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Here, DAPPI was used to study the" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/3945189/1476753/1802169/s200_juha.immanen.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/59337944/Chemical_profiles_of_birch_and_alder_bark_by_ambient_mass_spectrometry" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Chemical profiles of birch and alder bark by ambient mass spectrometry" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization (DAPPI) is an ambient mass spectrometry (MS) technique that allows the analysis of both polar and nonpolar compounds directly from the surfaces of various sample types. Here, DAPPI was used to study the" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://independent.academia.edu/JuhaImmanen" /> <meta name="description" content="Desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization (DAPPI) is an ambient mass spectrometry (MS) technique that allows the analysis of both polar and nonpolar compounds directly from the surfaces of various sample types. Here, DAPPI was used to study the" /> <title>(PDF) Chemical Profiles of Birch and Alder Bark</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/59337944/Chemical_profiles_of_birch_and_alder_bark_by_ambient_mass_spectrometry" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'dc2ad41da5d7ea682babd20f90650302fb0a3a36'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1739790113000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1739790113000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization (DAPPI) is an ambient mass spectrometry (MS) technique that allows the analysis of both polar and nonpolar compounds directly from the surfaces of various sample types. Here, DAPPI was used to study the chemical profiles in different parts of birch and alder tree barks. Four distinct fractions of Betula pendula (silver birch) bark were collected from three different developmental stages of the stem, after which the chemical profiles of the different tissue types were measured. Of special interest were triterpenoids, a class of important defensive substances, which are found in the bark of the silver birch. Additionally, the chemical profiles of lenticels and the surrounding surfaces in the phellem of B. pendula (silver birch), Alnus glutinosa (black alder), and Alnus incana (gray alder) were screened with DAPPI. Another ambient MS technique, laser ablation atmospheric pressure photoionization (LAAPPI), was further used for the mass spe...","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Juha Immanen","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JuhaImmanen"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2021-10-21","headline":"Chemical profiles of birch and alder bark by ambient mass spectrometry","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/73312889/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Engineering","Biological Sciences","CHEMICAL SCIENCES","Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry"],"publication":"Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC"},"sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":null}],"thumbnailUrl":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/73312889/thumbnails/1.jpg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/59337944/Chemical_profiles_of_birch_and_alder_bark_by_ambient_mass_spectrometry"}</script><style type="text/css">@media(max-width: 567px){:root{--token-mode: Rebrand;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: 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{"work":{"id":59337944,"created_at":"2021-10-21T10:11:31.789-07:00","from_world_paper_id":180833326,"updated_at":"2025-02-03T14:34:59.536-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"Desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization (DAPPI) is an ambient mass spectrometry (MS) technique that allows the analysis of both polar and nonpolar compounds directly from the surfaces of various sample types. Here, DAPPI was used to study the chemical profiles in different parts of birch and alder tree barks. Four distinct fractions of Betula pendula (silver birch) bark were collected from three different developmental stages of the stem, after which the chemical profiles of the different tissue types were measured. Of special interest were triterpenoids, a class of important defensive substances, which are found in the bark of the silver birch. Additionally, the chemical profiles of lenticels and the surrounding surfaces in the phellem of B. pendula (silver birch), Alnus glutinosa (black alder), and Alnus incana (gray alder) were screened with DAPPI. Another ambient MS technique, laser ablation atmospheric pressure photoionization (LAAPPI), was further used for the mass spe...","publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","ai_title_tag":"Chemical Profiles of Birch and Alder Bark","publication_name":"Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Chemical profiles of birch and alder bark by ambient mass spectrometry","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [3945189]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":73312889,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Chemical profiles of birch and alder bark by ambient mass spectrometry”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/73312889/mini_magick20211021-8384-4pmr5d.png?1634836582" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Chemical profiles of birch and alder bark by ambient mass spectrometry</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3945189" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JuhaImmanen"><img alt="Profile image of Juha Immanen" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/3945189/1476753/1802169/s65_juha.immanen.jpg" />Juha Immanen</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">11 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 59337944; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization (DAPPI) is an ambient mass spectrometry (MS) technique that allows the analysis of both polar and nonpolar compounds directly from the surfaces of various sample types. Here, DAPPI was used to study the chemical profiles in different parts of birch and alder tree barks. Four distinct fractions of Betula pendula (silver birch) bark were collected from three different developmental stages of the stem, after which the chemical profiles of the different tissue types were measured. Of special interest were triterpenoids, a class of important defensive substances, which are found in the bark of the silver birch. Additionally, the chemical profiles of lenticels and the surrounding surfaces in the phellem of B. pendula (silver birch), Alnus glutinosa (black alder), and Alnus incana (gray alder) were screened with DAPPI. Another ambient MS technique, laser ablation atmospheric pressure photoionization (LAAPPI), was further used for the mass spe...</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":73312889,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/59337944/Chemical_profiles_of_birch_and_alder_bark_by_ambient_mass_spectrometry"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":73312889,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/59337944/Chemical_profiles_of_birch_and_alder_bark_by_ambient_mass_spectrometry"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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The ether extracts of the bud exudates contained more than 210 organic compounds including: terpenoids, phenylpropenoids of sesquiterpene alcohols and flavonoids. Headspace solidphase microextraction (HS-SPME) made it possible to detect as many as 140 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), mainly sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and their oxygen derivatives. The chemical compositions of both the ether extracts and the VOCs varied qualitatively and quantitatively between the species. The extracts from B. pendula buds contained predominantly triterpenoids. However, B. pubescens exhibited high amounts of sesquiterpenoids, flavonoid aglycones and phenylpropenoids of caryophyllane series sesquiterpenols. The differences in the composition of compounds in the bud exudates enabled the two species of birch to be differentiated.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric examination of chemical composition of two Eurasian birch (Betula L.) bud exudates and its taxonomical implication","attachmentId":84920330,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/77532591/Gas_chromatographic_mass_spectrometric_examination_of_chemical_composition_of_two_Eurasian_birch_Betula_L_bud_exudates_and_its_taxonomical_implication","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/77532591/Gas_chromatographic_mass_spectrometric_examination_of_chemical_composition_of_two_Eurasian_birch_Betula_L_bud_exudates_and_its_taxonomical_implication"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="109321931" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/109321931/Isolation_of_Triterpene_Rich_Extracts_from_Outer_Birch_Bark_by_Hot_Water_and_Alkaline_Pre_Treatment_or_the_Appropriate_Choice_of_Solvents">Isolation of Triterpene-Rich Extracts from Outer Birch Bark by Hot Water and Alkaline Pre-Treatment or the Appropriate Choice of Solvents</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="292046976" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GDobele">Galina Dobele</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">publication.editionName, 2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Birch bark, left over as residue fuel in the pulp and plywood industry, is rich in pentacyclic lupane-type triterpenes-primarily betulin and lupeol-promising starting materials for the synthesis of biologically active compounds with a broad spectrum of medical applications. A comparative study on the main triterpenes of the outer bark of two birch species-silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) and downy birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.)-is reported. The total yield of extractives decreased with crop age. For the first time, pre-treatment with hot water and Na 2 CO 3 water solution of birch outer bark was carried out before extraction. Pre-treatment with Na 2 CO 3 water solution substantially improved the ethanol extracts' triterpene content (from 67.7 to 99.0%). The effect of different solvents on the yield and composition of extracts was studied. Nonpolar solvents behave more selectively toward triterpenes and admixtures. It is possible to improve the extracts' triterpene content by modifying the extraction technology employed and choosing the appropriate solvents.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Isolation of Triterpene-Rich Extracts from Outer Birch Bark by Hot Water and Alkaline Pre-Treatment or the Appropriate Choice of Solvents","attachmentId":107482849,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/109321931/Isolation_of_Triterpene_Rich_Extracts_from_Outer_Birch_Bark_by_Hot_Water_and_Alkaline_Pre_Treatment_or_the_Appropriate_Choice_of_Solvents","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/109321931/Isolation_of_Triterpene_Rich_Extracts_from_Outer_Birch_Bark_by_Hot_Water_and_Alkaline_Pre_Treatment_or_the_Appropriate_Choice_of_Solvents"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="95981394" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/95981394/Evaluation_and_differentiation_of_the_Betulaceae_birch_bark_species_and_their_bioactive_triterpene_content_using_analytical_FT_vibrational_spectroscopy_and_GC_MS">Evaluation and differentiation of the Betulaceae birch bark species and their bioactive triterpene content using analytical FT-vibrational spectroscopy and GC-MS</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="176055132" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MonicaCulea1">Monica Culea</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Chemistry Central Journal, 2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Background Aiming to obtain the highest triterpene content in the extraction products, nine bark samples from the forest abundant flora of Apuseni Mountains, Romania were Raman spectroscopically evaluated. Three different natural extracts from Betula pendula Roth birch bark have been obtained and characterized using Fourier transform vibrational spectra. Results This study shows that principal components of the birch tree extract can be rapidly recognized and differentiated based on their vibrational fingerprint band shape and intensity. The vibrational spectroscopy results are supported by the GC-MS data. Based on IR and Raman analysis, one can conclude that all the extracts, independent on the solvent(s) used, revealed dominant betulin species, followed by lupeol. Conclusions Since Raman measurements could also be performed on fresh plant material, we demonstrated the possibility to apply the present results for the prediction of the highest triterpene content in bark species, for...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Evaluation and differentiation of the Betulaceae birch bark species and their bioactive triterpene content using analytical FT-vibrational spectroscopy and GC-MS","attachmentId":98008161,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/95981394/Evaluation_and_differentiation_of_the_Betulaceae_birch_bark_species_and_their_bioactive_triterpene_content_using_analytical_FT_vibrational_spectroscopy_and_GC_MS","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/95981394/Evaluation_and_differentiation_of_the_Betulaceae_birch_bark_species_and_their_bioactive_triterpene_content_using_analytical_FT_vibrational_spectroscopy_and_GC_MS"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="78882243" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/78882243/Identification_of_Tree_Species_by_Their_Defense_Compounds_A_Study_with_Leaf_Buds_of_White_and_Silver_Birches">Identification of Tree Species by Their Defense Compounds: A Study with Leaf Buds of White and Silver Birches</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="12630063" href="https://independent.academia.edu/VeliMattiVesterinen">Veli-Matti Vesterinen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Chemical Education, 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Plants encounter several different threats that affect their well-being during the spring. With chemistry, plants may defend themselves from, for example, excess UV-radiation and herbivores. The defense compounds between plant species vary, which makes it possible to utilize chemistry in identifying the plant species. In this laboratory experiment, students extracted the defense compounds from the surface of leaf buds, estimated the total phenolic content of the extract, and determined its antioxidant activity. In addition, the chemical fingerprints of the leaf buds were analyzed by liquid chromatography combined to mass spectrometry to identify the species as white birch, silver birch, or some other tree species. The laboratory experiment was performed with secondary school and university students in one approximately 3 h laboratory session. Preand post-tests done by the university students showed that the experiment provided students a basic understanding of how the instruments function and what they are used for. Their mind maps of the chemistry of plants were concentrated on the primary metabolites, but the experiment widened their views of specialized metabolites and their functions in plants, thus encouraging the students to combine chemical and biological information.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Identification of Tree Species by Their Defense Compounds: A Study with Leaf Buds of White and Silver Birches","attachmentId":85768327,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/78882243/Identification_of_Tree_Species_by_Their_Defense_Compounds_A_Study_with_Leaf_Buds_of_White_and_Silver_Birches","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/78882243/Identification_of_Tree_Species_by_Their_Defense_Compounds_A_Study_with_Leaf_Buds_of_White_and_Silver_Birches"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="122743850" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/122743850/Electrospray_Ionization_Mass_Spectrometry_Characterization_of_Pine_Bark_Extracts">Electrospray Ionization—Mass Spectrometry Characterization of Pine Bark Extracts</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="55015805" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnnaBacardit">Anna Bacardit</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">NDT, 2024</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This study explored the potential application of polyphenols from Pinus halepensis bark in leather tanning. The primary objective was to characterize these polyphenols. The extraction and atomization processes proved efficient, reducing moisture content to 7.4%, increasing tannin content from 26.2% to 45.1%, and reducing insoluble substances by 77.5%. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with mass spectrometry identified and quantified various polyphenolic compounds, including (+)-catechin, (+)-taxifolin, protocatechuic acid, and procyanidin B2. Notably, tannic catechin dimers were detected. Lignin was effectively removed through filtration. Concentrations of protocatechuic acid, (+)-catechin, (+)-taxifolin, (-)-epicatechin, and procyanidin B1 were significantly higher in the extract than in the powder, with the extract showing 1214.3 mg/kg of protocatechuic acid, 2098.0 mg/kg of (+)-catechin, 4017.0 mg/kg of (+)-taxifolin, 2163.0 mg/kg of (-)-epicatechin, and 917.0 mg/kg of procyanidin B1.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Electrospray Ionization—Mass Spectrometry Characterization of Pine Bark Extracts","attachmentId":117346173,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/122743850/Electrospray_Ionization_Mass_Spectrometry_Characterization_of_Pine_Bark_Extracts","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/122743850/Electrospray_Ionization_Mass_Spectrometry_Characterization_of_Pine_Bark_Extracts"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="80589247" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/80589247/Qualitative_Characterization_of_Phytochemicals_present_in_the_Bark_from_some_selected_tree_species">Qualitative Characterization of Phytochemicals present in the Bark from some selected tree species</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="106566689" href="https://bhavuni.academia.edu/HimaVadera">Hima R . Vadera</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Plants have tremendous properties which are used in our day to day life. Majorly plant used as source of food, fabrics and medicine. Hence the identification of plants is very essential process. Generally, plants are identified by their primary structures of growth; such as leaves, flowers and fruits. In the absence of these organs bark is the only outermost region of the plants; through which identification of the particular plant can be identified. Bark is the secondary structure and which persist throughout the plant life. Bark is composed of various tissues which are incorporated with many phyto-chemicals which are photosynthetic products as well as bio products jointly known as photosynthates. Due to the presence of these photosynthates bark are used as medicine. Hence the preparation of data that includes information about phytochemical present in bark leads us to the new aspect towards bark for identification as well as pharmacological purpose.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Qualitative Characterization of Phytochemicals present in the Bark from some selected tree species","attachmentId":86921400,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/80589247/Qualitative_Characterization_of_Phytochemicals_present_in_the_Bark_from_some_selected_tree_species","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/80589247/Qualitative_Characterization_of_Phytochemicals_present_in_the_Bark_from_some_selected_tree_species"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="97203472" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/97203472/GC_MS_Analysis_of_Oil_Extractives_from_Wood_and_Bark_of_Pinus_sylvestris_Abies_alba_Picea_abies_and_Larix_decidua">GC/MS Analysis of Oil Extractives from Wood and Bark of Pinus sylvestris, Abies alba, Picea abies, and Larix decidua</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="49308859" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AlesZeidler">Aleš Zeidler</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">BioResources, 2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Wood and bark oil extractives components (OECs) of Pinus sylvestris, Abies alba, Picea abies, and Larix decidua grown in the Czech Republic were analyzed using gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The analysis showed the presence of monoterpene, sesquiterpene, diterpenoids, and resin acids. The highest percentages of OECs in the wood of P. sylvestris were α-fenchyl alcohol (26.04%), D-fenchyl alcohol (12.39%), and L-borneol (8.81%); the OECs in the bark included αmethyl-γ-butyrolactone (31.88%) and isodecyl octyl phthalate (15.85%). The most frequently occurring OEC in A. alba wood were 4-hydroxy-4methyl-2-pentanone (73.36%), α-cedrol (10.08%), and 2,6-dimethyl-1,3,6-heptatriene (7.35%); the most OECs in the bark were di(2ethylhexyl)phthalate (59.83%), methyl cyclopentane (16.63%), and 13epimanool (6.31%). P. abies wood OECs included 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2pentanone (29.42%), α-cedrol (26.98%), ∆3-carene (6.08%), and terpinen-4-ol (5.42%); the most OECs in the bark were di(2ethylhexyl)phthalate (30.91%), cyclohexane (12.89%), caryophyllene oxide (8.90%), and α-pinene (4.59%). OECs of L. decidua wood were αterpineol (26.06%), isoborneol (14.12%), camphene (11.78%), D-fenchyl alcohol (10.39%), and larixol (4.85%); OECs in the bark were larixol (33.29%), phthalic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (16.96%), 13-epimanool (15.40%), and cyclohexane (8.44%).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"GC/MS Analysis of Oil Extractives from Wood and Bark of Pinus sylvestris, Abies alba, Picea abies, and Larix decidua","attachmentId":98890140,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/97203472/GC_MS_Analysis_of_Oil_Extractives_from_Wood_and_Bark_of_Pinus_sylvestris_Abies_alba_Picea_abies_and_Larix_decidua","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/97203472/GC_MS_Analysis_of_Oil_Extractives_from_Wood_and_Bark_of_Pinus_sylvestris_Abies_alba_Picea_abies_and_Larix_decidua"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="59887756" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/59887756/Bioactive_Substances_in_Trees_and_Shrubs_of_Central_Europe">Bioactive Substances in Trees and Shrubs of Central Europe</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4854143" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KingaStuperSzablewska">Kinga Stuper-Szablewska</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Plants produce specific structures constituting a barrier hindering penetration of pathogens, while they also produce substances inhibiting pathogen growth. These compounds are secondary metabolites, such as phenolics, terpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, resins, tannins and alkaloids. Bioactive compounds are secendary metabolities from trees and shrubs are used in medicine, herbal medicine and cosmetology. To date fruits and flowers of exotic trees and shrubs have been primarily used as sources of bioactive compounds. In turn, search for new sources of bioactive compounds is currently focused on native plant species due to its availability. Application of such raw material needs to be based on knowledge of their chemical composition, particularly health-promoting or therapeutic compounds. Research conducted to date on European trees and shrubs has been scarce. This paper presents results of literature studies conducted to systematise knowledge on bioactive compounds found in trees and shrubs native to central Europe. The aim of this review providing available information on the subject is to indicate gaps in the present knowledge. Keywords: bioactive compounds from European trees and shrubs, gallic and cinnamic acids, quercetin, pinosylvin, β-sitosterol, alfa-and β-pinene  Biosynthesis of active substances Tree stands are exposed to the action of stress factors, both abiotic and biotic. The former include weather anomalies, UV radiation, intensive lighting, water deficit, substrate salinity, high temperature amplitudes and the presence of heavy metals. In turn, biotic factors include pest insects, pathogenic fungi, bacteria and viruses. Trees counter stressors by initiating defence mechanisms to minimise or eliminate disturbances in growth and development. They are related with the consumption of energy and assimilates, limited production of biomass, its disadvantageous allocation as well as reduced reproduction. The action of biotic stressors is mainly connected with trees and woody plants entering into symbiosis with antagonists of pathogens, insects, etc. Plants produce specific structures constituting a barrier hindering penetration of pathogens, e.g. resin canals, the presence of waxes and resins on their surface, while they also produce substances inhibiting pathogen growth and reducing attractiveness of needles, etc. These compounds are secondary metabolites, such as phenolics, terpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, resins,</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Bioactive Substances in Trees and Shrubs of Central Europe","attachmentId":73579514,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/59887756/Bioactive_Substances_in_Trees_and_Shrubs_of_Central_Europe","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/59887756/Bioactive_Substances_in_Trees_and_Shrubs_of_Central_Europe"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="58196717" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/58196717/Identification_of_Triterpenes_and_%CE%B2_sitosterol_in_the_Bark_of_Plane_Tree_Extracts">Identification of Triterpenes and β-sitosterol in the Bark of Plane Tree Extracts</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31755966" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BlankaSimon">Blanka Simon</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Plane tree is planted as ornamental tree in urban areas. This tree naturally sheds its bark during the spring; however, the shed bark is commonly regarded as a waste material without any significant application.On the other hand, the bark of plane tree may be an important source of industrially relevant compounds, most notably betulinic acid. In our study a Supercritical Fluid Ultra Performance Convergence Chromatography (UPC2) system coupled with Evaporative Light Scattering Detector (ELSD), along with conventional HPLC, GC-MS and NMR were successfully utilized to analyze triterpenes in the extracts from the bark of plane tree. We show that not only betulinic acid, but other important triterpenes: betulin, betulinic aldehyde and β-sitosterol are also present in the extract of the plane tree bark. Among these the main compound is betulinic acid, with up to an order of magnitude larger concentration than the other constituents. The applied extraction method has a significant role on ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Identification of Triterpenes and β-sitosterol in the Bark of Plane Tree Extracts","attachmentId":72724671,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/58196717/Identification_of_Triterpenes_and_%CE%B2_sitosterol_in_the_Bark_of_Plane_Tree_Extracts","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/58196717/Identification_of_Triterpenes_and_%CE%B2_sitosterol_in_the_Bark_of_Plane_Tree_Extracts"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="109342519" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/109342519/Contributions_on_Spruce_Bark_Polyphenols_Identification_Using_Instrumental_UV_VIS_Spectrometry_Qualitative_Thin_Layer_Chromatography_and_Quantitative_HPTLC_Densitometry_Methods">Contributions on Spruce Bark Polyphenols Identification Using Instrumental (UV-VIS Spectrometry), Qualitative (Thin Layer Chromatography) and Quantitative (HPTLC Densitometry) Methods</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="28909529" href="https://tuiasi.academia.edu/VPopa">Valentin I Popa</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Revista De Chimie, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This work assessed the qualitative and quantitative polyphenols profile in a crude ethanol extract separated from spruce bark (two fractions with <0.25 and 1 mm diameter) using ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) as a green extraction method. The evaluation of phenolic acids and condensed tannins profile was performed using instrumental (UV-VIS spectrometry), qualitative (Thin Layer Chromatography, TLC) and quantitative (HPTLC densitometry) methods. Using ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) technique under specific parameters, the higher total phenolic content (TPC) was 29.785 mg GAE/g-1 for spruce bark fraction with particle size <0.25 mm and 14.448 mg GAE/g-1 for fraction with 1 mm diameters. The TLC assay of the crude ethanol extract was performed considering the standards: gallic, sinapic, p-coumaric and vanillic acids, catechin, epicatechin and tannic acid. Smaller material particle sizes lead to higher yield of polyphenols in ethanol extract. The quantitative evaluation by HPTLC densitometry revealed following amounts: sinapic acid 0.84 mg/g, p-coumaric acid 0.61 mg/g, catechin 1.03 mg/g, tannic acid 2.81 mg/g. Considering the chemical composition, the spread and availability, spruce bark could be considered as a resource with environmental and economic benefits.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Contributions on Spruce Bark Polyphenols Identification Using Instrumental (UV-VIS Spectrometry), Qualitative (Thin Layer Chromatography) and Quantitative (HPTLC Densitometry) Methods","attachmentId":107497210,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/109342519/Contributions_on_Spruce_Bark_Polyphenols_Identification_Using_Instrumental_UV_VIS_Spectrometry_Qualitative_Thin_Layer_Chromatography_and_Quantitative_HPTLC_Densitometry_Methods","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/109342519/Contributions_on_Spruce_Bark_Polyphenols_Identification_Using_Instrumental_UV_VIS_Spectrometry_Qualitative_Thin_Layer_Chromatography_and_Quantitative_HPTLC_Densitometry_Methods"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":73312889,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":73312889,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_73312889" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="29266811" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29266811/Preliminary_investigation_on_terpenoids_present_in_the_bark_of_major_host_plants_JEZS_2016_pdf">Preliminary investigation on terpenoids present in the bark of major host plants-JEZS-2016.pdf</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="48844442" href="https://nbu-in.academia.edu/SoumenBhattacharjee">Soumen Bhattacharjee</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Preliminary investigation on terpenoids present in the bark of major host plants-JEZS-2016.pdf","attachmentId":49715520,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/29266811/Preliminary_investigation_on_terpenoids_present_in_the_bark_of_major_host_plants_JEZS_2016_pdf","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/29266811/Preliminary_investigation_on_terpenoids_present_in_the_bark_of_major_host_plants_JEZS_2016_pdf"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="25424523" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25424523/Bioactive_phenolic_substances_in_industrially_important_tree_species_Part_1_Knots_and_stemwood_of_different_spruce_species">Bioactive phenolic substances in industrially important tree species. Part 1: Knots and stemwood of different spruce species</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="48903840" href="https://independent.academia.edu/StefanWillf%C3%B6r">Stefan Willför</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Holzforschung, 2000</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Bioactive phenolic substances in industrially important tree species. Part 1: Knots and stemwood of different spruce species","attachmentId":45741359,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/25424523/Bioactive_phenolic_substances_in_industrially_important_tree_species_Part_1_Knots_and_stemwood_of_different_spruce_species","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/25424523/Bioactive_phenolic_substances_in_industrially_important_tree_species_Part_1_Knots_and_stemwood_of_different_spruce_species"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" 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