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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Taxonomy and evolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taxonomy_and_evolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Taxonomy and evolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy_and_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mysticetes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mysticetes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Mysticetes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mysticetes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odontocetes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odontocetes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Odontocetes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odontocetes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Biology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anatomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Anatomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locomotion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locomotion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Locomotion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locomotion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Senses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Intelligence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Life cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sleep" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sleep"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Sleep</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sleep-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foraging_and_predation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foraging_and_predation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Foraging and predation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foraging_and_predation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whale_pump" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whale_pump"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Whale pump</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whale_pump-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whale_fall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whale_fall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Whale fall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whale_fall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Relationship with humans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_with_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relationship with humans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Whaling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whaling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Whaling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whaling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_threats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_threats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Other threats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_threats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whale_watching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whale_watching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Whale watching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whale_watching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_myth,_literature_and_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_myth,_literature_and_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>In myth, literature and art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_myth,_literature_and_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_captivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_captivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>In captivity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_captivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-News" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#News"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>News</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-News-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Whale</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 93 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">93 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walvis" title="Walvis – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Walvis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hw%C3%A6l" title="Hwæl – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hwæl" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%AA" title="حوت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حوت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A9%DC%90%DC%9B%DC%90_(%DC%9A%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90)" title="ܩܐܛܐ (ܚܝܘܬܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܩܐܛܐ (ܚܝܘܬܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus" title="Paus – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Paus" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF" title="তিমি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তিমি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1i-ang" title="Hái-ang – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hái-ang" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Кіты – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кіты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Кіты – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кіты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balyena" title="Balyena – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Balyena" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Кит – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кит" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཆུ་སྲིན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཆུ་སྲིན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balum" title="Balum – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Balum" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balenes" title="Balenes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Balenes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Китсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Китсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velryba" title="Velryba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Velryba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaalad" title="Vaalad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vaalad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Φάλαινα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φάλαινα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballenas" title="Ballenas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ballenas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baleno" title="Baleno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Baleno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balea" title="Balea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Balea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF" title="نهنگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نهنگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baleine" title="Baleine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Baleine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADol_m%C3%B3r" title="Míol mór – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Míol mór" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balea" title="Balea – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Balea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%85" title="Сувсакх – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Сувсакх" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3i-chhi%C3%BB" title="Hói-chhiû – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hói-chhiû" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%BC" title="웨일 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="웨일" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կետեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կետեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="ह्वेल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ह्वेल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_(mamalia)" title="Paus (mamalia) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paus (mamalia)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sului%E1%B8%B7aq" title="Suluiḷaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Suluiḷaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Гай – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Гай" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balena" title="Balena – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Balena" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodan" title="Lodan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lodan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal%C9%9B%C9%9Bn%C9%A9" title="Baalɛɛnɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Baalɛɛnɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2" title="ತಿಮಿಂಗಿಲ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತಿಮಿಂಗಿಲ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaena" title="Balaena – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Balaena" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Va%C4%BCi" title="Vaļi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vaļi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banginis" title="Banginis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Banginis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balenn-a" title="Balenn-a – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Balenn-a" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walv%C3%A8s" title="Walvès – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Walvès" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balena" title="Balena – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Balena" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1lna" title="Bálna – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bálna" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trozona" title="Trozona – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Trozona" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82" title="തിമിംഗിലം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തിമിംഗിലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="देवमासा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="देवमासा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%AA" title="حوت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حوت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84" title="وال – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="وال" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_(mamalia)" title="Paus (mamalia) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paus (mamalia)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikan_pauih" title="Ikan pauih – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Ikan pauih" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%AB%E1%80%B8" title="ဝေလငါး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝေလငါး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walvis" title="Walvis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Walvis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2" title="तिमिङ्गल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तिमिङ्गल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="व्हेल – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="व्हेल" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A9" title="クジラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クジラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%85" title="Докх – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Докх" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baleine" title="Baleine – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Baleine" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balena" title="Balena – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Balena" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qurxumbooja" title="Qurxumbooja – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Qurxumbooja" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitlar" title="Kitlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kitlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9B%E0%A9%80" title="ਵ੍ਹੇਲ ਮੱਛੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵ੍ਹੇਲ ਮੱਛੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DA%93_%D9%86%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AB" title="خړ نهنګ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="خړ نهنګ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balin%C2%B7ne_(Manmif%C3%A8re)" title="Balin·ne (Manmifère) – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Balin·ne (Manmifère)" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wieloryb" title="Wieloryb – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wieloryb" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Киты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Киты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/isu%27" title="isu' – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="isu'" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafol%C4%81" title="Tafolā – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Tafolā" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whaul" title="Whaul – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Whaul" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leruarua" title="Leruarua – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Leruarua" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balena" title="Balena – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Balena" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%94" title="තල්මස්සු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තල්මස්සු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale" title="Whale – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Whale" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%95%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF" title="نەھەنگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نەھەنگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit" title="Kit – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kit" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balyena" title="Balyena – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Balyena" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="திமிங்கிலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திமிங்கிலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tizmkt" title="Tizmkt – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tizmkt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Китлар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Китлар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="తిమింగలము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తిమింగలము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AC" title="วาฬ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วาฬ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%86" title="ᏓᏆ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏓᏆ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balina" title="Balina – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Balina" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Кити – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кити" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%84" title="وہیل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وہیل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1_voi" title="Cá voi – 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</div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Whales" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Whales" hreflang="en"><span>Wikinews</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Whales" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1865281" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Informal group of large marine mammals</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a marine mammal. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Whale_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Whale (disambiguation)">Whale (disambiguation)</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Whales" redirects here; not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota biota-infobox"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:rgb(235,235,210);">Whale<div style="font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">An informal group<br />within the infraorder Cetacea</div></div><div><small>Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> - <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Present</a> <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">50–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:203.07692307692px; width:16.923076923077px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:203.07692307692px; width:16.923076923077px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:204.07692307692px; width:14.923076923077px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></small></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="image-section"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_right_whale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Southern right whale" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Southern_right_whale.jpg/250px-Southern_right_whale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Southern_right_whale.jpg/330px-Southern_right_whale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Southern_right_whale.jpg/500px-Southern_right_whale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="image-section"><a href="/wiki/Southern_right_whale" title="Southern right whale">Southern right whale</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="min-width:15em;text-align:center;background:rgb(235,235,210);"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a><span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Cetacea" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">Artiodactyla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cetaceamorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetaceamorpha">Cetaceamorpha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Infraorder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">Cetacea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:rgb(235,235,210);">Groups included </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="section-content"> <ul><li>Parvorder <a href="/wiki/Mysticeti" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysticeti">Mysticeti</a> (baleen whales)</li> <li>Parvorder <a href="/wiki/Odontoceti" class="mw-redirect" title="Odontoceti">Odontoceti</a> (partially) <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Monodontidae" title="Monodontidae">Monodontidae</a> (Arctic whales)</li> <li>Superfamily <a href="/wiki/Physeteroidea" title="Physeteroidea">Physeteroidea</a> (sperm whales)</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Ziphiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziphiidae">Ziphiidae</a> (beaked whales)</li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:rgb(235,235,210);"><a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistically</a> included but traditionally excluded taxa </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="section-content"> <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Delphinidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Delphinidae">Delphinidae</a> (dolphins and porpoises)</li> <li>Superfamily <a href="/wiki/Platanistoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Platanistoidea">Platanistoidea</a> (Asian river dolphins)</li> <li>Superfamily <a href="/wiki/Inioidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Inioidea">Inioidea</a> (South American river dolphins)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227369696">.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox{text-align:left;width:200px;font-size:100%}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td:not(.image-section){padding:2px 10px}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox th.section-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.section-content{text-align:left;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.list-section{text-align:left;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.taxon-section{text-align:left;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.image-section{text-align:center;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox table.taxonomy{margin:0 auto;text-align:left;background:transparent;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox table.taxonomy tr{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox table.taxonomy td{padding:1px}</style> <p><b>Whales</b> are a widely distributed and diverse group of fully <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">aquatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Placental_mammal" class="mw-redirect" title="Placental mammal">placental</a> <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">marine mammals</a>. As an informal and <a href="/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">colloquial</a> grouping, they correspond to large members of the infraorder <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">Cetacea</a>, i.e. all cetaceans apart from <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porpoise" title="Porpoise">porpoises</a>. Dolphins and porpoises may be considered whales from a formal, <a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">cladistic</a> perspective. Whales, dolphins and porpoises belong to the order <a href="/wiki/Cetartiodactyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetartiodactyla">Cetartiodactyla</a>, which consists of <a href="/wiki/Even-toed_ungulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Even-toed ungulate">even-toed ungulates</a>. Their closest non-cetacean living relatives are the <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">hippopotamuses</a>, from which they and other cetaceans diverged about 54 million years ago. The two <a href="/wiki/Parvorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Parvorder">parvorders</a> of whales, <a href="/wiki/Baleen_whale" title="Baleen whale">baleen whales</a> (Mysticeti) and <a href="/wiki/Toothed_whale" title="Toothed whale">toothed whales</a> (Odontoceti), are thought to have had their <a href="/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">last common ancestor</a> around 34 million years ago. Mysticetes include four <a href="/wiki/Neontology" title="Neontology">extant</a> (living) <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">families</a>: <a href="/wiki/Balaenopteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Balaenopteridae">Balaenopteridae</a> (the rorquals), <a href="/wiki/Balaenidae" title="Balaenidae">Balaenidae</a> (right whales), <a href="/wiki/Cetotheriidae" title="Cetotheriidae">Cetotheriidae</a> (the pygmy right whale), and <a href="/wiki/Eschrichtiidae" title="Eschrichtiidae">Eschrichtiidae</a> (the grey whale). Odontocetes include the <a href="/wiki/Monodontidae" title="Monodontidae">Monodontidae</a> (belugas and narwhals), <a href="/wiki/Physeteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Physeteridae">Physeteridae</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">sperm whale</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kogiidae" title="Kogiidae">Kogiidae</a> (the dwarf and pygmy sperm whale), and <a href="/wiki/Ziphiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziphiidae">Ziphiidae</a> (the beaked whales), as well as the six families of dolphins and porpoises which are not considered whales in the informal sense. </p><p>Whales are fully aquatic, open-ocean animals: they can feed, mate, give birth, suckle and raise their young at sea. Whales range in size from the 2.6 metres (8.5 ft) and 135 kilograms (298 lb) <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_sperm_whale" title="Dwarf sperm whale">dwarf sperm whale</a> to the 29.9 metres (98 ft) and 190 tonnes (210 short tons) <a href="/wiki/Blue_whale" title="Blue whale">blue whale</a>, which is the largest known animal that has ever lived. The <a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">sperm whale</a> is the largest toothed predator on Earth. Several whale species exhibit <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a>, in that the females are larger than males. </p><p>Baleen whales have no teeth; instead, they have plates of baleen, fringe-like structures that enable them to expel the huge mouthfuls of water they take in while retaining the <a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">krill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a> they feed on. Because their heads are enormous—making up as much as 40% of their total body mass—and they have throat pleats that enable them to expand their mouths, they are able to take huge quantities of water into their mouth at a time. Baleen whales also have a well-developed sense of smell. </p><p>Toothed whales, in contrast, have conical teeth adapted to catching fish or <a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">squid</a>. They also have such keen hearing—whether above or below the surface of the water—that some can survive even if they are blind. Some species, such as sperm whales, are particularly well adapted for diving to great depths to catch squid and other favoured prey. </p><p>Whales evolved from land-living mammals, and must regularly surface to breathe air, although they can remain underwater for long periods of time. Some species, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">sperm whale</a>, can stay underwater for up to 90 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray2013_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have <a href="/wiki/Blowhole_(anatomy)" title="Blowhole (anatomy)">blowholes</a> (modified nostrils) located on top of their heads, through which air is taken in and expelled. They are <a href="/wiki/Endotherm" title="Endotherm">warm-blooded</a>, and have a layer of fat, or <a href="/wiki/Blubber" title="Blubber">blubber</a>, under the skin. With streamlined <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fusiform" class="extiw" title="wikt:fusiform">fusiform</a> bodies and two limbs that are modified into flippers, whales can travel at speeds of up to 20 <a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">knots</a>, though they are not as flexible or agile as <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a>. Whales produce a great variety of vocalizations, notably the extended songs of the <a href="/wiki/Humpback_whale" title="Humpback whale">humpback whale</a>. Although whales are widespread, most species prefer the colder waters of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres and migrate to the equator to give birth. Species such as humpbacks and blue whales are capable of travelling thousands of miles without feeding. Males typically mate with multiple females every year, but females only mate every two to three years. Calves are typically born in the spring and summer; females bear all the responsibility for raising them. Mothers in some species fast and nurse their young for one to two years. </p><p>Once relentlessly hunted for their products, whales are now protected by international law. The <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_right_whale" title="North Atlantic right whale">North Atlantic right whales</a> nearly became extinct in the twentieth century, with a population low of 450, and the <a href="/wiki/Gray_whale#North_Pacific" title="Gray whale">North Pacific grey whale population</a> is ranked <a href="/wiki/Critically_Endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically Endangered">Critically Endangered</a> by the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">IUCN</a>. Besides the threat from whalers, they also face threats from bycatch and marine pollution. The meat, blubber and <a href="/wiki/Baleen" title="Baleen">baleen</a> of whales have traditionally been used by indigenous peoples of the Arctic. Whales have been depicted in various cultures worldwide, notably by the Inuit and the coastal peoples of Vietnam and Ghana, who sometimes hold whale funerals. Whales occasionally feature in literature and film. A famous example is the great white whale in <a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Moby-Dick" title="Moby-Dick">Moby-Dick</a></i>. Small whales, such as <a href="/wiki/Beluga_whale" title="Beluga whale">belugas</a>, are sometimes kept in captivity and trained to perform tricks, but breeding success has been poor and the animals often die within a few months of capture. <a href="/wiki/Whale_watching" title="Whale watching">Whale watching</a> has become a form of tourism around the world. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_definitions">Etymology and definitions</h2></div> <p>The word "whale" comes from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i>hwæl</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> <i>*hwalaz</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> <i>*(s)kwal-o-</i>, meaning "large sea fish".<sup id="cite_ref-etymonline_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymonline-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-asd_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asd-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Proto-Germanic <i>*hwalaz</i> is also the source of <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a> <i>hwal</i>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <i>hvalr</i>, <i>hvalfiskr</i>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <i>val</i>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a> <i>wal</i>, <i>walvisc</i>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> <i>walvis</i>, <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> <i>wal</i>, and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <i>Wal</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-etymonline_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymonline-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other archaic English forms include <i>wal, wale, whal, whalle, whaille, wheal</i>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkeat1898_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkeat1898-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "whale" is sometimes used interchangeably with <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porpoise" title="Porpoise">porpoises</a>, acting as a synonym for <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">Cetacea</a>. Six species of dolphins have the word "whale" in their name, collectively known as blackfish: the <a href="/wiki/Orca" title="Orca">orca</a>, or killer whale, the <a href="/wiki/Melon-headed_whale" title="Melon-headed whale">melon-headed whale</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_killer_whale" title="Pygmy killer whale">pygmy killer whale</a>, the <a href="/wiki/False_killer_whale" title="False killer whale">false killer whale</a>, and the two species of <a href="/wiki/Pilot_whale" title="Pilot whale">pilot whales</a>, all of which are classified under the family <a href="/wiki/Delphinidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Delphinidae">Delphinidae</a> (oceanic dolphins).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcBrearty199133–65_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcBrearty199133–65-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each species has a different reason for it, for example, the killer whale was named "Ballena asesina" 'killer whale' by Spanish sailors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGormley1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidxwvWILe_c_cCpgPA10_10]_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGormley1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidxwvWILe_c_cCpgPA10_10]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "Great Whales" covers those currently regulated by the <a href="/wiki/International_Whaling_Commission" title="International Whaling Commission">International Whaling Commission</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIWC_"Small_cetaceans"_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIWC_"Small_cetaceans"-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Odontoceti family Physeteridae (sperm whales); and the Mysticeti families Balaenidae (right and bowhead whales), Eschrichtiidae (grey whales), and some of the Balaenopteridae (Minke, Bryde's, Sei, Blue and Fin; not Eden's and Omura's whales).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIWC_"The_Great_Whales"_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIWC_"The_Great_Whales"-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy_and_evolution">Taxonomy and evolution</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cetaceans" title="List of cetaceans">List of cetaceans</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_cetaceans" title="List of extinct cetaceans">List of extinct cetaceans</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3></div> <p>The whales are part of the largely terrestrial mammalian <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> <a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a>. Whales <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">do not form a clade or order</a>; the infraorder Cetacea includes <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porpoise" title="Porpoise">porpoises</a>, which are not considered whales in the informal sense.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogenetic tree</a> shows the relationships of whales and other mammals, with whale groups<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> marked in green. </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:85%;line-height:85%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Ferae" title="Ferae">Ferae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Carnivorans" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnivorans">carnivorans</a> and allies) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crocuta_crocuta_sideview.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Crocuta_crocuta_sideview.jpg/60px-Crocuta_crocuta_sideview.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Crocuta_crocuta_sideview.jpg/90px-Crocuta_crocuta_sideview.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Crocuta_crocuta_sideview.jpg/120px-Crocuta_crocuta_sideview.jpg 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="474" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Perissodactyla" title="Perissodactyla">Perissodactyla</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhino" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhino">rhinos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapir" title="Tapir">tapirs</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hartmann_zebra_hobatere_S.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Hartmann_zebra_hobatere_S.jpg/60px-Hartmann_zebra_hobatere_S.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Hartmann_zebra_hobatere_S.jpg/120px-Hartmann_zebra_hobatere_S.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1651" data-file-height="1303" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Artiodactyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Artiodactyla">Artiodactyla</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Tylopoda" title="Tylopoda">Tylopoda</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Camelid" class="mw-redirect" title="Camelid">camels, llamas</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:07._Camel_Profile,_near_Silverton,_NSW,_07.07.2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/07._Camel_Profile%2C_near_Silverton%2C_NSW%2C_07.07.2007.jpg/60px-07._Camel_Profile%2C_near_Silverton%2C_NSW%2C_07.07.2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="45" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/07._Camel_Profile%2C_near_Silverton%2C_NSW%2C_07.07.2007.jpg/120px-07._Camel_Profile%2C_near_Silverton%2C_NSW%2C_07.07.2007.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Artiofabula" title="Artiofabula">Artiofabula</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Suina" title="Suina">Suina</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_suines" title="List of suines">pigs, hogs, peccaries</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scavenger_feast_-_Yala_December_2010_(1)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Scavenger_feast_-_Yala_December_2010_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/60px-Scavenger_feast_-_Yala_December_2010_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Scavenger_feast_-_Yala_December_2010_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Scavenger_feast_-_Yala_December_2010_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="418" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Cetruminantia" title="Cetruminantia">Cetruminantia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Ruminantia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruminantia">Ruminants</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antelope" title="Antelope">antelopes</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png/60px-Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png/120px-Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png 1.5x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="421" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Whippomorpha" title="Whippomorpha">Whippomorpha</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamidae" title="Hippopotamidae">Hippopotamidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Hippopotamidae" title="Hippopotamidae">hippos</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hippopotamus_amphibius_in_Tanzania_2830_Nevit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Hippopotamus_amphibius_in_Tanzania_2830_Nevit.jpg/60px-Hippopotamus_amphibius_in_Tanzania_2830_Nevit.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Hippopotamus_amphibius_in_Tanzania_2830_Nevit.jpg/120px-Hippopotamus_amphibius_in_Tanzania_2830_Nevit.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">Cetacea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><br /> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Archaeocetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeocetes">Archaeocetes</a></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>(<abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Ambulocetus" title="Ambulocetus">Ambulocetus</a></i>, <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Protocetus" title="Protocetus">Protocetus</a></i>, <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Basilosaurus" title="Basilosaurus">Basilosaurus</a></i>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><a href="/wiki/Archaeocetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeocetes">ancient whales</a> <br /> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mysticeti" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysticeti"><span style="color: green">Mysticeti</span></a></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Right_whale" title="Right whale"><span style="color: green">right whales</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Gray_whale" title="Gray whale"><span style="color: green">grey whales</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Rorqual" title="Rorqual"><span style="color: green">rorquals</span></a>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span style="color: green">baleen whales</span> <br /></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Odontoceti" class="mw-redirect" title="Odontoceti">Odontoceti</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Delphinoidea" title="Delphinoidea">Delphinoidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porpoise" title="Porpoise">porpoises</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beluga_whale" title="Beluga whale"><span style="color: green">beluga whales</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Narwhal" title="Narwhal"><span style="color: green">narwhals</span></a>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Lipotoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipotoidea">Lipotoidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>(<a href="/wiki/River_dolphins" class="mw-redirect" title="River dolphins">river dolphins</a>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Physeteroidea" title="Physeteroidea"><span style="color: green">Physeteroidea</span></a></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Physeteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Physeteridae"><span style="color: green">sperm whales</span></a>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ziphioidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziphioidea"><span style="color: green">Ziphoidea</span></a></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Beaked_whale" title="Beaked whale"><span style="color: green">beaked whales</span></a>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">toothed whales </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 53 <a href="/wiki/MYA_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="MYA (unit)">Mya</a></span></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 99 <a href="/wiki/MYA_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="MYA (unit)">Mya</a></span></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Cetaceans are divided into two parvorders. The larger parvorder, <a href="/wiki/Mysticeti" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysticeti">Mysticeti</a> (baleen whales), is characterized by the presence of baleen, a sieve-like structure in the upper jaw made of <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratin</a>, which it uses to filter <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a>, among others, from the water. <a href="/wiki/Odontoceti" class="mw-redirect" title="Odontoceti">Odontocetes</a> (toothed whales) are characterized by bearing sharp teeth for hunting, as opposed to their counterparts' baleen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlinowska19914_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlinowska19914-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cetaceans and <a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">artiodactyls</a> now are classified under the order <a href="/wiki/Cetartiodactyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetartiodactyla">Cetartiodactyla</a>, often still referred to as Artiodactyla, which includes both whales and <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">hippopotamuses</a>. The hippopotamus and pygmy hippopotamus are the whales' closest terrestrial living relatives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGatesy1997_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGatesy1997-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mysticetes">Mysticetes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mysticeti" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysticeti">Mysticeti</a></div> <p>Mysticetes are also known as baleen whales. They have a pair of <a href="/wiki/Blowhole_(anatomy)" title="Blowhole (anatomy)">blowholes</a> side by side and lack teeth; instead they have <a href="/wiki/Baleen_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Baleen plates">baleen plates</a> which form a sieve-like structure in the upper jaw made of keratin, which they use to filter <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a> from the water. Some whales, such as the humpback, reside in the polar regions where they feed on a reliable source of schooling fish and <a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">krill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnsonWolman1984_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnsonWolman1984-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These animals rely on their well-developed flippers and tail fin to propel themselves through the water; they swim by moving their fore-flippers and <a href="/wiki/Caudal_fin" class="mw-redirect" title="Caudal fin">tail fin</a> up and down. Whale ribs loosely articulate with their <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_vertebrae" title="Thoracic vertebrae">thoracic vertebrae</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Proximal" class="mw-redirect" title="Proximal">proximal</a> end, but do not form a rigid rib cage. This adaptation allows the chest to compress during deep dives as the pressure increases.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Mysticetes consist of four families: <a href="/wiki/Balaenopteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Balaenopteridae">rorquals (balaenopterids)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cetotheriidae" title="Cetotheriidae">cetotheriids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balaenidae" title="Balaenidae">right whales (balaenids)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eschrichtiidae" title="Eschrichtiidae">grey whales (eschrichtiids)</a>. </p><p>The main difference between each family of mysticete is in their feeding adaptations and subsequent behaviour. Balaenopterids are the rorquals. These animals, along with the cetotheriids, rely on their throat pleats to gulp large amounts of water while feeding. The throat pleats extend from the mouth to the navel and allow the mouth to expand to a large volume for more efficient capture of the small animals they feed on. Balaenopterids consist of two genera and eight species.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldbogen2010_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldbogen2010-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Balaenids are the right whales. These animals have very large heads, which can make up as much as 40% of their body mass, and much of the head is the mouth. This allows them to take in large amounts of water into their mouths, letting them feed more effectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFroias2012_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFroias2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eschrichtiids have one living member: the grey whale. They are bottom feeders, mainly eating crustaceans and benthic invertebrates. They feed by turning on their sides and taking in water mixed with sediment, which is then expelled through the baleen, leaving their prey trapped inside. This is an efficient method of hunting, in which the whale has no major competitors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJefferson_et_al._15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferson_et_al.-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Odontocetes">Odontocetes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Odontoceti" class="mw-redirect" title="Odontoceti">Odontoceti</a></div> <p>Odontocetes are known as toothed whales; they have teeth and only one blowhole. They rely on their well-developed sonar to find their way in the water. Toothed whales send out <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasonic</a> clicks using the <a href="/wiki/Melon_(cetacean)" title="Melon (cetacean)">melon</a>. Sound waves travel through the water. Upon striking an object in the water, the sound waves bounce back at the whale. These vibrations are received through fatty tissues in the jaw, which is then rerouted into the ear-bone and into the brain where the vibrations are interpreted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeanette_et_al.1990203–427_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeanette_et_al.1990203–427-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All toothed whales are opportunistic, meaning they will eat anything they can fit in their throat because they are unable to chew. These animals rely on their well-developed flippers and tail fin to propel themselves through the water; they swim by moving their fore-flippers and <a href="/wiki/Caudal_fin" class="mw-redirect" title="Caudal fin">tail fin</a> up and down. Whale ribs loosely articulate with their <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_vertebrae" title="Thoracic vertebrae">thoracic vertebrae</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Proximal" class="mw-redirect" title="Proximal">proximal</a> end, but they do not form a rigid rib cage. This adaptation allows the chest to compress during deep dives as opposed to resisting the force of water pressure.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Excluding dolphins and porpoises, odontocetes consist of four families: <a href="/wiki/Monodontidae" title="Monodontidae">belugas and narwhals (monodontids)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physeteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Physeteridae">sperm whales (physeterids)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kogiidae" title="Kogiidae">dwarf and pygmy sperm whales (kogiids)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ziphiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziphiidae">beaked whales (ziphiids)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcBrearty199133–65_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcBrearty199133–65-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The differences between families of odontocetes include size, feeding adaptations and distribution. Monodontids consist of two species: the <a href="/wiki/Beluga_whale" title="Beluga whale">beluga</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Narwhal" title="Narwhal">narwhal</a>. They both reside in the frigid arctic and both have large amounts of blubber. Belugas, being white, hunt in large pods near the surface and around pack ice, their coloration acting as camouflage. Narwhals, being black, hunt in large pods in the aphotic zone, but their underbelly still remains white to remain camouflaged when something is looking directly up or down at them. They have no dorsal fin to prevent collision with pack ice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJefferson2015a_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferson2015a-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Physeterids and Kogiids consist of <a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">sperm whales</a>. Sperm whales consist the largest and smallest odontocetes, and spend a large portion of their life hunting squid. <i>P. macrocephalus</i> spends most of its life in search of squid in the depths; these animals do not require any degree of light at all, in fact, blind sperm whales have been caught in perfect health. The behaviour of Kogiids remains largely unknown, but, due to their small lungs, they are thought to hunt in the <a href="/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">photic zone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJefferson2015b_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferson2015b-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ziphiids consist of 22 species of <a href="/wiki/Beaked_whale" title="Beaked whale">beaked whale</a>. These vary from size, to coloration, to distribution, but they all share a similar hunting style. They use a suction technique, aided by a pair of grooves on the underside of their head, not unlike the throat pleats on the <a href="/wiki/Rorqual" title="Rorqual">rorquals</a>, to feed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJefferson2015c_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferson2015c-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a formal clade (a group which does not exclude any descendant <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxon</a>), odontocetes also contains the <a href="/wiki/Porpoise" title="Porpoise">porpoises</a> (Phocoenidae) and four or five living families of dolphins: oceanic dolphins (<a href="/wiki/Delphinidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Delphinidae">Delphinidae</a>), <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_river_dolphin" title="South Asian river dolphin">South Asian river dolphins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Platanistidae" title="Platanistidae">Platanistidae</a>), the possibly extinct <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River_dolphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River dolphin">Yangtze River dolphin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lipotidae" title="Lipotidae">Lipotidae</a>), <a href="/wiki/Inia" title="Inia">South American river dolphins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iniidae" title="Iniidae">Iniidae</a>), and <a href="/wiki/La_Plata_dolphin" title="La Plata dolphin">La Plata dolphin</a> (Pontoporiidae). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cetaceans" title="Evolution of cetaceans">Evolution of cetaceans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilosaurus_cetoides_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Basilosaurus_cetoides_%281%29.jpg/250px-Basilosaurus_cetoides_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Basilosaurus_cetoides_%281%29.jpg/330px-Basilosaurus_cetoides_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Basilosaurus_cetoides_%281%29.jpg/500px-Basilosaurus_cetoides_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="869" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Basilosaurus" title="Basilosaurus">Basilosaurus</a> skeleton</figcaption></figure> <p>Whales are descendants of land-dwelling mammals of the <a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">artiodactyl</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> (even-toed ungulates). They are related to the <i><a href="/wiki/Indohyus" title="Indohyus">Indohyus</a></i>, an extinct <a href="/wiki/Chevrotain" title="Chevrotain">chevrotain</a>-like ungulate, from which they split approximately 48 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENortheastern_Ohio_Universities2007_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENortheastern_Ohio_Universities2007-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawkins2004_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawkins2004-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primitive cetaceans, or <a href="/wiki/Archaeocetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeocetes">archaeocetes</a>, first took to the sea approximately 49 million years ago and became fully aquatic 5–10 million years later. What defines an archaeocete is the presence of anatomical features exclusive to cetaceans, alongside other primitive features not found in modern cetaceans, such as visible legs or asymmetrical teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerkeley_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerkeley-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThewissen_et_al.2007_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThewissen_et_al.2007-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahlke_et_al.2011_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahlke_et_al.2011-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGatesy1997_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGatesy1997-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their features became adapted for living in the <a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">marine environment</a>. Major anatomical changes included their hearing set-up that channeled vibrations from the jaw to the earbone (<i><a href="/wiki/Ambulocetus" title="Ambulocetus">Ambulocetus</a></i> 49 <a href="/wiki/Mya_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mya (unit)">mya</a>), a <a href="/wiki/Streamline_(fluid_dynamics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Streamline (fluid dynamics)">streamlined</a> body and the growth of flukes on the tail (<i><a href="/wiki/Protocetus" title="Protocetus">Protocetus</a></i> 43 mya), the migration of the nostrils toward the top of the <a href="/wiki/Cranium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranium">cranium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Blowhole_(anatomy)" title="Blowhole (anatomy)">blowholes</a>), and the modification of the forelimbs into flippers (<i><a href="/wiki/Basilosaurus" title="Basilosaurus">Basilosaurus</a></i> 35 mya), and the shrinking and eventual disappearance of the hind limbs (the first odontocetes and mysticetes 34 mya).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenneth2001_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenneth2001-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBebej_et_al.2012_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBebej_et_al.2012-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReidenberg2012508_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReidenberg2012508-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whale morphology shows several examples of <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a>, the most obvious being the streamlined fish-like body shape.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELam1999_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELam1999-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other examples include the use of <a href="/wiki/Animal_echolocation" title="Animal echolocation">echolocation</a> for hunting in low light conditions — which is the same hearing adaptation used by <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a> — and, in the rorqual whales, jaw adaptations, similar to those found in <a href="/wiki/Pelican" title="Pelican">pelicans</a>, that enable engulfment feeding.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoskowitz2011_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoskowitz2011-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, the closest living relatives of cetaceans are the <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">hippopotamuses</a>; these share a <a href="/wiki/Semiaquatic" title="Semiaquatic">semi-aquatic</a> ancestor that branched off from other artiodactyls some 60 mya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGatesy1997_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGatesy1997-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 40 mya, a common ancestor between the two branched off into cetacea and <a href="/wiki/Anthracotheres" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthracotheres">anthracotheres</a>; nearly all anthracotheres became extinct at the end of the Pleistocene 2.5 mya, eventually leaving only one surviving lineage – the hippopotamus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoisserieLihoreauBrunet2005_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoisserieLihoreauBrunet2005-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whales split into two separate parvorders around 34 mya – the baleen whales (Mysticetes) and the toothed whales (Odontocetes).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBS_''Nature''2012_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBS_''Nature''2012-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHouben_et_al.2013341–344_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHouben_et_al.2013341–344-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteeman_et_al.2009573–585_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteeman_et_al.2009573–585-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biology">Biology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anatomy">Anatomy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baleen_parts.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Baleen_parts.png/250px-Baleen_parts.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Baleen_parts.png/330px-Baleen_parts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Baleen_parts.png/500px-Baleen_parts.png 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="295" /></a><figcaption>Features of a <a href="/wiki/Blue_whale" title="Blue whale">blue whale</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sperm_whale_skeleton_labelled.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Sperm_whale_skeleton_labelled.jpg/220px-Sperm_whale_skeleton_labelled.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Sperm_whale_skeleton_labelled.jpg/330px-Sperm_whale_skeleton_labelled.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Sperm_whale_skeleton_labelled.jpg/440px-Sperm_whale_skeleton_labelled.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption>Features of a <a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">sperm whale</a> skeleton</figcaption></figure> <p>Whales have torpedo-shaped bodies with non-flexible necks, limbs modified into flippers, non-existent external ear flaps, a large tail fin, and flat heads (with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Monodontidae" title="Monodontidae">monodontids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ziphiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziphiidae">ziphiids</a>). Whale skulls have small eye orbits, long snouts (with the exception of monodontids and ziphiids) and eyes placed on the sides of its head. Whales range in size from the 2.6-metre (8.5 ft) and 135-kilogram (298 lb) dwarf sperm whale to the 34-metre (112 ft) and 190-metric-ton (210-short-ton) blue whale. Overall, they tend to dwarf other cetartiodactyls; the blue whale is the largest creature on Earth. Several species have female-biased sexual dimorphism, with the females being larger than the males. One exception is with the sperm whale, which has males larger than the females.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReidenberg2012510–511_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReidenberg2012510–511-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERallsMesnick19841005–1011_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERallsMesnick19841005–1011-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Odontocetes, such as the sperm whale, possess teeth with <a href="/wiki/Cementum" title="Cementum">cementum</a> cells overlying <a href="/wiki/Dentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dentine">dentine</a> cells. Unlike human teeth, which are composed mostly of <a href="/wiki/Tooth_enamel" title="Tooth enamel">enamel</a> on the portion of the tooth outside of the gum, whale teeth have cementum outside the gum. Only in larger whales, where the cementum is worn away on the tip of the tooth, does enamel show. Mysticetes have large <a href="/wiki/Whalebone" class="mw-redirect" title="Whalebone">whalebone</a>, as opposed to teeth, made of keratin. Mysticetes have two blowholes, whereas Odontocetes contain only one.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReidenberg2012509–510_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReidenberg2012509–510-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Breathing involves expelling stale air from the <a href="/wiki/Blowhole_(anatomy)" title="Blowhole (anatomy)">blowhole</a>, forming an upward, steamy spout, followed by inhaling fresh air into the lungs; a humpback whale's lungs can hold about 5,000 litres (1,300 US gal) of air. Spout shapes differ among species, which facilitates identification.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReidenberg2012507–508_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReidenberg2012507–508-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholander1940_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholander1940-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All whales have a thick layer of <a href="/wiki/Blubber" title="Blubber">blubber</a>. In species that live near the poles, the blubber can be as thick as 11 inches (28 cm). This blubber can help with buoyancy (which is helpful for a 100-ton whale), protection to some extent as predators would have a hard time getting through a thick layer of fat, and energy for fasting when migrating to the equator; the primary usage for blubber is insulation from the harsh climate. It can constitute as much as 50% of a whale's body weight. Calves are born with only a thin layer of blubber, but some species compensate for this with thick lanugos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlinowska19915_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlinowska19915-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReidenberg2012510_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReidenberg2012510-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whales have a two- to three-chambered stomach that is similar in structure to those of terrestrial carnivores. Mysticetes contain a <a href="/wiki/Proventriculus" title="Proventriculus">proventriculus</a> as an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Oesophagus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oesophagus">oesophagus</a>; this contains stones that grind up food. They also have <a href="/wiki/Fundic_stomach" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundic stomach">fundic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyloric_stomach" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyloric stomach">pyloric</a> chambers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevensHume199511_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevensHume199511-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locomotion">Locomotion</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GreenlandWhaleLyd3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/GreenlandWhaleLyd3.jpg/250px-GreenlandWhaleLyd3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/GreenlandWhaleLyd3.jpg/330px-GreenlandWhaleLyd3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/GreenlandWhaleLyd3.jpg/500px-GreenlandWhaleLyd3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>Skeleton of a <a href="/wiki/Bowhead_whale" title="Bowhead whale">bowhead whale</a>; notice the vestigial <a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">pelvis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lydekker" title="Richard Lydekker">Richard Lydekker</a>, 1894</figcaption></figure> <p>Whales have two flippers on the front, and a tail fin. These flippers contain four digits. Although whales do not possess fully developed hind limbs, some, such as the sperm whale and bowhead whale, possess discrete rudimentary appendages, which may contain feet and digits. Whales are fast swimmers in comparison to seals, which typically cruise at 5–15 kn, or 9–28 kilometres per hour (5.6–17.4 mph); the fin whale, in comparison, can travel at speeds up to 47 kilometres per hour (29 mph) and the sperm whale can reach speeds of 35 kilometres per hour (22 mph). The fusing of the neck vertebrae, while increasing stability when swimming at high speeds, decreases flexibility; whales are unable to turn their heads. When swimming, whales rely on their tail fin to propel them through the water. Flipper movement is continuous. Whales swim by moving their tail fin and lower body up and down, propelling themselves through vertical movement, while their flippers are mainly used for steering. Some species <a href="/wiki/Cetacean_surfacing_behaviour" title="Cetacean surfacing behaviour">log</a> out of the water, which may allow them to travel faster. Their skeletal anatomy allows them to be fast swimmers. Most species have a <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_fin" title="Dorsal fin">dorsal fin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReidenberg2012508_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReidenberg2012508-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlinowska1991122–262_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlinowska1991122–262-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whales are adapted for diving to great depths. In addition to their streamlined bodies, they can slow their heart rate to conserve oxygen; blood is rerouted from tissue tolerant of water pressure to the heart and brain among other organs; <a href="/wiki/Haemoglobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemoglobin">haemoglobin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myoglobin" title="Myoglobin">myoglobin</a> store oxygen in body tissue; and they have twice the concentration of myoglobin than haemoglobin. Before going on long dives, many whales exhibit a behaviour known as sounding; they stay close to the surface for a series of short, shallow dives while building their oxygen reserves, and then make a sounding dive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorena_et_al.2000181–191_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorena_et_al.2000181–191-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senses">Senses</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delfinekko.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Delfinekko.gif/220px-Delfinekko.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Delfinekko.gif/330px-Delfinekko.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Delfinekko.gif 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="154" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Biosonar" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosonar">Biosonar</a> by cetaceans</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sperm_whale_drawing_with_skeleton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Sperm_whale_drawing_with_skeleton.jpg/250px-Sperm_whale_drawing_with_skeleton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Sperm_whale_drawing_with_skeleton.jpg/330px-Sperm_whale_drawing_with_skeleton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Sperm_whale_drawing_with_skeleton.jpg/500px-Sperm_whale_drawing_with_skeleton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption>Sperm whale skeleton. Richard Lydekker, 1894.</figcaption></figure> <p>The whale ear has specific adaptations to the <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">marine</a> environment. In humans, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_ear" title="Middle ear">middle ear</a> works as an impedance equalizer between the outside air's low <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_impedance" title="Acoustic impedance">impedance</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cochlea" title="Cochlea">cochlear</a> fluid's high impedance. In whales, and other marine mammals, there is no great difference between the outer and inner environments. Instead of sound passing through the outer ear to the middle ear, whales receive sound through the throat, from which it passes through a low-impedance fat-filled cavity to the inner ear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECranford_et_al.2008_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECranford_et_al.2008-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The whale ear is acoustically isolated from the skull by air-filled sinus pockets, which allow for greater directional hearing underwater.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENummela_et_al.2007716–733_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENummela_et_al.2007716–733-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odontocetes send out high-frequency clicks from an organ known as a <a href="/wiki/Melon_(cetacean)" title="Melon (cetacean)">melon</a>. This melon consists of fat, and the skull of any such creature containing a melon will have a large depression. The melon size varies between species, the bigger the more dependent they are on it. A beaked whale for example has a small bulge sitting on top of its skull, whereas a sperm whale's head is filled up mainly with the melon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeanette_et_al.19901–19_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeanette_et_al.19901–19-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReidenberg2012512_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReidenberg2012512-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThewissenPerrinWirsig2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThewissenPerrinWirsig2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetten1992717–750_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetten1992717–750-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The whale eye is relatively small for its size, yet they do retain a good degree of eyesight. As well as this, the eyes of a whale are placed on the sides of its head, so their vision consists of two fields, rather than a binocular view like humans have. When belugas surface, their lens and cornea correct the nearsightedness that results from the refraction of light; they contain both <a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">rod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cone</a> cells, meaning they can see in both dim and bright light, but they have far more rod cells than they do cone cells. Whales do, however, lack short wavelength sensitive visual pigments in their cone cells indicating a more limited capacity for colour vision than most mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMass_et_al.2007701–715_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMass_et_al.2007701–715-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most whales have slightly flattened eyeballs, enlarged pupils (which shrink as they surface to prevent damage), slightly flattened corneas and a <a href="/wiki/Tapetum_lucidum" title="Tapetum lucidum">tapetum lucidum</a>; these adaptations allow for large amounts of light to pass through the eye and, therefore, a very clear image of the surrounding area. They also have glands on the eyelids and <a href="/wiki/Corneal_epithelium" title="Corneal epithelium">outer corneal layer</a> that act as protection for the cornea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeanette_et_al.1990505–519_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeanette_et_al.1990505–519-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReidenberg2012512_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReidenberg2012512-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_lobes" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfactory lobes">olfactory lobes</a> are absent in toothed whales, suggesting that they have no sense of smell. Some whales, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bowhead_whale" title="Bowhead whale">bowhead whale</a>, possess a <a href="/wiki/Vomeronasal_organ" title="Vomeronasal organ">vomeronasal organ</a>, which does mean that they can "sniff out" krill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeanette_et_al.1990481–505_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeanette_et_al.1990481–505-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whales are not thought to have a good sense of taste, as their taste buds are atrophied or missing altogether. However, some toothed whales have preferences between different kinds of fish, indicating some sort of attachment to taste. The presence of the Jacobson's organ indicates that whales can smell food once inside their mouth, which might be similar to the sensation of taste.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeanette_et_al.1990447–455_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeanette_et_al.1990447–455-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication">Communication</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Whale_vocalization" title="Whale vocalization">Whale vocalization</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/60px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/120px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Whales_and_Dolphins_whale_nature_sounds_songs_nueva_esparta.ogg" title="File:Whales and Dolphins whale nature sounds songs nueva esparta.ogg">Humpback whale "song"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="972" data-mwtitle="Whales_and_Dolphins_whale_nature_sounds_songs_nueva_esparta.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Whales_and_Dolphins_whale_nature_sounds_songs_nueva_esparta.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4b/Whales_and_Dolphins_whale_nature_sounds_songs_nueva_esparta.ogg/Whales_and_Dolphins_whale_nature_sounds_songs_nueva_esparta.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Recording of Humpback Whales singing and Clicking.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>Whale vocalization is likely to serve several purposes. Some species, such as the humpback whale, communicate using melodic sounds, known as <a href="/wiki/Whale_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Whale sound">whale song</a>. These sounds may be extremely loud, depending on the species. Humpback whales only have been heard making clicks, while toothed whales use <a href="/wiki/Biosonar" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosonar">sonar</a> that may generate up to 20,000 watts of sound (+73 <a href="/wiki/DBm" title="DBm">dBm</a> or +43 <a href="/wiki/Decibel_watt" title="Decibel watt">dBw</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitehead20034_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitehead20034-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and be heard for many miles. </p><p>Captive whales have occasionally been known to mimic human speech. Scientists have suggested this indicates a strong desire on behalf of the whales to communicate with humans, as whales have a very different vocal mechanism, so imitating human speech likely takes considerable effort.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2012_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2012-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whales emit two distinct kinds of acoustic signals, which are called whistles and clicks:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann20009_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann20009-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clicks are quick broadband burst pulses, used for <a href="/wiki/Biosonar" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosonar">sonar</a>, although some lower-frequency broadband vocalizations may serve a non-echolocative purpose such as communication; for example, the pulsed calls of belugas. Pulses in a click train are emitted at intervals of ≈35–50 <a href="/wiki/Millisecond" title="Millisecond">milliseconds</a>, and in general these inter-click intervals are slightly greater than the round-trip time of sound to the target. Whistles are narrow-band <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">frequency modulated (FM)</a> signals, used for communicative purposes, such as contact calls. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intelligence">Intelligence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cetacean_intelligence" title="Cetacean intelligence">Cetacean intelligence</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cetacean_surfacing_behaviour" title="Cetacean surfacing behaviour">Cetacean surfacing behaviour</a></div> <p>Whales are known to teach, learn, cooperate, scheme, and grieve.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiebert2009_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiebert2009-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The neocortex of many species of whale is home to elongated <a href="/wiki/Spindle_neurons" class="mw-redirect" title="Spindle neurons">spindle neurons</a> that, prior to 2007, were known only in hominids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson20061107–1112_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson20061107–1112-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In humans, these cells are involved in social conduct, emotions, judgement, and theory of mind. Whale spindle neurons are found in areas of the brain that are homologous to where they are found in humans, suggesting that they perform a similar function.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHof20071–31_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHof20071–31-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whales_Bubble_Net_Feeding-edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Whales_Bubble_Net_Feeding-edit1.jpg/250px-Whales_Bubble_Net_Feeding-edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Whales_Bubble_Net_Feeding-edit1.jpg/330px-Whales_Bubble_Net_Feeding-edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Whales_Bubble_Net_Feeding-edit1.jpg/500px-Whales_Bubble_Net_Feeding-edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="1319" /></a><figcaption>Bubble net feeding</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Brain_size" title="Brain size">Brain size</a> was previously considered a major indicator of the intelligence of an animal. Since most of the brain is used for maintaining bodily functions, greater ratios of brain-to-body mass may increase the amount of brain mass available for more complex cognitive tasks. <a href="/wiki/Allometric" class="mw-redirect" title="Allometric">Allometric</a> analysis indicates that mammalian brain size scales at approximately the ⅔ or ¾ exponent of the body mass. Comparison of a particular animal's brain size with the expected brain size based on such allometric analysis provides an <a href="/wiki/Encephalization_quotient" title="Encephalization quotient">encephalisation quotient</a> that can be used as another indication of animal intelligence. <a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">Sperm whales</a> have the largest brain mass of any animal on Earth, averaging 8,000 cubic centimetres (490 in<sup>3</sup>) and 7.8 kilograms (17 lb) in mature males, in comparison to the average human brain which averages 1,450 cubic centimetres (88 in<sup>3</sup>) in mature males.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENOAA_Fisheries2013_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENOAA_Fisheries2013-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Brain-to-body_mass_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain-to-body mass ratio">brain-to-body mass ratio</a> in some odontocetes, such as belugas and narwhals, is second only to humans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMind_Matters2008_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMind_Matters2008-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Small whales are known to engage in complex play behaviour, which includes such things as producing stable underwater <a href="/wiki/Toroid" title="Toroid">toroidal</a> air-core <a href="/wiki/Vortex" title="Vortex">vortex</a> rings or "<a href="/wiki/Bubble_ring" title="Bubble ring">bubble rings</a>". There are two main methods of bubble ring production: rapid puffing of a burst of air into the water and allowing it to rise to the surface, forming a ring, or swimming repeatedly in a circle and then stopping to inject air into the <a href="/wiki/Helix" title="Helix">helical</a> vortex currents thus formed. They also appear to enjoy biting the vortex-rings, so that they burst into many separate bubbles and then rise quickly to the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeep_Ocean_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeep_Ocean-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some believe this is a means of communication.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin2015_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin2015-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whales are also known to produce bubble-nets for the purpose of foraging.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiley_et_al.2011575–602_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley_et_al.2011575–602-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Larger whales are also thought, to some degree, to engage in play. The <a href="/wiki/Southern_right_whale" title="Southern right whale">southern right whale</a>, for example, elevates their tail fluke above the water, remaining in the same position for a considerable amount of time. This is known as "sailing". It appears to be a form of play and is most commonly seen off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Humpback_whale" title="Humpback whale">Humpback whales</a>, among others, are also known to display this behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeighton_et_al.200717–21_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeighton_et_al.200717–21-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Reproduction"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_cycle">Life cycle</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Right_whale#Courtship_and_reproduction" title="Right whale">Right whale § Courtship and reproduction</a></div> <p>Whales are fully aquatic creatures, which means that birth and courtship behaviours are very different from terrestrial and semi-aquatic creatures. Since they are unable to go onto land to calve, they deliver the baby with the fetus positioned for tail-first delivery. This prevents the baby from drowning either upon or during delivery. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_right_whale4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Southern_right_whale4.jpg/170px-Southern_right_whale4.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Southern_right_whale4.jpg/255px-Southern_right_whale4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Southern_right_whale4.jpg/340px-Southern_right_whale4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Southern_right_whale" title="Southern right whale">southern right whale</a> tail-sailing</figcaption></figure> <p>To feed the newborn, whales, being aquatic, must squirt the milk into the mouth of the calf. Nursing can occur while the mother whale is in the vertical or horizontal position. While nursing in the vertical position, a mother whale may sometimes rest with her tail flukes remaining stationary above the water. This position with the flukes above the water is known as "whale-tail-sailing." Not all whale-tail-sailing includes nursing of the young, as whales have also been observed tail-sailing while no calves were present.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiggs2023_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiggs2023-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Being mammals, they have mammary glands used for nursing calves; weaning occurs at about 11 months of age. This milk contains high amounts of fat which is meant to hasten the development of blubber; it contains so much fat that it has the consistency of toothpaste.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEModern_Marvels2007_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEModern_Marvels2007-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like humans, female whales typically deliver a single offspring. Whales have a typical gestation period of 12 months. Once born, the absolute dependency of the calf upon the mother lasts from one to two years. Sexual maturity is achieved at around seven to ten years of age. The length of the developmental phases of a whale's early life varies between different whale species.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnsonWolman1984_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnsonWolman1984-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As with humans, the whale <a href="/wiki/R/K_selection_theory" title="R/K selection theory">mode of reproduction</a> typically produces but one offspring approximately once each year. While whales have fewer offspring over time than most species, the probability of survival for each calf is also greater than for most other species. Female whales are referred to as "cows." Cows assume full responsibility for the care and training of their young. Male whales, referred to as "bulls," typically play no role in the process of calf-rearing. </p><p>Most baleen whales reside at the poles. To prevent the unborn baleen whale calves from dying of frostbite, the baleen mother must migrate to warmer calving/mating grounds. They will then stay there for a matter of months until the calf has developed enough blubber to survive the bitter temperatures of the poles. Until then, the baleen calves will feed on the mother's fatty milk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZerbini_et_al.2006_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZerbini_et_al.2006-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the exception of the humpback whale, it is largely unknown when whales migrate. Most will travel from the Arctic or Antarctic into the <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropics</a> to mate, calve, and raise their young during the winter and spring; they will migrate back to the poles in the warmer summer months so the calf can continue growing while the mother can continue eating, as they fast in the breeding grounds. One exception to this is the <a href="/wiki/Southern_right_whale" title="Southern right whale">southern right whale</a>, which migrates to <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a> and western New Zealand to calve; both are well out of the tropic zone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2008966_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2008966-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sleep">Sleep</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sleep_in_animals" title="Sleep in animals">Sleep in animals</a></div> <p>Unlike most animals, whales are conscious breathers. All mammals sleep, but whales cannot afford to become unconscious for long because they may drown. While knowledge of sleep in wild cetaceans is limited, toothed cetaceans in captivity have been recorded to sleep with one side of their brain at a time, so that they may swim, breathe consciously, and avoid both predators and social contact during their period of rest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller_et_al.200821–23_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller_et_al.200821–23-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2008 study found that sperm whales sleep in vertical postures just under the surface in passive shallow "drift-dives", generally during the day, during which whales do not respond to passing vessels unless they are in contact, leading to the suggestion that whales possibly sleep during such dives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller_et_al.200821–23_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller_et_al.200821–23-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foraging_and_predation">Foraging and predation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Beluga_whale#Predation" title="Beluga whale">Beluga whale § Predation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polar_Bear_ANWR_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Polar_Bear_ANWR_10.jpg/250px-Polar_Bear_ANWR_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Polar_Bear_ANWR_10.jpg/330px-Polar_Bear_ANWR_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Polar_Bear_ANWR_10.jpg/500px-Polar_Bear_ANWR_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="775" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar bear</a> with the remains of a <a href="/wiki/Beluga_whale" title="Beluga whale">beluga</a></figcaption></figure> <p>All whales are carnivorous and predatory. Odontocetes, as a whole, mostly feed on <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">cephalopods</a>, and then followed by <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bivalve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalve">bivalves</a>. All species are generalist and opportunistic feeders. Mysticetes, as a whole, mostly feed on <a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">krill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a>, followed by crustaceans and other <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a>. A few are specialists. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Blue_whale" title="Blue whale">blue whale</a>, which eats almost exclusively krill, the <a href="/wiki/Minke_whale" title="Minke whale">minke whale</a>, which eats mainly schooling fish, the <a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">sperm whale</a>, which specialize on <a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">squid</a>, and the grey whale which feed on bottom-dwelling invertebrates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldbogen2010_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldbogen2010-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemoto_et_al.1988292–296_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENemoto_et_al.1988292–296-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELydersen_et_al.1991_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELydersen_et_al.1991-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The elaborate baleen "teeth" of filter-feeding species, mysticetes, allow them to remove water before they swallow their planktonic food by using the teeth as a sieve.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEModern_Marvels2007_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEModern_Marvels2007-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually, whales hunt solitarily, but they do sometimes hunt cooperatively in small groups. The former behaviour is typical when hunting non-schooling fish, slow-moving or immobile invertebrates or endothermic prey. When large amounts of prey are available, whales such as certain mysticetes hunt cooperatively in small groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDefenders_of_Wildlife_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDefenders_of_Wildlife-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some cetaceans may forage with other kinds of animals, such as other species of whales or certain species of <a href="/wiki/Pinnipeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinnipeds">pinnipeds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlinowska1991122–162_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlinowska1991122–162-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman1991168_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman1991168-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large whales, such as mysticetes, are not usually subject to predation, but smaller whales, such as monodontids or ziphiids, are. These species are preyed on by the orca. To subdue and kill whales, orcas continuously ram them with their heads; this can sometimes kill bowhead whales, or severely injure them. Other times they corral the narwhals or belugas before striking. They are typically hunted by groups of 10 or fewer orcas, but they are seldom attacked by an individual. Calves are more commonly taken by orcas, but adults can be targeted as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrel2012_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrel2012-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These small whales are also targeted by terrestrial and <a href="/wiki/Pagophily" title="Pagophily">pagophilic</a> predators. The polar bear is well adapted for hunting Arctic whales and calves. Bears are known to use sit-and-wait tactics as well as active stalking and pursuit of prey on ice or water. Whales lessen the chance of predation by gathering in groups. This however means less room around the breathing hole as the ice slowly closes the gap. When out at sea, whales dive out of the reach of surface-hunting orcas. Polar bear attacks on belugas and narwhals are usually successful in winter, but rarely inflict any damage in summer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithSjare1990_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithSjare1990-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whale_pump">Whale pump</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oceanic_whale_pump_-_journal.pone.0013255.g001.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Oceanic_whale_pump_-_journal.pone.0013255.g001.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Oceanic_whale_pump_-_journal.pone.0013255.g001.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Oceanic_whale_pump_-_journal.pone.0013255.g001.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-Oceanic_whale_pump_-_journal.pone.0013255.g001.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Oceanic_whale_pump_-_journal.pone.0013255.g001.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-Oceanic_whale_pump_-_journal.pone.0013255.g001.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1589" data-file-height="1264" /></a><figcaption>"Whale pump" – the role played by whales in recycling ocean nutrients.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomanMcCarthy2010_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomanMcCarthy2010-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A 2010 study considered whales to be a positive influence to the productivity of ocean fisheries, in what has been termed a "whale pump." Whales carry nutrients such as nitrogen from the depths back to the surface. This functions as an upward biological pump, reversing an earlier presumption that whales accelerate the loss of nutrients to the bottom. This nitrogen input in the Gulf of Maine is "more than the input of all rivers combined" emptying into the gulf, some 23,000 metric tons (25,000 short tons) each year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUniversity_of_Vermont2010_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversity_of_Vermont2010-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomanMcCarthy2010_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomanMcCarthy2010-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Whale_faeces" class="mw-redirect" title="Whale faeces">Whales defecate</a> at the ocean's surface; their excrement is important for fisheries because it is rich in iron and nitrogen. The whale faeces are liquid and instead of sinking, they stay at the surface where <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a> feed off it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomanMcCarthy2010_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomanMcCarthy2010-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoness2014_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoness2014-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoman_et_al.2014_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoman_et_al.2014-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whale_fall">Whale fall</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Whale_fall" title="Whale fall">Whale fall</a></div> <p>Upon death, whale carcasses fall to the deep ocean and provide a substantial habitat for marine life. Evidence of whale falls in present-day and fossil records shows that deep sea whale falls support a rich assemblage of creatures, with a global diversity of 407 species, comparable to other <a href="/wiki/Neritic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neritic">neritic</a> biodiversity hotspots, such as <a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">cold seeps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">hydrothermal vents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithBaco2003_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithBaco2003-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deterioration of whale carcasses happens through a series of three stages. Initially, moving organisms such as <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hagfish" title="Hagfish">hagfish</a>, scavenge the soft tissues at a rapid rate over a period of months, and as long as two years. This is followed by the colonization of bones and surrounding sediments (which contain organic matter) by enrichment opportunists, such as <a href="/wiki/Crustaceans" class="mw-redirect" title="Crustaceans">crustaceans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polychaetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Polychaetes">polychaetes</a>, throughout a period of years. Finally, sulfophilic bacteria reduce the bones releasing <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> enabling the growth of <a href="/wiki/Chemoautotrophic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemoautotrophic">chemoautotrophic</a> organisms, which in turn, support other organisms such as mussels, clams, limpets, and sea snails. This stage may last for decades and supports a rich assemblage of species, averaging 185 species per site.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithBaco2003_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithBaco2003-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFujiwara_et_al.2007_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFujiwara_et_al.2007-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_humans">Relationship with humans</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whaling">Whaling</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">Whaling</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_whaling" title="History of whaling">History of whaling</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whale_Fishing_Fac_simile_of_a_Woodcut_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Thevet_in_folio_Paris_1574_crop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Whale_Fishing_Fac_simile_of_a_Woodcut_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Thevet_in_folio_Paris_1574_crop.png/250px-Whale_Fishing_Fac_simile_of_a_Woodcut_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Thevet_in_folio_Paris_1574_crop.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Whale_Fishing_Fac_simile_of_a_Woodcut_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Thevet_in_folio_Paris_1574_crop.png/330px-Whale_Fishing_Fac_simile_of_a_Woodcut_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Thevet_in_folio_Paris_1574_crop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Whale_Fishing_Fac_simile_of_a_Woodcut_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Thevet_in_folio_Paris_1574_crop.png/500px-Whale_Fishing_Fac_simile_of_a_Woodcut_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Thevet_in_folio_Paris_1574_crop.png 2x" data-file-width="1376" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Whale Fishing: Woodcut by Thevet, Paris, 1574</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walvisvangst_bij_de_kust_van_Spitsbergen_-_Dutch_whalers_near_Spitsbergen_(Abraham_Storck,_1690).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Walvisvangst_bij_de_kust_van_Spitsbergen_-_Dutch_whalers_near_Spitsbergen_%28Abraham_Storck%2C_1690%29.jpg/220px-Walvisvangst_bij_de_kust_van_Spitsbergen_-_Dutch_whalers_near_Spitsbergen_%28Abraham_Storck%2C_1690%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Walvisvangst_bij_de_kust_van_Spitsbergen_-_Dutch_whalers_near_Spitsbergen_%28Abraham_Storck%2C_1690%29.jpg/330px-Walvisvangst_bij_de_kust_van_Spitsbergen_-_Dutch_whalers_near_Spitsbergen_%28Abraham_Storck%2C_1690%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Walvisvangst_bij_de_kust_van_Spitsbergen_-_Dutch_whalers_near_Spitsbergen_%28Abraham_Storck%2C_1690%29.jpg/440px-Walvisvangst_bij_de_kust_van_Spitsbergen_-_Dutch_whalers_near_Spitsbergen_%28Abraham_Storck%2C_1690%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5408" data-file-height="3798" /></a><figcaption>Dutch whalers near <a href="/wiki/Spitsbergen" title="Spitsbergen">Spitsbergen</a>, their most successful port. <i><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Storck" title="Abraham Storck">Abraham Storck</a>, 1690</i></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">Whaling</a> by humans has existed since the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>. Ancient whalers used <a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoons</a> to spear the bigger animals from boats out at sea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC_News2004_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News2004-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People from Norway and Japan started hunting whales around 2000 B.C.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarreroThornton2011_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarreroThornton2011-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whales are typically hunted for their <a href="/wiki/Whale_meat" title="Whale meat">meat</a> and blubber by aboriginal groups; they used baleen for baskets or roofing, and made tools and masks out of bones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarreroThornton2011_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarreroThornton2011-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Inuit hunted whales in the Arctic Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarreroThornton2011_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarreroThornton2011-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_Basque_whaling" title="History of Basque whaling">Basques</a> started whaling as early as the 11th century, sailing as far as <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> in the 16th century in search of <a href="/wiki/Right_whales" class="mw-redirect" title="Right whales">right whales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord2015_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord2015-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProulx1994260–286_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProulx1994260–286-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 18th- and 19th-century whalers hunted whales mainly for their <a href="/wiki/Whale_oil" title="Whale oil">oil</a>, which was used as lamp fuel and a lubricant, <a href="/wiki/Baleen" title="Baleen">baleen or whalebone</a>, which was used for items such as <a href="/wiki/Corset" title="Corset">corsets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crinoline" title="Crinoline">skirt hoops</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarreroThornton2011_85-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarreroThornton2011-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ambergris" title="Ambergris">ambergris</a>, which was used as a fixative for perfumes. The most successful whaling nations at this time were the Netherlands, Japan, and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_Bedford_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_Bedford-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commercial whaling was historically important as an industry well throughout the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. Whaling was at that time a sizeable European industry with ships from Britain, France, Spain, Denmark, the Netherlands and Germany, sometimes collaborating to hunt whales in the Arctic, sometimes in competition leading even to war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStonehouse2007_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStonehouse2007-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 1790s, whalers, namely the Americans and Australians, focused efforts in the South Pacific where they mainly hunted sperm whales and right whales, with catches of up to 39,000 right whales by Americans alone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord2015_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord2015-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETonnessen1982_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETonnessen1982-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1853, US profits reached US$11,000,000 (£6.5m), equivalent to US$348,000,000 (£230m) today, the most profitable year for the American whaling industry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBS_''American_Experience''_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBS_''American_Experience''-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commonly exploited species included North Atlantic right whales, sperm whales, which were mainly hunted by Americans, bowhead whales, which were mainly hunted by the Dutch, common minke whales, blue whales, and grey whales. The scale of whale harvesting decreased substantially after 1982 when the <a href="/wiki/International_Whaling_Commission" title="International Whaling Commission">International Whaling Commission</a> (IWC) placed a moratorium which set a catch limit for each country, excluding aboriginal groups until 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEconomist2012_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEconomist2012-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Current whaling nations are Norway, Iceland, and Japan, despite their joining to the <a href="/wiki/International_Whaling_Commission" title="International Whaling Commission">IWC</a>, as well as the aboriginal communities of Siberia, Alaska, and northern Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIFAW_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIFAW-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsistence hunters typically use whale products for themselves and depend on them for survival. National and international authorities have given special treatment to aboriginal hunters since their methods of hunting are seen as less destructive and wasteful. This distinction is being questioned as these aboriginal groups are using more modern weaponry and mechanized transport to hunt with, and are selling whale products in the marketplace. Some anthropologists argue that the term "subsistence" should also apply to these cash-based exchanges as long as they take place within local production and consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlinowska199113_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlinowska199113-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIWC_"Aboriginal"_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIWC_"Aboriginal"-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorseth1997_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorseth1997-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1946, the IWC placed a moratorium, limiting the annual whale catch. Since then, yearly profits for these "subsistence" hunters have been close to US$31 million (£20m) per year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEconomist2012_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEconomist2012-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_threats">Other threats</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cetacean_bycatch" title="Cetacean bycatch">Cetacean bycatch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cetacean_stranding" title="Cetacean stranding">Cetacean stranding</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_and_sonar" title="Marine mammals and sonar">Marine mammals and sonar</a></div> <p>Whales can also be threatened by humans more indirectly. They are unintentionally caught in fishing nets by commercial fisheries as <a href="/wiki/Bycatch" title="Bycatch">bycatch</a> and accidentally swallow fishing hooks. <a href="/wiki/Gillnetting" title="Gillnetting">Gillnetting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seine_fishing" title="Seine fishing">Seine netting</a> is a significant cause of mortality in whales and other marine mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENOAA_Fisheries2014_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENOAA_Fisheries2014-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Species commonly entangled include beaked whales. Whales are also affected by <a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">marine pollution</a>. High levels of <a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">organic chemicals</a> accumulate in these animals since they are high in the food chain. They have large reserves of blubber, more so for toothed whales as they are higher up the food chain than baleen whales. Lactating mothers can pass the toxins on to their young. These pollutants can cause <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_cancer" title="Gastrointestinal cancer">gastrointestinal cancers</a> and greater vulnerability to infectious diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2012_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2012-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can also be poisoned by swallowing litter, such as plastic bags.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsai2015_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsai2015-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Advanced <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_and_sonar" title="Marine mammals and sonar">military sonar harms whales</a>. Sonar interferes with the basic biological functions of whales—such as feeding and mating—by impacting their ability to <a href="/wiki/Animal_echolocation" title="Animal echolocation">echolocate</a>. Whales swim in response to sonar and sometimes experience <a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">decompression sickness</a> due to rapid changes in depth. Mass <a href="/wiki/Cetacean_stranding" title="Cetacean stranding">strandings</a> have been triggered by sonar activity, resulting in injury or death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockton2016_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockton2016-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrington2013_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrington2013-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScientific_American2009_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScientific_American2009-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whales are sometimes killed or injured during collisions with ships or boats. This is considered to be a significant threat to vulnerable whale populations such as the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_right_whale" title="North Atlantic right whale">North Atlantic right whale</a>, whose total population numbers less than 500.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWWF_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWWF-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed that up to two thirds of whale-ship collisions are not reported; either because they are not noticed in large ships, they occur at night or during conditions of adverse weather or some other reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-shipstrike_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shipstrike-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2013 up to at least 2023 <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> has been the country in the world with most registered fatal whale-ship collisions.<sup id="cite_ref-shipstrike_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shipstrike-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservation">Conservation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Whale_conservation" title="Whale conservation">Whale conservation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_Whale_population,_Pengo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram showing blue whale population trend through the 1900s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Blue_Whale_population%2C_Pengo.svg/250px-Blue_Whale_population%2C_Pengo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Blue_Whale_population%2C_Pengo.svg/375px-Blue_Whale_population%2C_Pengo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Blue_Whale_population%2C_Pengo.svg/500px-Blue_Whale_population%2C_Pengo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>World population graph of <a href="/wiki/Blue_whale" title="Blue whale">blue whales</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Whaling decreased substantially after 1946 when, in response to the steep decline in whale populations, the <a href="/wiki/International_Whaling_Commission" title="International Whaling Commission">International Whaling Commission</a> placed a moratorium which set a catch limit for each country; this excluded aboriginal groups up until 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_Bedford_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_Bedford-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIWC_"Aboriginal"_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIWC_"Aboriginal"-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIWC_"Key_Documents"_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIWC_"Key_Documents"-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIWC_"Catch_Limits"_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIWC_"Catch_Limits"-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2015, aboriginal communities are allowed to take 280 <a href="/wiki/Bowhead_whales" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowhead whales">bowhead whales</a> off Alaska and two from the western coast of Greenland, 620 grey whales off Washington state, three <a href="/wiki/Common_minke_whale" title="Common minke whale">common minke whales</a> off the eastern coast of Greenland and 178 on their western coast, 10 <a href="/wiki/Fin_whale" title="Fin whale">fin whales</a> from the west coast of Greenland, nine <a href="/wiki/Humpback_whale" title="Humpback whale">humpback whales</a> from the west coast of Greenland and 20 off <a href="/wiki/St._Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Vincent and the Grenadines">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a> each year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIWC_"Catch_Limits"_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIWC_"Catch_Limits"-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several species that were commercially exploited have rebounded in numbers; for example, grey whales may be as numerous as they were prior to harvesting, but the <a href="/wiki/Gray_whale#North_Atlantic" title="Gray whale">North Atlantic population</a> is <a href="/wiki/Functionally_extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Functionally extinct">functionally extinct</a>. Conversely, the North Atlantic right whale was extirpated from much of its former range, which stretched across the North Atlantic, and only remains in small fragments along the coast of Canada, Greenland, and is considered functionally extinct along the European coastline.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENOAA2014_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENOAA2014-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Whaling_Commission_members.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing IWC members in blue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/International_Whaling_Commission_members.svg/330px-International_Whaling_Commission_members.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/International_Whaling_Commission_members.svg/500px-International_Whaling_Commission_members.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/International_Whaling_Commission_members.svg/560px-International_Whaling_Commission_members.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>World map showing <a href="/wiki/International_Whaling_Commission" title="International Whaling Commission">International Whaling Commission (IWC)</a> members in blue</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rorqual_070.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Rorqual_070.jpg/330px-Rorqual_070.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Rorqual_070.jpg/500px-Rorqual_070.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Rorqual_070.jpg/960px-Rorqual_070.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Whale Research Expeditions by Mingan Island Cetacean Study (MICS),<sup id="cite_ref-Mingan_Island_Cetacean_Study_(MICS)_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mingan_Island_Cetacean_Study_(MICS)-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence#Marine_mammals" title="Gulf of St. Lawrence">Gulf of St. Lawrence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The IWC has designated two whale sanctuaries: the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean_Whale_Sanctuary" title="Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary">Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Whale_Sanctuary" title="Indian Ocean Whale Sanctuary">Indian Ocean Whale Sanctuary</a>. The Southern Ocean whale sanctuary spans 30,560,860 square kilometres (11,799,610 sq mi) and envelopes Antarctica.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie1994_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie1994-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian Ocean whale sanctuary takes up all of the Indian Ocean south of 55°S.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIWC_"Whale_Sanctuaries"_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIWC_"Whale_Sanctuaries"-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IWC is a voluntary organization, with no treaty. Any nation may leave as they wish; the IWC cannot enforce any law it makes. </p><p>There are at least 86 cetacean species that are recognized by the <a href="/wiki/International_Whaling_Commission" title="International Whaling Commission">International Whaling Commission</a> Scientific Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAustralian_Report2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustralian_Report2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whale&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, six are considered at risk, as they are ranked "<a href="/wiki/Critically_Endangered_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically Endangered species">Critically Endangered</a>" (North Atlantic right whale<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooke2020_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke2020-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), "<a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered</a>" (blue whale,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooke2019_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke2019-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North Pacific right whale,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookeClapham2018_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookeClapham2018-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sei whale,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooke2018a_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke2018a-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and "<a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">Vulnerable</a>" (fin whale<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooke2018c_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke2018c-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sperm whale<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor_et_al.2019_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor_et_al.2019-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Twenty-one species have a "<a href="/wiki/Data_Deficient" class="mw-redirect" title="Data Deficient">Data Deficient</a>" ranking.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMead2005723–743_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead2005723–743-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Species that live in polar habitats are vulnerable to the effects of recent and ongoing <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, particularly the time when pack ice forms and melts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaidreStirlingLowryWiig200897–125_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaidreStirlingLowryWiig200897–125-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whale_watching">Whale watching</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Whale_watching" title="Whale watching">Whale watching</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whale_Watching.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Whale_Watching.jpg/220px-Whale_Watching.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Whale_Watching.jpg/330px-Whale_Watching.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Whale_Watching.jpg/440px-Whale_Watching.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Whale_watching" title="Whale watching">Whale watching</a> off <a href="/wiki/Bar_Harbor,_Maine" title="Bar Harbor, Maine">Bar Harbour, Maine</a></figcaption></figure> <p>An estimated 13 million people went <a href="/wiki/Whale_watching" title="Whale watching">whale watching</a> globally in 2008, in all oceans except the Arctic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connor_et_al.2009_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor_et_al.2009-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rules and codes of conduct have been created to minimize harassment of the whales.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatchable_Wildlife2004_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatchable_Wildlife2004-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iceland, Japan and Norway have both whaling and whale watching industries. Whale watching lobbyists are concerned that the most inquisitive whales, which approach boats closely and provide much of the entertainment on whale-watching trips, will be the first to be taken if whaling is resumed in the same areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBjörgvinsson2002_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBjörgvinsson2002-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whale watching generated US$2.1 billion (£1.4 billion) per annum in tourism revenue worldwide, employing around 13,000 workers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connor_et_al.2009_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor_et_al.2009-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, the whaling industry, with the moratorium in place, generates US$31 million (£20 million) per year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEconomist2012_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEconomist2012-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The size and rapid growth of the industry has led to complex and continuing debates with the <a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">whaling industry</a> about the best use of whales as a <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resource</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_myth,_literature_and_art"><span id="In_myth.2C_literature_and_art"></span>In myth, literature and art</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Biomusic#Whale_song_in_music" title="Biomusic">Biomusic § Whale song in music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Im_Februar_1598_an_der_holl%C3%A4ndischen_K%C3%BCste_gestrandeter_Walfisch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Im_Februar_1598_an_der_holl%C3%A4ndischen_K%C3%BCste_gestrandeter_Walfisch.jpg/250px-Im_Februar_1598_an_der_holl%C3%A4ndischen_K%C3%BCste_gestrandeter_Walfisch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Im_Februar_1598_an_der_holl%C3%A4ndischen_K%C3%BCste_gestrandeter_Walfisch.jpg/330px-Im_Februar_1598_an_der_holl%C3%A4ndischen_K%C3%BCste_gestrandeter_Walfisch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Im_Februar_1598_an_der_holl%C3%A4ndischen_K%C3%BCste_gestrandeter_Walfisch.jpg/500px-Im_Februar_1598_an_der_holl%C3%A4ndischen_K%C3%BCste_gestrandeter_Walfisch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2466" data-file-height="1844" /></a><figcaption>Engraving by <a href="/wiki/Gilliam_van_der_Gouwen" title="Gilliam van der Gouwen">Gilliam van der Gouwen</a> depicting a stranded sperm whale being butchered on the Dutch coast, 1598</figcaption></figure> <p>As marine creatures that reside in either the depths or the poles, humans knew very little about whales over the course of <a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">human history</a>; many feared or revered them. The <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> and various arctic tribes revered the whale as they were important pieces of their lives. In <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">creation myths</a>, when 'Big Raven', a deity in human form, found a stranded whale, he was told by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a> where to find special mushrooms that would give him the strength to drag the whale back to the sea and thus, return order to the world. In an Icelandic legend, a man threw a stone at a <a href="/wiki/Fin_whale" title="Fin whale">fin whale</a> and hit the blowhole, causing the whale to burst. The man was told not to go to sea for twenty years, but during the nineteenth year he went fishing and a whale came and killed him. </p><p>Whales played a major part in shaping the art forms of many coastal civilizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">Norse</a>, with some dating to the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>. Petroglyphs off a cliff face in Bangudae, South Korea show 300 depictions of various animals, a third of which are whales. Some show particular detail in which there are throat pleats, typical of <a href="/wiki/Rorqual" title="Rorqual">rorquals</a>. These petroglyphs show these people, of around 7,000 to 3,500 B.C.E. in South Korea, had a very high dependency on whales.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorld_Archaeology2014_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Archaeology2014-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islanders">Pacific Islanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aborigines">Australian Aborigines</a> viewed whales as bringers of good and joy. One exception is <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>, where, in many parts, cetaceans are met with great brutality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECressey1998_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECressey1998-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In coastal regions of China, Korea and Vietnam, the worship of whale gods, who were associated with <a href="/wiki/Dragon_King" title="Dragon King">Dragon Kings</a> after the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, was present along with related legends.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee_Soon_Ae1999_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee_Soon_Ae1999-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>The god of the seas, according to Chinese folklore, was a large whale with human limbs. </p><p>In Thailand, the most common whales found are the <a href="/wiki/Bryde%27s_whale" title="Bryde's whale">Bryde's whale</a>. Thai fishermen refer them as <i>Pla pu</i> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">ปลาปู่</span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="th-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai" title="Help:IPA/Thai">[plāː<span class="wrap"> </span>puː]</a></span>), "grandfather fish", what with its large size and its long-term presence in the <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangkok Bay">upper reaches of</a> the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a>. Fishermen do not fish for the whales, holding them in high regard and viewing them as akin to family members. They believe the whales bring good fortune, and their presence is considered as a sign of a healthy marine environment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETha_Chalom2024_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETha_Chalom2024-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Vietnam, whales hold a <a href="/wiki/Whale_worship" title="Whale worship">sense of divinity</a>. They are so respected in their cultures that they occasionally hold funerals for beached whales, a custom deriving from Vietnam's ancient sea-based <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Independent2010_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Independent2010-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESydney_Morning_Herald2003_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESydney_Morning_Herald2003-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViegas2010_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViegas2010-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGNA2005_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGNA2005-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustave_Dor%C3%A9_-_Baron_von_M%C3%BCnchhausen_-_067.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9_-_Baron_von_M%C3%BCnchhausen_-_067.jpg/250px-Gustave_Dor%C3%A9_-_Baron_von_M%C3%BCnchhausen_-_067.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9_-_Baron_von_M%C3%BCnchhausen_-_067.jpg/330px-Gustave_Dor%C3%A9_-_Baron_von_M%C3%BCnchhausen_-_067.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9_-_Baron_von_M%C3%BCnchhausen_-_067.jpg/500px-Gustave_Dor%C3%A9_-_Baron_von_M%C3%BCnchhausen_-_067.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1086" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Illustration by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a> of <a href="/wiki/Baron_Munchausen" title="Baron Munchausen">Baron Munchausen</a>'s tale of being swallowed by a whale. While the Biblical <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Book of Jonah</a> refers to the Prophet <a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a> being swallowed by "a big fish", in later derivations that "fish" was identified as a whale.</figcaption></figure> <p>Whales have also played a role in sacred texts. The story of <a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a> being swallowed by a great fish is told both in the <a href="/wiki/Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah in Islam">Qur'an</a><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the biblical <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Book of Jonah</a> (and is mentioned by Jesus in the New Testament: <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a> 12:40.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthew_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthew-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). This episode was frequently depicted in <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> art (for example, on a 12th-century column <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capital</a> at the abbey church of <a href="/wiki/Mozac" title="Mozac">Mozac</a>, France). The <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> also mentions whales in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> 1:21, <a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a> 7:12, and <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a> 32:2. The "<a href="/wiki/Leviathan" title="Leviathan">leviathan</a>" described at length in Job 41:1-34 is generally understood to refer to a whale. The "sea monsters" in Lamentations 4:3 have been taken by some to refer to marine mammals, in particular whales, although most modern versions use the word "jackals" instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamentations_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamentations-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oswald_Brierly_-_Whalers_off_Twofold_Bay,_New_South_Wales,_1867.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Oswald_Brierly_-_Whalers_off_Twofold_Bay%2C_New_South_Wales%2C_1867.jpg/250px-Oswald_Brierly_-_Whalers_off_Twofold_Bay%2C_New_South_Wales%2C_1867.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Oswald_Brierly_-_Whalers_off_Twofold_Bay%2C_New_South_Wales%2C_1867.jpg/330px-Oswald_Brierly_-_Whalers_off_Twofold_Bay%2C_New_South_Wales%2C_1867.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Oswald_Brierly_-_Whalers_off_Twofold_Bay%2C_New_South_Wales%2C_1867.jpg/500px-Oswald_Brierly_-_Whalers_off_Twofold_Bay%2C_New_South_Wales%2C_1867.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption><i>Whalers off Twofold Bay, New South Wales</i>. <a href="/wiki/Watercolour" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercolour">Watercolour</a> by <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Brierly" class="mw-redirect" title="Oswald Brierly">Oswald Brierly</a>, 1867</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1585, <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" class="mw-redirect" title="Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza">Alessandro Farnese</a>, 1585, and Francois, Duke of Anjou, 1582, were greeted on his ceremonial entry into the port city of <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> by floats including "Neptune and the Whale", indicating at least the city's dependence on the sea for its wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack2013_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack2013-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1896, an article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pall_Mall_Gazette" title="The Pall Mall Gazette">The Pall Mall Gazette</a></i> popularised a practice of <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicine</a> that probably began in the whaling town of <a href="/wiki/Eden,_New_South_Wales" title="Eden, New South Wales">Eden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> two or three years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Pall_Mall_Gazette1896_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Pall_Mall_Gazette1896-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was believed that climbing inside a whale carcass and remaining there for a few hours would relieve symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Rheumatism" title="Rheumatism">rheumatism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlass2014_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlass2014-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whales continue to be prevalent in modern literature. For example, <a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Moby_Dick" class="mw-redirect" title="Moby Dick">Moby Dick</a></i> features a "great white whale" as the main antagonist for Ahab. The whale is an albino sperm whale, considered by Melville to be the largest type of whale, and is partly based on the historically attested bull whale <a href="/wiki/Mocha_Dick" title="Mocha Dick">Mocha Dick</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Just_So_Stories" title="Just So Stories">Just So Stories</a></i> includes the story of "How the Whale got in his Throat". A whale features in the award-winning children's book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Snail_and_the_Whale" title="The Snail and the Whale">The Snail and the Whale</a></i> (2003) by <a href="/wiki/Julia_Donaldson" title="Julia Donaldson">Julia Donaldson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Axel_Scheffler" title="Axel Scheffler">Axel Scheffler</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Niki_Caro" title="Niki Caro">Niki Caro</a>'s film the <i><a href="/wiki/Whale_Rider" title="Whale Rider">Whale Rider</a></i> has a Māori girl ride a whale in her journey to be a suitable heir to the chieftain-ship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJøn2014_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJøn2014-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walt Disney's film <i><a href="/wiki/Pinocchio_(1940_film)" title="Pinocchio (1940 film)">Pinocchio</a></i> features a showdown with a giant whale named <a href="/wiki/Monstro" class="mw-redirect" title="Monstro">Monstro</a> at the end of the film. </p><p>A recording of <i>Song with a Humpback Whale</i> by a team of marine scientists became popular in 1970. <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hovhaness" title="Alan Hovhaness">Alan Hovhaness</a>'s orchestral composition <i><a href="/wiki/And_God_Created_Great_Whales" title="And God Created Great Whales">And God Created Great Whales</a></i> (1970) includes the recorded sounds of humpback and bowhead whales.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovhannes1970_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovhannes1970-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recorded <a href="/wiki/Whale_vocalization" title="Whale vocalization">whale songs</a> also appear in a number of other musical works, including <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Ferr%C3%A9" title="Léo Ferré">Léo Ferré</a>'s song "<a href="/wiki/Il_n%27y_a_plus_rien" title="Il n'y a plus rien">Il n'y a plus rien</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Judy_Collins" title="Judy Collins">Judy Collins</a>'s "Farewell to Tarwathie" (on the 1970 album <i><a href="/wiki/Whales_and_Nightingales" class="mw-redirect" title="Whales and Nightingales">Whales and Nightingales</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_captivity">In captivity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cetaceans_in_captivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetaceans in captivity">Cetaceans in captivity</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Beluga_whale#Captivity" title="Beluga whale">Beluga whale § Captivity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WIKI_SEA_WORLD_FL_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/WIKI_SEA_WORLD_FL_2.jpg/170px-WIKI_SEA_WORLD_FL_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/WIKI_SEA_WORLD_FL_2.jpg/255px-WIKI_SEA_WORLD_FL_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/WIKI_SEA_WORLD_FL_2.jpg/340px-WIKI_SEA_WORLD_FL_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Beluga_whale" title="Beluga whale">Beluga whales</a> and trainers in an aquarium</figcaption></figure> <p>Belugas were the first whales to be kept in captivity. Other species were too rare, too shy, or too big. The first beluga was shown at <a href="/wiki/Barnum%27s_American_Museum" title="Barnum's American Museum">Barnum's Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''New_York_Times''1861_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''New_York_Times''1861-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For most of the 20th century, Canada was the predominant source of wild belugas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECMEPS2006_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECMEPS2006-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were taken from the <a href="/wiki/Estuary_of_St._Lawrence" title="Estuary of St. Lawrence">St. Lawrence River estuary</a> until the late 1960s, after which they were predominantly taken from the <a href="/wiki/Churchill_River_(Hudson_Bay)" title="Churchill River (Hudson Bay)">Churchill River</a> estuary until capture was banned in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECMEPS2006_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECMEPS2006-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia has become the largest provider since it had been banned in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECMEPS2006_141-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECMEPS2006-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belugas are caught in the Amur River delta and their eastern coast, and then are either transported domestically to aquariums or <a href="/wiki/Dolphinarium" title="Dolphinarium">dolphinariums</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a>, or exported to other countries, such as Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECMEPS2006_141-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECMEPS2006-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most captive belugas are caught in the wild, since captive-breeding programs are not very successful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWAZA_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWAZA-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2006, 30 belugas were in Canada and 28 in the United States, and 42 deaths in captivity had been reported up to that time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECMEPS2006_141-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECMEPS2006-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A single specimen can reportedly fetch up to US$100,000 (£64,160) on the market. The beluga's popularity is due to its unique colour and its <a href="/wiki/Facial_expression" title="Facial expression">facial expressions</a>. The latter is possible because while most cetacean "smiles" are fixed, the extra movement afforded by the beluga's unfused cervical vertebrae allows a greater range of apparent expression.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner1980[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner1980[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1960 and 1992, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a> carried out a program that included the study of marine mammals' abilities with <a href="/wiki/Animal_echolocation" title="Animal echolocation">sonar</a>, with the objective of improving the detection of underwater objects. A large number of belugas were used from 1975 on, the first being dolphins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner1980[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner1980[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBS_''Frontline''_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBS_''Frontline''-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program also included training them to carry equipment and material to divers working underwater by holding cameras in their mouths to locate lost objects, survey ships and <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a>, and underwater monitoring.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBS_''Frontline''_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBS_''Frontline''-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar program was used by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Navy" title="Russian Navy">Russian Navy</a> during the Cold War, in which belugas were also trained for <a href="/wiki/Naval_mine" title="Naval mine">antimining</a> operations in the Arctic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeland1996_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeland1996-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aquariums have tried housing other species of whales in captivity. The success of belugas turned attention to maintaining their relative, the narwhal, in captivity. However, in repeated attempts in the 1960s and 1970s, all narwhals kept in captivity died within months. A pair of pygmy right whales were retained in an enclosed area (with nets); they were eventually released in South Africa. There was one attempt to keep a stranded Sowerby's beaked whale calf in captivity; the calf rammed into the tank wall, breaking its rostrum, which resulted in death. It was thought that Sowerby's beaked whale evolved to swim fast in a straight line, and a 30-metre (98 ft) tank was not big enough.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlinowska1991279_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlinowska1991279-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been attempts to keep baleen whales in captivity. There were three attempts to keep grey whales in captivity. Gigi was a grey whale calf that died in transport. Gigi II was another grey whale calf that was captured in the <a href="/wiki/Ojo_de_Liebre_Lagoon" title="Ojo de Liebre Lagoon">Ojo de Liebre Lagoon</a>, and was transported to <a href="/wiki/SeaWorld_San_Diego" title="SeaWorld San Diego">SeaWorld</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlinowska1991372–373_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlinowska1991372–373-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 680-kilogram (1,500 lb) calf was a popular attraction, and behaved normally, despite being separated from his mother. A year later, the 8,000-kilogram (18,000 lb) whale grew too big to keep in captivity and was released; it was the first of two grey whales, the other being another grey whale calf named JJ, to successfully be kept in captivity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlinowska1991372–373_147-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlinowska1991372–373-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were three attempts to keep minke whales in captivity in Japan. They were kept in a tidal pool with a <a href="/wiki/Waterway" title="Waterway">sea-gate</a> at the Izu Mito Sea Paradise. Another, unsuccessful, attempt was made by the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlinowska1991383_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlinowska1991383-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One stranded humpback whale calf was kept in captivity for rehabilitation, but died days later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlinowska1991421_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlinowska1991421-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_cetaceans" title="List of individual cetaceans">List of individual cetaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_Japan" title="Whaling in Japan">Whaling in Japan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/when-whales-walked-on-four-legs.html">"When whales walked on four legs"</a>. <i>www.nhm.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(April 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetten1992717–750-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetten1992717–750_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKetten1992">Ketten 1992</a>, pp. 717–750.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMass_et_al.2007701–715-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMass_et_al.2007701–715_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMass_et_al.2007">Mass et al. 2007</a>, pp. 701–715.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeanette_et_al.1990505–519-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeanette_et_al.1990505–519_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJeanette_et_al.1990">Jeanette et al. 1990</a>, pp. 505–519.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeanette_et_al.1990481–505-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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href="#CITEREFModern_Marvels2007">Modern Marvels 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZerbini_et_al.2006-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZerbini_et_al.2006_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZerbini_et_al.2006">Zerbini et al. 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2008966-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2008966_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2008">Kennedy 2008</a>, p. 966.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller_et_al.200821–23-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller_et_al.200821–23_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller_et_al.200821–23_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller_et_al.2008">Miller et al. 2008</a>, pp. 21–23.</span> </li> <li 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href="#CITEREFKlinowska1991">Klinowska 1991</a>, pp. 122–162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiedman1991168-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiedman1991168_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiedman1991">Riedman 1991</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrel2012-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrel2012_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrel2012">Morrel 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithSjare1990-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithSjare1990_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmithSjare1990">Smith & Sjare 1990</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERomanMcCarthy2010-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomanMcCarthy2010_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomanMcCarthy2010_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomanMcCarthy2010_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRomanMcCarthy2010">Roman & McCarthy 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversity_of_Vermont2010-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUniversity_of_Vermont2010_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUniversity_of_Vermont2010">University of Vermont 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoness2014-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoness2014_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoness2014">Boness 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoman_et_al.2014-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoman_et_al.2014_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoman_et_al.2014">Roman 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarreroThornton2011_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarreroThornton2011_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarreroThornton2011_85-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarreroThornton2011_85-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarreroThornton2011">Marrero & Thornton 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord2015-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord2015_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord2015_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFord2015">Ford 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEProulx1994260–286-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProulx1994260–286_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFProulx1994">Proulx 1994</a>, pp. 260–286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_Bedford-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_Bedford_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_Bedford_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNew_Bedford">New Bedford</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStonehouse2007-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStonehouse2007_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStonehouse2007">Stonehouse 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETonnessen1982-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETonnessen1982_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTonnessen1982">Tonnessen 1982</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBS_''American_Experience''-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBS_''American_Experience''_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPBS_American_Experience">PBS <i>American Experience</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEconomist2012-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEconomist2012_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEconomist2012_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEconomist2012_92-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEconomist2012">Economist 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIFAW-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIFAW_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIFAW">IFAW</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlinowska199113-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlinowska199113_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlinowska1991">Klinowska 1991</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIWC_"Aboriginal"-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIWC_"Aboriginal"_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIWC_"Aboriginal"_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIWC_"Aboriginal"">IWC "Aboriginal"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorseth1997-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorseth1997_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorseth1997">Morseth 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENOAA_Fisheries2014-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENOAA_Fisheries2014_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNOAA_Fisheries2014">NOAA Fisheries 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2012-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe2012_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetcalfe2012">Metcalfe 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsai2015-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsai2015_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTsai2015">Tsai 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockton2016-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockton2016_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStockton2016">Stockton 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrington2013-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrington2013_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarrington2013">Carrington 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScientific_American2009-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScientific_American2009_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScientific_American2009">Scientific American 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">References prior to 2010, before a more definitive conclusion: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFRommel_et_al.2006">Rommel et al. 2006</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSchrope2003">Schrope 2003</a>, p. 106</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFKirby2003">Kirby 2003</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFPiantadosi_et_al.2004">Piantadosi et al. 2004</a></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWWF-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWWF_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWWF">WWF</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shipstrike-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shipstrike_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shipstrike_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFToro,_Frederick;_Buchan_Susannah_J.;_Alvarado-Rybak,_Mario;_Bedriñana-Romano,_Luis;_Garcia-Cegarra,_Ana_M.,_Hucke-Gaete,_Rodrigo;_Olavarria,_Carlos;_Sepúlveda,_Maritza;_Galletti-Vernazzani,_Barbara;_Sielfeld,_Walter;_Aguayo,_Anelio;_Capella,_Juan;_Perez-Alvarez,_Maria_José;_Viddi,_Francisco;_Caceres,_Benjamin;_Gibbons,_Jorge;_Acevedo,_Jorge;_Guzman,_Hector;_Guerra,_Jorge;_Saez,_Ricardo;_Seguel,_Mauricio;_Fishbach,_M._Michael2025" class="citation journal cs1">Toro, Frederick; Buchan Susannah J.; Alvarado-Rybak, Mario; Bedriñana-Romano, Luis; Garcia-Cegarra, Ana M., Hucke-Gaete, Rodrigo; Olavarria, Carlos; Sepúlveda, Maritza; Galletti-Vernazzani, Barbara; Sielfeld, Walter; Aguayo, Anelio; Capella, Juan; Perez-Alvarez, Maria José; Viddi, Francisco; Caceres, Benjamin; Gibbons, Jorge; Acevedo, Jorge; Guzman, Hector; Guerra, Jorge; Saez, Ricardo; Seguel, Mauricio; Fishbach, M. Michael (2025). "High rate of ship strike to large whales off Chile: Historical data and proposed actions to reduce risk". <i><a href="/wiki/Marine_Policy" title="Marine Policy">Marine Policy</a></i>: 106577.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Policy&rft.atitle=High+rate+of+ship+strike+to+large+whales+off+Chile%3A+Historical+data+and+proposed+actions+to+reduce+risk&rft.pages=106577&rft.date=2025&rft.au=Toro%2C+Frederick%3B+Buchan+Susannah+J.%3B+Alvarado-Rybak%2C+Mario%3B+Bedri%C3%B1ana-Romano%2C+Luis%3B+Garcia-Cegarra%2C+Ana+M.%2C+Hucke-Gaete%2C+Rodrigo%3B+Olavarria%2C+Carlos%3B+Sep%C3%BAlveda%2C+Maritza%3B+Galletti-Vernazzani%2C+Barbara%3B+Sielfeld%2C+Walter%3B+Aguayo%2C+Anelio%3B+Capella%2C+Juan%3B+Perez-Alvarez%2C+Maria+Jos%C3%A9%3B+Viddi%2C+Francisco%3B+Caceres%2C+Benjamin%3B+Gibbons%2C+Jorge%3B+Acevedo%2C+Jorge%3B+Guzman%2C+Hector%3B+Guerra%2C+Jorge%3B+Saez%2C+Ricardo%3B+Seguel%2C+Mauricio%3B+Fishbach%2C+M.+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIWC_"Key_Documents"-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIWC_"Key_Documents"_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIWC_"Key_Documents"">IWC "Key Documents"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIWC_"Catch_Limits"-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIWC_"Catch_Limits"_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIWC_"Catch_Limits"_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIWC_"Catch_Limits"">IWC "Catch Limits"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENOAA2014-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENOAA2014_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNOAA2014">NOAA 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mingan_Island_Cetacean_Study_(MICS)-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mingan_Island_Cetacean_Study_(MICS)_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rorqual.com/english/home">"Mingan Island Cetacean Study (MICS)"</a>. 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2024</span>. <q>The principal study areas include the Quebec North Shore in the Mingan Island / Anticosti region, the Gaspe Peninsula and St. Lawrence Estuary.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mingan+Island+Cetacean+Study+%28MICS%29&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rorqual.com%2Fenglish%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie1994-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie1994_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacKenzie1994">MacKenzie 1994</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIWC_"Whale_Sanctuaries"-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIWC_"Whale_Sanctuaries"_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIWC_"Whale_Sanctuaries"">IWC "Whale Sanctuaries"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustralian_Report2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAustralian_Report2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAustralian_Report2009">Australian Report 2009</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke2020-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooke2020_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooke2020">Cooke 2020</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke2019-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooke2019_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooke2019">Cooke 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECookeClapham2018-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookeClapham2018_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCookeClapham2018">Cooke & Clapham 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke2018a-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooke2018a_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooke2018a">Cooke 2018a</a>.</span> </li> <li 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2008</a>, pp. 97–125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor_et_al.2009-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connor_et_al.2009_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connor_et_al.2009_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Connor_et_al.2009">O'Connor et al. 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatchable_Wildlife2004-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatchable_Wildlife2004_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatchable_Wildlife2004">Watchable Wildlife 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBjörgvinsson2002-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBjörgvinsson2002_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBjörgvinsson2002">Björgvinsson 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Archaeology2014-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorld_Archaeology2014_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWorld_Archaeology2014">World Archaeology 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECressey1998-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECressey1998_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCressey1998">Cressey 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee_Soon_Ae1999-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee_Soon_Ae1999_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee_Soon_Ae1999">Lee Soon Ae 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETha_Chalom2024-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETha_Chalom2024_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTha_Chalom2024">Tha Chalom 2024</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Independent2010-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Independent2010_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Independent2010">The Independent 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESydney_Morning_Herald2003-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESydney_Morning_Herald2003_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSydney_Morning_Herald2003">Sydney Morning Herald 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEViegas2010-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViegas2010_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFViegas2010">Viegas 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGNA2005-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGNA2005_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGNA2005">GNA 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/37?startingVerse=139">37:139-148</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthew-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthew_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthew">Matthew</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamentations-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamentations_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLamentations">Lamentations</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack2013-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack2013_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMack2013">Mack 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Pall_Mall_Gazette1896-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Pall_Mall_Gazette1896_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Pall_Mall_Gazette1896">The Pall Mall Gazette 1896</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarlass2014-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarlass2014_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarlass2014">Barlass 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJøn2014-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJøn2014_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJøn2014">Jøn 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovhannes1970-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHovhannes1970_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHovhannes1970">Hovhannes 1970</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''New_York_Times''1861-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''New_York_Times''1861_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNew_York_Times1861"><i>New York Times</i> 1861</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECMEPS2006-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECMEPS2006_141-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECMEPS2006_141-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECMEPS2006_141-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECMEPS2006_141-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECMEPS2006_141-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCMEPS2006">CMEPS 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWAZA-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWAZA_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWAZA">WAZA</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner1980[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner1980[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_143-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a 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(April 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBS_''Frontline''-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBS_''Frontline''_144-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBS_''Frontline''_144-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPBS_Frontline">PBS <i>Frontline</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeland1996-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeland1996_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeland1996">Beland 1996</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlinowska1991279-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlinowska1991279_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlinowska1991">Klinowska 1991</a>, p. 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlinowska1991372–373-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlinowska1991372–373_147-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlinowska1991372–373_147-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlinowska1991">Klinowska 1991</a>, pp. 372–373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlinowska1991383-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlinowska1991383_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlinowska1991">Klinowska 1991</a>, p. 383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlinowska1991421-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlinowska1991421_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlinowska1991">Klinowska 1991</a>, p. 421.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBjörgvinsson2002" class="citation book cs1">Björgvinsson, Ásbjörn; Lugmayr, Helmut; Camm, Martin; Skaptason, Jón (2002). <i>Whale watching in Iceland</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9979-761-55-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9979-761-55-6"><bdi>978-9979-761-55-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whale+watching+in+Iceland&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-9979-761-55-6&rft.aulast=Bj%C3%B6rgvinsson&rft.aufirst=%C3%81sbj%C3%B6rn&rft.au=Lugmayr%2C+Helmut&rft.au=Camm%2C+Martin&rft.au=Skaptason%2C+J%C3%B3n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeland1996" class="citation book cs1">Beland, Pierre (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/belugafarewellto0000bela"><i>Beluga: A Farewell to Whales</i></a></span> (1st ed.). The Lyons Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/belugafarewellto0000bela/page/224">224</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55821-398-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55821-398-2"><bdi>978-1-55821-398-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beluga%3A+A+Farewell+to+Whales&rft.pages=224&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=The+Lyons+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-55821-398-2&rft.aulast=Beland&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbelugafarewellto0000bela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBonner1980" class="citation book cs1">Bonner, Nigel (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4S47N3YMgwC"><i>Whales</i></a>. Blandford Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7137-0887-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7137-0887-5"><bdi>978-0-7137-0887-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whales&rft.pub=Blandford+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-7137-0887-5&rft.aulast=Bonner&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw4S47N3YMgwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDawkins2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Dawkins, Richard</a> (2004). <a href="/wiki/The_Ancestor%27s_Tale" title="The Ancestor's Tale"><i>The Ancestor's Tale, A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-00583-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-00583-3"><bdi>978-0-618-00583-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancestor%27s+Tale%2C+A+Pilgrimage+to+the+Dawn+of+Life&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-618-00583-3&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGormley1990" class="citation book cs1">Gormley, Gerard (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xwvWILe_c_cC"><i>Orcas of the Gulf: A Natural History</i></a>. Lincoln, NE: toExcel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-01118-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-01118-6"><bdi>978-0-595-01118-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orcas+of+the+Gulf%3A+A+Natural+History&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+NE&rft.pub=toExcel&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-595-01118-6&rft.aulast=Gormley&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxwvWILe_c_cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kennedy, Robert; Perrin, W.F.; Wursig, B.; Thewissen, J. G. M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2rkHQpToi9sC&pg=PA966">"Right whales (<i>E. glacialis</i>, <i>E. japonica</i>, and <i>E. australis</i>"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-373553-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-373553-9"><bdi>978-0-12-373553-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Right+whales+%28E.+glacialis%2C+E.+japonica%2C+and+E.+australis&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Marine+Mammals&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-12-373553-9&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Perrin%2C+W.F.&rft.au=Wursig%2C+B.&rft.au=Thewissen%2C+J.+G.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2rkHQpToi9sC%26pg%3DPA966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKetten1992" class="citation book cs1">Ketten, Darlene R. (1992). "The Marine Mammal Ear: Specializations for Aquatic Audition and Echolocation". In Webster, Douglas B.; Fay, Richard R.; Popper, Arthur N. (eds.). <i>The Evolutionary Biology of Hearing</i>. Springer–Verlag. pp. <span class="nowrap">717–</span>750. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4612-2784-7_44">10.1007/978-1-4612-2784-7_44</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4612-7668-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4612-7668-5"><bdi>978-1-4612-7668-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Marine+Mammal+Ear%3A+Specializations+for+Aquatic+Audition+and+Echolocation&rft.btitle=The+Evolutionary+Biology+of+Hearing&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E717-%3C%2Fspan%3E750&rft.pub=Springer%E2%80%93Verlag&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4612-2784-7_44&rft.isbn=978-1-4612-7668-5&rft.aulast=Ketten&rft.aufirst=Darlene+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlinowska1991" class="citation book cs1">Klinowska, Margaret (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/RD-1991-001.pdf"><i>Dolphins, Porpoises, and Whales of the World: the IUCN Red Data Book</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Columbia University Press, NY: IUCN Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-88032-936-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-88032-936-5"><bdi>978-2-88032-936-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dolphins%2C+Porpoises%2C+and+Whales+of+the+World%3A+the+IUCN+Red+Data+Book&rft.place=Columbia+University+Press%2C+NY&rft.pub=IUCN+Publications&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-2-88032-936-5&rft.aulast=Klinowska&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportals.iucn.org%2Flibrary%2Fsites%2Flibrary%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2FRD-1991-001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMack2013" class="citation book cs1">Mack, John (2013). <i>The Sea: a cultural history</i>. Reaktion Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">205–</span>206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-184-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-184-6"><bdi>978-1-78023-184-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sea%3A+a+cultural+history&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E205-%3C%2Fspan%3E206&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78023-184-6&rft.aulast=Mack&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMann2000" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Janet; Connor, Richard C.; Tyack, Peter L.; Whitehead, Hal, eds. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W-UQNoxMONwC"><i>Cetacean Societies: Field Studies of Dolphins and Whales</i></a>. University of Chicago. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-50341-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-50341-7"><bdi>978-0-226-50341-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cetacean+Societies%3A+Field+Studies+of+Dolphins+and+Whales&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-226-50341-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW-UQNoxMONwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcBrearty1991" class="citation book cs1">McBrearty, D. (1991). "Records of 'blackfish' (killer, false killer, pilot, pygmy killer, and melon-headed whales) in the Indian Ocean Sanctuary, 1772–1986". In Leatherwood, S.; Donovan, G.P. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/27925"><i>Cetaceans and cetacean research in the Indian Ocean Sanctuary</i></a>. Marine Mammal Technical Report. Vol. 3. Nairobi: UNEP. pp. <span class="nowrap">33–</span>65. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28388647">28388647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Records+of+%27blackfish%27+%28killer%2C+false+killer%2C+pilot%2C+pygmy+killer%2C+and+melon-headed+whales%29+in+the+Indian+Ocean+Sanctuary%2C+1772%E2%80%931986&rft.btitle=Cetaceans+and+cetacean+research+in+the+Indian+Ocean+Sanctuary&rft.place=Nairobi&rft.series=Marine+Mammal+Technical+Report&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.pub=UNEP&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28388647&rft.aulast=McBrearty&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportals.iucn.org%2Flibrary%2Fnode%2F27925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMead2005" class="citation book cs1">Mead, J.G.; Brownell, R.L. 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Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">723–</span>743. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0"><bdi>978-0-8018-8221-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Order+Cetacea&rft.btitle=Mammal+Species+of+the+World%3A+A+Taxonomic+and+Geographic+Reference&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E723-%3C%2Fspan%3E743&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8221-0&rft.aulast=Mead&rft.aufirst=J.G.&rft.au=Brownell%2C+R.L.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNemoto_et_al.1988" class="citation book cs1">Nemoto, T.; Okiyama, M.; Iwasaki, N.; Kikuchi, T. (1988). "Squid as Predators on Krill (Euphausia superba) and Prey for Sperm Whales in the Southern Ocean". In Dietrich Sahrhage (ed.). <i>Antarctic Ocean and Resources Variability</i>. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. <span class="nowrap">292–</span>296. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-73724-4_25">10.1007/978-3-642-73724-4_25</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-73726-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-73726-8"><bdi>978-3-642-73726-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Squid+as+Predators+on+Krill+%28Euphausia+superba%29+and+Prey+for+Sperm+Whales+in+the+Southern+Ocean&rft.btitle=Antarctic+Ocean+and+Resources+Variability&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E292-%3C%2Fspan%3E296&rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-73724-4_25&rft.isbn=978-3-642-73726-8&rft.aulast=Nemoto&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Okiyama%2C+M.&rft.au=Iwasaki%2C+N.&rft.au=Kikuchi%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFProulx1994" class="citation book cs1">Proulx, Jean-Pierre (1994). <i>Basque whaling in Labrador in the 16th century</i>. National Historic Sites, Parks Service, Environment Canada. pp. <span class="nowrap">260–</span>286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-660-14819-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-660-14819-9"><bdi>978-0-660-14819-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basque+whaling+in+Labrador+in+the+16th+century&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E260-%3C%2Fspan%3E286&rft.pub=National+Historic+Sites%2C+Parks+Service%2C+Environment+Canada&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-660-14819-9&rft.aulast=Proulx&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRallsMesnick1984" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ralls, Katherine; Mesnick, Sarah (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190725004132/http://www.cetus.ucsd.edu/SIO133/PDF/Sexual%20Dimorphism.pdf">"Sexual Dimorphism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals</i> (2nd ed.). San Diego: Academic Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">1005–</span>1011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-091993-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-091993-5"><bdi>978-0-08-091993-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cetus.ucsd.edu/SIO133/PDF/Sexual%20Dimorphism.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sexual+Dimorphism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Marine+Mammals&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1005-%3C%2Fspan%3E1011&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-08-091993-5&rft.aulast=Ralls&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft.au=Mesnick%2C+Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cetus.ucsd.edu%2FSIO133%2FPDF%2FSexual%2520Dimorphism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRiedman1991" class="citation book cs1">Riedman, M. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pinnipedssealsse0000ried/page/168"><i>The Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses</i></a>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pinnipedssealsse0000ried/page/168">168</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06498-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06498-0"><bdi>978-0-520-06498-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pinnipeds%3A+Seals%2C+Sea+Lions%2C+and+Walruses&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06498-0&rft.aulast=Riedman&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpinnipedssealsse0000ried%2Fpage%2F168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSkeat1898" class="citation book cs1">Skeat, Walter W. (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vDZAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA704"><i>An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language</i></a> (3rd ed.). Clarendon Press. p. 704.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Etymological+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.pages=704&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Skeat&rft.aufirst=Walter+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvDZAAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStevensHume1995" class="citation book cs1">Stevens, C. Edward; Hume, Ian D. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DZuAsci2apAC&pg=PA11"><i>Comparative Physiology of the Vertebrate Digestive System</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44418-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44418-7"><bdi>978-0-521-44418-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Physiology+of+the+Vertebrate+Digestive+System&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-44418-7&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=C.+Edward&rft.au=Hume%2C+Ian+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDZuAsci2apAC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThewissenPerrinWirsig2002" class="citation book cs1">Thewissen, J. G. M.; Perrin, William R.; Wirsig, Bernd (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma2002unse/page/570">"Hearing"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals</i>. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma2002unse/page/570">570–572</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-551340-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-551340-1"><bdi>978-0-12-551340-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hearing&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Marine+Mammals&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pages=570-572&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-12-551340-1&rft.aulast=Thewissen&rft.aufirst=J.+G.+M.&rft.au=Perrin%2C+William+R.&rft.au=Wirsig%2C+Bernd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofma2002unse%2Fpage%2F570&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJeanette_et_al.1990" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Jeanette A.; Kastelein, Ronald A. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VWz1BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1"><i>Sensory Abilities of Cetaceans: Laboratory and Field Evidence</i></a>. Vol. 196. New York: Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4899-0858-2">10.1007/978-1-4899-0858-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4899-0860-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4899-0860-5"><bdi>978-1-4899-0860-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32801659">32801659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sensory+Abilities+of+Cetaceans%3A+Laboratory+and+Field+Evidence&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32801659%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4899-0858-2&rft.isbn=978-1-4899-0860-5&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Jeanette+A.&rft.au=Kastelein%2C+Ronald+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVWz1BwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTonnessen1982" class="citation book cs1">Tonnessen, J.N.; Johnsen, A.O (1982). <i>The History of Modern Whaling</i>. C. Hurst. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-905838-23-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-905838-23-6"><bdi>978-0-905838-23-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Modern+Whaling&rft.pub=C.+Hurst&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-905838-23-6&rft.aulast=Tonnessen&rft.aufirst=J.N.&rft.au=Johnsen%2C+A.O&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhitehead2003" class="citation book cs1">Whitehead, H. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spermwhalessocia0000whit/page/4"><i>Sperm Whales: Social Evolution in the Ocean</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spermwhalessocia0000whit/page/4">4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-89518-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-89518-5"><bdi>978-0-226-89518-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sperm+Whales%3A+Social+Evolution+in+the+Ocean&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-226-89518-5&rft.aulast=Whitehead&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspermwhalessocia0000whit%2Fpage%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBebej_et_al.2012" class="citation journal cs1">Bebej, R. M.; ul-Haq, M.; Zalmout, I. S.; Gingerich, P. D. (June 2012). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deep+Ocean%27s+Diving+Science&rft.atitle=The+physics+of+bubble+rings+and+other+diver%27s+exhausts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deepocean.net%2Fdeepocean%2Findex.php%3Fscience09.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatchable_Wildlife2004" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061004180945/http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/education/viewing_wildlife.pdf">"Marine Wildlife Viewing Guidelines"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Watchable Wildlife Marine Viewing Working Group. January 2004. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wwf.panda.org&rft.atitle=Watching+out+for+whales%3A+Reducing+risks+when+ships+and+whales+share+the+seas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwwf.panda.org%2Fdiscover%2Fknowledge_hub%2Fendangered_species%2Fcetaceans%2Fthreats%2Fshipping.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTha_Chalom2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ban Tha Chalom (25 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/share/p/15ETd4V4kE/">"ชวนดูวาฬบรูด้า ยักษ์ใหญ่ใจดีแห่งท้องทะเลไทย"</a> [Come see Bryde's whales, the gentle giants of the Thai seas]. <i>Facebook</i> (in Thai)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facebook&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AC%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2+%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2&rft.date=2024-11-25&rft.au=Ban+Tha+Chalom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fshare%2Fp%2F15ETd4V4kE%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="News">News</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarlass2014" class="citation news cs1">Barlass, Tim (30 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/environment/animals/bizarre-whale-treatment-for-rheumatism-revealed-20140329-35q0w.html">"Bizarre whale treatment for rheumatism revealed"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Bizarre+whale+treatment+for+rheumatism+revealed&rft.date=2014-03-30&rft.aulast=Barlass&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fenvironment%2Fanimals%2Fbizarre-whale-treatment-for-rheumatism-revealed-20140329-35q0w.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarrington2013" class="citation news cs1">Carrington, Damian (3 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jul/03/whales-flee-military-sonar-strandings">"Whales flee from military sonar leading to mass strandings, research shows"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171001191231/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jul/03/whales-flee-military-sonar-strandings">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Whales+flee+from+military+sonar+leading+to+mass+strandings%2C+research+shows&rft.date=2013-07-03&rft.aulast=Carrington&rft.aufirst=Damian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2013%2Fjul%2F03%2Fwhales-flee-military-sonar-strandings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCollins2012" class="citation news cs1">Collins, Nick (22 October 2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/9625687/Whale-learns-to-mimic-human-speech.html">"Whale learns to mimic human speech"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/9625687/Whale-learns-to-mimic-human-speech.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Whale+learns+to+mimic+human+speech&rft.date=2012-10-22&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fscience-news%2F9625687%2FWhale-learns-to-mimic-human-speech.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEconomist2012" class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2012/03/commercial-whaling">"Commercial Whaling: Good Whale Hunting"</a></span>. <i>The Economist</i>. 4 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Commercial+Whaling%3A+Good+Whale+Hunting&rft.date=2012-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Fbabbage%2F2012%2F03%2Fcommercial-whaling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGray2013" class="citation news cs1">Gray, Richard (13 June 2013). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/10119516/How-the-sperm-whale-can-hold-its-breath-for-90-minutes.html">"How the sperm whale can hold its breath for 90 minutes"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/10119516/How-the-sperm-whale-can-hold-its-breath-for-90-minutes.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=How+the+sperm+whale+can+hold+its+breath+for+90+minutes&rft.date=2013-06-13&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fscience-news%2F10119516%2FHow-the-sperm-whale-can-hold-its-breath-for-90-minutes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKirby2003" class="citation news cs1">Kirby, Alex (8 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3173942.stm">"Sonar may cause Whale deaths"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sonar+may+cause+Whale+deaths&rft.date=2003-10-08&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F3173942.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNortheastern_Ohio_Universities2007" class="citation news cs1">Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy (21 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/12/071220220241.htm">"Whales Descended From Tiny Deer-like Ancestors"</a>. <i>Science Daily</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Daily&rft.atitle=Whales+Descended+From+Tiny+Deer-like+Ancestors&rft.date=2007-12-21&rft.au=Northeastern+Ohio+Universities+Colleges+of+Medicine+and+Pharmacy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2007%2F12%2F071220220241.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThe_Pall_Mall_Gazette1896" class="citation news cs1">The Pall Mall Gazette (7 March 1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1896/03/07/106848504.pdf">"A New Cure for Rheumatism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+New+Cure+for+Rheumatism&rft.date=1896-03-07&rft.au=The+Pall+Mall+Gazette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1896%2F03%2F07%2F106848504.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTsai2015" class="citation news cs1">Tsai, Wen-Chu (3 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2015/07/03/2003622174">"Whales and trash-bags"</a>. <i>Taipei Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taipei+Times&rft.atitle=Whales+and+trash-bags&rft.date=2015-07-03&rft.aulast=Tsai&rft.aufirst=Wen-Chu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Ftaiwan%2Farchives%2F2015%2F07%2F03%2F2003622174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Vermont2010" class="citation news cs1">University of Vermont (12 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/10/101012101255.htm">"Whale poop pumps up ocean health"</a>. <i>Science Daily</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Daily&rft.atitle=Whale+poop+pumps+up+ocean+health&rft.date=2010-10-12&rft.au=University+of+Vermont&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2010%2F10%2F101012101255.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBBC_News2004" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3638853.stm">"Rock art hints at whaling origins"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 20 April 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2015</span>. <q>Stone Age people may have started hunting whales as early as 6,000 BC, new evidence from South Korea suggests.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Rock+art+hints+at+whaling+origins&rft.date=2004-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F3638853.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThe_Independent2010" class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/thousand-gather-whale-s-funeral-vietnam-1907716.html">"Thousand gather for whale's funeral in Vietnam"</a></span>. <i>The Independent</i>. Associated Press. 23 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Thousand+gather+for+whale%27s+funeral+in+Vietnam&rft.date=2010-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fthousand-gather-whale-s-funeral-vietnam-1907716.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSydney_Morning_Herald2003" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/04/13/1050172476288.html">"Whale funeral draws 1000 mourners in Vietnam"</a>. <i>The Sydney Morning Herald</i>. AFP. 14 April 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Whale+funeral+draws+1000+mourners+in+Vietnam&rft.date=2003-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Farticles%2F2003%2F04%2F13%2F1050172476288.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNew_York_Times1861" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1861/08/09/archives/live-whales-from-the-st-lawrence.html">"Live Whales from the St. Lawrence"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 9 August 1861<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Live+Whales+from+the+St.+Lawrence&rft.date=1861-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1861%2F08%2F09%2Farchives%2Flive-whales-from-the-st-lawrence.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGNA2005" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=87737">"Funeral for a Whale held at Apam"</a>. <i>GhanaWeb</i>. Ghana News Agency. 10 August 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GhanaWeb&rft.atitle=Funeral+for+a+Whale+held+at+Apam&rft.date=2005-08-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ghanaweb.com%2FGhanaHomePage%2FNewsArchive%2Fartikel.php%3FID%3D87737&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLamentations" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/lamentations/4-3.htm">"Lamentations 4:3"</a>. <i>Bible</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lamentations+4%3A3&rft.btitle=Bible&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Flamentations%2F4-3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatthew" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=jonah+1-4">"Matthew"</a>. <i>Bible</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Matthew&rft.btitle=Bible&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3Djonah%2B1-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFModern_Marvels2007" class="citation episode cs1">"Milk". <i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Marvels" title="Modern Marvels">Modern Marvels</a></i>. Season 14. 7 January 2008. The History Channel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Modern+Marvels&rft.series=Season+14&rft.date=2008-01-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/120px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Whale_watching#Q1865281" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Whale watching">Whale watching</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Research and Education for the Conservation of Baleen Whales, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rorqual.com/english/home">Mingan Island Cetacean Study (MICS)</a></li> <li>Children's drawings and lyrics from the song Story <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ouellette001.com/regard/041regard.htm">Jonas in the Whale/Lord Jonas the Story</a> (French)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation episode cs1">"New Dawn". <i><a href="/wiki/Walking_with_Beasts" title="Walking with Beasts">Walking with Prehistoric Beasts</a></i>. 2002. Discovery Channel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Walking+with+Prehistoric+Beasts&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnellBerrow2015" class="citation journal cs1">O'Connell, M.; Berrow, S. (2015). "Records from the Irish Whales and Dolphin Group for 2013". <i>Irish Naturalists' Journal</i>. <b>34</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">154–</span>161.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Naturalists%27+Journal&rft.atitle=Records+from+the+Irish+Whales+and+Dolphin+Group+for+2013&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E154-%3C%2Fspan%3E161&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=O%27Connell&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Berrow%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Whale"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Whale">"Whale" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Whale&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhale" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 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.navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sperm_whale_fluke.jpg/21px-Sperm_whale_fluke.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sperm_whale_fluke.jpg/32px-Sperm_whale_fluke.jpg 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Okapi2.jpg/40px-Okapi2.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Okapi2.jpg/60px-Okapi2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1707" data-file-height="1482" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mammals" title="Portal:Mammals">Mammals</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/40px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/60px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span 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title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a></li> <li>Order <a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">Artiodactyla</a></li> <li>Suborder <a href="/wiki/Whippomorpha" title="Whippomorpha">Whippomorpha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Parvorder_Mysticeti_(Baleen_whales)374" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Parvorder <a href="/wiki/Baleen_whale" title="Baleen whale">Mysticeti <small>(Baleen whales)</small></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Balaenidae" title="Balaenidae">Balaenidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Bowhead_whale" title="Bowhead whale">Balaena</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowhead_whale" title="Bowhead whale">Bowhead whale (<i>B. mysticetus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Right_whale" title="Right whale">Eubalaena</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(Right whales)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_right_whale" title="Southern right whale">Southern right whale (<i>E. australis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_right_whale" title="North Atlantic right whale">North Atlantic right whale (<i>E. glacialis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_right_whale" title="North Pacific right whale">North Pacific right whale (<i>E. japonica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rorqual" title="Rorqual">Balaenopteridae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(Rorquals)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Balaenoptera" title="Balaenoptera">Balaenoptera</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_minke_whale" title="Common minke whale">Common minke whale (<i>B. acutorostrata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_minke_whale" title="Antarctic minke whale">Antarctic minke whale (<i>B. bonaerensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sei_whale" title="Sei whale">Sei whale (<i>B. borealis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryde%27s_whale" title="Bryde's whale">Bryde's whale (<i>B. brydei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryde%27s_whale" title="Bryde's whale">Pygmy Bryde's whale (<i>B. edeni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_whale" title="Blue whale">Blue whale (<i>B. musculus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omura%27s_whale" title="Omura's whale">Omura's whale (<i>B. omurai</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fin_whale" title="Fin whale">Fin whale (<i>B. physalus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice%27s_whale" title="Rice's whale">Rice's whale (<i>B. ricei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Gray_whale" title="Gray whale">Eschrichtius</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_whale" title="Gray whale">Gray whale (<i>E. robustus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Humpback_whale" title="Humpback whale">Megaptera</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humpback_whale" title="Humpback whale">Humpback whale (<i>M. novaeangliae</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cetotheriidae" title="Cetotheriidae">Cetotheriidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Caperea33" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_right_whale" title="Pygmy right whale">Caperea</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_right_whale" title="Pygmy right whale">Pygmy right whale (<i>C. marginata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Parvorder_Odontoceti_(Toothed_whales)374" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Parvorder <a href="/wiki/Toothed_whale" title="Toothed whale">Odontoceti <small>(Toothed whales)</small></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_dolphin" title="Oceanic dolphin">Delphinidae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(Oceanic dolphins)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Cephalorhynchus" title="Cephalorhynchus">Cephalorhynchus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commerson%27s_dolphin" title="Commerson's dolphin">Commerson's dolphin (<i>C. commersonii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_dolphin" title="Chilean dolphin">Chilean dolphin (<i>C. eutropia</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaviside%27s_dolphin" title="Heaviside's dolphin">Heaviside's dolphin (<i>C. heavisidii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector%27s_dolphin" title="Hector's dolphin">Hector's dolphin (<i>C. hectori</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Common_dolphin" title="Common dolphin">Delphinus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_dolphin" title="Common dolphin">Common dolphin (<i>D. delphis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_killer_whale" title="Pygmy killer whale">Feresa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_killer_whale" title="Pygmy killer whale">Pygmy killer whale (<i>F. attenuata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pilot_whale" title="Pilot whale">Globicephala</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(Pilot whales)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Short-finned_pilot_whale" title="Short-finned pilot whale">Short-finned pilot whale (<i>G. macrorhynchus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-finned_pilot_whale" title="Long-finned pilot whale">Long-finned pilot whale (<i>G. melas</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Risso%27s_dolphin" title="Risso's dolphin">Grampus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Risso%27s_dolphin" title="Risso's dolphin">Risso's dolphin (<i>G. griseus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Fraser%27s_dolphin" title="Fraser's dolphin">Lagenodelphis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fraser%27s_dolphin" title="Fraser's dolphin">Fraser's dolphin (<i>L. hosei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Lagenorhynchus" title="Lagenorhynchus">Lagenorhynchus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White-beaked_dolphin" title="White-beaked dolphin">White-beaked dolphin (<i>L. albirostris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_white-sided_dolphin" title="Atlantic white-sided dolphin">Atlantic white-sided dolphin (<i>L. acutus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peale%27s_dolphin" title="Peale's dolphin">Peale's dolphin (<i>L. australis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hourglass_dolphin" title="Hourglass dolphin">Hourglass dolphin (<i>L. cruciger</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_white-sided_dolphin" title="Pacific white-sided dolphin">Pacific white-sided dolphin (<i>L. obliquidens</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusky_dolphin" title="Dusky dolphin">Dusky dolphin (<i>L. obscurus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Right_whale_dolphin" title="Right whale dolphin">Lissodelphis</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(Right whale dolphins)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_right_whale_dolphin" title="Northern right whale dolphin">Northern right whale dolphin (<i>L. borealis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_right_whale_dolphin" title="Southern right whale dolphin">Southern right whale dolphin (<i>L. peronii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Orcaella" title="Orcaella">Orcaella</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_dolphin" title="Irrawaddy dolphin">Irrawaddy dolphin (<i>O. brevirostris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_snubfin_dolphin" title="Australian snubfin dolphin">Australian snubfin dolphin (<i>O. heinsohni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Orcinus" title="Orcinus">Orcinus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orca" title="Orca">Orca or killer whale (<i>O. orca</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Melon-headed_whale" title="Melon-headed whale">Peponocephala</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melon-headed_whale" title="Melon-headed whale">Melon-headed whale (<i>P. electra</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/False_killer_whale" title="False killer whale">Pseudorca</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_killer_whale" title="False killer whale">False killer whale (<i>P. crassidens</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Sotalia_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sotalia (genus)">Sotalia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tucuxi" title="Tucuxi">Tucuxi (<i>S. fluviatilis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiana_dolphin" title="Guiana dolphin">Guiana dolphin (<i>S. guianensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Humpback_dolphin" title="Humpback dolphin">Sousa</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(Humpback dolphins)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_humpback_dolphin" title="Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin">Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (<i>S. chinensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_humpback_dolphin" title="Indian Ocean humpback dolphin">Indian Ocean humpback dolphin (<i>S. plumbea</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_humpback_dolphin" title="Australian humpback dolphin">Australian humpback dolphin (<i>S. sahulensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_humpback_dolphin" title="Atlantic humpback dolphin">Atlantic humpback dolphin (<i>S. teuszii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Stenella" title="Stenella">Stenella</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantropical_spotted_dolphin" title="Pantropical spotted dolphin">Pantropical spotted dolphin (<i>S. attenuata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clymene_dolphin" title="Clymene dolphin">Clymene dolphin (<i>S. clymene</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_dolphin" title="Striped dolphin">Striped dolphin (<i>S. coeruleoalba</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_spotted_dolphin" title="Atlantic spotted dolphin">Atlantic spotted dolphin (<i>S. frontalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinner_dolphin" title="Spinner dolphin">Spinner dolphin (<i>S. longirostris</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rough-toothed_dolphin" title="Rough-toothed dolphin">Steno</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rough-toothed_dolphin" title="Rough-toothed dolphin">Rough-toothed dolphin (<i>S. bredanensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Bottlenose_dolphin" title="Bottlenose dolphin">Tursiops</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(Bottlenose dolphins)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_bottlenose_dolphin" title="Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin">Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (<i>T. aduncus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burrunan_dolphin" title="Burrunan dolphin">Burrunan dolphin (<i>T. australis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamanend%27s_bottlenose_dolphin" title="Tamanend's bottlenose dolphin">Tamanend's bottlenose dolphin (<i>T. erebennus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_bottlenose_dolphin" title="Common bottlenose dolphin">Common bottlenose dolphin (<i>T. truncatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monodontidae" title="Monodontidae">Monodontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Beluga_whale" title="Beluga whale">Delphinapterus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beluga_whale" title="Beluga whale">Beluga whale (<i>D. leucas</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Narwhal" title="Narwhal">Monodon</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narwhal" title="Narwhal">Narwhal (<i>M. monoceros</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Porpoise" title="Porpoise">Phocoenidae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(Porpoises)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Finless_porpoise" title="Finless porpoise">Neophocoena</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(Finless porpoises)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_finless_porpoise" title="Indo-Pacific finless porpoise">Indo-Pacific finless porpoise (<i>N. phocaenoides</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_finless_porpoise" title="Yangtze finless porpoise">Yangtze finless porpoise (<i>N. asiaeorientalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_finless_porpoise" title="East Asian finless porpoise">East Asian finless porpoise (<i>N. sunameri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Phocoena" title="Phocoena">Phocoena</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spectacled_porpoise" title="Spectacled porpoise">Spectacled porpoise (<i>P. dioptrica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbour_porpoise" title="Harbour porpoise">Harbour porpoise (<i>P. phocoena</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaquita" title="Vaquita">Vaquita (<i>P. sinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmeister%27s_porpoise" title="Burmeister's porpoise">Burmeister's porpoise (<i>P. spinipinnis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Dall%27s_porpoise" title="Dall's porpoise">Phocoenoides</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dall%27s_porpoise" title="Dall's porpoise">Dall's porpoise (<i>P. dalli</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physeteroidea" title="Physeteroidea">Physeteridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Physeter16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Physeter" title="Physeter">Physeter</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">Sperm whale (<i>P. macrocephalus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kogiidae" title="Kogiidae">Kogiidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Kogia13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Kogia" title="Kogia">Kogia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_sperm_whale" title="Pygmy sperm whale">Pygmy sperm whale (<i>K. breviceps</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_sperm_whale" title="Dwarf sperm whale">Dwarf sperm whale (<i>K. simus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iniidae" title="Iniidae">Iniidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Inia12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Inia" title="Inia">Inia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Araguaian_river_dolphin" title="Araguaian river dolphin">Araguaian river dolphin (<i>I. araguaiaensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_river_dolphin" title="Bolivian river dolphin">Bolivian river dolphin (<i>I. boliviensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_river_dolphin" title="Amazon river dolphin">Amazon river dolphin (<i>I. geoffrensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lipotidae" title="Lipotidae">Lipotidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lipotes21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Baiji" title="Baiji">Lipotes</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baiji" title="Baiji">Baiji (<i>L. vexillifer</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platanistidae" title="Platanistidae">Platanistidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Platanista44" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_river_dolphin" title="South Asian river dolphin">Platanista</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_river_dolphin" title="Ganges river dolphin">Ganges river dolphin (<i>P. gangetica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_river_dolphin" title="Indus river dolphin">Indus river dolphin (<i>P. minor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/La_Plata_dolphin" title="La Plata dolphin">Pontoporiidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pontoporia35" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/La_Plata_dolphin" title="La Plata dolphin">Pontoporia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Plata_dolphin" title="La Plata dolphin">La Plata dolphin (<i>P. blainvillei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beaked_whale" title="Beaked whale">Ziphiidae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(Beaked whales)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Berardius" title="Berardius">Berardius</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnoux%27s_beaked_whale" title="Arnoux's beaked whale">Arnoux's beaked whale (<i>B. arnuxii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baird%27s_beaked_whale" title="Baird's beaked whale">Baird's beaked whale (<i>B. bairdii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sato%27s_beaked_whale" title="Sato's beaked whale">Sato's beaked whale (<i>B. minimus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Bottlenose_whale" title="Bottlenose whale">Hyperoodon</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(Bottlenose whales)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_bottlenose_whale" title="Northern bottlenose whale">Northern bottlenose whale (<i>H. ampullatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_bottlenose_whale" title="Southern bottlenose whale">Southern bottlenose whale (<i>H. planifrons</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tropical_bottlenose_whale" title="Tropical bottlenose whale">Indopacetus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_bottlenose_whale" title="Tropical bottlenose whale">Tropical bottlenose whale (<i>I. pacificus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Mesoplodont_whale" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoplodont whale">Mesoplodon</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(Mesoplodont whales)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sowerby%27s_beaked_whale" title="Sowerby's beaked whale">Sowerby's beaked whale (<i>M. bidens</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrews%27_beaked_whale" title="Andrews' beaked whale">Andrews' beaked whale (<i>M. bowdoini</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubbs%27_beaked_whale" title="Hubbs' beaked whale">Hubbs' beaked whale (<i>M. carlhubbsi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blainville%27s_beaked_whale" title="Blainville's beaked whale">Blainville's beaked whale (<i>M. densirostris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramari%27s_beaked_whale" title="Ramari's beaked whale">Ramari's beaked whale (<i>M. eueu</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gervais%27s_beaked_whale" title="Gervais's beaked whale">Gervais's beaked whale (<i>M. europaeus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo-toothed_beaked_whale" title="Ginkgo-toothed beaked whale">Ginkgo-toothed beaked whale (<i>M. ginkgodens</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_beaked_whale" title="Gray's beaked whale">Gray's beaked whale (<i>M. grayi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector%27s_beaked_whale" title="Hector's beaked whale">Hector's beaked whale (<i>M. hectori</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deraniyagala%27s_beaked_whale" title="Deraniyagala's beaked whale">Deraniyagala's beaked whale (<i>M. hotaula</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strap-toothed_whale" title="Strap-toothed whale">Strap-toothed whale (<i>M. layardii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True%27s_beaked_whale" title="True's beaked whale">True's beaked whale (<i>M. mirus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perrin%27s_beaked_whale" title="Perrin's beaked whale">Perrin's beaked whale (<i>M. perrini</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_beaked_whale" title="Pygmy beaked whale">Pygmy beaked whale (<i>M. peruvianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stejneger%27s_beaked_whale" title="Stejneger's beaked whale">Stejneger's beaked whale (<i>M. stejnegeri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spade-toothed_whale" title="Spade-toothed whale">Spade-toothed whale (<i>M. traversii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Shepherd%27s_beaked_whale" title="Shepherd's beaked whale">Tasmacetus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd%27s_beaked_whale" title="Shepherd's beaked whale">Shepherd's beaked whale (<i>T. shepherdi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Cuvier%27s_beaked_whale" title="Cuvier's beaked whale">Ziphius </a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuvier%27s_beaked_whale" title="Cuvier's beaked whale">Cuvier's beaked whale (<i>Z. cavirostris</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>93 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7dbbdd594f-ls82f","wgBackendResponseTime":251,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.220","walltime":"2.576","ppvisitednodes":{"value":36091,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":616328,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":23633,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":40,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":451169,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2219.301 1 -total"," 20.47% 454.394 171 Template:Sfn"," 13.96% 309.885 1 Template:Paraphyletic_group"," 13.85% 307.425 11 Template:Clade"," 9.31% 206.558 42 Template:Cite_web"," 8.56% 189.892 38 Template:Cite_journal"," 6.05% 134.338 1 Template:Reflist"," 4.78% 106.184 1 Template:Cetacea"," 4.65% 103.157 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 4.28% 95.096 22 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= 1,\n [\"CITEREFEconomist2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFahlke_et_al.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFord2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFroias2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFujiwara_et_al.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGNA2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGatesy1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldbogen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGormley1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGray2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiggs2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHof2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHouben_et_al.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHovhannes1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIFAW\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIWC_\u0026quot;Aboriginal\u0026quot;\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIWC_\u0026quot;Catch_Limits\u0026quot;\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIWC_\u0026quot;Key_Documents\u0026quot;\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIWC_\u0026quot;Small_cetaceans\u0026quot;\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIWC_\u0026quot;The_Great_Whales\u0026quot;\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIWC_\u0026quot;Whale_Sanctuaries\u0026quot;\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeanette_et_al.1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJefferson2015a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJefferson2015b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJefferson2015c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJefferson_et_al.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnsonWolman1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJøn2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenneth2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKetten1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirby2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlinowska1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaidreStirlingLowryWiig_Ø2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLam1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamentations\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee_Soon_Ae1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeighton_et_al.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLydersen_et_al.1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacKenzie1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMack2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMann2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarreroThornton2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMass_et_al.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthew\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcBrearty1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMead2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetcalfe2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller_et_al.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMind_Matters2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFModern_Marvels2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrel2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorseth1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoskowitz2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNOAA2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNOAA_Fisheries2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNOAA_Fisheries2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNemoto_et_al.1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNew_Bedford\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNew_York_Times1861\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorena_et_al.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNortheastern_Ohio_Universities2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNummela_et_al.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;ConnellBerrow2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Connor_et_al.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPBS_American_Experience\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPBS_Frontline\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPBS_Nature2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiantadosi_et_al.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProulx1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRallsMesnick1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReidenberg2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiedman1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomanMcCarthy2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoman_et_al.2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRommel_et_al.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScholander1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchrope2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScientific_American2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiebert2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkeat1898\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithBaco2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithSjare1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteeman_et_al.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevensHume1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStockton2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStonehouse2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSydney_Morning_Herald2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor_et_al.2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTha_Chalom2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Independent2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Pall_Mall_Gazette1896\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThewissenPerrinWirsig2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThewissen_et_al.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTonnessen1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToro,_Frederick;_Buchan_Susannah_J.;_Alvarado-Rybak,_Mario;_Bedriñana-Romano,_Luis;_Garcia-Cegarra,_Ana_M.,_Hucke-Gaete,_Rodrigo;_Olavarria,_Carlos;_Sepúlveda,_Maritza;_Galletti-Vernazzani,_Barbara;_Sielfeld,_Walter;_Aguayo,_Anelio;_Capella,_Juan;_Perez-Alvarez,_Maria_José;_Viddi,_Francisco;_Caceres,_Benjamin;_Gibbons,_Jorge;_Acevedo,_Jorge;_Guzman,_Hector;_Guerra,_Jorge;_Saez,_Ricardo;_Seguel,_Mauricio;_Fishbach,_M._Michael2025\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsai2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUniversity_of_Vermont2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViegas2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWAZA\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWWF\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatchable_Wildlife2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitehead2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiley_et_al.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Archaeology2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZerbini_et_al.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"Reproduction\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Cetacea\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite NIE\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 22,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite episode\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite iucn\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 38,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 42,\n [\"Clade\"] = 11,\n [\"Cn\"] = 2,\n [\"Convert\"] = 21,\n [\"Extinct\"] = 4,\n [\"Fossil range\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 4,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 6,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 70,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 4,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Longitem\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 8,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Paraphyletic group\"] = 1,\n [\"Pn\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Qref\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect-distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 5,\n [\"Refend\"] = 5,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 6,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 171,\n [\"Sfn whitelist\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Oxford spelling\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikivoyage\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFCooke2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaidreStirlingLowryWiig2008\"] = 1,\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7dbbdd594f-bpmpt","timestamp":"20250406130221","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Whale","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Whale","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1865281","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1865281","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-21T14:56:25Z","dateModified":"2025-04-06T13:01:08Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e2\/Southern_right_whale.jpg","headline":"animals in the order Cetacea"}</script> </body> </html>