citation news cs1">BBC News (III) (23 March 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/687952.stm">"Rwandan president quits"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170814065003/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/687952.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rwandan+president+quits&rft.date=2000-03-23&rft.au=BBC+News+%28III%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F687952.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_News_(IV)2000" class="citation news cs1">BBC News (IV) (17 April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/716861.stm">"Kagame elected Rwandan president"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201016101403/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/716861.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kagame+elected+Rwandan+president&rft.date=2000-04-17&rft.au=BBC+News+%28IV%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F716861.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_News_(V)2000" class="citation news cs1">BBC News (V) (22 April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/722726.stm">"Rwanda's Kagame sworn in"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801131242/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/722726.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rwanda%27s+Kagame+sworn+in&rft.date=2000-04-22&rft.au=BBC+News+%28V%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F722726.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_News_(VI)2007" class="citation news cs1">BBC News (VI) (6 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6533163.stm">"Rwanda ex-leader freed from jail"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201215181612/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6533163.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rwanda+ex-leader+freed+from+jail&rft.date=2007-04-06&rft.au=BBC+News+%28VI%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F6533163.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_News_(VII)2003" class="citation news cs1">BBC News (VII) (26 May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/2937890.stm">"Rwanda votes on constitution"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022152150/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/2937890.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rwanda+votes+on+constitution&rft.date=2003-05-26&rft.au=BBC+News+%28VII%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F2937890.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_News_(VIII)2003" class="citation news cs1">BBC News (VIII) (4 July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3043980.stm">"Rwanda sets election date"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240718185503/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3043980.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rwanda+sets+election+date&rft.date=2003-07-04&rft.au=BBC+News+%28VIII%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F3043980.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_News_(IX)2003" class="citation news cs1">BBC News (IX) (9 May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3014789.stm">"Rwanda denies clampdown"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040606143702/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3014789.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2004. Retrieved 8 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rwanda+denies+clampdown&rft.date=2003-05-09&rft.au=BBC+News+%28IX%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F3014789.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_News_(X)2003" class="citation news cs1">BBC News (X) (10 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3138861.stm">"Rwanda opposition launches campaign"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200511154552/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3138861.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rwanda+opposition+launches+campaign&rft.date=2003-08-10&rft.au=BBC+News+%28X%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F3138861.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_News_(XI)2006" class="citation news cs1">BBC News (XI) (23 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6177370.stm">"France issues Rwanda warrants"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210218062322/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6177370.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=France+issues+Rwanda+warrants&rft.date=2006-11-23&rft.au=BBC+News+%28XI%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F6177370.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_News_(XII)2006" class="citation news cs1">BBC News (XII) (24 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6179436.stm">"Rwanda cuts relations with France"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200826230904/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6179436.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rwanda+cuts+relations+with+France&rft.date=2006-11-24&rft.au=BBC+News+%28XII%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F6179436.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_News_(XIII)2011" class="citation news cs1">BBC News (XIII) (12 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14876643">"Rwanda's Kagame pays 'reconciliation visit' to France"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201215014402/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14876643">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rwanda%27s+Kagame+pays+%27reconciliation+visit%27+to+France&rft.date=2011-09-12&rft.au=BBC+News+%28XIII%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-14876643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_News_(XIV)2012" class="citation news cs1">BBC News (XIV) (17 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19973366">"Rwanda defence chief leads DR Congo rebels, UN report says"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121103170522/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19973366">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rwanda+defence+chief+leads+DR+Congo+rebels%2C+UN+report+says&rft.date=2012-10-17&rft.au=BBC+News+%28XIV%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-19973366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_News_(XV)2009" class="citation news cs1">BBC News (XV) (11 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8301826.stm">"China praised for African links"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201215181737/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8301826.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China+praised+for+African+links&rft.date=2009-10-11&rft.au=BBC+News+%28XV%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F8301826.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_News_(XVI)2012" class="citation news cs1">BBC News (XVI) (30 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-20553872">"UK stops £21m aid payment to Rwanda"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201215181706/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-20553872">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=UK+stops+%C2%A321m+aid+payment+to+Rwanda&rft.date=2012-11-30&rft.au=BBC+News+%28XVI%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-20553872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_News_(XVII)2014" class="citation news cs1">BBC News (XVII) (5 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-27714346">"Rwanda 'protecting M23 DR Congo rebels'"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231118203642/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-27714346">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rwanda+%27protecting+M23+DR+Congo+rebels%27&rft.date=2014-06-05&rft.au=BBC+News+%28XVII%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-27714346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_News_(XVIII)2015" class="citation news cs1">BBC News (XVIII) (9 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-35049885">"Paul Kagame's third term: Rwanda referendum on 18 December"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171123045750/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-35049885">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Paul+Kagame%27s+third+term%3A+Rwanda+referendum+on+18+December&rft.date=2015-12-09&rft.au=BBC+News+%28XVIII%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-35049885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_News_(XIX)2018" class="citation news cs1">BBC News (XIX) (15 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-45532922">"Victoire Ingabire: Rwanda frees 2,000 people including opposition figure"</a>. Retrieved 3 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Victoire+Ingabire%3A+Rwanda+frees+2%2C000+people+including+opposition+figure&rft.date=2018-09-15&rft.au=BBC+News+%28XIX%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-45532922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaubien2020" class="citation web cs1">Beaubien, Jason (15 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/07/15/889802561/a-covid-19-success-story-in-rwanda-free-testing-robot-caregivers">"Why Rwanda Is Doing Better Than Ohio When It Comes To Controlling COVID-19"</a>. NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205055751/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/07/15/889802561/a-covid-19-success-story-in-rwanda-free-testing-robot-caregivers">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Why+Rwanda+Is+Doing+Better+Than+Ohio+When+It+Comes+To+Controlling+COVID-19&rft.date=2020-07-15&rft.aulast=Beaubien&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fgoatsandsoda%2F2020%2F07%2F15%2F889802561%2Fa-covid-19-success-story-in-rwanda-free-testing-robot-caregivers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaumont2010" class="citation news cs1">Beaumont, Peter (18 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/18/attacks-rwandan-opposition-un-warning">"Deadly attacks on Rwandan opposition spark warning by UN"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170814175815/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/18/attacks-rwandan-opposition-un-warning">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Deadly+attacks+on+Rwandan+opposition+spark+warning+by+UN&rft.date=2010-07-18&rft.aulast=Beaumont&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fjul%2F18%2Fattacks-rwandan-opposition-un-warning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaver_County_Times2003" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Beaver_County_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaver County Times">Beaver County Times</a> (26 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Kh4vAAAAIBAJ&pg=5638,6681334&dq=kagame&hl=en">"Incumbent Claims Victory"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200618074219/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Kh4vAAAAIBAJ&pg=5638,6681334&dq=kagame&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Incumbent+Claims+Victory&rft.date=2003-08-26&rft.au=Beaver+County+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DKh4vAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5638%2C6681334%26dq%3Dkagame%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirakwate2012" class="citation news cs1">Birakwate, Bruno (26 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130418052607/http://focus.rw/wp/2012/03/google-maps-to-promote-rwandas-tourism/">"Google Maps to promote Rwanda's tourism"</a>. Rwanda Focus. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://focus.rw/wp/2012/03/google-maps-to-promote-rwandas-tourism/">the original</a> on 18 April 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rwanda+Focus&rft.atitle=Google+Maps+to+promote+Rwanda%27s+tourism&rft.date=2012-03-26&rft.aulast=Birakwate&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffocus.rw%2Fwp%2F2012%2F03%2Fgoogle-maps-to-promote-rwandas-tourism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonner1994" class="citation news cs1">Bonner, Raymond (7 September 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/07/world/rwanda-s-leaders-vow-to-build-a-multiparty-state-for-both-hutu-and-tutsi.html">"Rwanda's Leaders Vow to Build a Multiparty State for Both Hutu and Tutsi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. New York, N.Y. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119233054/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/07/world/rwanda-s-leaders-vow-to-build-a-multiparty-state-for-both-hutu-and-tutsi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Rwanda%27s+Leaders+Vow+to+Build+a+Multiparty+State+for+Both+Hutu+and+Tutsi&rft.date=1994-09-07&rft.aulast=Bonner&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F09%2F07%2Fworld%2Frwanda-s-leaders-vow-to-build-a-multiparty-state-for-both-hutu-and-tutsi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraquehaisNorris-Trent2010" class="citation web cs1">Braquehais, Stéphanie; Norris-Trent, Catherine (8 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20100808-rwanda-paul-kagame-presidential-election-opposition-rpf-fdlr-africa">"Incumbent Kagame poised to win re-election"</a>. <a href="/wiki/France_24" title="France 24">France 24</a>. Retrieved 12 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Incumbent+Kagame+poised+to+win+re-election&rft.date=2010-08-08&rft.aulast=Braquehais&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phanie&rft.au=Norris-Trent%2C+Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20100808-rwanda-paul-kagame-presidential-election-opposition-rpf-fdlr-africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrittain1999" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Brittain" title="Victoria Brittain">Brittain, Victoria</a> (5 April 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/apr/05/5">"Rwanda makes its way to regeneration"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506175120/http://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/apr/05/5">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Rwanda+makes+its+way+to+regeneration&rft.date=1999-04-05&rft.aulast=Brittain&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F1999%2Fapr%2F05%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke2017" class="citation web cs1">Burke, Jason (5 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/05/paul-kagame-secures-third-term-in-rwanda-presidential-election">"Paul Kagame re-elected president with 99% of vote in Rwanda election"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200324093612/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/05/paul-kagame-secures-third-term-in-rwanda-presidential-election">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Paul+Kagame+re-elected+president+with+99%25+of+vote+in+Rwanda+election&rft.date=2017-08-05&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Faug%2F05%2Fpaul-kagame-secures-third-term-in-rwanda-presidential-election&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruguière2006" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bruguière, Jean-Louis (17 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061216011534/http://www.lexpress.fr/info/monde/dossier/rwanda/PDF/rwanda.pdf">"Report"</a> (PDF). Paris Court of Serious Claims (in French). 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Rand Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-3232-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-3232-4"><bdi>978-0-8330-3232-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116051253/https://books.google.com/books?id=R0a11NarYXcC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2024. 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Genocide Studies International. 12 (2): 152–190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fgsi.12.2.03">10.3138/gsi.12.2.03</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:167056377">167056377</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genocide+Studies+International&rft.atitle=Rethinking+the+Rwandan+Narrative+for+the+25th+Anniversary&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=152-190&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fgsi.12.2.03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A167056377%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Caplan&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3138%252Fgsi.12.2.03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassimon_et_al.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Cassimon, Danny; Engelen, Peter-Jan; <a href="/wiki/Filip_Reyntjens" title="Filip Reyntjens">Reyntjens, Filip</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10611-012-9397-7">"Rwanda's involvement in Eastern DRC: A criminal real options approach"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Crime,_Law_and_Social_Change" title="Crime, Law and Social Change">Crime, Law and Social Change</a>. 59 (1): 39–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10611-012-9397-7">10.1007/s10611-012-9397-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crime%2C+Law+and+Social+Change&rft.atitle=Rwanda%27s+involvement+in+Eastern+DRC%3A+A+criminal+real+options+approach&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-62&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10611-012-9397-7&rft.aulast=Cassimon&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft.au=Engelen%2C+Peter-Jan&rft.au=Reyntjens%2C+Filip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs10611-012-9397-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCDI1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Defense_Information" title="Center for Defense Information">Center for Defense Information (CDI)</a>. 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Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23521-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23521-0"><bdi>978-0-300-23521-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Rig+an+Election&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-300-23521-0&rft.aulast=Cheeseman&rft.aufirst=Nic&rft.au=Klaas%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjaNUDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChina_Road_and_Bridge_Corporation2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Road_and_Bridge_Construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Road and Bridge Construction">China Road and Bridge Corporation</a> (21 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130628231112/http://www.crbc.com/en/newsInfo.asp?NID=217">"CRBC Signed Rwandan Kigali City Road Contract"</a>. 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Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-890951-34-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-890951-34-4"><bdi>978-1-890951-34-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111210159/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ezo5PQAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cjcr.gov.rw/eng/constitution_eng.doc">the original</a> on 25 March 2009. 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Retrieved 11 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rwanda%3A+Repression+Across+Borders&rft.date=2014-01-28&rft.au=Human+Rights+Watch+%28III%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2014%2F01%2F28%2Frwanda-repression-across-borders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuman_Rights_Watch_(IV)2017" class="citation web cs1">Human Rights Watch (IV) (18 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/08/18/rwanda-politically-closed-elections">"Rwanda: Politically Closed Elections"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190222143356/https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/08/18/rwanda-politically-closed-elections">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2019. 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Retrieved 8 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rwanda%3A+Main+opposition+candidate+returns+after+years+in+exile&rft.date=2003-05-19&rft.au=IRIN+%28III%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firinnews.org%2FReport%2F44454%2FRWANDA-Main-opposition-candidate-returns-after-years-in-exile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIRIN_(IV)2003" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/The_New_Humanitarian" title="The New Humanitarian">IRIN (IV)</a> (3 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/Report/45917/RWANDA-Supreme-Court-confirms-Kagame-winner-of-presidential-elections">"Rwanda: Supreme Court confirms Kagame winner of presidential elections"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140321022707/http://www.irinnews.org/report/45917/rwanda-supreme-court-confirms-kagame-winner-of-presidential-elections">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rwanda%3A+Supreme+Court+confirms+Kagame+winner+of+presidential+elections&rft.date=2003-09-03&rft.au=IRIN+%28IV%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irinnews.org%2FReport%2F45917%2FRWANDA-Supreme-Court-confirms-Kagame-winner-of-presidential-elections&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIRIN_(V)2002" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/The_New_Humanitarian" title="The New Humanitarian">IRIN (V)</a> (22 April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/report/31492/rwanda-ex-pres-bizimungu-arrested-for-illegal-political-activity">"Rwanda: Ex-Pres Bizimungu arrested for illegal political activity"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140320190319/http://www.irinnews.org/report/31492/rwanda-ex-pres-bizimungu-arrested-for-illegal-political-activity">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rwanda%3A+Ex-Pres+Bizimungu+arrested+for+illegal+political+activity&rft.date=2002-04-22&rft.au=IRIN+%28V%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irinnews.org%2Freport%2F31492%2Frwanda-ex-pres-bizimungu-arrested-for-illegal-political-activity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKagame2009" class="citation news cs1">Kagame, Paul (2 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/nov/02/aid-trade-rwanda-china-west">"Why Africa welcomes the Chinese"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201216100210/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/nov/02/aid-trade-rwanda-china-west">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Why+Africa+welcomes+the+Chinese&rft.date=2009-11-02&rft.aulast=Kagame&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2009%2Fnov%2F02%2Faid-trade-rwanda-china-west&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKagame2011" class="citation web cs1">Kagame, Paul (13 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paulkagame.com/2010/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=443%3A-speech-by-he-paul-kagame-president-of-the-republic-of-rwanda-at-the-medef-business-breakfast&catid=34%3Aspeeches&Itemid=56&lang=en">"Speech by H.E Paul Kagame at the MEDEF business breakfast"</a>. paulkagame.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201215182128/http://www.paulkagame.com/2010/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=443%3A-speech-by-he-paul-kagame-president-of-the-republic-of-rwanda-at-the-medef-business-breakfast&catid=34%3Aspeeches&Itemid=56&lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=paulkagame.com&rft.atitle=Speech+by+H.E+Paul+Kagame+at+the+MEDEF+business+breakfast&rft.date=2011-09-13&rft.aulast=Kagame&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paulkagame.com%2F2010%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D443%253A-speech-by-he-paul-kagame-president-of-the-republic-of-rwanda-at-the-medef-business-breakfast%26catid%3D34%253Aspeeches%26Itemid%3D56%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKainerugaba2010" class="citation book cs1">Kainerugaba, Muhoozi (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nXMs6f3tlmsC">Battles of the Ugandan Resistance: A Tradition of Maneuver</a>. Kampala: Fountain Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9970-25-032-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-9970-25-032-5"><bdi>978-9970-25-032-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240718185936/https://books.google.com/books?id=nXMs6f3tlmsC">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2024. Retrieved 18 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battles+of+the+Ugandan+Resistance%3A+A+Tradition+of+Maneuver&rft.place=Kampala&rft.pub=Fountain+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9970-25-032-5&rft.aulast=Kainerugaba&rft.aufirst=Muhoozi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnXMs6f3tlmsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanyesigye2012" class="citation news cs1">Kanyesigye, Frank (27 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120528144105/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=15005&a=12125">"Tracking Rwanda's ICT ambitions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Times_(Rwanda)" title="The New Times (Rwanda)">The New Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=15005&a=12125">the original</a> on 28 May 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Times&rft.atitle=Tracking+Rwanda%27s+ICT+ambitions&rft.date=2012-05-27&rft.aulast=Kanyesigye&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newtimes.co.rw%2Fnews%2Findex.php%3Fi%3D15005%26a%3D12125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasozi1994" class="citation book cs1">Kasozi, A. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BSpTgR9XrccC">Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964–1985</a>. Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-6487-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-6487-9"><bdi>978-0-7735-6487-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240224073131/https://books.google.com/books?id=BSpTgR9XrccC">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 18 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Origins+of+Violence+in+Uganda%2C+1964%E2%80%931985&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-6487-9&rft.aulast=Kasozi&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBSpTgR9XrccC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatusiime2021" class="citation news cs1">Katusiime, Ian (23 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.ug/uganda-rwanda-relations/">"Uganda Rwanda relations : The forgotten feud awakens?"</a>. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829064853/https://www.independent.co.ug/uganda-rwanda-relations/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Uganda+Rwanda+relations+%3A+The+forgotten+feud+awakens%3F&rft.date=2021-08-23&rft.aulast=Katusiime&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.ug%2Fuganda-rwanda-relations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKHI2012" class="citation web cs1">Kigali Health Institute (KHI) (22 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120826111430/http://www.khi.ac.rw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=84&Itemid=27">"About KHI"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khi.ac.rw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=84&Itemid=27">the original</a> on 26 August 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+KHI&rft.date=2012-03-22&rft.au=Kigali+Health+Institute+%28KHI%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khi.ac.rw%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D84%26Itemid%3D27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinzer2008" class="citation book cs1">Kinzer, Stephen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=22QqTsY3CkgC">A Thousand Hills: Rwanda's Rebirth and the Man Who Dreamed it</a> (Hardcover ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-12015-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-12015-6"><bdi>978-0-470-12015-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230816005417/https://books.google.com/books?id=22QqTsY3CkgC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2023. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/views/article_print.php?i=13725&a=11110&icon=Print">the original</a> on 20 March 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Times&rft.atitle=Kabuye%27s+release+not+condition+for+resuming+ties+with+France-Museminali&rft.date=2008-11-25&rft.aulast=Kwibuka&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newtimes.co.rw%2Fnews%2Fviews%2Farticle_print.php%3Fi%3D13725%26a%3D11110%26icon%3DPrint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaing2015" class="citation news cs1">Laing, Aislinn (26 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/rwanda/11631725/Rwandan-parliament-petitioned-for-third-term-for-president-Paul-Kagame.html">"Rwandan parliament petitioned for third term for president Paul Kagame"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201216100247/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/rwanda/11631725/Rwandan-parliament-petitioned-for-third-term-for-president-Paul-Kagame.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Rwandan+parliament+petitioned+for+third+term+for+president+Paul+Kagame&rft.date=2015-05-26&rft.aulast=Laing&rft.aufirst=Aislinn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fafricaandindianocean%2Frwanda%2F11631725%2FRwandan-parliament-petitioned-for-third-term-for-president-Paul-Kagame.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavelle2008" class="citation news cs1">Lavelle, John (5 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/200807071183.html">"Resurrecting the East African Shilling"</a>. allAfrica.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121007163057/http://allafrica.com/stories/200807071183.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2012. 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Country Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150627004743/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ugtoc.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Country+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Country+Study%3A+Uganda&rft.date=2010-07-27&rft.au=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fugtoc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorch1995" class="citation news cs1">Lorch, Donatella (25 April 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/25/world/mood-grim-at-camp-in-rwanda.html">"Mood Grim at Camp in Rwanda"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. New York, N.Y. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119231256/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/25/world/mood-grim-at-camp-in-rwanda.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mood+Grim+at+Camp+in+Rwanda&rft.date=1995-04-25&rft.aulast=Lorch&rft.aufirst=Donatella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F04%2F25%2Fworld%2Fmood-grim-at-camp-in-rwanda.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaclean2018" class="citation web cs1">Maclean, Ruth (6 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/dec/06/critic-of-rwandan-president-cleared-of-insurrection-and-forgery">"Rwandan government critic acquitted of 'baseless' insurrection charges"</a>. the Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240718190440/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/dec/06/critic-of-rwandan-president-cleared-of-insurrection-and-forgery">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Rwandan+government+critic+acquitted+of+%27baseless%27+insurrection+charges&rft.date=2018-12-06&rft.aulast=Maclean&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Fdec%2F06%2Fcritic-of-rwandan-president-cleared-of-insurrection-and-forgery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMamdani2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mahmood_Mamdani" title="Mahmood Mamdani">Mamdani, Mahmood</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QUEamxb89JcC">When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda</a>. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10280-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10280-1"><bdi>978-0-691-10280-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111210201/https://books.google.com/books?id=QUEamxb89JcC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Victims+Become+Killers%3A+Colonialism%2C+Nativism%2C+and+the+Genocide+in+Rwanda&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-691-10280-1&rft.aulast=Mamdani&rft.aufirst=Mahmood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQUEamxb89JcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatfess2015" class="citation journal cs1">Matfess, Hilary (1 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fasr.2015.43">"Rwanda and Ethiopia: Developmental Authoritarianism and the New Politics of African Strong Men"</a>. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201216100322/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/20/rwanda-vote-gives-president-paul-kagame-extended-powers">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Rwanda+votes+to+give+President+Paul+Kagame+right+to+rule+until+2034&rft.date=2015-12-20&rft.aulast=McVeigh&rft.aufirst=Tracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fdec%2F20%2Frwanda-vote-gives-president-paul-kagame-extended-powers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGreal2007" class="citation news cs1">McGreal, Chris (11 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jan/11/rwanda.insideafrica">"France's shame?"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119231324/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jan/11/rwanda.insideafrica">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=France%27s+shame%3F&rft.date=2007-01-11&rft.aulast=McGreal&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2007%2Fjan%2F11%2Frwanda.insideafrica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGreal2009" class="citation news cs1">McGreal, Chris (16 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2009/jan/16/rwanda-english-genocide">"Why Rwanda said adieu to French"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518084907/http://www.theguardian.com/education/2009/jan/16/rwanda-english-genocide">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Why+Rwanda+said+adieu+to+French&rft.date=2009-01-16&rft.aulast=McGreal&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2009%2Fjan%2F16%2Frwanda-english-genocide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGreal2010" class="citation news cs1">McGreal, Chris (1 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/oct/01/un-report-rwanda-congo-genocide">"Delayed UN report links Rwanda to Congo genocide"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821165059/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/oct/01/un-report-rwanda-congo-genocide">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2016. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201216100331/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/11/obama-rwanda-sanctions-congo">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Obama+accused+of+failed+policy+over+Rwanda%27s+support+of+rebel+group&rft.date=2012-12-11&rft.aulast=McGreal&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2012%2Fdec%2F11%2Fobama-rwanda-sanctions-congo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeil2010" class="citation news cs1">McNeil, Donald G. (14 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/15/health/policy/15rwanda.html?_r=1">"In Desperately Poor Rwanda, Most Have Health Insurance"</a>. The New York Times. New York, N.Y. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201216100355/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/15/health/policy/15rwanda.html?_r=1">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Desperately+Poor+Rwanda%2C+Most+Have+Health+Insurance&rft.date=2010-06-14&rft.aulast=McNeil&rft.aufirst=Donald+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F06%2F15%2Fhealth%2Fpolicy%2F15rwanda.html%3F_r%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeierhenrich2020" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jens_Meierhenrich" title="Jens Meierhenrich">Meierhenrich, Jens</a> (2020). "How Many Victims Were There in the Rwandan Genocide? A Statistical Debate". Journal of Genocide Research. 22 (1): 72–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2019.1709611">10.1080/14623528.2019.1709611</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213046710">213046710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=How+Many+Victims+Were+There+in+the+Rwandan+Genocide%3F+A+Statistical+Debate&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=72-82&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2019.1709611&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213046710%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Meierhenrich&rft.aufirst=Jens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelvern2000" class="citation book cs1">Melvern, Linda (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rhsRrxZtJwMC">A people betrayed: the role of the West in Rwanda's genocide</a> (8, illustrated, reprint ed.). London; New York, N.Y.: Zed Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85649-831-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85649-831-9"><bdi>978-1-85649-831-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111210202/https://books.google.com/books?id=rhsRrxZtJwMC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minecofin.gov.rw/fileadmin/General/Vision_2020/Vision_2020_Progress_and_Way_Forward.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 January 2014. 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Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of Rwanda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201104191554/http://rw.china-embassy.org/eng/rdzt/P020120130634657315628.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Embassy+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China+in+the+Republic+of+Rwanda&rft.atitle=The+Friendship+between+China+and+Rwanda&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Mizero&rft.aufirst=Paterne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frw.china-embassy.org%2Feng%2Frdzt%2FP020120130634657315628.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohamed_(I)2019" class="citation web cs1">Mohamed, Hamza (I) (10 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/2/10/egypts-sisi-takes-over-as-new-head-of-african-union">"Egypt's Sisi takes over as new head of African Union"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417105424/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/2/10/egypts-sisi-takes-over-as-new-head-of-african-union">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt%27s+Sisi+takes+over+as+new+head+of+African+Union&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2019-02-10&rft.au=Mohamed%2C+Hamza+%28I%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F2%2F10%2Fegypts-sisi-takes-over-as-new-head-of-african-union&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohamed_(II)2019" class="citation news cs1">Mohamed, Hamza (II) (20 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/2/20/will-kagame-and-museveni-resolve-their-dispute">"Will Kagame and Museveni resolve their dispute?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201125005331/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/2/20/will-kagame-and-museveni-resolve-their-dispute">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2020. 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Retrieved 11 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=CECAFA+honours+East+African+football+legends&rft.date=2002-11-15&rft.au=PanaPress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panapress.com%2FCECAFA-honours-East-African-football-legends--13-468518-18-lang1-index.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPflanz2009" class="citation news cs1">Pflanz, Mike (29 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/rwanda/6685316/Rwanda-joins-the-Commonwealth.html">"Rwanda joins the Commonwealth"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. 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Kampala: Fountain Publishers Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9970-02-089-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9970-02-089-8"><bdi>978-9970-02-089-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111210201/https://books.google.com/books?id=O3aNPwAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023. 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Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-970583-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-970583-2"><bdi>978-0-19-970583-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa%27s+World+War%3A+Congo%2C+the+Rwandan+Genocide%2C+and+the+Making+of+a+Continental+Catastrophe&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-970583-2&rft.aulast=Prunier&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafricasworldwarc0000prun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReuters_(I)2003" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters (I)</a> (27 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/08/26/1061663790144.html">"Kagame wins Rwanda presidential polls"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Morning Herald">Sydney Morning Herald</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604101515/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/08/26/1061663790144.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Kagame+wins+Rwanda+presidential+polls&rft.date=2003-08-27&rft.au=Reuters+%28I%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Farticles%2F2003%2F08%2F26%2F1061663790144.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReuters_(II)2009" class="citation news cs1">Reuters (II) (29 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/ozatp-france-rwanda-relations-idAFJOE5AS09920091129">"France and Rwanda agree to restore relations"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160107171801/http://www.reuters.com/article/ozatp-france-rwanda-relations-idAFJOE5AS09920091129">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2016. 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-11128-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-11128-7"><bdi>978-0-521-11128-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+African+War%3A+Congo+and+Regional+Geopolitics%2C+1996%E2%80%932006&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-11128-7&rft.aulast=Reyntjens&rft.aufirst=Filip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9I5SPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReyntjens2011" class="citation journal cs1">Reyntjens, Filip (2011). 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Retrieved 7 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Rwanda+has+reopened+the+border+with+Uganda+but+distrust+could+close+it+again&rft.date=2022-03-10&rft.aulast=Reyntjens&rft.aufirst=Filip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Frwanda-has-reopened-the-border-with-uganda-but-distrust-could-close-it-again-176861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRombouts2004" class="citation book cs1">Rombouts, Heidy (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=arifjK3bYCoC">Victim Organisations and the Politics of Reparation: A Case-Study on Rwanda</a>. 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Retrieved 25 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Testimony+of+Robert+Higiro&rft.date=2015-05-20&rft.au=United+States+House+Foreign+Affairs+Subcommittee+on+Africa%2C+Global+Health+and+Global+Human+Rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.house.gov%2Fmeetings%2FFA%2FFA16%2F20150520%2F103498%2FHHRG-114-FA16-Wstate-HigiroR-20150520.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSAID2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/USAID" class="mw-redirect" title="USAID">USAID</a> (1 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usaid.gov/history-usaidrwanda">"History of USAID/Rwanda"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112014203/https://www.usaid.gov/history-usaidrwanda">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+USAID%2FRwanda&rft.date=2020-07-01&rft.au=USAID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usaid.gov%2Fhistory-usaidrwanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121202235012/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007216">"Rwanda"</a>. Holocaust Encyclopedia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007216">the original</a> on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rwanda&rft.btitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.au=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10007216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Glasgow2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gla.ac.uk/services/senateoffice/ceremoniesandhonoraryawards/honorarydegreesandfellowships/honorarydegrees2007/#d.en.107540">"Honorary Degrees 2007"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130630085835/http://www.gla.ac.uk/services/senateoffice/ceremoniesandhonoraryawards/honorarydegreesandfellowships/honorarydegrees2007/#d.en.107540">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honorary+Degrees+2007&rft.date=2007&rft.au=University+of+Glasgow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gla.ac.uk%2Fservices%2Fsenateoffice%2Fceremoniesandhonoraryawards%2Fhonorarydegreesandfellowships%2Fhonorarydegrees2007%2F%23d.en.107540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_the_Pacific2010" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Pacific_(United_States)" title="University of the Pacific (United States)">University of the Pacific</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924063050/http://www.pacific.edu/About-Pacific/AdministrationOffices/Office-of-the-Provost/Celebrating-Achievements/Honorary-Degree/Honorary-Degree-2000---2011.html">"Honorary Degree 2000–2010"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacific.edu/About-Pacific/AdministrationOffices/Office-of-the-Provost/Celebrating-Achievements/Honorary-Degree/Honorary-Degree-2000---2011.html">the original</a> on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honorary+Degree+2000%E2%80%932010&rft.date=2010&rft.au=University+of+the+Pacific&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacific.edu%2FAbout-Pacific%2FAdministrationOffices%2FOffice-of-the-Provost%2FCelebrating-Achievements%2FHonorary-Degree%2FHonorary-Degree-2000---2011.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoice_of_America2009" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a> (30 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/archive/kabila-accuses-rwanda-trying-profit-congo-chaos">"Kabila Accuses Rwanda of Trying to Profit from Congo Chaos"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211026053101/https://www.voanews.com/archive/kabila-accuses-rwanda-trying-profit-congo-chaos">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kabila+Accuses+Rwanda+of+Trying+to+Profit+from+Congo+Chaos&rft.date=2009-10-30&rft.au=Voice+of+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Farchive%2Fkabila-accuses-rwanda-trying-profit-congo-chaos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVSO2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Service_Overseas" title="Voluntary Service Overseas">Voluntary Service Overseas (VSO)</a> (May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525053546/http://www.vso.org.uk/sites/vso/files/documents/Country%20specific%20documents/2012/Africa/Rwanda/VSO-Rwanda-education-programme_briefing-pack.pdf">"VSO Rwanda Education Programme"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vso.org.uk/sites/vso/files/documents/Country%20specific%20documents/2012/Africa/Rwanda/VSO-Rwanda-education-programme_briefing-pack.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VSO+Rwanda+Education+Programme&rft.date=2012-05&rft.au=Voluntary+Service+Overseas+%28VSO%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vso.org.uk%2Fsites%2Fvso%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2FCountry%2520specific%2520documents%2F2012%2FAfrica%2FRwanda%2FVSO-Rwanda-education-programme_briefing-pack.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldorf2017" class="citation book cs1">Waldorf, Lars (2017). Anders Themnér (ed.). Warlord Democrats in Africa: Ex-Military Leaders and Electoral Politics. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78360-249-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78360-249-0"><bdi>978-1-78360-249-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warlord+Democrats+in+Africa%3A+Ex-Military+Leaders+and+Electoral+Politics&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-78360-249-0&rft.aulast=Waldorf&rft.aufirst=Lars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2010" class="citation news cs1">Walker, Rob (5 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-10879859">"Rwanda government denies killings"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181111145236/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-10879859">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Rwanda+government+denies+killings&rft.date=2010-08-05&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-10879859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallis2007" class="citation book cs1">Wallis, Andrew (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=APMavTJucM4C">Silent Accomplice: The Untold Story of France's Role in the Rwandan Genocide</a>. London: I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-247-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-247-9"><bdi>978-1-84511-247-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240718190959/https://books.google.com/books?id=APMavTJucM4C">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silent+Accomplice%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+France%27s+Role+in+the+Rwandan+Genocide&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-247-9&rft.aulast=Wallis&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAPMavTJucM4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaugh2004" class="citation book cs1">Waugh, Colin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kp1em-hedE8C">Paul Kagame And Rwanda: Power, Genocide and the Rwandan Patriotic Front</a>. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1941-8"><bdi>978-0-7864-1941-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240718191006/https://books.google.com/books?id=kp1em-hedE8C">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Kagame+And+Rwanda%3A+Power%2C+Genocide+and+the+Rwandan+Patriotic+Front&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+N.C.&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-1941-8&rft.aulast=Waugh&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkp1em-hedE8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhewell2010" class="citation news cs1">Whewell, Tim (31 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/newsnight/8593734.stm">"What is the true price of Rwanda's recovery?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Newsnight" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC Newsnight">BBC Newsnight</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240317102513/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/newsnight/8593734.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What+is+the+true+price+of+Rwanda%27s+recovery%3F&rft.date=2010-03-31&rft.aulast=Whewell&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fprogrammes%2Fnewsnight%2F8593734.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2008" class="citation news cs1">Wilkinson, Tracy (7 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-feb-07-fg-rwanda7-story.html">"Spain indicts 40 Rwandan officers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. Los Angeles, Calif. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131228031919/http://articles.latimes.com/2008/feb/07/world/fg-rwanda7">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Spain+indicts+40+Rwandan+officers&rft.date=2008-02-07&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Tracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2008-feb-07-fg-rwanda7-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWintour2008" class="citation news cs1">Wintour, Patrick (18 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2008/jan/18/rwanda.tonyblair">"Blair takes on unpaid role as Rwanda adviser"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201216101037/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2008/jan/18/rwanda.tonyblair">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Blair+takes+on+unpaid+role+as+Rwanda+adviser&rft.date=2008-01-18&rft.aulast=Wintour&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2008%2Fjan%2F18%2Frwanda.tonyblair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Bank_(I)" class="citation web cs1">World Bank (I). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.TER.ENRR">"School enrollment, tertiary (% gross)"</a>. 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Data. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140404163126/http://data.worldbank.org/country/rwanda">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Data&rft.atitle=Rwanda&rft.au=World+Bank+%28II%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Fcountry%2Frwanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Bank_(III)2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank (III)</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206025936/http://www.doingbusiness.org/rankings">"Economy Rankings"</a>. 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Retrieved 27 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Economy+Rankings&rft.date=2012&rft.au=World+Bank+%28III%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doingbusiness.org%2Frankings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Bank_(IV)2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank (IV)</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IC.BUS.EASE.XQ">"Ease of doing business index"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130203145913/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IC.BUS.EASE.XQ">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2013. Retrieved 27 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ease+of+doing+business+index&rft.date=2012&rft.au=World+Bank+%28IV%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FIC.BUS.EASE.XQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Bank_(V)2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank (V)</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?locations=RW">"GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) – Rwanda"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210729063354/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?locations=RW">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GDP+per+capita%2C+PPP+%28current+international+%24%29+%E2%80%93+Rwanda&rft.date=2020&rft.au=World+Bank+%28V%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FNY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD%3Flocations%3DRW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Bank_(VI)2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank (VI)</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?end=2020&locations=RW&start=2000&view=chart">"GDP growth (annual %) – Rwanda"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210824143059/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?end=2020&locations=RW&start=2000&view=chart">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GDP+growth+%28annual+%25%29+%E2%80%93+Rwanda&rft.date=2020&rft.au=World+Bank+%28VI%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FNY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG%3Fend%3D2020%26locations%3DRW%26start%3D2000%26view%3Dchart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWHO_(I)2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization (WHO) (I)</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101019194126/http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccs_rwa_en.pdf">WHO Country Cooperation Strategy, 2009–2013: Rwanda</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-9031-135-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-9031-135-5"><bdi>978-92-9031-135-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccs_rwa_en.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=WHO+Country+Cooperation+Strategy%2C+2009%E2%80%932013%3A+Rwanda&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-92-9031-135-5&rft.au=World+Health+Organization+%28WHO%29+%28I%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fcountryfocus%2Fcooperation_strategy%2Fccs_rwa_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWHO_(II)2008" class="citation journal cs1">World Health Organization (WHO) (II) (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081113032750/http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/11/08-021108/en/index.html">"Sharing the burden of sickness: mutual health insurance in Rwanda"</a>. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 86 (11): 817–908. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0042-9686">0042-9686</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/11/08-021108/en/index.html">the original</a> on 13 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=Sharing+the+burden+of+sickness%3A+mutual+health+insurance+in+Rwanda&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=817-908&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=0042-9686&rft.au=World+Health+Organization+%28WHO%29+%28II%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fbulletin%2Fvolumes%2F86%2F11%2F08-021108%2Fen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Review2013" class="citation news cs1">World Review (10 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130428061823/http://www.worldreview.info/content/paul-kagame-guides-rwanda-out-war-and-poverty">"Paul Kagame guides Rwanda out of war and poverty"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldreview.info/content/paul-kagame-guides-rwanda-out-war-and-poverty">the original</a> on 28 April 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Paul+Kagame+guides+Rwanda+out+of+war+and+poverty&rft.date=2013-01-10&rft.au=World+Review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldreview.info%2Fcontent%2Fpaul-kagame-guides-rwanda-out-war-and-poverty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYork2015" class="citation news cs1">York, Geoffrey (19 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/rwandan-officer-who-leaked-assassination-list-evidence-becomes-a-target/article27382007/">"Rwandan officer who leaked assassination-list evidence becomes a target"</a>. The Globe and the Mail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180806072716/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/rwandan-officer-who-leaked-assassination-list-evidence-becomes-a-target/article27382007/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+the+Mail&rft.atitle=Rwandan+officer+who+leaked+assassination-list+evidence+becomes+a+target&rft.date=2015-11-19&rft.aulast=York&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Frwandan-officer-who-leaked-assassination-list-evidence-becomes-a-target%2Farticle27382007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYork2017" class="citation news cs1">York, Geoffrey (22 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/ruling-by-south-african-court-exposes-details-of-latest-rwandan-assassinationplot/article37417017/">"Details of latest Rwandan assassination plot exposed"</a>. The Globe and the Mail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190101195426/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/ruling-by-south-african-court-exposes-details-of-latest-rwandan-assassinationplot/article37417017/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+the+Mail&rft.atitle=Details+of+latest+Rwandan+assassination+plot+exposed&rft.date=2017-12-22&rft.aulast=York&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fruling-by-south-african-court-exposes-details-of-latest-rwandan-assassinationplot%2Farticle37417017%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Kagame" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame" class="extiw" title="commons:Paul Kagame">Paul Kagame</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Paul_Kagame" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Paul Kagame">Paul Kagame</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paulkagame.com">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?87539">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://charlierose.com/videos/6465">Paul Kagame</a> on <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Rose_(talk_show)" title="Charlie Rose (talk show)">Charlie Rose</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1879094/">Paul Kagame</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/k/paul_kagame/index.html">Paul Kagame</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://achievement.org/achiever/paul-kagame/">Paul Kagame Biography and Interview</a> on <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">Academy of Achievement</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Rwigyema" title="Fred Rwigyema">Fred Rwigyema</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chief of Defence Staff of the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Rwandan Patriotic Army">Rwandan Patriotic Army</a> as Commander-in-chief of the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Front" title="Rwandan Patriotic Front">Rwandan Patriotic Front</a> until 1994 October 1990 – 1998 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Faustin_Kayumba_Nyamwasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Faustin Kayumba Nyamwasa">Faustin Kayumba Nyamwasa</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Bizimana" title="Augustin Bizimana">Augustin Bizimana</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Rwanda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Defence (Rwanda)">Minister of Defence</a> 19 July 1994 – 22 April 2000 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Habyarimana" title="Emmanuel Habyarimana">Emmanuel Habyarimana</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New office </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Rwanda" title="Vice President of Rwanda">Vice President of Rwanda</a> 19 July 1994 – 22 April 2000 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Position abolished </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Kanyarengwe" title="Alexis Kanyarengwe">Alexis Kanyarengwe</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> President of the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Front" title="Rwandan Patriotic Front">Rwandan Patriotic Front</a> 15 February 1998 – present </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Incumbent </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pasteur_Bizimungu" title="Pasteur Bizimungu">Pasteur Bizimungu</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Rwanda">President of Rwanda</a> 22 April 2000–present Acting President: 24 March 2000 – 22 April 2000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_Rwanda" title="Template:Presidents of Rwanda"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_Rwanda" title="Template talk:Presidents of Rwanda"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_Rwanda" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Rwanda"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_Rwanda" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Rwanda" title="List of presidents of Rwanda">Presidents of Rwanda</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Mbonyumutwa" title="Dominique Mbonyumutwa">Mbonyumutwa</a>*</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A9goire_Kayibanda" title="Grégoire Kayibanda">Kayibanda</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana" title="Juvénal Habyarimana">Habyarimana</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Sindikubwabo" title="Théodore Sindikubwabo">Sindikubwabo</a>*</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pasteur_Bizimungu" title="Pasteur Bizimungu">Bizimungu</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kagame</a></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_Rwanda.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the President of Rwanda"><img alt="Flag of the President of Rwanda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_President_of_Rwanda.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_President_of_Rwanda.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_President_of_Rwanda.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="1040" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>* interim</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Current_heads_of_state_of_republics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government" title="List of current heads of state and government">Current heads of state of republics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria"><img alt="Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Abdelmadjid_Tebboune" title="Abdelmadjid Tebboune">Abdelmadjid Tebboune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola"><img alt="Angola" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/15px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/30px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Louren%C3%A7o" title="João Lourenço">João Lourenço</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin"><img alt="Benin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/15px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/30px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Talon" title="Patrice Talon">Patrice Talon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana"><img alt="Botswana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/15px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/30px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Duma_Boko" title="Duma Boko">Duma Boko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso"><img alt="Burkina Faso" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/15px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/30px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Traor%C3%A9" title="Ibrahim Traoré">Ibrahim Traoré</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi"><img alt="Burundi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/15px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/30px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89variste_Ndayishimiye" title="Évariste Ndayishimiye">Évariste Ndayishimiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon"><img alt="Cameroon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/15px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Biya" title="Paul Biya">Paul Biya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde"><img alt="Cape Verde" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/15px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Maria_Neves" title="José Maria Neves">José Maria Neves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic"><img alt="Central African Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Faustin-Archange_Touad%C3%A9ra" title="Faustin-Archange Touadéra">Faustin-Archange Touadéra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad"><img alt="Chad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/15px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/30px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mahamat_D%C3%A9by" title="Mahamat Déby">Mahamat Déby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros"><img alt="Comoros" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Azali_Assoumani" title="Azali Assoumani">Azali Assoumani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi" title="Félix Tshisekedi">Félix Tshisekedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Denis Sassou Nguesso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti"><img alt="Djibouti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/15px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/30px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Isma%C3%AFl_Omar_Guelleh" title="Ismaïl Omar Guelleh">Ismaïl Omar Guelleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/15px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/30px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Abdel Fattah el-Sisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea"><img alt="Equatorial Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/15px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/30px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo">Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea"><img alt="Eritrea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/15px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/30px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Isaias_Afwerki" title="Isaias Afwerki">Isaias Afwerki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia"><img alt="Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Taye_Atske_Selassie" title="Taye Atske Selassie">Taye Atske Selassie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon"><img alt="Gabon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/15px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/30px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Brice_Clotaire_Oligui_Nguema" class="mw-redirect" title="Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema">Brice Oligui</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia"><img alt="The Gambia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/15px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/30px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Adama_Barrow" title="Adama Barrow">Adama Barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nana_Akufo-Addo" title="Nana Akufo-Addo">Nana Akufo-Addo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea"><img alt="Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/15px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/30px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mamady_Doumbouya" title="Mamady Doumbouya">Mamady Doumbouya</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau"><img alt="Guinea-Bissau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/15px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/30px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Umaro_Sissoco_Embal%C3%B3" title="Umaro Sissoco Embaló">Umaro Sissoco Embaló</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast"><img alt="Ivory Coast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/15px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/30px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alassane_Ouattara" title="Alassane Ouattara">Alassane Ouattara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya"><img alt="Kenya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/15px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/William_Ruto" title="William Ruto">William Ruto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia"><img alt="Liberia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Boakai" title="Joseph Boakai">Joseph Boakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya"><img alt="Libya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/15px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/30px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_al-Menfi" title="Mohamed al-Menfi">Mohamed al-Menfi</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar"><img alt="Madagascar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/15px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/30px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Andry_Rajoelina" title="Andry Rajoelina">Andry Rajoelina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi"><img alt="Malawi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/15px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/30px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Chakwera" title="Lazarus Chakwera">Lazarus Chakwera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali"><img alt="Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/15px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Assimi_Go%C3%AFta" title="Assimi Goïta">Assimi Goïta</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania"><img alt="Mauritania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/15px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ould_Ghazouani" title="Mohamed Ould Ghazouani">Mohamed Ould Ghazouani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius"><img alt="Mauritius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/15px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Prithvirajsing_Roopun" title="Prithvirajsing Roopun">Prithvirajsing Roopun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique"><img alt="Mozambique" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/15px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Filipe_Nyusi" title="Filipe Nyusi">Filipe Nyusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia"><img alt="Namibia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nangolo_Mbumba" title="Nangolo Mbumba">Nangolo Mbumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger"><img alt="Niger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/15px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/23px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/30px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Abdourahamane_Tchiani" title="Abdourahamane Tchiani">Abdourahamane Tchiani</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bola_Tinubu" title="Bola Tinubu">Bola Tinubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda"><img alt="Rwanda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/15px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/30px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul Kagame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic"><img alt="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Brahim_Ghali" title="Brahim Ghali">Brahim Ghali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe"><img alt="São Tomé and Príncipe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/15px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/23px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/30px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Vila_Nova" title="Carlos Vila Nova">Carlos Vila Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal"><img alt="Senegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/15px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/30px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bassirou_Diomaye_Faye" title="Bassirou Diomaye Faye">Bassirou Diomaye Faye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles"><img alt="Seychelles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/15px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/23px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/30px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Wavel_Ramkalawan" title="Wavel Ramkalawan">Wavel Ramkalawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone"><img alt="Sierra Leone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/15px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Maada_Bio" title="Julius Maada Bio">Julius Maada Bio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland"><img alt="Somaliland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Muse_Bihi_Abdi" title="Muse Bihi Abdi">Muse Bihi Abdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud" title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud">Hassan Sheikh Mohamud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/15px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan"><img alt="South Sudan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/15px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="570" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Salva_Kiir_Mayardit" title="Salva Kiir Mayardit">Salva Kiir Mayardit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan"><img alt="Sudan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Sovereignty_Council" title="Transitional Sovereignty Council">Transitional Sovereignty Council</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania"><img alt="Tanzania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/15px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Samia_Suluhu_Hassan" title="Samia Suluhu Hassan">Samia Suluhu Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo"><img alt="Togo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9" title="Faure Gnassingbé">Faure Gnassingbé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia"><img alt="Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kais_Saied" title="Kais Saied">Kais Saied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda"><img alt="Uganda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/15px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/30px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni" title="Yoweri Museveni">Yoweri Museveni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia"><img alt="Zambia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hakainde_Hichilema" title="Hakainde Hichilema">Hakainde Hichilema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe"><img alt="Zimbabwe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Emmerson Mnangagwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia"><img alt="Abkhazia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Aslan_Bzhania" title="Aslan Bzhania">Aslan Bzhania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vahagn_Khachaturyan" title="Vahagn Khachaturyan">Vahagn Khachaturyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan"><img alt="Azerbaijan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Ilham Aliyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh"><img alt="Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shahabuddin" title="Mohammed Shahabuddin">Mohammed Shahabuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor"><img alt="East Timor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/15px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/30px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta" title="José Ramos-Horta">José Ramos-Horta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Salome_Zourabichvili" title="Salome Zourabichvili">Salome Zourabichvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/15px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Droupadi_Murmu" title="Droupadi Murmu">Droupadi Murmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Prabowo_Subianto" title="Prabowo Subianto">Prabowo Subianto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/15px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/15px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Latif_Rashid" title="Abdul Latif Rashid">Abdul Latif Rashid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/15px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/23px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/30px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Herzog" title="Isaac Herzog">Isaac Herzog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><img alt="Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev" title="Kassym-Jomart Tokayev">Kassym-Jomart Tokayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan"><img alt="Kyrgyzstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sadyr_Japarov" title="Sadyr Japarov">Sadyr Japarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos"><img alt="Laos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/15px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/30px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Thongloun_Sisoulith" title="Thongloun Sisoulith">Thongloun Sisoulith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon"><img alt="Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/15px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/30px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Najib_Mikati" title="Najib Mikati">Najib Mikati</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives"><img alt="Maldives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/15px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/30px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Muizzu" title="Mohamed Muizzu">Mohamed Muizzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia"><img alt="Mongolia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ukhnaagiin_Kh%C3%BCrels%C3%BCkh" title="Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh">Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar"><img alt="Myanmar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/15px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/30px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Min_Aung_Hlaing" title="Min Aung Hlaing">Min Aung Hlaing</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal"><img alt="Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/15px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/30px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ram_Chandra_Poudel" title="Ram Chandra Poudel">Ram Chandra Poudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea"><img alt="North Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Asif_Ali_Zardari" title="Asif Ali Zardari">Asif Ali Zardari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine"><img alt="State of Palestine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/15px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/30px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Mahmoud Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore"><img alt="Singapore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/15px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/30px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tharman_Shanmugaratnam" title="Tharman Shanmugaratnam">Tharman Shanmugaratnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Yoon_Suk_Yeol" title="Yoon Suk Yeol">Yoon Suk Yeol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia"><img alt="South Ossetia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/15px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Gagloev" title="Alan Gagloev">Alan Gagloev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka"><img alt="Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/15px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Anura_Kumara_Dissanayake" title="Anura Kumara Dissanayake">Anura Kumara Dissanayake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lai_Ching-te" title="Lai Ching-te">Lai Ching-te</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan"><img alt="Tajikistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Emomali_Rahmon" title="Emomali Rahmon">Emomali Rahmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan"><img alt="Turkmenistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Serdar_Berdimuhamedow" title="Serdar Berdimuhamedow">Serdar Berdimuhamedow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan"><img alt="Uzbekistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Shavkat_Mirziyoyev" title="Shavkat Mirziyoyev">Shavkat Mirziyoyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/15px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/30px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/L%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_C%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" title="Lương Cường">Lương Cường</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen"><img alt="Yemen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/15px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/30px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rashad_al-Alimi" title="Rashad al-Alimi">Rashad al-Alimi</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/15px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bajram_Begaj" title="Bajram Begaj">Bajram Begaj</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Van_der_Bellen" title="Alexander Van der Bellen">Alexander Van der Bellen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"><img alt="Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/15px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina"><img alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Denis_Be%C4%87irovi%C4%87" title="Denis Bećirović">Denis Bećirović</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljka_Cvijanovi%C4%87" title="Željka Cvijanović">Željka Cvijanović</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljko_Kom%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Željko Komšić">Željko Komšić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rumen_Radev" title="Rumen Radev">Rumen Radev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Zoran_Milanovi%C4%87" title="Zoran Milanović">Zoran Milanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/15px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Christodoulides" title="Nikos Christodoulides">Nikos Christodoulides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Petr_Pavel" title="Petr Pavel">Petr Pavel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alar_Karis" title="Alar Karis">Alar Karis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stubb" title="Alexander Stubb">Alexander Stubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/15px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Frank-Walter Steinmeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/15px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/30px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Katerina_Sakellaropoulou" title="Katerina Sakellaropoulou">Katerina Sakellaropoulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/15px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tam%C3%A1s_Sulyok" title="Tamás Sulyok">Tamás Sulyok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland"><img alt="Iceland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Halla_T%C3%B3masd%C3%B3ttir" title="Halla Tómasdóttir">Halla Tómasdóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Higgins" title="Michael D. Higgins">Michael D. Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/15px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Mattarella" title="Sergio Mattarella">Sergio Mattarella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo"><img alt="Kosovo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/15px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vjosa_Osmani" title="Vjosa Osmani">Vjosa Osmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Edgars_Rink%C4%93vi%C4%8Ds" title="Edgars Rinkēvičs">Edgars Rinkēvičs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/15px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gitanas_Naus%C4%97da" title="Gitanas Nausėda">Gitanas Nausėda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta"><img alt="Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/15px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/30px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Myriam_Spiteri_Debono" title="Myriam Spiteri Debono">Myriam Spiteri Debono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova"><img alt="Moldova" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/15px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/30px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Maia_Sandu" title="Maia Sandu">Maia Sandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro"><img alt="Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/15px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/30px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jakov_Milatovi%C4%87" title="Jakov Milatović">Jakov Milatović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia"><img alt="North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/15px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gordana_Siljanovska-Davkova" title="Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova">Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus"><img alt="Northern Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ersin_Tatar" title="Ersin Tatar">Ersin Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Duda" title="Andrzej Duda">Andrzej Duda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/15px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/30px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Rebelo_de_Sousa" title="Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa">Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/15px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Iohannis" title="Klaus Iohannis">Klaus Iohannis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino"><img alt="San Marino" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/15px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/23px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/30px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Francesca_Civerchia" title="Francesca Civerchia">Francesca Civerchia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalibor_Riccardi" title="Dalibor Riccardi">Dalibor Riccardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Vu%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Aleksandar Vučić">Aleksandar Vučić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Pellegrini" title="Peter Pellegrini">Peter Pellegrini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nata%C5%A1a_Pirc_Musar" title="Nataša Pirc Musar">Nataša Pirc Musar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><img alt="Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Viola_Amherd" title="Viola Amherd">Viola Amherd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karin_Keller-Sutter" title="Karin Keller-Sutter">Karin Keller-Sutter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Parmelin" title="Guy Parmelin">Guy Parmelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ignazio_Cassis" title="Ignazio Cassis">Ignazio Cassis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_R%C3%B6sti" title="Albert Rösti">Albert Rösti</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Baume-Schneider" title="Élisabeth Baume-Schneider">Élisabeth Baume-Schneider</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beat_Jans" title="Beat Jans">Beat Jans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria"><img alt="Transnistria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vadim_Krasnoselsky" title="Vadim Krasnoselsky">Vadim Krasnoselsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados"><img alt="Barbados" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/15px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/23px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/30px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Mason" title="Sandra Mason">Sandra Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica"><img alt="Costa Rica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/15px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/30px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Chaves_Robles" title="Rodrigo Chaves Robles">Rodrigo Chaves Robles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba"><img alt="Cuba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/15px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel" title="Miguel Díaz-Canel">Miguel Díaz-Canel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica"><img alt="Dominica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/15px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/30px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sylvanie_Burton" title="Sylvanie Burton">Sylvanie Burton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic"><img alt="Dominican Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Luis_Abinader" title="Luis Abinader">Luis Abinader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador"><img alt="El Salvador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/15px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/30px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nayib_Bukele" title="Nayib Bukele">Nayib Bukele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala"><img alt="Guatemala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/15px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/30px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Ar%C3%A9valo" title="Bernardo Arévalo">Bernardo Arévalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti"><img alt="Haiti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/15px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/30px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Presidential_Council" title="Transitional Presidential Council">Transitional Presidential Council</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras"><img alt="Honduras" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/15px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/23px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/30px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Xiomara_Castro" title="Xiomara Castro">Xiomara Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/15px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Sheinbaum" title="Claudia Sheinbaum">Claudia Sheinbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua"><img alt="Nicaragua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/15px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/30px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ortega" title="Daniel Ortega">Daniel Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama"><img alt="Panama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/15px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/30px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ra%C3%BAl_Mulino" title="José Raúl Mulino">José Raúl Mulino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago"><img alt="Trinidad and Tobago" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/15px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/23px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/30px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Christine_Kangaloo" title="Christine Kangaloo">Christine Kangaloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/15px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/30px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Javier Milei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia"><img alt="Bolivia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Luis_Arce" title="Luis Arce">Luis Arce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/15px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/30px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/15px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/30px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Boric" title="Gabriel Boric">Gabriel Boric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Petro" title="Gustavo Petro">Gustavo Petro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador"><img alt="Ecuador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Noboa" title="Daniel Noboa">Daniel Noboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana"><img alt="Guyana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/15px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/30px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Irfaan_Ali" title="Irfaan Ali">Irfaan Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay"><img alt="Paraguay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/15px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/30px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Santiago Peña">Santiago Peña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru"><img alt="Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/15px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/30px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dina_Boluarte" title="Dina Boluarte">Dina Boluarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname"><img alt="Suriname" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/15px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/23px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/30px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chan_Santokhi" title="Chan Santokhi">Chan Santokhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay"><img alt="Uruguay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/15px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/30px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Luis_Lacalle_Pou" title="Luis Lacalle Pou">Luis Lacalle Pou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/15px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/30px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji"><img alt="Fiji" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/15px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/23px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/30px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Naiqama_Lalabalavu" title="Naiqama Lalabalavu">Naiqama Lalabalavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati"><img alt="Kiribati" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/15px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Taneti_Maamau" title="Taneti Maamau">Taneti Maamau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands"><img alt="Marshall Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hilda_Heine" title="Hilda Heine">Hilda Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia"><img alt="Federated States of Micronesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Simina" title="Wesley Simina">Wesley Simina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru"><img alt="Nauru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/15px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/30px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/David_Adeang" title="David Adeang">David Adeang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau"><img alt="Palau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/15px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/30px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Surangel_Whipps_Jr." title="Surangel Whipps Jr.">Surangel Whipps Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa"><img alt="Samoa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/15px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/30px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tuimaleali%CA%BBifano_Va%CA%BBaleto%CA%BBa_Sualauvi_II" title="Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II">Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu"><img alt="Vanuatu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/15px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/30px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nikenike_Vurobaravu" title="Nikenike Vurobaravu">Nikenike Vurobaravu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commonwealth_heads_of_government" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commonwealth_heads_of_government" title="Template:Commonwealth heads of government"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commonwealth_heads_of_government" title="Template talk:Commonwealth heads of government"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth_heads_of_government" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth heads of government"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_heads_of_government" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commonwealth_heads_of_government" title="List of Commonwealth heads of government">Commonwealth heads of government</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Commonwealth" title="Head of the Commonwealth">Head</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Secretary-General" title="Commonwealth Secretary-General">Secretary-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Scotland" title="Patricia Scotland">Patricia Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Chair-in-Office" title="Commonwealth Chair-in-Office">Chair-in-Office</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fiam%C4%93_Naomi_Mata%CA%BBafa" title="Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa">Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda"><img alt="Antigua and Barbuda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Browne" title="Gaston Browne">Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Albanese" title="Anthony Albanese">Albanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas"><img alt="The Bahamas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Davis_(Bahamian_politician)" title="Philip Davis (Bahamian politician)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh"><img alt="Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Yunus</a> (Acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados"><img alt="Barbados" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/23px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/35px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/45px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mia_Mottley" title="Mia Mottley">Mottley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize"><img alt="Belize" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Brice%C3%B1o" title="Johnny Briceño">Briceño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana"><img alt="Botswana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Duma_Boko" title="Duma Boko">Boko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei"><img alt="Brunei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hassanal_Bolkiah" title="Hassanal Bolkiah">Bolkiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon"><img alt="Cameroon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Biya" title="Paul Biya">Biya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Christodoulides" title="Nikos Christodoulides">Christodoulides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica"><img alt="Dominica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Skerrit" title="Roosevelt Skerrit">Skerrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini"><img alt="Eswatini" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Eswatini.svg/45px-Flag_of_Eswatini.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Russell_Dlamini" title="Russell Dlamini">Dlamini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji"><img alt="Fiji" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/23px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/35px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/46px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sitiveni_Rabuka" title="Sitiveni Rabuka">Rabuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia"><img alt="The Gambia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Adama_Barrow" title="Adama Barrow">Barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nana_Akufo-Addo" title="Nana Akufo-Addo">Akufo-Addo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada"><img alt="Grenada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dickon_Mitchell" title="Dickon Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana"><img alt="Guyana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Irfaan_Ali" title="Irfaan Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica"><img alt="Jamaica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Holness" title="Andrew Holness">Holness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya"><img alt="Kenya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/William_Ruto" title="William Ruto">Ruto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati"><img alt="Kiribati" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Taneti_Maamau" title="Taneti Maamau">Maamau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho"><img alt="Lesotho" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sam_Matekane" title="Sam Matekane">Matekane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi"><img alt="Malawi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Chakwera" title="Lazarus Chakwera">Chakwera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahim" title="Anwar Ibrahim">Anwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives"><img alt="Maldives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Muizzu" title="Mohamed Muizzu">Muizzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta"><img alt="Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Abela" title="Robert Abela">Abela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius"><img alt="Mauritius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Navin_Ramgoolam" title="Navin Ramgoolam">Ramgoolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique"><img alt="Mozambique" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Filipe_Nyusi" title="Filipe Nyusi">Nyusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia"><img alt="Namibia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nangolo_Mbumba" title="Nangolo Mbumba">Mbumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru"><img alt="Nauru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/David_Adeang" title="David Adeang">Adeang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Luxon" title="Christopher Luxon">Luxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bola_Tinubu" title="Bola Tinubu">Tinubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Shehbaz_Sharif" title="Shehbaz Sharif">Shehbaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea"><img alt="Papua New Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/20px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/31px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/40px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a> <a href="/wiki/James_Marape" title="James Marape">Marape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda"><img alt="Rwanda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kagame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis"><img alt="Saint Kitts and Nevis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Terrance_Drew" title="Terrance Drew">Drew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia"><img alt="Saint Lucia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Pierre" title="Philip J. Pierre">Pierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines"><img alt="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Gonsalves" title="Ralph Gonsalves">Gonsalves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa"><img alt="Samoa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/35px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/46px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Fiam%C4%93_Naomi_Mata%CA%BBafa" title="Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa">Mataʻafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles"><img alt="Seychelles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/23px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/35px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/46px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Wavel_Ramkalawan" title="Wavel Ramkalawan">Ramkalawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone"><img alt="Sierra Leone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Maada_Bio" title="Julius Maada Bio">Bio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore"><img alt="Singapore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Wong" title="Lawrence Wong">Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands"><img alt="Solomon Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Manele" title="Jeremiah Manele">Manele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Ramaphosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka"><img alt="Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Anura_Kumara_Dissanayake" title="Anura Kumara Dissanayake">Dissanayake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania"><img alt="Tanzania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Samia_Suluhu_Hassan" title="Samia Suluhu Hassan">Samia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo"><img alt="Togo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9" title="Faure Gnassingbé">Gnassingbé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga"><img alt="Tonga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Siaosi_Sovaleni" title="Siaosi Sovaleni">Sovaleni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago"><img alt="Trinidad and Tobago" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/23px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/35px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/46px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Keith_Rowley" title="Keith Rowley">Rowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu"><img alt="Tuvalu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Feleti_Teo" title="Feleti Teo">Teo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda"><img alt="Uganda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni" title="Yoweri Museveni">Museveni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Starmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu"><img alt="Vanuatu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/46px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Charlot_Salwai" title="Charlot Salwai">Salwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia"><img alt="Zambia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hakainde_Hichilema" title="Hakainde Hichilema">Hichilema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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<li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Arthur_Ankrah" title="Joseph Arthur Ankrah">Ankrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Selassie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" title="Houari Boumédiène">Boumédiène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadou_Ahidjo" title="Ahmadou Ahidjo">Ahidjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kaunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moktar_Ould_Daddah" title="Moktar Ould Daddah">Daddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_II_of_Morocco" title="Hassan II of Morocco">Hassan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakubu_Gowon" title="Yakubu Gowon">Gowon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Barre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seewoosagur_Ramgoolam" title="Seewoosagur Ramgoolam">Ramgoolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Bongo" title="Omar Bongo">Bongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaafar_Nimeiry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaafar Nimeiry">Nimeiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tolbert" title="William Tolbert">Tolbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Senghor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siaka_Stevens" title="Siaka Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_arap_Moi" title="Daniel arap Moi">Moi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Nyerere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdou_Diouf" title="Abdou Diouf">Diouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Nguesso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kaunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moussa_Traor%C3%A9" title="Moussa Traoré">Traoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni" title="Yoweri Museveni">Museveni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Babangida" title="Ibrahim Babangida">Babangida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdou_Diouf" title="Abdou Diouf">Diouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali" title="Zine El Abidine Ben Ali">Ben Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meles_Zenawi" title="Meles Zenawi">Meles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Biya" title="Paul Biya">Biya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Mugabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Compaor%C3%A9" title="Blaise Compaoré">Compaoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Bouteflika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma" title="Gnassingbé Eyadéma">Eyadéma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chiluba" title="Frederick Chiluba">Chiluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levy_Mwanawasa" title="Levy Mwanawasa">Mwanawasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Mbeki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Chissano" title="Joaquim Chissano">Chissano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo" title="Olusegun Obasanjo">Obasanjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Nguesso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kufuor" title="John Kufuor">Kufuor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakaya_Kikwete" title="Jakaya Kikwete">Kikwete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bingu_wa_Mutharika" title="Bingu wa Mutharika">Mutharika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo">Obiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Boni_Yayi" title="Thomas Boni Yayi">Boni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailemariam_Desalegn" title="Hailemariam Desalegn">Hailemariam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ould_Abdel_Aziz" title="Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz">Abdel Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Mugabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by" title="Idriss Déby">Déby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Cond%C3%A9" title="Alpha Condé">Condé</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kagame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Sisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Ramaphosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi" title="Félix Tshisekedi">Tshisekedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macky_Sall" title="Macky Sall">Sall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azali_Assoumani" title="Azali Assoumani">Assoumani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ould_Ghazouani" title="Mohamed Ould Ghazouani">Ghazouani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs-in-Office_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commonwealth_Chairpersons-in-Office" title="Template:Commonwealth Chairpersons-in-Office"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commonwealth_Chairpersons-in-Office" title="Template talk:Commonwealth Chairpersons-in-Office"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth_Chairpersons-in-Office" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth Chairpersons-in-Office"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs-in-Office_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Chair-in-Office" title="Commonwealth Chair-in-Office">Chairs-in-Office of the</a> <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/15px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Mbeki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo" title="Olusegun Obasanjo">Obasanjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta"><img alt="Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/15px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/30px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Gonzi" title="Lawrence Gonzi">Gonzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda"><img alt="Uganda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/15px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/30px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni" title="Yoweri Museveni">Museveni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago"><img alt="Trinidad and Tobago" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/15px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/23px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/30px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Manning" title="Patrick Manning">Manning</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kamla_Persad-Bissessar" title="Kamla Persad-Bissessar">Persad-Bissessar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Julia_Gillard" title="Julia Gillard">Gillard</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kevin_Rudd" title="Kevin Rudd">Rudd</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tony_Abbott" title="Tony Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka"><img alt="Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/15px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mahinda_Rajapaksa" title="Mahinda Rajapaksa">Rajapaksa</a>/<a href="/wiki/Maithripala_Sirisena" title="Maithripala Sirisena">Sirisena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta"><img alt="Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/15px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/30px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Muscat" title="Joseph Muscat">Muscat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a>/<a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda"><img alt="Rwanda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/15px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/30px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kagame</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1231345#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1231345#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1231345#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000114766769">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/85669799">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/387808/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxmKrDGDFKWw7y637kRrq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/121091171">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr97006324">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125051432">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125051432">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0057218&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p240619846">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810537193605606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007454053205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA11942091?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd121091171.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/034279903">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Kagame&oldid=1259792703">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Kagame&oldid=1259792703</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1957_births" title="Category:1957 births">1957 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defence_ministers_of_Rwanda" title="Category:Defence ministers of Rwanda">Defence ministers of Rwanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Living_people" title="Category:Living people">Living people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Non-U.S._alumni_of_the_Command_and_General_Staff_College" title="Category:Non-U.S. alumni of the Command and General Staff College">Non-U.S. alumni of the Command and General Staff College</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Ruhango_District" title="Category:People from Ruhango District">People from Ruhango District</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_the_Rwandan_genocide" title="Category:People of the Rwandan genocide">People of the Rwandan genocide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_Rwanda" title="Category:Presidents of Rwanda">Presidents of Rwanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rwandan_Patriotic_Front_politicians" title="Category:Rwandan Patriotic Front politicians">Rwandan Patriotic Front politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rwandan_rebels" title="Category:Rwandan rebels">Rwandan rebels</a></li><li><a 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[\"CITEREFArab_News2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArmbruster2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsiimwe2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsiimwe2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAssociated_Press_(I)1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAssociated_Press_(II)2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAustralian_Associated_Press2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAustralian_War_Memorial\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_News_(I)2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_News_(II)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_News_(III)2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_News_(IV)2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_News_(IX)2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_News_(V)2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_News_(VI)2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_News_(VII)2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_News_(VIII)2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_News_(X)2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_News_(XI)2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_News_(XII)2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_News_(XIII)2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_News_(XIV)2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_News_(XIX)2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_News_(XV)2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_News_(XVI)2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_News_(XVII)2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC_News_(XVIII)2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBamford2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBariyo2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeaubien2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeaumont2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeaver_County_Times2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBirakwate2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonner1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBraquehaisNorris-Trent2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrittain1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruguière2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurke2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButera2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBymanChalkHoffmanRosenau2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCDI1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCIA\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCJCR2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCPJ2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaplan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCassimon_et_al.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheesemanKlaas2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChina_Road_and_Bridge_Corporation2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChrétien2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColumbia_University\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCongo_Forum2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDEval2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDallaire2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelmas1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_State_(I)2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_State_(II)2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_State_(III)2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_State_(IV)2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_State_(V)2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_State_(VI)1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDes_Forges1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeutsche_Welle2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeutsche_Welle2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDukalskis2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEast_African_Community_(I)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEast_African_Community_(II)2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEconomist2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFassbender2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFord2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForeignAssistance.gov2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreedom_House2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrench1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarrett2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGasamagera2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGasore2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGettlemanKron2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlobal_Witness2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGourevitch2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_Rwanda2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGras2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreat_Lakes_Voice2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuichaoua2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeuler2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHranjski1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuman_Rights_Watch_(I)2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuman_Rights_Watch_(II)2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuman_Rights_Watch_(III)2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuman_Rights_Watch_(IV)2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIRIN_(I)2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIRIN_(II)2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIRIN_(III)2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIRIN_(IV)2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIRIN_(V)2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFImmigration_and_Refugee_Board_of_Canada2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Crisis_Group2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Justice_Resource_Center2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKHI2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKagame2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKagame2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKagireStraziuso2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKainerugaba2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKanyesigye2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKasozi1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatusiime2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinzer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKwibuka2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKwibuka2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLaing2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLavelle2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLibrary_of_Congress2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorch1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMINECOFIN_(I)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMINECOFIN_(II)2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaclean2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMamdani2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatfess2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGreal2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGreal2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGreal2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGreal2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNeil2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcVeigh2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeierhenrich2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelvern2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelvern2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistry_of_Finance_and_Economic_Planning_(MINECOFIN)2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMizero2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohamed_(I)2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohamed_(II)2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuhumuza2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMumbere2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunyaneza2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurdock2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMusisi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMusoni2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMusoni2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMutangana2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNamanya2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNantaba2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Assembly_of_France1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNew_Times_(I)2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNew_Times_(II)2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNew_Times_(III)2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNganda2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNimusima2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorbrookKantaiSmith2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNunley\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFObeki2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOffice_of_the_President_(I)2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOffice_of_the_President_(II)2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOffice_of_the_President_(III)2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOklahoma_Christian_University\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsike2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanaPress2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPflanz2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPielTilouine2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPomfret1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrunier1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrunier2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadio_France_Internationale2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRepublic_of_Rwanda2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReuters_(I)2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReuters_(II)2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReuters_(III)2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReyntjens2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReyntjens2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReyntjens2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReyntjens2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRombouts2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoth2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRwanda_Human_Resources_for_Health_Program2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRwirahira2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSauuna2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSevenzo2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaba2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherwellLong2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimpson_(I)2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimpson_(II)2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithWallis2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFState_House,_Republic_of_Uganda\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSundaram2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSyalCrerar2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_New_York_Times1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTopping2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTransparency_International2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTumwebaze2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurianskyiGruzd2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNDP2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNICEF2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUSAID2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_(II)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_(III)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_(IV)2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_(V)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States_House_Foreign_Affairs_Subcommittee_on_Africa,_Global_Health_and_Global_Human_Rights2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUniversity_of_Glasgow2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUniversity_of_the_Pacific2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVSO2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVoice_of_America2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWHO_(I)2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWHO_(II)2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaldorf2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallis2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaugh2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhewell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWintour2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank_(I)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank_(II)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank_(III)2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank_(IV)2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank_(V)2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank_(VI)2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Review2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYork2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYork2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFshadmin2017\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"African Union chairpersons\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bare URL inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"C-SPAN\"] = 1,\n [\"Charlie Rose view\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation-needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 26,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 120,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 90,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Commonwealth Chairpersons-in-Office\"] = 1,\n [\"Commonwealth heads of government\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 3,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Kagame, Paul\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"External media\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 10,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Further-text\"] = 2,\n [\"Heads of state of republics\"] = 1,\n [\"IMDb name\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 13,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"NYTtopic\"] = 1,\n [\"Note\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 2,\n [\"Official website\"] = 2,\n [\"Percentage\"] = 25,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-blp\"] = 1,\n [\"RWA\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Ref label\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Rwandan presidents\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 2,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 4,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-inc\"] = 1,\n [\"S-new\"] = 1,\n [\"S-non\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 453,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 19,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 2,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","580","19.0"],["?","400","13.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","360","11.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","280","9.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","260","8.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","220","7.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","5.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","80","2.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","2.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","2.0"],["[others]","600","19.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-cc877b49b-k58nw","timestamp":"20241127132923","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Paul Kagame","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paul_Kagame","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1231345","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1231345","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-12-08T19:38:44Z","dateModified":"2024-11-27T02:02:11Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b9\/Paul_Kagame_2023.jpg","headline":"President of Rwanda since 2000 (born 1957)"}</script> </body> </html>