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heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">London School of Economics</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:London_School_of_Economics" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li 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block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) is a <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research university</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England, and a <a href="/wiki/Member_institutions_of_the_University_of_London" title="Member institutions of the University of London">member institution</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>. The school specialises in the social sciences. Founded in 1895 by <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a> members <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Webb,_1st_Baron_Passfield" title="Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield">Sidney Webb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Webb" title="Beatrice Webb">Beatrice Webb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graham_Wallas" title="Graham Wallas">Graham Wallas</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>, LSE joined the University of London in 1900 and established its first degree courses under the auspices of the university in 1901.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> LSE began awarding its degrees in its own name in 2008,<a href="#cite_note-AcademicDress-7">[7]</a> prior to which it awarded degrees of the University of London. It became a university in its own right within the University of London in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">London School of Economics and Political Science</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:London_School_of_Economics_Coat_of_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/London_School_of_Economics_Coat_of_Arms.svg/150px-London_School_of_Economics_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/London_School_of_Economics_Coat_of_Arms.svg/225px-London_School_of_Economics_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/London_School_of_Economics_Coat_of_Arms.svg/300px-London_School_of_Economics_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="583"></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="#Logo,_arms_and_mascot">Coat of arms</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Felix,_qui_potuit_rerum_cognoscere_causas" title="Felix, qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas">Rerum cognoscere causas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Motto in English</div></th><td class="infobox-data">To understand the causes of things</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">Public</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research university</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1895; 129 years ago (1895)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">Endowment</a></th><td class="infobox-data">£229.3 million (2023)<a href="#cite_note-LSE_Financial_Statement_22/23-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Budget</th><td class="infobox-data">£466.1 million (2022–23)<a href="#cite_note-LSE_Financial_Statement_22/23-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Chair_(officer)" title="Chair (officer)">Chair</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Susan Liautaud<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Visitor" title="Visitor">Visitor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Powell" title="Lucy Powell">Lucy Powell</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a> <a href="/wiki/Ex_officio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex officio">ex officio</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(education)" title="Chancellor (education)">Chancellor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal" title="Anne, Princess Royal">The Princess Royal</a> (as Chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">President and Vice-Chancellor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Kramer_(legal_scholar)" title="Larry Kramer (legal scholar)">Larry Kramer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Academic staff</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,910 (2022/23)<a href="#cite_note-HESAStaff-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Administrative staff</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,520 (2022/23)<a href="#cite_note-HESAStaff-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Students</th><td class="infobox-data">13,295 (2022/23)<a href="#cite_note-HESAStudents-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">Undergraduates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,950 (2022/23)<a href="#cite_note-HESAStudents-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Postgraduates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7,350 (2022/23)<a href="#cite_note-HESAStudents-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div style="display:inline" class="locality">London</div>, <div style="display:inline" class="country-name">England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=London_School_of_Economics&params=51_30_50_N_0_07_00_W_type:edu_region:GB-ENG">51°30′50″N 0°07′00″W / 51.51389°N 0.11667°W / 51.51389; -0.11667</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Campus</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Beaver_(newspaper)" title="The Beaver (newspaper)">The Beaver</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/School_colors" title="School colors">Colours</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Purple, black and gold<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; border-collapse:collapse;"> <tbody><tr style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa; padding: 5px; font-size: 95%;height:1.75em"><td style="background: #800080;"> </td> <td style="background: #800080;"> </td><td style="background: #000; font-size:50%;"> </td> <td style="background: #FFD700; font-size:50%;"> </td> <td style="background: #000; font-size:50%;"> </td> <td style="background: #800080;"> </td> <td style="background: #800080;"> </td><td style="background: #000; font-size:50%;"> </td> <td style="background: #FFD700; font-size:50%;"> </td> <td style="background: #000; font-size:50%;"> </td> <td style="background: #800080;"> </td> <td style="background: #800080;"> </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Commonwealth_Universities" title="Association of Commonwealth Universities">ACU</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_European_Management_Schools_and_International_Companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Community of European Management Schools and International Companies">CEMS</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/European_University_Association" title="European University Association">EUA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Group" title="Russell Group">Russell Group</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Universities_UK" title="Universities UK">Universities UK</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Mascot</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Beaver" title="Beaver">Beaver</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lse.ac.uk">lse.ac.uk</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:London_school_of_economics_logo_with_name.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/London_school_of_economics_logo_with_name.svg/250px-London_school_of_economics_logo_with_name.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/London_school_of_economics_logo_with_name.svg/375px-London_school_of_economics_logo_with_name.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/London_school_of_economics_logo_with_name.svg/500px-London_school_of_economics_logo_with_name.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="130"></a></td></tr></tbody></table> LSE is located in the <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Camden" title="London Borough of Camden">London Borough of Camden</a> and <a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">Westminster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_London" title="Central London">Central London</a>, near the boundary between <a href="/wiki/Covent_Garden" title="Covent Garden">Covent Garden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holborn" title="Holborn">Holborn</a>. The area is historically known as <a href="/wiki/Clare_Market" title="Clare Market">Clare Market</a>. LSE has more than 11,000 students, just under seventy per cent of whom come from outside the UK, and 3,300 staff.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-9">[9]</a> The university has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_UK_universities_by_endowment" class="mw-redirect" title="List of UK universities by endowment">sixth-largest endowment</a> of any university in the UK and in 2022/23, it had an income of £466.1 million of which £39.6 million was from research grants.<a href="#cite_note-LSE_Financial_Statement_22/23-1">[1]</a> Despite its name, the school is organised into 25 academic departments and institutes which conduct teaching and research across a range of pure and applied social sciences.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-9">[9]</a> LSE is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Russell_Group" title="Russell Group">Russell Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Commonwealth_Universities" title="Association of Commonwealth Universities">Association of Commonwealth Universities</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_University_Association" title="European University Association">European University Association</a>, and is typically considered part of the "<a href="/wiki/Golden_triangle_(universities)" title="Golden triangle (universities)">golden triangle</a>" of research universities in the south east of England. The LSE also forms part of CIVICA – The European University of Social Sciences, a network of eight European universities focused on research in the social sciences.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The 2025 <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">Times and Sunday Times</a> Good University Guide ranked the London School of Economics as the number one university in the United Kingdom and named it their <a href="/wiki/Sunday_Times_University_of_the_Year" title="Sunday Times University of the Year">University of the Year</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In the 2021 <a href="/wiki/Research_Excellence_Framework" title="Research Excellence Framework">Research Excellence Framework</a>, the school had the third highest grade point average in the United Kingdom (joint with the University of Cambridge).<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> LSE alumni and faculty include 55 past or present <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">heads of state</a> or <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">government</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_the_London_School_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the London School of Economics">20 Nobel laureates</a>. As of 2024, 25 per cent of all 56 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prizes in Economics</a> had been awarded, at least in part, to LSE alumni, current staff, or former staff.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> LSE alumni and faculty have also won 3 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prizes</a> and 2 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prizes in Literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nobel_Prize_Winners-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The university has educated the most billionaires (11) of any <a href="/wiki/European_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="European universities">European university</a> according to a 2014 global census of <a href="/wiki/Billionaire" title="Billionaire">US dollar billionaires</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Origins">1.1 Origins</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#20th_century">1.2 20th century</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#21st_century">1.3 21st century</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Controversies">1.4 Controversies</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Industrial_disputes">1.4.1 Industrial disputes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#The_World_Turned_Upside_Down">1.4.2 The World Turned Upside Down</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Campus_and_estate">2 Campus and estate</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Saw_Swee_Hock_Student_Centre">2.1 Saw Swee Hock Student Centre</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Centre_Building">2.2 Centre Building</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Marshall_Building">2.3 Marshall Building</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Future_expansion">2.4 Future expansion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Sustainability">2.5 Sustainability</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Organisation_and_administration">3 Organisation and administration</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Governance">3.1 Governance</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#President_and_Vice-Chancellor">3.1.1 President and Vice-Chancellor</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Academic_departments_and_institutes">3.2 Academic departments and institutes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Finances">3.3 Finances</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Endowment">3.3.1 Endowment</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Academic_year">3.4 Academic year</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Logo,_arms_and_mascot">3.5 Logo, arms and mascot</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Academic_profile">4 Academic profile</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Admissions">4.1 Admissions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Programmes_and_degrees">4.2 Programmes and degrees</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Research">4.3 Research</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Research_centres">4.3.1 Research centres</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#LSE_IDEAS">4.3.2 LSE IDEAS</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Partnerships">4.4 Partnerships</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Libraries_and_archives">4.5 Libraries and archives</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#LSE_Summer_School">4.6 LSE Summer School</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Public_lectures">4.7 Public lectures</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Publishing">4.8 Publishing</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Rankings_and_reputation">4.9 Rankings and reputation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Student_life">5 Student life</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Student_body">5.1 Student body</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Students'_Union">5.2 Students' Union</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Student_housing">5.3 Student housing</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#Notable_people">6 Notable people</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Faculty_and_Nobel_laureates">6.1 Faculty and Nobel laureates</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#LSE_in_literature_and_other_media">7 LSE in literature and other media</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#Notes">9 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#References">10 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="#Further_reading">11 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="#External_links">12 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_London_School_of_Economics" title="History of the London School of Economics">History of the London School of Economics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beatrice_and_Sidney_Webb,_c1895_(9259293969).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Beatrice_and_Sidney_Webb%2C_c1895_%289259293969%29.jpg/220px-Beatrice_and_Sidney_Webb%2C_c1895_%289259293969%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1732" data-file-height="1235"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Beatrice_and_Sidney_Webb%2C_c1895_%289259293969%29.jpg/220px-Beatrice_and_Sidney_Webb%2C_c1895_%289259293969%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Beatrice_and_Sidney_Webb%2C_c1895_%289259293969%29.jpg/330px-Beatrice_and_Sidney_Webb%2C_c1895_%289259293969%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Beatrice_and_Sidney_Webb%2C_c1895_%289259293969%29.jpg/440px-Beatrice_and_Sidney_Webb%2C_c1895_%289259293969%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Webb" title="Beatrice Webb">Beatrice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Webb" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidney Webb">Sidney Webb</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The London School of Economics and Political Science was founded in 1895<a href="#cite_note-LSEHistoryAbout-17">[17]</a> by <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Webb" title="Beatrice Webb">Beatrice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Webb,_1st_Baron_Passfield" title="Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield">Sidney Webb</a>,<a href="#cite_note-LSEHistoryWebbs-18">[18]</a> initially funded by a bequest of £20,000<a href="#cite_note-SpartacusLSE-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Statisticians-20">[20]</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">estate</a> of Henry Hunt Hutchinson. Hutchinson, a lawyer<a href="#cite_note-SpartacusLSE-19">[19]</a> and member of the <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a>,<a href="#cite_note-SmithLSEandEducation-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-LSEPassfieldArchives-22">[22]</a> left the money in trust, to be put "towards advancing its [The Fabian Society's] objects in any way they [the <a href="/wiki/Trustee" title="Trustee">trustees</a>] deem advisable".<a href="#cite_note-LSEPassfieldArchives-22">[22]</a> The five trustees were Sidney Webb, <a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Pease" title="Edward R. Pease">Edward Pease</a>, Constance Hutchinson, <a href="/wiki/W._S._de_Mattos" class="mw-redirect" title="W. S. de Mattos">W. S. de Mattos</a> and William Clark.<a href="#cite_note-SpartacusLSE-19">[19]</a> LSE records that the proposal to establish the school was conceived during a breakfast meeting on 4 August 1894, between the Webbs, Louis Flood, and <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LSEHistoryAbout-17">[17]</a> The proposal was accepted by the trustees in February 1895<a href="#cite_note-LSEPassfieldArchives-22">[22]</a> and LSE held its first classes in October of that year, in rooms at 9 John Street, <a href="/wiki/Adelphi,_London" title="Adelphi, London">Adelphi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-LSEHistory1895-23">[23]</a> in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">City of Westminster</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 20th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The school joined the federal <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a> in 1900 and was recognised as a Faculty of Economics of the university. The University of London degrees of <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BSc</a> (Econ) and <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Science" title="Doctor of Science">DSc</a> (Econ) were established in 1901, the first university degrees dedicated to the social sciences.<a href="#cite_note-LSEHistory1895-23">[23]</a> Expanding rapidly over the following years, the school moved initially to the nearby 10 Adelphi Terrace, then to Clare Market and Houghton Street. The foundation stone of the Old Building, on Houghton Street, was laid by <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">King George V</a> in 1920;<a href="#cite_note-LSEHistoryAbout-17">[17]</a> the building was opened in 1922.<a href="#cite_note-LSEHistory1895-23">[23]</a> The school's arms,<a href="#cite_note-PlantArms-24">[24]</a> including its motto and beaver mascot, were adopted in February 1922,<a href="#cite_note-IOEBeginnings-25">[25]</a> on the recommendation of a committee of twelve, including eight students, which was established to research the matter.<a href="#cite_note-LSEBeaverClub-26">[26]</a> The Latin motto, rerum cognoscere causas, is taken from <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Georgics" title="Georgics">Georgics</a>. Its English translation is "to Know the Causes of Things"<a href="#cite_note-IOEBeginnings-25">[25]</a> and it was suggested by Professor <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Cannan" title="Edwin Cannan">Edwin Cannan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LSEHistoryAbout-17">[17]</a> The beaver mascot was selected for its associations with "foresight, constructiveness, and industrious behaviour".<a href="#cite_note-LSEBeaverClub-26">[26]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_Hayek_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Friedrich_Hayek_portrait.jpg/220px-Friedrich_Hayek_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="720"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 275px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Friedrich_Hayek_portrait.jpg/220px-Friedrich_Hayek_portrait.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="275" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Friedrich_Hayek_portrait.jpg/330px-Friedrich_Hayek_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Friedrich_Hayek_portrait.jpg/440px-Friedrich_Hayek_portrait.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a>, who taught at LSE during the 1930s and 1940s</figcaption></figure> The 1930s economic debate between LSE and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> is well known in academic circles. The rivalry between academic opinion at LSE and Cambridge goes back to the school's roots when LSE's <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Cannan" title="Edwin Cannan">Edwin Cannan</a> (1861–1935), Professor of Economics, and Cambridge's Professor of Political Economy, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Alfred Marshall</a> (1842–1924), the leading economist of the day, argued about the bedrock matter of economics and whether the subject should be considered as an organic whole. (Marshall disapproved of LSE's separate listing of pure theory and its insistence on economic history.)<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The dispute also concerned the question of the economist's role, and whether this should be as a detached expert or a practical adviser.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Despite the traditional view that the LSE and Cambridge were fierce rivals through the 1920s and 30s, they worked together in the 1920s on the London and Cambridge Economic Service.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> However, the 1930s brought a return to disputes as economists at the two universities argued over how best to address the economic problems caused by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CambDebate-30">[30]</a> The main figures in this debate were <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a> from Cambridge and the LSE's <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a>. The LSE economist <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Robbins" title="Lionel Robbins">Lionel Robbins</a> was also heavily involved. Starting off as a disagreement over whether demand management or deflation was the better solution to the economic problems of the time, it eventually embraced much wider concepts of economics and macroeconomics. Keynes put forward the theories now known as <a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian economics</a>, involving the active participation of the state and public sector, while Hayek and Robbins followed the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a>, which emphasised free trade and opposed state involvement.<a href="#cite_note-CambDebate-30">[30]</a> During World War II, the school decamped from London to the University of Cambridge, occupying buildings belonging to <a href="/wiki/Peterhouse,_Cambridge" title="Peterhouse, Cambridge">Peterhouse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Following the decision to establish a modern <a href="/wiki/Business_school" title="Business school">business school</a> within the University of London in the mid-1960s, the idea was discussed of setting up a "Joint School of Administration, Economics, and Technology" between the LSE and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial College">Imperial College</a>. However, this avenue was not pursued and instead, the <a href="/wiki/London_Business_School" title="London Business School">London Business School</a> was created as a college of the university.<a href="#cite_note-management_history-32">[32]</a> In 1966, the appointment of Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Adams_(historian)" title="Walter Adams (historian)">Walter Adams</a> as director sparked opposition from the student union and student protests. Adams had previously been principal of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Zimbabwe" title="University of Zimbabwe">University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland</a>, and the students objected to his failure to oppose <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence</a> and cooperation with the white minority government. This broadened into wider concerns about links between the LSE and its governors and investments in Rhodesia and South Africa and concerns over LSE's response to student protests. These led to the closure of the school for 25 days in 1969 after a student attempt to dismantle the school gates resulted in the arrest of over 30 students. Injunctions were taken out against 13 students (nine from LSE), with three students ultimately being suspended, two foreign students being deported, and two staff members seen as supporting the protests being fired.<a href="#cite_note-LSEHistoryAbout-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In the 1970s, four <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prizes in Economic Sciences</a> were awarded to economists associated with the LSE: <a href="/wiki/John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">John Hicks</a> (lecturer 1926–36) in 1972, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a> (lecturer 1931–50) in 1974, <a href="/wiki/James_Meade" title="James Meade">James Meade</a> (lecturer 1947–1957) in 1977 and <a href="/wiki/W._Arthur_Lewis" title="W. Arthur Lewis">Arthur Lewis</a> (BSc Econ 1937, and the LSE's first Black academic 1938–44) in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-LSEHistoryAbout-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 21st century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lse_initials.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Lse_initials.jpg/150px-Lse_initials.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Lse_initials.jpg/150px-Lse_initials.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Lse_initials.jpg/225px-Lse_initials.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Lse_initials.jpg/300px-Lse_initials.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Stonework featuring the initials of LSE</figcaption></figure> In the early 21st century, the LSE had a wide impact on British politics. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> described such influence in 2005 when it stated: <blockquote>Once again the political clout of the school, which seems to be closely wired into parliament, Whitehall, and the Bank of England, is being felt by ministers. ... The strength of LSE is that it is close to the political process: <a href="/wiki/Mervyn_King,_Baron_King_of_Lothbury" title="Mervyn King, Baron King of Lothbury">Mervyn King</a>, was a former LSE professor. The former chairman of the House of Commons education committee, <a href="/wiki/Barry_Sheerman" title="Barry Sheerman">Barry Sheerman</a>, sits on its board of governors, along with Labour peer <a href="/wiki/Frank_Judd,_Baron_Judd" title="Frank Judd, Baron Judd">Lord (Frank) Judd</a>. Also on the board are Tory MPs <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Bottomley" title="Virginia Bottomley">Virginia Bottomley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Shepherd" title="Richard Shepherd">Richard Shepherd</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Saatchi,_Baron_Saatchi" title="Maurice Saatchi, Baron Saatchi">Lord Saatchi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elspeth_Howe,_Baroness_Howe_of_Idlicote" class="mw-redirect" title="Elspeth Howe, Baroness Howe of Idlicote">Lady Howe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-37">[37]</a></blockquote> Commenting in 2001 on the rising status of the LSE, the British magazine <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> stated that "two decades ago the LSE was still the poor relation of the University of London's other colleges. Now... it regularly follows Oxford and Cambridge in league tables of research output and teaching quality and is at least as well-known abroad as Oxbridge". According to the magazine, the school "owes its success to the single-minded, American-style exploitation of its brand name and political connections by the recent directors, particularly Mr <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Giddens</a> and his predecessor, <a href="/wiki/John_Ashworth_(biologist)" title="John Ashworth (biologist)">John Ashworth</a>" and raises money from foreign students' high fees, which are attracted by academic stars such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sennett" title="Richard Sennett">Richard Sennett</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In 2006, the school published a report disputing the costs of <a href="/wiki/Identity_Cards_Act_2006" title="Identity Cards Act 2006">British government proposals to introduce compulsory ID cards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> LSE academics were also represented on numerous national and international bodies in the early 21st century, including the UK Airports Commission,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Independent Police Commission,<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Migration Advisory Committee,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> UN Advisory Board on Water and Sanitation,<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> London Finance Commission,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/High_Speed_2" title="High Speed 2">HS2 Limited</a>,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> the UK government's Infrastructure Commission<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> and advising on architecture and urbanism for the London 2012 Olympics<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The LSE gained its own degree-awarding powers in 2006 and the first LSE degrees (rather than degrees of the University of London) were awarded in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-LSEHistoryAbout-17">[17]</a> Following the passage of the University of London Act 2018, the LSE (along with other member institutions of the University of London) announced in early 2019 that they would seek university status in their own right while remaining part of the federal university.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Approval of university title was received from the Office for Students in May 2022 and updated Articles of Association formally constituting the school as a university were approved by LSE council 5 July 2022.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversies">Controversies</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Controversies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics_Gaddafi_links" class="mw-redirect" title="London School of Economics Gaddafi links">London School of Economics Gaddafi links</a></div> In February 2011, LSE had to face the consequences of <a href="/wiki/Matriculate" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriculate">matriculating</a> one of <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>'s sons while accepting a £1.5m donation to the university from his family.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> LSE director <a href="/wiki/Howard_Davies_(economist)" title="Howard Davies (economist)">Howard Davies</a> resigned over allegations about the institution's links to the Libyan regime.<a href="#cite_note-Davies-54">[54]</a> The LSE announced in a statement that it had accepted his resignation with "great regret" and that it had set up an external inquiry into the school's relationship with the Libyan regime and Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, to be conducted by the former lord chief justice <a href="/wiki/Harry_Woolf,_Baron_Woolf" title="Harry Woolf, Baron Woolf">Harry Woolf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davies-54">[54]</a> In 2013, the LSE was featured in a <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> <a href="/wiki/Panorama_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panorama (TV series)">Panorama</a> documentary on North Korea, filmed inside the repressive regime by undercover journalists attached to a trip by the <a href="/wiki/LSE_Students%27_Union#Grimshaw_Club" title="LSE Students' Union">LSE's Grimshaw Club</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Student_society" title="Student society">student society</a> of the international relations department. The trip had been sanctioned by high-level North Korean officials.<a href="#cite_note-NewsAUPanorama-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Conlan-56">[56]</a> The trip caused international media attention as a BBC journalist was posing as a part of LSE.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> There was debate as to whether this put the students' lives in jeopardy in the repressive regime if a reporter had been exposed.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The North Korean government made hostile threats towards the students and LSE after the publicity, which forced an apology from the BBC.<a href="#cite_note-Conlan-56">[56]</a> In August 2015, it was revealed that the university was paid approximately £40,000 for a "glowing report" for <a href="/wiki/Camila_Batmanghelidjh" title="Camila Batmanghelidjh">Camila Batmanghelidjh</a>'s charity, <a href="/wiki/Kids_Company" title="Kids Company">Kids Company</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The study was used by Batmanghelidjh to prove that the charity provided good value for money and was well managed. The university did not disclose that the study was funded by the charity. In 2023, the LSE formally cut ties with the LGBT charity <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_(charity)" title="Stonewall (charity)">Stonewall</a>, a decision which was sharply criticized as transphobic by the LSE Student Union but praised by gender-critical activists as being conducive to freedom of speech.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Industrial_disputes">Industrial disputes</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Industrial disputes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the summer of 2017, dozens of campus cleaners contracted via Noonan Services went on weekly strikes, protesting outside key buildings and causing significant disruption during end-of-year examinations.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The dispute organised by the <a href="/wiki/United_Voices_of_the_World" title="United Voices of the World">UVW union</a> was originally over unfair dismissals of cleaners, but had escalated into a broad demand for decent employment rights matching those of LSE's in-house employees.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Owen_Jones_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Owen Jones (writer)">Owen Jones</a> did not cross the picket line after arriving for a debate on grammar schools with <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens">Peter Hitchens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> It was announced in June 2018 that some 200 outsourced workers at the LSE would be offered in-house contracts.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Since 2014/15, levels of academic casualisation have increased at the LSE, with the number of academics on fixed-term contracts increasing from 47% in 2016/2017 to 59% in 2021/2022,<a href="#cite_note-:0-66">[66]</a> according to Higher Education Statistical Agency data (internal LSE data puts the latest figure at 58.5%).<a href="#cite_note-:1-67">[67]</a> During this same period, comparable universities such as <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial</a> all increased their rates of permanent staff relative to those on fixed term contracts.<a href="#cite_note-:0-66">[66]</a> Only Oxford had a higher proportion of casual academic work for the 2021/2022 year (66%) although in contrast to LSE, the proportion remained constant rather than rising.<a href="#cite_note-:0-66">[66]</a> As a result, the student-to-permanent staff ratio at LSE has worsened and had, as of July 2023, the worst student-to-permanent staff ratio among comparable universities in the UK, according to HESA data.<a href="#cite_note-:0-66">[66]</a> According to research conducted by the LSE UCU Branch into staff well-being, 82% of fixed term academic staff at the LSE experienced regular or constant anxiety about their professional futures.<a href="#cite_note-:1-67">[67]</a> In the same survey, overwork and mental health issues were reported as endemic among respondents, with 40% of fellows reporting that their teaching hours exceeded LSE's universal teaching limit of 100 hours per academic year for LSE Fellows.<a href="#cite_note-:1-67">[67]</a> In response to industrial action, which included not marking student work, taken by <a href="/wiki/University_and_College_Union" title="University and College Union">UCU</a> in the summer of 2023 over pay and casualised working conditions, the LSE management took the decision to not accept partial performance of duties and to impose pay deductions on academic staff participating in the action.<a href="#cite_note-pay_deductions-68">[68]</a> The LSE also introduced an 'Exceptional Degree Classification Schemes' policy,<a href="#cite_note-:2-69">[69]</a> allowing undergraduate and taught postgraduate students to be awarded provisional degrees on the basis of fewer grades than normally required. In the event that the final classification (once all marks are available) is lower than the provisional classification, the higher provisional classification will stand as the degree classification.<a href="#cite_note-:2-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_World_Turned_Upside_Down">The World Turned Upside Down</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The World Turned Upside Down" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_World_Turned_Upside_Down_(sculpture_by_Mark_Wallinger).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_World_Turned_Upside_Down_%28sculpture_by_Mark_Wallinger%29.jpg/170px-The_World_Turned_Upside_Down_%28sculpture_by_Mark_Wallinger%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2732" data-file-height="3643"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_World_Turned_Upside_Down_%28sculpture_by_Mark_Wallinger%29.jpg/170px-The_World_Turned_Upside_Down_%28sculpture_by_Mark_Wallinger%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_World_Turned_Upside_Down_%28sculpture_by_Mark_Wallinger%29.jpg/255px-The_World_Turned_Upside_Down_%28sculpture_by_Mark_Wallinger%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_World_Turned_Upside_Down_%28sculpture_by_Mark_Wallinger%29.jpg/340px-The_World_Turned_Upside_Down_%28sculpture_by_Mark_Wallinger%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The World Turned Upside Down – Taiwan is coloured differently from China</figcaption></figure> A sculpture by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Wallinger" title="Mark Wallinger">Mark Wallinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_World_Turned_Upside_Down_(sculpture)" title="The World Turned Upside Down (sculpture)">The World Turned Upside Down</a>, which features a globe resting on its north pole, was installed in Sheffield Street on the LSE campus on 26 March 2019. The artwork attracted controversy for showing <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> as a sovereign state rather than as part of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>,<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a> being denoted as a full capital and depicting <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">boundaries between India and China</a> as recognised internationally. The sculpture also did not depict the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a> as a separate country from Israel. After protests and reactions from both Chinese and Taiwanese students,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The university decided later that year that it would retain the original design which chromatically displayed the PRC and Taiwan as different entities consistent with the status quo, but with the addition of an asterisk beside the name of Taiwan and a corresponding placard that clarified the institution's position regarding the controversy.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Campus_and_estate">Campus and estate</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Campus and estate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LSE_main_entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/LSE_main_entrance.jpg/220px-LSE_main_entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/LSE_main_entrance.jpg/220px-LSE_main_entrance.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/LSE_main_entrance.jpg/330px-LSE_main_entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/LSE_main_entrance.jpg/440px-LSE_main_entrance.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Old Building</figcaption></figure> Since 1902, LSE has been based at <a href="/wiki/Clare_Market" title="Clare Market">Clare Market</a> and Houghton Street (first syllable pronounced "How")<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> in <a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">Westminster</a>. It is surrounded by a number of important institutions including the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Courts_of_Justice" title="Royal Courts of Justice">Royal Courts of Justice</a>, all four <a href="/wiki/Inns_of_Court" title="Inns of Court">Inns of Courts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons" title="Royal College of Surgeons">Royal College of Surgeons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Soane%27s_Museum" title="Sir John Soane's Museum">Sir John Soane's Museum</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/West_End_of_London" title="West End of London">West End</a> is immediately across <a href="/wiki/Kingsway,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingsway, London">Kingsway</a> from campus, which also borders the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> and is within walking distance to <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Houses of Parliament">Houses of Parliament</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Arthur_Lewis_Building_September_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Sir_Arthur_Lewis_Building_September_2023.jpg/220px-Sir_Arthur_Lewis_Building_September_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6461" data-file-height="3996"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 136px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Sir_Arthur_Lewis_Building_September_2023.jpg/220px-Sir_Arthur_Lewis_Building_September_2023.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Sir_Arthur_Lewis_Building_September_2023.jpg/330px-Sir_Arthur_Lewis_Building_September_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Sir_Arthur_Lewis_Building_September_2023.jpg/440px-Sir_Arthur_Lewis_Building_September_2023.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Lewis_Building" title="Sir Arthur Lewis Building">Sir Arthur Lewis Building</a> houses the Department of Economics and the <a href="/wiki/International_Growth_Centre" title="International Growth Centre">International Growth Centre</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 1920, <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">King George V</a> laid the foundation of the Old Building. The campus now occupies an almost continuous group of around 30 buildings between <a href="/wiki/Kingsway,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingsway, London">Kingsway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aldwych" title="Aldwych">Aldwych</a>. Alongside teaching and academic space, the institution owns 11 student halls of residence across London, a West End theatre (the <a href="/wiki/Peacock_Theatre" title="Peacock Theatre">Peacock</a>), early years centre, <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">NHS</a> medical centre and extensive sports ground in Berrylands, south London. LSE operates the George IV public house<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> and the students' union operates the Three Tuns bar.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The school's campus is noted for its numerous public art installations, which include <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wilson_(sculptor)" title="Richard Wilson (sculptor)">Richard Wilson</a>'s Square the Block,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Michael Brown's Blue Rain,<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Le_Brun" title="Christopher Le Brun">Christopher Le Brun</a>'s Desert Window,<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turner_Prize" title="Turner Prize">Turner Prize</a>-winner <a href="/wiki/Mark_Wallinger" title="Mark Wallinger">Mark Wallinger</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_World_Turned_Upside_Down_(sculpture)" title="The World Turned Upside Down (sculpture)">The World Turned Upside Down</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centre_Building,_LSE_from_LSE_Square.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Centre_Building%2C_LSE_from_LSE_Square.jpg/220px-Centre_Building%2C_LSE_from_LSE_Square.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Centre_Building%2C_LSE_from_LSE_Square.jpg/220px-Centre_Building%2C_LSE_from_LSE_Square.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Centre_Building%2C_LSE_from_LSE_Square.jpg/330px-Centre_Building%2C_LSE_from_LSE_Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Centre_Building%2C_LSE_from_LSE_Square.jpg/440px-Centre_Building%2C_LSE_from_LSE_Square.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Centre Building, opened in 2019</figcaption></figure> Since the early 2000s, the campus has undergone an extensive refurbishment project and a major fund-raising "Campaign for LSE" raised over £100 million in what was one of the largest university fund-raising exercises outside North America. This process began with the £35 million renovation of the <a href="/wiki/British_Library_of_Political_and_Economic_Science" title="British Library of Political and Economic Science">British Library of Political and Economic Science</a> by <a href="/wiki/Foster_and_Partners" title="Foster and Partners">Foster and Partners</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NABuilding.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/NABuilding.JPG/220px-NABuilding.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="418"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 130px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/NABuilding.JPG/220px-NABuilding.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="130" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/NABuilding.JPG/330px-NABuilding.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/NABuilding.JPG/440px-NABuilding.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Cheng Kin Ku Building (CKK) houses the LSE Law School and the Department of Geography and Environment.</figcaption></figure> In 2003, LSE purchased the former Public Trustee building at 24 Kingsway and engaged <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Grimshaw" title="Nicholas Grimshaw">Sir Nicholas Grimshaw</a> to redesign it into an ultra-modern educational facility at a total cost of over £45 million – increasing the size of the campus by 120,000 square feet (11,000 m2). The New Academic Building opened for teaching in October 2008, with an official opening by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Her Majesty the Queen</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Duke of Edinburgh</a> on 5 November 2008.<a href="#cite_note-New_Academic_Building-87">[87]</a> In November 2009 the school purchased the adjacent Sardinia House to house three academic departments and the nearby Old White Horse public house, before acquiring the freehold of the grade-II listed <a href="/wiki/HM_Land_Registry" title="HM Land Registry">Land Registry Building</a> at <a href="/wiki/32_Lincoln%27s_Inn_Fields" class="mw-redirect" title="32 Lincoln's Inn Fields">32 Lincoln's Inn Fields</a> in October 2010, which was reopened in March 2013 by <a href="/wiki/The_Princess_Royal" class="mw-redirect" title="The Princess Royal">The Princess Royal</a> as the new home for the Department of Economics, <a href="/wiki/International_Growth_Centre" title="International Growth Centre">International Growth Centre</a> and its associated economic research centres. In 2015, LSE brought its ownership of buildings on <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn_Fields" title="Lincoln's Inn Fields">Lincoln's Inn Fields</a> to six, with the purchase of 5 Lincoln's Inn Fields on the north side of the square, which has since been converted into faculty accommodation.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saw_Swee_Hock_Student_Centre">Saw Swee Hock Student Centre</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Saw Swee Hock Student Centre" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The first new campus building for more than 40 years, the <a href="/wiki/Saw_Swee_Hock" title="Saw Swee Hock">Saw Swee Hock</a> Student Centre, named after the Singaporean statistician and philanthropist, opened in January 2014 following an <a href="/wiki/Architectural_design_competition" title="Architectural design competition">architectural design competition</a> managed by <a href="/wiki/RIBA_Competitions" title="RIBA Competitions">RIBA Competitions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The building provides accommodation for the <a href="/wiki/LSE_Students%27_Union" title="LSE Students' Union">LSE Students' Union</a>, LSE accommodation office and LSE careers service as well as a bar, events space, gymnasium, rooftop terrace, learning café, dance studio, and media centre.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Designed by architectural practice O'Donnell and Tuomey, the building achieved a <a href="/wiki/BREEAM" title="BREEAM">BREEAM</a> 'Outstanding' rating for environmental sustainability, won multiple awards including the RIBA National Award and London Building of the Year Award, and was shortlisted for the <a href="/wiki/Stirling_Prize" title="Stirling Prize">Stirling Prize</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OldCuriosityShop.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/OldCuriosityShop.JPG/220px-OldCuriosityShop.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="525"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/OldCuriosityShop.JPG/220px-OldCuriosityShop.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/OldCuriosityShop.JPG/330px-OldCuriosityShop.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/OldCuriosityShop.JPG/440px-OldCuriosityShop.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The 16th-century Old Curiosity Shop is now owned (freehold) and managed by the LSE.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Centre_Building">Centre Building</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Centre Building" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Centre Building, situated opposite the British Library of Political and Economic Science, opened in June 2019. Designed by <a href="/wiki/Rogers_Stirk_Harbour_%2B_Partners" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners">Rogers Stirk Harbour and Partners</a> following a RIBA competition, the 13-storey building includes 14 seminar rooms seating between 20 and 60, 234 study spaces, a 200-seater auditorium, as well as three lecture theatres.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The building hosts the School of Public Policy, the Departments of Government and International Relations, the European Institute, and the International Inequalities Institute. It includes publicly accessible roof terraces and a renovated square at the centre of campus.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The building design was recognised with RIBA's London Award and National Award in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marshall_Building">Marshall Building</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Marshall Building" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Marshall Building, located at 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, opened in January 2022.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Designed by Grafton Architects and named after British investor <a href="/wiki/Paul_Marshall_(investor)" title="Paul Marshall (investor)">Paul Marshall</a>, the building houses the Departments of Management, Accounting, and Finance, sports facilities, and the Marshall Institute for Philanthropy and Social Entrepreneurship.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The site was previously home to the <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick_Institute" title="Francis Crick Institute">Francis Crick Institute</a>'s laboratories, which LSE purchased in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Future_expansion">Future expansion</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Future expansion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_LSE_from_NAB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/View_of_LSE_from_NAB.jpg/220px-View_of_LSE_from_NAB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="967" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 123px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/View_of_LSE_from_NAB.jpg/220px-View_of_LSE_from_NAB.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="123" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/View_of_LSE_from_NAB.jpg/330px-View_of_LSE_from_NAB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/View_of_LSE_from_NAB.jpg/440px-View_of_LSE_from_NAB.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>LSE Campus as viewed from the terrace of the New Academic Building in January 2018, showing the Centre Building's redevelopment and the demolition of 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields</figcaption></figure> On 15 November 2017, LSE announced that it acquired the Nuffield Building at 35 Lincoln's Inn Fields from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_England" title="Royal College of Surgeons of England">Royal College of Surgeons</a> and plans to redevelop the site to host the Firoz Lalji Global Hub, the departments of Mathematics, Statistics and Methodology, the Data Science Institute, and conference and executive education facilities. The new building will be designed by <a href="/wiki/David_Chipperfield" title="David Chipperfield">David Chipperfield Architects</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustainability">Sustainability</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sustainability" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2021, LSE claimed to be the first UK university to be independently verified as carbon-neutral, which it achieved by funding rainforest trees to <a href="/wiki/Carbon_offset" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon offset">offset emissions</a> through the Finnish organisation (<a href="/wiki/Osakeyhti%C3%B6" title="Osakeyhtiö">Oy</a>) Compensate.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> However, LSE omitted some of its emissions in its calculation and thus did not offset all of them. While it measured and offset emissions from heating, electricity, and faculty air travel, the school left out other travel-related emissions, as well as emissions from construction and on-campus food. LSE plans to offset the remaining emissions (<a href="/wiki/Carbon_accounting" title="Carbon accounting">scope 1 through 3</a>) by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Organisation_and_administration">Organisation and administration</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Organisation and administration" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governance">Governance</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Governance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lse_george_iv.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lse_george_iv.jpg/170px-Lse_george_iv.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lse_george_iv.jpg/170px-Lse_george_iv.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lse_george_iv.jpg/255px-Lse_george_iv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lse_george_iv.jpg/340px-Lse_george_iv.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The George IV, a pub owned by LSE</figcaption></figure>Although LSE is a constituent college of the federal University of London, it is in many ways comparable with free-standing, self-governing, and independently funded universities, and it awards its own degrees. LSE is incorporated under the <a href="/wiki/Companies_Act" title="Companies Act">Companies Act</a> as a company limited by guarantee and is an exempt charity within the meaning of Schedule Two of the <a href="/wiki/Charities_Act_1993" class="mw-redirect" title="Charities Act 1993">Charities Act 1993</a>.<a href="#cite_note-annrep-119">[119]</a> The principal governance bodies of the LSE are: the LSE Council; the Court of Governors; the academic board; and the director and director's management team.<a href="#cite_note-annrep-119">[119]</a> The LSE Council is responsible for strategy and its members are company directors of the school. It has specific responsibilities in relation to areas including the monitoring of institutional performance; finance and financial sustainability; audit arrangements; estate strategy; human resource and employment policy; health and safety; "educational character and mission", and student experience. The council is supported in carrying out its role by a number of committees that report directly to it.<a href="#cite_note-annrep-119">[119]</a> The Court of Governors deals with certain constitutional matters and has pre-decision discussions on key policy issues and the involvement of individual governors in the school's activities. The court has the following formal powers: the appointment of members of the court, its subcommittees, and the council; election of the chair and vice chairs of the court and council and honorary fellows of the school; the amendment of the memorandum and articles of association; and the appointment of external auditors.<a href="#cite_note-annrep-119">[119]</a> The academic board is LSE's principal academic body and considers all major issues of general policy affecting the academic life of the school and its development. It is chaired by the director, with staff and student membership, and is supported by its own structure of committees. The vice chair of the academic board serves as a non-director member of the council and makes a termly report to the council.<a href="#cite_note-annrep-119">[119]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 Pandemic</a>, the Academic Board has moved online and has not yet returned to in-person meetings, changing the dynamic of engagement. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="President_and_Vice-Chancellor">President and Vice-Chancellor</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: President and Vice-Chancellor" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:293px;max-width:293px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Walter_Adams.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Walter_Adams.jpg/135px-Walter_Adams.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="743"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 135px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Walter_Adams.jpg/135px-Walter_Adams.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="135" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Walter_Adams.jpg/203px-Walter_Adams.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Walter_Adams.jpg/270px-Walter_Adams.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Adams_(historian)" title="Walter Adams (historian)">Sir Walter Adams</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:I._G._Patel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/I._G._Patel.jpg/150px-I._G._Patel.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="677"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/I._G._Patel.jpg/150px-I._G._Patel.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="150" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/I._G._Patel.jpg/225px-I._G._Patel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/I._G._Patel.jpg/300px-I._G._Patel.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Indraprasad_Gordhanbhai_Patel" class="mw-redirect" title="Indraprasad Gordhanbhai Patel">I. G. Patel</a></div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Ashworth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/John_Ashworth.jpg/150px-John_Ashworth.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="224" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="897"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 224px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/John_Ashworth.jpg/150px-John_Ashworth.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="224" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/John_Ashworth.jpg/225px-John_Ashworth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/John_Ashworth.jpg/300px-John_Ashworth.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Ashworth_(vice-chancellor)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Ashworth (vice-chancellor)">Sir John Ashworth</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Professor_Craig_Calhoun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Professor_Craig_Calhoun.jpg/150px-Professor_Craig_Calhoun.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="215" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1866" data-file-height="2675"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 215px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Professor_Craig_Calhoun.jpg/150px-Professor_Craig_Calhoun.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="215" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Professor_Craig_Calhoun.jpg/225px-Professor_Craig_Calhoun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Professor_Craig_Calhoun.jpg/300px-Professor_Craig_Calhoun.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Craig_Calhoun" title="Craig Calhoun">Craig Calhoun</a></figcaption></figure> The president and vice-chancellor (titled director until 2022) is the head of LSE and its chief executive officer, responsible for executive management and leadership on academic issues. The vice-chancellor reports to and is accountable to the council. The vice-chancellor is also the accountable officer for the purposes of the <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Students" title="Office for Students">Office for Students</a> financial memorandum. The LSE's current interim vice-chancellor is <a href="/wiki/Eric_Neumayer" title="Eric Neumayer">Eric Neumayer</a>, who replaced <a href="/wiki/Minouche_Shafik" title="Minouche Shafik">Minouche Shafik</a> on 23 June 2023. In July 2023, the LSE announced that <a href="/wiki/Hewlett_Foundation" title="Hewlett Foundation">Hewlett Foundation</a> head <a href="/wiki/Larry_Kramer_(legal_scholar)" title="Larry Kramer (legal scholar)">Larry Kramer</a> would become president and vice-chancellor in April 2024.<a href="#cite_note-kramer-president-120">[120]</a> The president is supported by four pro-vice chancellors with designated portfolios (education; research; planning and resources; faculty development), the school secretary, the chief operating officer, the chief finance officer, and the chief philanthropy and global engagement officer.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="border: 5px solid #BBB; margin: .96em 0 0 .9em;"> <caption>President and Vice-Chancellor / Directors (old) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Years</th> <th>Name </th></tr> <tr> <td>1895–1903</td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Hewins" title="William Hewins">William Hewins</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1903–1908</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halford_Mackinder" title="Halford Mackinder">Sir Halford Mackinder</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1908–1919</td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Pember_Reeves" title="William Pember Reeves">The Hon. William Pember Reeves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1919–1937</td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">Lord Beveridge</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1937–1957</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Carr-Saunders" title="Alexander Carr-Saunders">Sir Alexander Carr-Saunders</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1957–1967</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Caine" title="Sydney Caine">Sir Sydney Caine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1967–1974</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Walter_Adams_(historian)" title="Walter Adams (historian)">Sir Walter Adams</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974–1984</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ralf_Dahrendorf" title="Ralf Dahrendorf">Lord Dahrendorf</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984–1990</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indraprasad_Gordhanbhai_Patel" class="mw-redirect" title="Indraprasad Gordhanbhai Patel">Indraprasad Gordhanbhai Patel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990–1996</td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Ashworth_(vice-chancellor)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Ashworth (vice-chancellor)">Sir John Ashworth</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996–2003</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Lord Giddens</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003–2011</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Howard_Davies_(economist)" title="Howard Davies (economist)">Sir Howard Davies</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011–2012</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Judith_Rees" title="Judith Rees">Judith Rees</a> (interim) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012–2016†</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Craig_Calhoun" title="Craig Calhoun">Craig Calhoun</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016–2017</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Julia_Black" title="Julia Black">Julia Black</a> (interim) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017–2023</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Minouche_Shafik" title="Minouche Shafik">Minouche Shafik</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023–2024</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eric_Neumayer" title="Eric Neumayer">Eric Neumayer</a> (interim) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2024–present</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Larry_Kramer_(legal_scholar)" title="Larry Kramer (legal scholar)">Larry Kramer</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> † Titled as director and president<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_departments_and_institutes">Academic departments and institutes</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Academic departments and institutes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> LSE's research and teaching are organised into a network of independent academic departments established by the LSE Council, the school's governing body, on the advice of the academic board, the school's senior academic authority. There are currently 27 academic departments or institutes. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li>Department of Accounting</li> <li>Department of Anthropology</li> <li>Department of Economic History</li> <li>Department of Economics</li> <li>Department of Finance</li> <li>Department of Geography and Environment</li> <li>Department of Gender Studies</li> <li>Department of Health Policy</li> <li>Department of Government</li> <li>Department of International Development</li> <li>Department of International History</li> <li>Department of International Relations</li> <li>Department of Management</li> <li>Department of Mathematics</li> <li>Department of Media and Communications</li> <li>Department of Methodology</li> <li>Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method</li> <li>Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science</li> <li>Department of Social Policy</li> <li>Department of Sociology</li> <li>Department of Statistics</li> <li>European Institute</li> <li>International Inequalities Institute</li> <li>Institute of Public Affairs</li> <li>Language Centre</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSE_Law_School" title="LSE Law School">LSE Law School</a></li> <li>Marshall Institute for Philanthropy and Social Entrepreneurship<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></li> <li>School of Public Policy</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finances">Finances</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Finances" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The LSE group has an endowment (as of 31 July 2016) of £119M and had a total income for 2015–16 (excluding donations and endowments) of £311M (£293M in 2014–15) with expenditure of £307M (2014–15 £302M). Key sources of income included £177M from tuition fees and education contacts (2014–15 £167M), £25M from funding council grants (2014–15 £22M), £32M from research grants (2014–15 – £27M) and £5.3M from investment income (2014–15 £4.7M).<a href="#cite_note-financial_statement_2016-124">[124]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education" title="Times Higher Education">Times Higher Education</a> Pay Survey 2017 revealed that, among larger, non-specialist institutions, LSE professors and academics were the highest paid in the UK, with average incomes of £103,886 and £65,177 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Endowment">Endowment</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Endowment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The London School of Economics (LSE) is aiming to increase the size of its endowment fund to more than £1bn, which would make it one of the best resourced institutions in the UK and the world. The effort was initiated in 2016 by Lord Myners, then chairman of the LSE's Council and Court of Governors. The plan includes working with wealthy alumni of LSE to make large contributions, increasing the annual budget surplus, and launching a new, widescale alumni donor campaign. The plan to grow LSE's endowment to more than £1bn has been continued by Lord Myners' successors at the LSE.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> The LSE has stated that currently "limited endowment funding constrains our ability to offer 'needs blind' admission to students".<a href="#cite_note-financial_statement_2016-124">[124]</a> Between 2015 and 2022, the endowment increased from £113 million to £229 million.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_year">Academic year</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Academic year" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> LSE continues to adopt a three-term structure and has not moved to semesters. <a href="/wiki/Michaelmas_Term" class="mw-redirect" title="Michaelmas Term">Michaelmas Term</a> runs from October to mid-December, <a href="/wiki/Lent_Term" class="mw-redirect" title="Lent Term">Lent Term</a> from mid-January to late March, and Summer Term from late April to mid-June. Certain departments operate reading weeks in early November and mid-February.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logo,_arms_and_mascot">Logo, arms and mascot</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Logo, arms and mascot" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LSE_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/LSE_Logo.svg/156px-LSE_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="156" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="319"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 156px;height: 156px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/LSE_Logo.svg/156px-LSE_Logo.svg.png" data-width="156" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/LSE_Logo.svg/234px-LSE_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/LSE_Logo.svg/312px-LSE_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>LSE's "red block" logo</figcaption></figure> The school's historic coat of arms is used on official documentation including degree certificates and transcripts and includes the motto – rerum cognoscere causas, a line taken from <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Georgics" title="Georgics">Georgics</a> meaning "to know the causes of things", together with the school's mascot – a <a href="/wiki/Beaver" title="Beaver">beaver</a>. Both these symbols, adopted in February 1922, continue to be held in high regard to this day with the beaver chosen because of its representation as "a hard-working and industrious yet sociable animal", attributes that the founders hoped LSE students to both possess and aspire to.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> The school's weekly newspaper is still entitled The Beaver, Rosebery residence hall's bar is called the Tipsy Beaver and LSE sports teams are known as the Beavers.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> The institution has two sets of colours – brand and academic – red being the brand colour used on signage, publications and in buildings across campus and purple, black and gold for academic purposes including presentation ceremonies and graduation dress. LSE's present 'red block' logo was modified as part of a rebrand in the early 2000s. As a trademarked brand, it is carefully protected but can be produced in various forms to reflect different requirements.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> In its full form it contains the full name of the institution to the right of the block with a further small empty red square at the end, but it is adapted for each academic department or professional service division to provide a cohesive brand across the institution. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Academic_profile">Academic profile</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Academic profile" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Admissions">Admissions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Admissions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="floatright"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%; text-align:center; margin-bottom: 5px"> <caption>UCAS Admission Statistics </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>2023 </th> <th>2022 </th> <th>2021 </th> <th>2020 </th> <th>2019 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Applications<a href="#cite_note-mainscheme-133">[α]</a><a href="#cite_note-UCASEoC23-134">[133]</a> </td> <td>26,240 </td> <td>26,625 </td> <td>25,845 </td> <td>22,115 </td> <td>21,255 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Accepted<a href="#cite_note-mainscheme-133">[α]</a><a href="#cite_note-UCASEoC23-134">[133]</a> </td> <td>1,815 </td> <td>2,150 </td> <td>1,715 </td> <td>2,245 </td> <td>1,705 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Applications/Accepted Ratio<a href="#cite_note-mainscheme-133">[α]</a> </td> <td>14.5 </td> <td>12.4 </td> <td>15.1 </td> <td>9.9 </td> <td>12.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Offer Rate (%)<a href="#cite_note-ukjune-135">[β]</a><a href="#cite_note-offer_rate23-136">[134]</a> </td> <td>20.6 </td> <td>26.1 </td> <td>21.9 </td> <td>36.5 </td> <td>35.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UCAS_Tariff" title="UCAS Tariff">Average Entry Tariff</a><a href="#cite_note-CUG_Entry-137">[135]</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>195 </td> <td>193 </td> <td>177 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="font-size:80%;float:left"> <tbody><tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-greek"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mainscheme-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mainscheme_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mainscheme_133-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mainscheme_133-2">c</a> Main scheme applications, International and UK </li> <li id="cite_note-ukjune-135"><a href="#cite_ref-ukjune_135-0">^</a> UK domiciled applicants </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable floatright sortable collapsible mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:85%; text-align:right;"> <caption class="nowrap">HESA Student Body Composition (2022) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Domicile<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> and Ethnicity<a href="#cite_note-HESA_ethnicity-139">[137]</a> </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">British White</a> </td> <td align="right">16% </td> <td align="left">16<div style="width:32px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:red"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_ethnicity_in_the_United_Kingdom#Collective_terms_for_minority_ethnic_groups" title="Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom">British Ethnic Minorities</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[a]</a> </td> <td align="right">19% </td> <td align="left">19<div style="width:38px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:green"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">International EU</a> </td> <td align="right">15% </td> <td align="left">15<div style="width:30px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:blue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_students_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="International students in the United Kingdom">International Non-EU</a> </td> <td align="right">50% </td> <td align="left">50<div style="width:100px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gray"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" data-sort-type="number">Undergraduate <a href="/wiki/Widening_participation" title="Widening participation">Widening Participation</a> Indicators<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Times23-142">[139]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_Kingdom#Education" title="Feminism in the United Kingdom">Female</a> </td> <td align="right">53% </td> <td align="left">53<div style="width:106px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:purple"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Private schools in the United Kingdom">Private School</a> </td> <td align="right">30% </td> <td align="left">30<div style="width:60px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:orange"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Low Participation Areas<a href="#cite_note-143">[b]</a> </td> <td align="right">7% </td> <td align="left">7<div style="width:14px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:black"> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LSE-mosa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/LSE-mosa.jpg/220px-LSE-mosa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/LSE-mosa.jpg/220px-LSE-mosa.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/LSE-mosa.jpg/330px-LSE-mosa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/LSE-mosa.jpg/440px-LSE-mosa.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>St Clement's Building</figcaption></figure> In 2024, The London School of Economics received 28,000 applications for roughly 1,850 undergraduate places or 15 applicants per place.<a href="#cite_note-Applications-144">[140]</a> All undergraduate applications, including international applications, are made through <a href="/wiki/UCAS" title="UCAS">UCAS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Applications-144">[140]</a> LSE had the 8th highest average entry qualification for undergraduates of any UK university in 2021–22, with new students averaging 195 <a href="/wiki/UCAS_Tariff" title="UCAS Tariff">UCAS points</a>, equivalent to just over AAAA in <a href="/wiki/GCE_Advanced_Level_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="GCE Advanced Level (United Kingdom)">A-level</a> grades.<a href="#cite_note-CUG_Entry-137">[135]</a> The university gave offers of admission to roughly 12.2% of its undergraduate applicants in 2023, one of the lowest offer rates across the UK. Bsc Economics is the most competitive undergraduate course at the LSE with over 4000 applications for just over 200 places. LLB in Laws comes second with 2600 applications for just over 170 places.<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a> Prospective Postgraduate students applying to the LSE are required to have a first or upper second Class UK <a href="/wiki/Honours_degree" title="Honours degree">honours degree</a>, or its foreign equivalent, for master's degrees, while direct entry to the MPhil/PhD programme requires a UK taught master's with merit, or foreign equivalent. Admission to the diploma requires a UK degree or equivalent plus relevant experience.<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> The intake to applications ratio for postgraduate degree programmes is very competitive; the MSc Financial Mathematics had a ratio of just over 4% in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> 31.6% of LSE's undergraduates are <a href="/wiki/Independent_school_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent school (United Kingdom)">privately educated</a>, the 9th highest proportion amongst mainstream British universities.<a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a> In the 2016-17 academic year, the university had a domicile breakdown of 33:18:50 of UK:EU:non-EU students respectively with a female-to-male ratio of 52:47.<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Programmes_and_degrees">Programmes and degrees</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Programmes and degrees" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The school offers over 140 <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">MSc</a> programmes, 5 <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Public_Administration" title="Master of Public Administration">MPA</a> programmes, one MPP programme, an <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Laws" title="Master of Laws">LLM</a>, 30 <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BSc</a> programmes, an <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a>, 4 <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a> programmes (including International History and Geography), and 35 PhD programmes.<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a> Subjects pioneered in Britain by LSE include <a href="/wiki/Accountancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Accountancy">accountancy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, and the school also employed Britain's first full-time lecturer in economic history.<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> Courses are split across more than thirty research centres and nineteen departments, plus a Language Centre.<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a> Lastly, in partnership with the federal University of London, LSE oversees 9 BSc programmes as the lead institution which designs the curriculum.<a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a> Students who chose to study online experience the same unique academic experience as on-campus, they are considered a part of LSE community and they have a variety of options to interact with their university, such as the LSE general course.<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holborn,_John_Watkins_Plaza,_London_School_of_Economics_-_geograph.org.uk_-_668683.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Holborn%2C_John_Watkins_Plaza%2C_London_School_of_Economics_-_geograph.org.uk_-_668683.jpg/220px-Holborn%2C_John_Watkins_Plaza%2C_London_School_of_Economics_-_geograph.org.uk_-_668683.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Holborn%2C_John_Watkins_Plaza%2C_London_School_of_Economics_-_geograph.org.uk_-_668683.jpg/220px-Holborn%2C_John_Watkins_Plaza%2C_London_School_of_Economics_-_geograph.org.uk_-_668683.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Holborn%2C_John_Watkins_Plaza%2C_London_School_of_Economics_-_geograph.org.uk_-_668683.jpg/330px-Holborn%2C_John_Watkins_Plaza%2C_London_School_of_Economics_-_geograph.org.uk_-_668683.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Holborn%2C_John_Watkins_Plaza%2C_London_School_of_Economics_-_geograph.org.uk_-_668683.jpg/440px-Holborn%2C_John_Watkins_Plaza%2C_London_School_of_Economics_-_geograph.org.uk_-_668683.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>John Watkins Plaza at the London School of Economics</figcaption></figure>Since programmes are all within the social sciences, they closely resemble each other, and undergraduate students usually take at least one course module in a subject outside of their degree for their first and second years of study, promoting a broader education in the social sciences.<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a> At undergraduate level, some departments have as few as 90 students across the three years of study.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Since September 2010,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] it has been compulsory for first year undergraduates to participate in LSE 100: Understanding the Causes of Things alongside normal studies.<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a> From 1902, following its absorption into the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>, until 2007, all degrees were awarded by the federal university in common with all other colleges of the university. This system was changed in 2007 to enable some colleges to award their own degrees.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] LSE was granted the power to begin awarding its own degrees from July 2008.<a href="#cite_note-AcademicDress-7">[7]</a> All students entering from the 2007–08 academic year onwards received an LSE degree, while students who started before this date were issued University of London degrees.<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> In conjunction with <a href="/wiki/NYU_Stern" class="mw-redirect" title="NYU Stern">NYU Stern</a> and <a href="/wiki/HEC_Paris" title="HEC Paris">HEC Paris</a>, LSE also offers the <a href="/wiki/TRIUM_EMBA" title="TRIUM EMBA">TRIUM Executive MBA</a>. This was globally ranked third among executive MBAs by the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a> in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research">Research</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Research" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> According to the 2021 <a href="/wiki/Research_Excellence_Framework" title="Research Excellence Framework">Research Excellence Framework</a>, the London School of Economics was rated joint third (along with the University of Cambridge) in the UK for the quality (GPA) of its research.<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> In the 2014 Research Excellence Framework, LSE had the joint highest percentage of world-leading research among research submitted of any institution that entered more than one unit of assessment<a href="#cite_note-THEREF2014-165">[161]</a> and was ranked third by cumulative grade point average with a score of 3.35, beating both University of Oxford and University of Cambridge.<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a> It was ranked 23rd in the country for research power by <a href="/wiki/Research_Fortnight" title="Research Fortnight">Research Fortnight</a> based on its REF 2014 results, and 28th in research power by the <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education" title="Times Higher Education">Times Higher Education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-THEREF2014-165">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-ResearchPower-167">[163]</a> This followed the <a href="/wiki/Research_Assessment_Exercise" title="Research Assessment Exercise">Research Assessment Exercise</a> in 2008 where the school was placed second equal nationally on GPA, first for fraction of world-leading (4*) research and fourth for fraction of world-leading or internationally excellent (3* and 4*) research in LSE's analysis of the results,<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> fourth equal for GPA and 29th for research power in Times Higher Education's analysis,<a href="#cite_note-THEREF2014-165">[161]</a> and 27th in research power by Research Fortnight's analysis.<a href="#cite_note-ResearchPower-167">[163]</a> According to analysis of the REF 2014 subject results by Times Higher Education, the school is the UK's leading research university in terms of GPA of research submitted in business and management; area studies; and communication, cultural and media studies, library and information management, and second in law; politics and international studies; economics and econometrics; and social work and social policy.<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HoughtonStreet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/HoughtonStreet.jpg/220px-HoughtonStreet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/HoughtonStreet.jpg/220px-HoughtonStreet.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/HoughtonStreet.jpg/330px-HoughtonStreet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/HoughtonStreet.jpg/440px-HoughtonStreet.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Houghton Street is the centre of the LSE campus.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Research_centres">Research centres</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Research centres" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The school houses a number of centres including the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Analysis_of_Social_Exclusion" title="Centre for the Analysis of Social Exclusion">Centre for the Analysis of Social Exclusion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Climate_Change_Economics_and_Policy" title="Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy">Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy</a>, the Centre for Macroeconomics, the Centre for Economic Performance, LSE Health and Social Care, the Financial Markets Group (founded by former <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> governor <a href="/wiki/Mervyn_King,_Baron_King_of_Lothbury" title="Mervyn King, Baron King of Lothbury">Sir Mervyn King</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Grantham_Research_Institute_on_Climate_Change_and_the_Environment" title="Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment">Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment</a> (chaired by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Stern" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Stern">Lord Stern</a>), <a href="/wiki/LSE_Cities" title="LSE Cities">LSE Cities</a>, the UK <a href="/wiki/Department_for_International_Development" title="Department for International Development">Department for International Development</a> funded <a href="/wiki/International_Growth_Centre" title="International Growth Centre">International Growth Centre</a> and one of the six the UK government-backed 'What Works Centres' – the What Works Centre for Local Economic Growth. The <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Group" title="Greater London Group">Greater London Group</a> was an influential research centre within LSE from the late 1950s on, before being subsumed into the <a href="/wiki/LSE_London" class="mw-redirect" title="LSE London">LSE London</a> research group.<a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a> In February 2015, <a href="/wiki/Angelina_Jolie" title="Angelina Jolie">Angelina Jolie</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">William Hague</a> launched the UK's first academic Centre on Women, Peace and Security, based at the school. The centre aims to contribute to global women's rights issues, including violence against women and women's engagement in politics, through academic research, a post-graduate teaching program, public engagement, and collaboration with international organisations.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian02-15-171">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-172">[168]</a> Furthermore, in May 2016 it was announced that Jolie-Pitt and Hague would join <a href="/wiki/Jane_Connors" title="Jane Connors">Jane Connors</a> and Madeleine Rees as visiting professors in practice from September 2016.<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="LSE_IDEAS">LSE IDEAS</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: LSE IDEAS" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/LSE_IDEAS" title="LSE IDEAS">LSE IDEAS</a> is a foreign policy think tank at the London School of Economics and Political Science. IDEAS was founded as a think tank for Diplomacy and Strategy in February 2008.<a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a> It was founded by Professor Michael Cox and Professor Arne Westad. In 2015 it was jointly ranked as world's second-best university think tank for the third year running alongside the LSE Public Policy Group, after <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Belfer_Center_for_Science_and_International_Affairs" title="Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs">Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partnerships">Partnerships</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Partnerships" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> LSE has academic partnerships in teaching and research with six universities – with <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> in New York City and <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, in Asia with <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a> in Beijing and the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore" title="National University of Singapore">National University of Singapore</a>, in Africa with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town" title="University of Cape Town">University of Cape Town</a>, and Europe with <a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Sciences Po Paris">Sciences Po</a> in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a> Together they offer a range of double or joint degree programmes including an MA in International and World History (with Columbia) and an MSc in international affairs with <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a>, with graduates earning degrees from both institutions.<a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a> The school also offers joint degrees for specific departments with various other universities including <a href="/wiki/Fudan_University" title="Fudan University">Fudan University</a> in Shanghai, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">USC</a> in Los Angeles and a Global Studies programme which is offered with a consortium of four European universities – <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Roskilde" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Roskilde">Roskilde</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wroclaw" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wroclaw">Wroclaw</a>. It offers the TRIUM Global Executive MBA programme<a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a> jointly with <a href="/wiki/Stern_School_of_Business" class="mw-redirect" title="Stern School of Business">Stern School of Business</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a> and <a href="/wiki/HEC_School_of_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="HEC School of Management">HEC School of Management</a>, Paris. It is divided into six modules held in five international business locations over a 16-month period. LSE also offers a Dual <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Public_Administration" title="Master of Public Administration">Master of Public Administration</a> (MPA) with Global Public Policy Network schools such as Sciences Po Paris,<a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Hertie_School_of_Governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hertie School of Governance">Hertie School of Governance</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore" title="National University of Singapore">National University of Singapore</a>, and a dual MPA-<a href="/wiki/Master_of_International_Affairs" title="Master of International Affairs">Master of Global Affairs</a> (MGA) degree with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Munk_School_of_Global_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Munk School of Global Affairs">Munk School of Global Affairs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a> The school also runs exchange programmes with a number of international business schools through the Global Master's in Management programme and an undergraduate student exchange programme with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> in Political Science. LSE is the only UK member school in the CEMS Alliance, and the LSE Global Master's in Management is the only programme in the UK to offer the CEMS Master's in International Management (CEMS MIM) as a double degree option, allowing students to study at one of 34 CEMS partner universities.<a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a> It also participates in Key Action 1 of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>-wide <a href="/wiki/Erasmus%2B" title="Erasmus+">Erasmus+</a> programme, encouraging staff and student mobility for teaching, although not the other Key Actions in the programme.<a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a> The school is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Commonwealth_Universities" title="Association of Commonwealth Universities">Association of Commonwealth Universities</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_University_Association" title="European University Association">European University Association</a>,<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> the <a href="/wiki/G5_(universities)" class="mw-redirect" title="G5 (universities)">G5</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Global_Alliance_in_Management_Education" title="Global Alliance in Management Education">Global Alliance in Management Education</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russell_Group" title="Russell Group">Russell Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universities_UK" title="Universities UK">Universities UK</a>,<a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a> and is sometimes considered part of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_triangle_(universities)" title="Golden triangle (universities)">'Golden Triangle'</a> of universities in south-east England, along with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a>, and <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Golden_Opportunities-186">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-Savage2015-187">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-OECD08-188">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC2014-189">[185]</a> LSE's European Institute offers a Double Degree in European and International Public Policy and Politics with <a href="/wiki/Bocconi_University" title="Bocconi University">Bocconi University</a> in Milan.<a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries_and_archives">Libraries and archives</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Libraries and archives" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/British_Library_of_Political_and_Economic_Science" title="British Library of Political and Economic Science">British Library of Political and Economic Science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Library" title="Women's Library">Women's Library</a>, and <a href="/wiki/LSE_Shaw_Library" title="LSE Shaw Library">LSE Shaw Library</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lse_library_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/77/Lse_library_interior.jpg/220px-Lse_library_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/77/Lse_library_interior.jpg/220px-Lse_library_interior.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/77/Lse_library_interior.jpg/330px-Lse_library_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/77/Lse_library_interior.jpg/440px-Lse_library_interior.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The interior of the main LSE library, designed by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_(architect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster (architect)">Norman Foster</a></figcaption></figure>LSE's main library, the <a href="/wiki/British_Library_of_Political_and_Economic_Science" title="British Library of Political and Economic Science">British Library of Political and Economic Science</a>, is located in the <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Robbins" title="Lionel Robbins">Lionel Robbins</a> Building, which reopened in 2001 following a two-year renovation by <a href="/wiki/Foster_and_Partners" title="Foster and Partners">Foster and Partners</a>. Founded in 1896, it is the world's largest library dedicated to social sciences and the United Kingdom's national social sciences library.<a href="#cite_note-Science-191">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a> Its collections are recognised for their national and international significance and hold 'Designation' status by the <a href="/wiki/Museums,_Libraries_and_Archives_Council" title="Museums, Libraries and Archives Council">Museums, Libraries and Archives Council</a> (MLA).<a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a> The library welcomes 1.8 million visits per year by students, staff, and the public and contains over 4 million print volumes, 60,000 online journals, and 29,000 electronic books.<a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a> The Digital Library contains digitised material from LSE Library collections and also <a href="/wiki/Born-digital" title="Born-digital">born-digital</a> material that has been collected and preserved in digital formats.<a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Library" title="Women's Library">Women's Library</a>, Britain's main library and archive on women and the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's movement">women's movement</a>, is located in a purpose-built facility with a reading room and exhibition space in the Lionel Robbins Building. The library relocated from <a href="/wiki/London_Metropolitan_University" title="London Metropolitan University">London Metropolitan University</a> in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a> The <a href="/wiki/LSE_Shaw_Library" title="LSE Shaw Library">Shaw Library</a>, housed in the Founders' Room in the Old Building, contains the school's collection of fiction and general readings. It functions as a general-purpose reading and common room and hosts lunchtime music concerts, press launches, and the <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Window" title="Fabian Window">Fabian Window</a>, which was unveiled by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a> Several subject-specific libraries exist at LSE, including the Seligman Library for Anthropology, the Himmelweit Library for Social Psychology, the Leverhulme Library for Statistics, the Robert McKenzie Library for Sociology, the Michael Wise Library for Geography, and the Gender Institute Library. Additionally, LSE staff and some students are permitted to access and borrow items from <a href="/wiki/Senate_House_(University_of_London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate House (University of London)">Senate House</a> Library, the <a href="/wiki/SOAS_University_of_London" title="SOAS University of London">SOAS</a> Library, and select institutions through the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_College,_National_and_University_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of College, National and University Libraries">SCONUL</a> Access scheme.<a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LSE_Summer_School">LSE Summer School</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: LSE Summer School" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The original LSE Summer School was established in 1989 and has since expanded to offer over 70 three-week courses in accounting, finance, economics, English language, international relations, government, law and management each July and August.<a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a> It is advertised as the largest and one of the most well-established university Summer Schools of its kind in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a> In recent years, the school has expanded its summer schools both abroad and into executive education with the LSE-PKU Summer School in Beijing (run with <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a>), the LSE-UCT July School in Cape Town (run with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town" title="University of Cape Town">University of Cape Town</a>) and the Executive Summer School at its London campus. In 2011, it also launched a Methods Summer Programme. Together these courses welcome over 5,000 participants from over 130 countries and some of the top colleges and universities around the world, as well as professionals from several multinational institutions. Participants are housed in LSE halls of residence or their overseas equivalents, and the Summer School provides a full social programme including guest lectures and receptions.<a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_lectures">Public lectures</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Public lectures" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nelson_Mandela,_2000_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Nelson_Mandela%2C_2000_%284%29.jpg/220px-Nelson_Mandela%2C_2000_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="389"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Nelson_Mandela%2C_2000_%284%29.jpg/220px-Nelson_Mandela%2C_2000_%284%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Nelson_Mandela%2C_2000_%284%29.jpg/330px-Nelson_Mandela%2C_2000_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Nelson_Mandela%2C_2000_%284%29.jpg/440px-Nelson_Mandela%2C_2000_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> arriving at LSE in 2000 to deliver a public lecture</figcaption></figure> Public lectures hosted by the LSE Events office, are open to students, alumni and the general public. As well as leading academics and commentators, speakers frequently include prominent national and international figures such as ambassadors, CEOs, <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Members of Parliament</a>, and heads of state. A number of these are broadcast live around the world via the school's website.<a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a> LSE organises over 200 public events every year.<a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a> Prominent speakers have included <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Craven" title="Philip Craven">Philip Craven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Niall Ferguson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Fox" title="Vicente Fox">Vicente Fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Gillard" title="Julia Gillard">Julia Gillard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenzin_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenzin Gyatso">Tenzin Gyatso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Hsien_Loong" title="Lee Hsien Loong">Lee Hsien Loong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">David Harvey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Tirole" title="Jean Tirole">Jean Tirole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angelina_Jolie" title="Angelina Jolie">Angelina Jolie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Medvedev" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitri Medvedev">Dmitri Medvedev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mario_Monti" title="Mario Monti">Mario Monti</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Osborne" title="George Osborne">George Osborne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peston" title="Robert Peston">Robert Peston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Pi%C3%B1era" title="Sebastián Piñera">Sebastián Piñera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Rudd" title="Kevin Rudd">Kevin Rudd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs">Jeffrey Sachs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schroeder" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerhard Schroeder">Gerhard Schroeder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Mesa" title="Carlos Mesa">Carlos D. Mesa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros">George Soros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Rowan Williams</a>. Previously, the school has hosted figures including <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a> There are also a number of annual lecture series hosted by various departments. These include but are not limited to the <a href="/wiki/Malinowski_Memorial_Lecture" title="Malinowski Memorial Lecture">Malinowski Memorial Lectures</a> hosted by the department of anthropology, the <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Robbins" title="Lionel Robbins">Lionel Robbins</a> Memorial Lectures and the <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Miliband" title="Ralph Miliband">Ralph Miliband</a> programme.<a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publishing">Publishing</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Publishing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2018, the university launched LSE Press in partnership with <a href="/wiki/Ubiquity_Press" title="Ubiquity Press">Ubiquity Press</a>. This is intended to publish open-access journals and books in the social sciences. The first journal to be published by the press was the Journal of Illicit Economies and Development, edited by John Collins, executive director of LSE's International Drug Policy Unit. The press is managed through the <a href="/wiki/British_Library_of_Political_and_Economic_Science" title="British Library of Political and Economic Science">LSE Library</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rankings_and_reputation">Rankings and reputation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Rankings and reputation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title"><a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings" title="College and university rankings">Rankings</a></caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e0e0e0;"><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom">National rankings</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom#The_Complete_University_Guide" title="Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom">Complete</a> (2025)<a href="#cite_note-Complete_League_Table-213">[209]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom#The_Guardian" title="Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom">Guardian</a> (2025)<a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian_University_Guide-214">[210]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom#The_Times/The_Sunday_Times" title="Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom">Times / Sunday Times</a> (2025)<a href="#cite_note-The_Times_and_Sunday_Times_University_Guide-215">[211]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e0e0e0;">Global rankings</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">ARWU</a> (2024)<a href="#cite_note-Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities-216">[212]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">151–200</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS</a> (2025)<a href="#cite_note-QS_World_University_Rankings-217">[213]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">50=</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">THE</a> (2025)<a href="#cite_note-THE_World_University_Rankings-218">[214]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">50=</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LSE_10_Years.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/LSE_10_Years.png/260px-LSE_10_Years.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="218" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="1040"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 218px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/LSE_10_Years.png/260px-LSE_10_Years.png" data-width="260" data-height="218" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/LSE_10_Years.png/390px-LSE_10_Years.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/LSE_10_Years.png/520px-LSE_10_Years.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>London School of Economic's <a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom">national league table</a> performance over the past ten years</figcaption></figure> LSE is ranked first in the UK in the Times/Sunday Times Good University Guide 2025, in addition to being awarded University of the Year. It was also named as runner-up for University of the Year for Graduate Employment.<a href="#cite_note-219">[215]</a> LSE is ranked third in the UK in the Complete University Guide 2025,<a href="#cite_note-Complete_League_Table_2025-220">[216]</a> and fourth in the Guardian University Guide 2025.<a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian_University_Guide-214">[210]</a> In 2024, the <a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS World University Rankings</a> placed the LSE among the global top five universities in the subjects of Communication and Media Studies (2nd), Geography (2nd), Philosophy (2nd), Social Policy and Administration (3rd), Development Studies (3rd), History (4th), Sociology (4th) and Politics (5th). It further ranked among the global top ten in Finance, Management, Economics, and Law. Overall, it was ranked 56th internationally. Ian Diamond, former chief executive of the <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Research_Council" title="Economic and Social Research Council">Economic and Social Research Council</a> and later vice-chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a>, a member of the THE editorial board, wrote to <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education" title="Times Higher Education">Times Higher Education</a> in 2007, saying: "The use of a citation database must have an impact because such databases do not have as wide a cover of the social sciences (or arts and humanities) as the natural sciences. Hence the low position of the London School of Economics, caused primarily by its citations score, is a result not of the output of an outstanding institution but the database and the fact that the LSE does not have the counterweight of a large natural science base."<a href="#cite_note-221">[217]</a> The 2024 <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">Times Higher Education World University Rankings</a> place LSE 8th for social sciences in the world, 11th for business and economics, 14th for law and 35th for arts and humanities, ranking the university 46th globally.<a href="#cite_note-222">[218]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities</a> ("Shanghai Ranking") for 2023 ranked LSE 7th in Political Science, 8th in Economics and 8th in Finance, placing it in the 151–200 range.<a href="#cite_note-223">[219]</a> According to data released by the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Education" title="Department for Education">Department for Education</a> in 2018, LSE was rated as the best university for boosting graduate earnings, with male graduates seeing a 47.2% increase in earnings and female graduates seeing a 38.2% increase in earnings compared to the average graduate.<a href="#cite_note-224">[220]</a> According to Wealth-X and UBS's "Billionaire Census" in 2014, LSE ranked 10th in the list of 20 schools that have produced the most billionaire alumni.<a href="#cite_note-225">[221]</a> The LSE was the only UK university to make the list. In the 2020 <a href="/wiki/National_Student_Survey" title="National Student Survey">National Student Survey</a> LSE came 64th out of 154 for overall student satisfaction.<a href="#cite_note-226">[222]</a> The LSE had scored well below its benchmark on this measure in previous years, coming 145th out of 148 in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-227">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[224]</a> The increase in student satisfaction in 2020 led to a climb of 14 places to fifth in the 2021 Guardian ranking.<a href="#cite_note-229">[225]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Student_life">Student life</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Student life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln%27s_Inn_Fields_-_May_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Lincoln%27s_Inn_Fields_-_May_2006.jpg/220px-Lincoln%27s_Inn_Fields_-_May_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Lincoln%27s_Inn_Fields_-_May_2006.jpg/220px-Lincoln%27s_Inn_Fields_-_May_2006.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Lincoln%27s_Inn_Fields_-_May_2006.jpg/330px-Lincoln%27s_Inn_Fields_-_May_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Lincoln%27s_Inn_Fields_-_May_2006.jpg/440px-Lincoln%27s_Inn_Fields_-_May_2006.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>LSE students revising their work and preparing for future exams in <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn_Fields" title="Lincoln's Inn Fields">Lincoln's Inn Fields</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Student_body">Student body</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Student body" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the 2015–16 academic year there were 10,833 full-time students and around 700 part-time students at the university. Of these, approximately 7,500 came from outside the United Kingdom (approximately 70% of the total student body), making LSE a highly international school with over 160 countries represented.<a href="#cite_note-230">[226]</a> LSE had more countries represented by students than the UN.<a href="#cite_note-231">[227]</a> 32% of LSE's students come from Asia, 10% from North America, 2% each from South America and Africa. Combined over 100 languages are spoken at LSE.<a href="#cite_note-232">[228]</a> Over half of LSE's students are postgraduates,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-233">[229]</a> and there is approximately an equal split between genders with 51% male and 49% female students.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-233">[229]</a> Alumni total over 160,000, covering over 190 countries with more than 80 active alumni groups.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Students'_Union">Students' Union</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Students' Union" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/LSE_Students%27_Union" title="LSE Students' Union">LSE Students' Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LSE_Students%27_Union_Logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/LSE_Students%27_Union_Logo.jpg/220px-LSE_Students%27_Union_Logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/LSE_Students%27_Union_Logo.jpg/220px-LSE_Students%27_Union_Logo.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/LSE_Students%27_Union_Logo.jpg/330px-LSE_Students%27_Union_Logo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/LSE_Students%27_Union_Logo.jpg/440px-LSE_Students%27_Union_Logo.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The logo of LSE Students' Union</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/LSE_Students%27_Union" title="LSE Students' Union">LSE Students' Union</a> (LSESU) is affiliated to the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Students_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Union of Students (United Kingdom)">National Union of Students</a> and is responsible for campaigning and lobbying the school on behalf of students as well providing student support and the organisation and undertaking of entertainment events and student societies. It is often regarded as the most politically active in Britain – a reputation it has held since the well documented LSE student riots in 1966–67 and 1968–69,<a href="#cite_note-234">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[231]</a> which made international headlines. In 2015, the school was awarded the top spot for student nightlife by <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> newspaper<a href="#cite_note-236">[232]</a> due in part to its central location and provision of over 200 societies, 40 sports clubs, a Raising and Giving (RAG) branch and a thriving media group. In 2013, the union moved into a purpose-built new building – the Saw Swee Hock Student Centre on the Aldwych campus.<a href="#cite_note-237">[233]</a> A weekly student newspaper <a href="/wiki/The_Beaver_(newspaper)" title="The Beaver (newspaper)">The Beaver</a>, is published each Tuesday during term time and is amongst the oldest student newspapers in the country. It sits alongside a radio station, <a href="/wiki/PuLSEfm" class="mw-redirect" title="PuLSEfm">Pulse!</a> which has existed since 1999 and a television station LooSE Television since 2005. The <a href="/wiki/Clare_Market_Review" title="Clare Market Review">Clare Market Review</a> one of Britain's oldest student publications was revived in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-LSESU-238">[234]</a> Over £150,000 is raised for charity each year through the RAG (Raising and Giving), the fundraising arm of the Students' Union,<a href="#cite_note-239">[235]</a> which was started in 1980 by then Student Union Entertainments Officer and former New Zealand MP <a href="/wiki/Tim_Barnett_(politician)" title="Tim Barnett (politician)">Tim Barnett</a>.<a href="#cite_note-240">[236]</a> Sporting activity is coordinated by the LSE Athletics Union, which is a constituent of <a href="/wiki/British_Universities_%26_Colleges_Sport" class="mw-redirect" title="British Universities & Colleges Sport">British Universities & Colleges Sport</a> (BUCS).<a href="#cite_note-LSESU-238">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Student_housing">Student housing</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Student housing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NorthumberlandHouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NorthumberlandHouse.jpg/134px-NorthumberlandHouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="201" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 134px;height: 201px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NorthumberlandHouse.jpg/134px-NorthumberlandHouse.jpg" data-width="134" data-height="201" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/NorthumberlandHouse.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Northumberland House</figcaption></figure> LSE owns or operates 10 halls of residence in and around central London and there are also two halls owned by urbanest and five intercollegiate halls (shared with other constituent colleges of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>) within a 3-mile radius of the school, for a total of over 4,000 places.<a href="#cite_note-Accommodation-241">[237]</a> Most residences take both undergraduates and postgraduates, although Carr-Saunders Hall and Passfield Hall are undergraduate only, and Butler's Wharf Residence, Grosvenor House and Lillian Knowles House are reserved for postgraduates. Sidney Webb House, managed by <a href="/wiki/Unite_Students" title="Unite Students">Unite Students</a>, takes postgraduates and continuing students.<a href="#cite_note-242">[238]</a> There are also flats available on Anson and Carleton roads, which are reserved for students with children.<a href="#cite_note-243">[239]</a> The school guarantees accommodation for all first-year undergraduate students and many of the school's larger postgraduate population are also catered for, with some specific residences available for postgraduate living.<a href="#cite_note-AccommodationAllocation-244">[240]</a> Whilst none of the residences are located at the Aldwych campus, the closest, Grosvenor House is within a five-minute walk from the school in <a href="/wiki/Covent_Garden" title="Covent Garden">Covent Garden</a>, whilst the farthest residences (Nutford and <a href="/wiki/Butler%27s_Wharf" title="Butler's Wharf">Butler's Wharf</a>) are approximately forty-five minutes by <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">Tube</a> or <a href="/wiki/London_Buses" title="London Buses">Bus</a>. Each residence accommodates a mixture of students both home and international, male and female, and, usually, undergraduate and postgraduate. New undergraduate students (including <a href="/wiki/The_General_Course" title="The General Course">General Course</a> students) occupy approximately 55% of all spaces, with postgraduates taking approximately 40% and continuing students about 5% of places.<a href="#cite_note-AccommodationAllocation-244">[240]</a> The largest LSE student residence, Bankside House, a refurbished early 1950s office block and former headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Electricity_Generating_Board" title="Central Electricity Generating Board">Central Electricity Generating Board</a>,<a href="#cite_note-245">[241]</a> opened to students in 1996 and is fully catered, accommodating 617 students across eight floors overlooking the River Thames. It is located behind the <a href="/wiki/Tate_Modern" title="Tate Modern">Tate Modern</a> art gallery on the south bank of the river.<a href="#cite_note-246">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[243]</a> The second-largest residence, the High Holborn Residence in <a href="/wiki/High_Holborn" title="High Holborn">High Holborn</a>, was opened in 1995 and is approximately 10 minutes walk from the main campus. It is self-catering, accommodating 447 students in flats of four our five bedrooms with shared facilities.<a href="#cite_note-248">[244]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Notable people" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_associated_with_the_London_School_of_Economics" title="List of people associated with the London School of Economics">List of people associated with the London School of Economics</a>.</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jomo_Kenyatta_1966-06-15.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jomo Kenyatta, President of Kenya (1964–1978)"><noscript><img alt="Jomo Kenyatta, President of Kenya (1964–1978)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Jomo_Kenyatta_1966-06-15.jpg/96px-Jomo_Kenyatta_1966-06-15.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="760"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 96px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Jomo_Kenyatta_1966-06-15.jpg/96px-Jomo_Kenyatta_1966-06-15.jpg" data-alt="Jomo Kenyatta, President of Kenya (1964–1978)" data-width="96" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Jomo_Kenyatta_1966-06-15.jpg/144px-Jomo_Kenyatta_1966-06-15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Jomo_Kenyatta_1966-06-15.jpg/193px-Jomo_Kenyatta_1966-06-15.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta" title="Jomo Kenyatta">Jomo Kenyatta</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Kenya" title="President of Kenya">President of Kenya</a> (1964–1978)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Prime_Minister_Lee_Kuan_Yew_of_Singapore_Making_a_Toast_at_a_State_Dinner_Held_in_His_Honor,_1975.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lee Kuan Yew[note 1], Prime Minister of Singapore (1959–1990)"><noscript><img alt="Lee Kuan Yew[note 1], Prime Minister of Singapore (1959–1990)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Prime_Minister_Lee_Kuan_Yew_of_Singapore_Making_a_Toast_at_a_State_Dinner_Held_in_His_Honor%2C_1975.jpg/90px-Prime_Minister_Lee_Kuan_Yew_of_Singapore_Making_a_Toast_at_a_State_Dinner_Held_in_His_Honor%2C_1975.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="1339"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Prime_Minister_Lee_Kuan_Yew_of_Singapore_Making_a_Toast_at_a_State_Dinner_Held_in_His_Honor%2C_1975.jpg/90px-Prime_Minister_Lee_Kuan_Yew_of_Singapore_Making_a_Toast_at_a_State_Dinner_Held_in_His_Honor%2C_1975.jpg" data-alt="Lee Kuan Yew[note 1], Prime Minister of Singapore (1959–1990)" data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Prime_Minister_Lee_Kuan_Yew_of_Singapore_Making_a_Toast_at_a_State_Dinner_Held_in_His_Honor%2C_1975.jpg/135px-Prime_Minister_Lee_Kuan_Yew_of_Singapore_Making_a_Toast_at_a_State_Dinner_Held_in_His_Honor%2C_1975.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Prime_Minister_Lee_Kuan_Yew_of_Singapore_Making_a_Toast_at_a_State_Dinner_Held_in_His_Honor%2C_1975.jpg/180px-Prime_Minister_Lee_Kuan_Yew_of_Singapore_Making_a_Toast_at_a_State_Dinner_Held_in_His_Honor%2C_1975.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[note 1]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Prime Minister of Singapore">Prime Minister of Singapore</a> (1959–1990)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:K._R._Narayanan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="K. R. Narayanan, President of India (1997–2002)"><noscript><img alt="K. R. Narayanan, President of India (1997–2002)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/K._R._Narayanan.jpg/98px-K._R._Narayanan.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="105" data-file-height="128"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 98px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/K._R._Narayanan.jpg/98px-K._R._Narayanan.jpg" data-alt="K. R. Narayanan, President of India (1997–2002)" data-width="98" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/K._R._Narayanan.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/K._R._Narayanan" title="K. R. Narayanan">K. R. Narayanan</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a> (1997–2002)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Romano_Prodi_in_Nova_Gorica_(2c).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Romano Prodi, Prime Minister of Italy (1996–1998; 2006–2008) and President of the European Commission (1999–2004)"><noscript><img alt="Romano Prodi, Prime Minister of Italy (1996–1998; 2006–2008) and President of the European Commission (1999–2004)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Romano_Prodi_in_Nova_Gorica_%282c%29.jpg/94px-Romano_Prodi_in_Nova_Gorica_%282c%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1517" data-file-height="1933"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 94px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Romano_Prodi_in_Nova_Gorica_%282c%29.jpg/94px-Romano_Prodi_in_Nova_Gorica_%282c%29.jpg" data-alt="Romano Prodi, Prime Minister of Italy (1996–1998; 2006–2008) and President of the European Commission (1999–2004)" data-width="94" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Romano_Prodi_in_Nova_Gorica_%282c%29.jpg/141px-Romano_Prodi_in_Nova_Gorica_%282c%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Romano_Prodi_in_Nova_Gorica_%282c%29.jpg/188px-Romano_Prodi_in_Nova_Gorica_%282c%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Romano Prodi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister of Italy</a> (1996–1998; 2006–2008) and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President of the European Commission</a> (1999–2004)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Photo_by_Tsai_Ing-wen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tsai Ing-wen, President of Republic of China (Taiwan) (2016–2024)"><noscript><img alt="Tsai Ing-wen, President of Republic of China (Taiwan) (2016–2024)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Photo_by_Tsai_Ing-wen.jpg/90px-Photo_by_Tsai_Ing-wen.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="668"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Photo_by_Tsai_Ing-wen.jpg/90px-Photo_by_Tsai_Ing-wen.jpg" data-alt="Tsai Ing-wen, President of Republic of China (Taiwan) (2016–2024)" data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Photo_by_Tsai_Ing-wen.jpg/135px-Photo_by_Tsai_Ing-wen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Photo_by_Tsai_Ing-wen.jpg/180px-Photo_by_Tsai_Ing-wen.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tsai_Ing-wen" title="Tsai Ing-wen">Tsai Ing-wen</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Republic of China">President of Republic of China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>) (2016–2024)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pierre Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada (1968–1979; 1980–1984)"><noscript><img alt="Pierre Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada (1968–1979; 1980–1984)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau-2.jpg/86px-Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="515"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 86px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau-2.jpg/86px-Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau-2.jpg" data-alt="Pierre Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada (1968–1979; 1980–1984)" data-width="86" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau-2.jpg/128px-Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau-2.jpg/171px-Pierre_Elliot_Trudeau-2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a> (1968–1979; 1980–1984)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tharman_Shanmugaratnam_Official_photo_2023.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Tharman Shanmugaratnam, the 9th President of Singapore."><noscript><img alt="Tharman Shanmugaratnam, the 9th President of Singapore." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tharman_Shanmugaratnam_Official_photo_2023.tif/lossy-page1-86px-Tharman_Shanmugaratnam_Official_photo_2023.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2096" data-file-height="2911"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 86px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tharman_Shanmugaratnam_Official_photo_2023.tif/lossy-page1-86px-Tharman_Shanmugaratnam_Official_photo_2023.tif.jpg" data-alt="Tharman Shanmugaratnam, the 9th President of Singapore." data-width="86" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tharman_Shanmugaratnam_Official_photo_2023.tif/lossy-page1-129px-Tharman_Shanmugaratnam_Official_photo_2023.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Tharman_Shanmugaratnam_Official_photo_2023.tif/lossy-page1-173px-Tharman_Shanmugaratnam_Official_photo_2023.tif.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tharman_Shanmugaratnam" title="Tharman Shanmugaratnam">Tharman Shanmugaratnam</a>, the 9th President of Singapore.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mwai_Kibaki_2011-07-08.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mwai Kibaki, 3rd President of Kenya (2002–2013)"><noscript><img alt="Mwai Kibaki, 3rd President of Kenya (2002–2013)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mwai_Kibaki_2011-07-08.jpg/97px-Mwai_Kibaki_2011-07-08.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="770"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 97px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mwai_Kibaki_2011-07-08.jpg/97px-Mwai_Kibaki_2011-07-08.jpg" data-alt="Mwai Kibaki, 3rd President of Kenya (2002–2013)" data-width="97" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mwai_Kibaki_2011-07-08.jpg/145px-Mwai_Kibaki_2011-07-08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Mwai_Kibaki_2011-07-08.jpg/193px-Mwai_Kibaki_2011-07-08.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mwai_Kibaki" title="Mwai Kibaki">Mwai Kibaki, 3rd President of Kenya</a> (2002–2013)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kim_Campbell_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kim Campbell, Prime Minister of Canada (1993)"><noscript><img alt="Kim Campbell, Prime Minister of Canada (1993)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Kim_Campbell_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-Kim_Campbell_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1327" data-file-height="1770"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Kim_Campbell_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-Kim_Campbell_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="Kim Campbell, Prime Minister of Canada (1993)" data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Kim_Campbell_%28cropped%29.jpg/135px-Kim_Campbell_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Kim_Campbell_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Kim_Campbell_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Kim Campbell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a> (1993)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nemat_Shafik_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Minouche Shafik, 20th President of Columbia University"><noscript><img alt="Minouche Shafik, 20th President of Columbia University" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Nemat_Shafik_Portrait.jpg/84px-Nemat_Shafik_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2314" data-file-height="3300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 84px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Nemat_Shafik_Portrait.jpg/84px-Nemat_Shafik_Portrait.jpg" data-alt="Minouche Shafik, 20th President of Columbia University" data-width="84" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Nemat_Shafik_Portrait.jpg/126px-Nemat_Shafik_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Nemat_Shafik_Portrait.jpg/168px-Nemat_Shafik_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Minouche_Shafik" title="Minouche Shafik">Minouche Shafik</a>, 20th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Columbia_University" title="President of Columbia University">President of Columbia University</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._Bhimrao_Ambedkar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="B. R. Ambedkar, The chief architect of the Indian Constitution"><noscript><img alt="B. R. Ambedkar, The chief architect of the Indian Constitution" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Dr._Bhimrao_Ambedkar.jpg/92px-Dr._Bhimrao_Ambedkar.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1229" data-file-height="1600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 92px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Dr._Bhimrao_Ambedkar.jpg/92px-Dr._Bhimrao_Ambedkar.jpg" data-alt="B. R. Ambedkar, The chief architect of the Indian Constitution" data-width="92" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Dr._Bhimrao_Ambedkar.jpg/138px-Dr._Bhimrao_Ambedkar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Dr._Bhimrao_Ambedkar.jpg/184px-Dr._Bhimrao_Ambedkar.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a>, The chief architect of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Indian Constitution</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0630-504,_Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heinrich Brüning, Chancellor of Germany (1930–1932)"><noscript><img alt="Heinrich Brüning, Chancellor of Germany (1930–1932)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0630-504%2C_Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning.jpg/83px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0630-504%2C_Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 83px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0630-504%2C_Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning.jpg/83px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0630-504%2C_Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning.jpg" data-alt="Heinrich Brüning, Chancellor of Germany (1930–1932)" data-width="83" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0630-504%2C_Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning.jpg/125px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0630-504%2C_Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0630-504%2C_Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning.jpg/167px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0630-504%2C_Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning" title="Heinrich Brüning">Heinrich Brüning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor of Germany</a> (1930–1932)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanley_Fischer_(14152693510).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stanley Fischer, 20th Vice Chair of the Federal Reserve"><noscript><img alt="Stanley Fischer, 20th Vice Chair of the Federal Reserve" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Stanley_Fischer_%2814152693510%29.jpg/96px-Stanley_Fischer_%2814152693510%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 96px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Stanley_Fischer_%2814152693510%29.jpg/96px-Stanley_Fischer_%2814152693510%29.jpg" data-alt="Stanley Fischer, 20th Vice Chair of the Federal Reserve" data-width="96" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Stanley_Fischer_%2814152693510%29.jpg/144px-Stanley_Fischer_%2814152693510%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Stanley_Fischer_%2814152693510%29.jpg/192px-Stanley_Fischer_%2814152693510%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Fischer" title="Stanley Fischer">Stanley Fischer</a>, 20th <a href="/wiki/Vice_Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Vice Chair of the Federal Reserve">Vice Chair of the Federal Reserve</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Soros_47th_Munich_Security_Conference_2011_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="George Soros, billionaire investor, philanthropist and political activist"><noscript><img alt="George Soros, billionaire investor, philanthropist and political activist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/George_Soros_47th_Munich_Security_Conference_2011_crop.jpg/96px-George_Soros_47th_Munich_Security_Conference_2011_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1495" data-file-height="1874"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 96px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/George_Soros_47th_Munich_Security_Conference_2011_crop.jpg/96px-George_Soros_47th_Munich_Security_Conference_2011_crop.jpg" data-alt="George Soros, billionaire investor, philanthropist and political activist" data-width="96" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/George_Soros_47th_Munich_Security_Conference_2011_crop.jpg/143px-George_Soros_47th_Munich_Security_Conference_2011_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/George_Soros_47th_Munich_Security_Conference_2011_crop.jpg/191px-George_Soros_47th_Munich_Security_Conference_2011_crop.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros">George Soros</a>, billionaire investor, philanthropist and political activist</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tony_Fernandes_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tony Fernandes, Chief executive officer of the low-cost carrier, AirAsia"><noscript><img alt="Tony Fernandes, Chief executive officer of the low-cost carrier, AirAsia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Tony_Fernandes_cropped.jpg/120px-Tony_Fernandes_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="173"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 99px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Tony_Fernandes_cropped.jpg/120px-Tony_Fernandes_cropped.jpg" data-alt="Tony Fernandes, Chief executive officer of the low-cost carrier, AirAsia" data-width="120" data-height="99" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Tony_Fernandes_cropped.jpg/180px-Tony_Fernandes_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Tony_Fernandes_cropped.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Fernandes" title="Tony Fernandes">Tony Fernandes</a>, Chief executive officer of the low-cost carrier, <a href="/wiki/AirAsia" title="AirAsia">AirAsia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamisese_Mara.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kamisese Mara, founding father and Prime Minister of Fiji (1970–1987; 1987–1992)"><noscript><img alt="Kamisese Mara, founding father and Prime Minister of Fiji (1970–1987; 1987–1992)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kamisese_Mara.jpg/96px-Kamisese_Mara.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2077" data-file-height="2602"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 96px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kamisese_Mara.jpg/96px-Kamisese_Mara.jpg" data-alt="Kamisese Mara, founding father and Prime Minister of Fiji (1970–1987; 1987–1992)" data-width="96" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kamisese_Mara.jpg/144px-Kamisese_Mara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kamisese_Mara.jpg/191px-Kamisese_Mara.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kamisese_Mara" title="Kamisese Mara">Kamisese Mara</a>, founding father and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Fiji" title="Prime Minister of Fiji">Prime Minister of Fiji</a> (1970–1987; 1987–1992)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_Portrait_of_Ursula_von_der_Leyen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ursula von der Leyen[note 2], President of the European Commission (2019–present)"><noscript><img alt="Ursula von der Leyen[note 2], President of the European Commission (2019–present)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Official_Portrait_of_Ursula_von_der_Leyen.jpg/80px-Official_Portrait_of_Ursula_von_der_Leyen.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4150" data-file-height="6218"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Official_Portrait_of_Ursula_von_der_Leyen.jpg/80px-Official_Portrait_of_Ursula_von_der_Leyen.jpg" data-alt="Ursula von der Leyen[note 2], President of the European Commission (2019–present)" data-width="80" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Official_Portrait_of_Ursula_von_der_Leyen.jpg/120px-Official_Portrait_of_Ursula_von_der_Leyen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Official_Portrait_of_Ursula_von_der_Leyen.jpg/160px-Official_Portrait_of_Ursula_von_der_Leyen.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">Ursula von der Leyen</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[note 2]</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President of the European Commission</a> (2019–present)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthony_Kennedy_official_SCOTUS_portrait_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anthony Kennedy Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States [note 3]"><noscript><img alt="Anthony Kennedy Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States [note 3]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Anthony_Kennedy_official_SCOTUS_portrait_crop.jpg/96px-Anthony_Kennedy_official_SCOTUS_portrait_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1396" data-file-height="1745"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 96px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Anthony_Kennedy_official_SCOTUS_portrait_crop.jpg/96px-Anthony_Kennedy_official_SCOTUS_portrait_crop.jpg" data-alt="Anthony Kennedy Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States [note 3]" data-width="96" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Anthony_Kennedy_official_SCOTUS_portrait_crop.jpg/144px-Anthony_Kennedy_official_SCOTUS_portrait_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Anthony_Kennedy_official_SCOTUS_portrait_crop.jpg/192px-Anthony_Kennedy_official_SCOTUS_portrait_crop.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a> <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a> <a href="#cite_note-251">[note 3]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jason_Furman_official_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jason Furman, 28th Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers"><noscript><img alt="Jason Furman, 28th Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Jason_Furman_official_portrait.jpg/80px-Jason_Furman_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2731" data-file-height="4096"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Jason_Furman_official_portrait.jpg/80px-Jason_Furman_official_portrait.jpg" data-alt="Jason Furman, 28th Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers" data-width="80" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Jason_Furman_official_portrait.jpg/120px-Jason_Furman_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Jason_Furman_official_portrait.jpg/160px-Jason_Furman_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jason_Furman" title="Jason Furman">Jason Furman</a>, 28th Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Council of Economic Advisers</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_portrait_of_Rachel_Reeves_crop_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rachel Reeves Chancellor of the Exchequer"><noscript><img alt="Rachel Reeves Chancellor of the Exchequer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Official_portrait_of_Rachel_Reeves_crop_2.jpg/90px-Official_portrait_of_Rachel_Reeves_crop_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1554" data-file-height="2072"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Official_portrait_of_Rachel_Reeves_crop_2.jpg/90px-Official_portrait_of_Rachel_Reeves_crop_2.jpg" data-alt="Rachel Reeves Chancellor of the Exchequer" data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Official_portrait_of_Rachel_Reeves_crop_2.jpg/135px-Official_portrait_of_Rachel_Reeves_crop_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Official_portrait_of_Rachel_Reeves_crop_2.jpg/180px-Official_portrait_of_Rachel_Reeves_crop_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Reeves" title="Rachel Reeves">Rachel Reeves</a> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Smt._Preeti_Sudan_taking_charge_as_the_Secretary,_Ministry_of_Health_%26_Family_Welfare,_in_New_Delhi_on_October_17,_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Preeti Sudan Chairperson of the Union Public Service Commission."><noscript><img alt="Preeti Sudan Chairperson of the Union Public Service Commission." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Smt._Preeti_Sudan_taking_charge_as_the_Secretary%2C_Ministry_of_Health_%26_Family_Welfare%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_October_17%2C_2017.jpg/120px-Smt._Preeti_Sudan_taking_charge_as_the_Secretary%2C_Ministry_of_Health_%26_Family_Welfare%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_October_17%2C_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1419"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 77px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Smt._Preeti_Sudan_taking_charge_as_the_Secretary%2C_Ministry_of_Health_%26_Family_Welfare%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_October_17%2C_2017.jpg/120px-Smt._Preeti_Sudan_taking_charge_as_the_Secretary%2C_Ministry_of_Health_%26_Family_Welfare%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_October_17%2C_2017.jpg" data-alt="Preeti Sudan Chairperson of the Union Public Service Commission." data-width="120" data-height="77" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Smt._Preeti_Sudan_taking_charge_as_the_Secretary%2C_Ministry_of_Health_%26_Family_Welfare%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_October_17%2C_2017.jpg/180px-Smt._Preeti_Sudan_taking_charge_as_the_Secretary%2C_Ministry_of_Health_%26_Family_Welfare%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_October_17%2C_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Smt._Preeti_Sudan_taking_charge_as_the_Secretary%2C_Ministry_of_Health_%26_Family_Welfare%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_October_17%2C_2017.jpg/240px-Smt._Preeti_Sudan_taking_charge_as_the_Secretary%2C_Ministry_of_Health_%26_Family_Welfare%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_October_17%2C_2017.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Preeti_Sudan" title="Preeti Sudan">Preeti Sudan</a> Chairperson of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Public_Service_Commission" title="Union Public Service Commission">Union Public Service Commission</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Rockefeller,_1984_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="David Rockefeller Former Chairman and CEO of Chase Bank"><noscript><img alt="David Rockefeller Former Chairman and CEO of Chase Bank" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/David_Rockefeller%2C_1984_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-David_Rockefeller%2C_1984_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="1429"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/David_Rockefeller%2C_1984_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-David_Rockefeller%2C_1984_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="David Rockefeller Former Chairman and CEO of Chase Bank" data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/David_Rockefeller%2C_1984_%28cropped%29.jpg/135px-David_Rockefeller%2C_1984_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/David_Rockefeller%2C_1984_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-David_Rockefeller%2C_1984_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/David_Rockefeller" title="David Rockefeller">David Rockefeller</a> Former Chairman and CEO of <a href="/wiki/Chase_Bank" title="Chase Bank">Chase Bank</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:MostafaKamalPashaMp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mustafa Kamal Former Chief Justice of Bangladesh"><noscript><img alt="Mustafa Kamal Former Chief Justice of Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/MostafaKamalPashaMp.jpg/120px-MostafaKamalPashaMp.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1923"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/MostafaKamalPashaMp.jpg/120px-MostafaKamalPashaMp.jpg" data-alt="Mustafa Kamal Former Chief Justice of Bangladesh" data-width="120" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/MostafaKamalPashaMp.jpg/180px-MostafaKamalPashaMp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/MostafaKamalPashaMp.jpg/240px-MostafaKamalPashaMp.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kamal_(judge)" title="Mustafa Kamal (judge)">Mustafa Kamal</a> Former <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Bangladesh" title="Chief Justice of Bangladesh">Chief Justice of Bangladesh</a></div> </li> </ul> The LSE has a long list of notable alumni and staff, spanning the fields of all scholarship provided by the school.<a href="#cite_note-auto-252">[245]</a> The school has over 50 fellows of the <a href="/wiki/British_Academy" title="British Academy">British Academy</a> on its staff, while other notable former staff members include <a href="/wiki/Brian_Barry" title="Brian Barry">Brian Barry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Greenwood" title="Christopher Greenwood">Christopher Greenwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Cranston" title="Maurice Cranston">Maurice Cranston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Laski" title="Harold Laski">Harold Laski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Miliband" title="Ralph Miliband">Ralph Miliband</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Michael Oakeshott</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Phillips_(economist)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Phillips (economist)">A. W. Philips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Robbins,_Baron_Robbins" class="mw-redirect" title="Lionel Robbins, Baron Robbins">Lionel Robbins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susan_Strange" title="Susan Strange">Susan Strange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Ward_(communications_director)" title="Bob Ward (communications director)">Bob Ward</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Webster_(historian)" title="Charles Webster (historian)">Charles Webster</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mervyn_King,_Baron_King_of_Lothbury" title="Mervyn King, Baron King of Lothbury">Mervyn King</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_England" title="Governor of the Bank of England">Governor of the Bank of England</a>, is also a former professor of economics. Of the current 9 members of the <a href="/wiki/Monetary_Policy_Committee_(United_Kingdom)" title="Monetary Policy Committee (United Kingdom)">Bank of England Monetary Policy Committee</a> the following five have affiliation to the LSE: <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Haskel" title="Jonathan Haskel">Jonathan Haskel</a> (alumnus), <a href="/wiki/Michael_Saunders_(economist)" title="Michael Saunders (economist)">Michael Saunders</a> (alumnus), <a href="/wiki/Gertjan_Vlieghe" title="Gertjan Vlieghe">Gertjan Vlieghe</a> (alumnus), <a href="/wiki/Silvana_Tenreyro" title="Silvana Tenreyro">Silvana Tenereyro</a> (current professor of economics) and Governor <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bailey_(banker)" title="Andrew Bailey (banker)">Andrew Bailey</a> (former Research Officer). In the political arena notable alumni and staff include 53 past or present heads of state, 20 members of the current <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">British House of Commons</a> and 46 members of the current <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>. Former British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> taught at the school from 1912 to 1923. In recent British politics, former LSE students include <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Bottomley" title="Virginia Bottomley">Virginia Bottomley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yvette_Cooper" title="Yvette Cooper">Yvette Cooper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwina_Currie" title="Edwina Currie">Edwina Currie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Dobson" title="Frank Dobson">Frank Dobson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hodge" title="Margaret Hodge">Margaret Hodge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kilroy-Silk" title="Robert Kilroy-Silk">Robert Kilroy-Silk</a>, former UK Labour Party leader <a href="/wiki/Ed_Miliband" title="Ed Miliband">Ed Miliband</a> and former UK Liberal Democrats leader <a href="/wiki/Jo_Swinson" title="Jo Swinson">Jo Swinson</a>. Internationally, the current and first female president of the European Commission <a href="/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">Ursula von der Leyen</a>, Brazilian defence minister <a href="/wiki/Celso_Amorim" title="Celso Amorim">Celso Amorim</a>, Costa Rican President <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias">Óscar Arias</a>, former Japanese Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Taro_Aso" class="mw-redirect" title="Taro Aso">Taro Aso</a>, Queen <a href="/wiki/Margrethe_II_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Margrethe II of Denmark">Margrethe II of Denmark</a>, President of India <a href="/wiki/K._R._Narayanan" title="K. R. Narayanan">K. R. Narayanan</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China_(Taiwan)" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Republic of China (Taiwan)">President of the Republic of China (Taiwan)</a> <a href="/wiki/Tsai_Ing-wen" title="Tsai Ing-wen">Tsai Ing-wen</a>, Italian prime minister and president of the European Commission, <a href="/wiki/Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Romano Prodi</a>, French Foreign Minister and president of the Constitutional Council <a href="/wiki/Roland_Dumas" title="Roland Dumas">Roland Dumas</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[246]</a> as well as Singapore's President <a href="/wiki/Tharman_Shanmugaratnam" title="Tharman Shanmugaratnam">Tharman Shanmugaratnam</a> all studied at LSE. A notable number of LSE students have also played a role in the <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> administration, including <a href="/wiki/Pete_Rouse" title="Pete Rouse">Pete Rouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_R._Orszag" title="Peter R. Orszag">Peter R. Orszag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mona_Sutphen" title="Mona Sutphen">Mona Sutphen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Volcker" title="Paul Volcker">Paul Volcker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jason_Furman" title="Jason Furman">Jason Furman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[247]</a> Physician <a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Kerry" title="Vanessa Kerry">Vanessa Kerry</a> and American journalist <a href="/wiki/Susan_Rasky" title="Susan Rasky">Susan Rasky</a> are also alumnae of the LSE. Notable American <a href="/wiki/Monica_Lewinsky" title="Monica Lewinsky">Monica Lewinsky</a> pursued her MSc in Social Psychology at the LSE.Current leader of the opposition of the Sri Lankan government <a href="/wiki/Sajith_Premadasa" title="Sajith Premadasa">Sajith Premadasa</a> also studied there. Business people who studied at LSE include the CEO of <a href="/wiki/AirAsia" title="AirAsia">AirAsia</a> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Fernandes" title="Tony Fernandes">Tony Fernandes</a>, former CEO of <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Akerson" title="Daniel Akerson">Daniel Akerson</a>, director of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Vuitton" title="Louis Vuitton">Louis Vuitton</a> <a href="/wiki/Delphine_Arnault" title="Delphine Arnault">Delphine Arnault</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/EasyJet" title="EasyJet">easyJet</a> <a href="/wiki/Stelios_Haji-Ioannou" title="Stelios Haji-Ioannou">Stelios Haji-Ioannou</a>, CEO of <a href="/wiki/Abercrombie_%26_Fitch" title="Abercrombie & Fitch">Abercrombie & Fitch</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Jeffries" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael S. Jeffries">Michael S. Jeffries</a>, Greek business magnate <a href="/wiki/Spiros_Latsis" title="Spiros Latsis">Spiros Latsis</a>, American banker <a href="/wiki/David_Rockefeller" title="David Rockefeller">David Rockefeller</a>, CEO of <a href="/wiki/Newsmax_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Newsmax Media">Newsmax Media</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ruddy" title="Christopher Ruddy">Christopher Ruddy</a>, founder of advertising agency <a href="/wiki/Saatchi_and_Saatchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Saatchi and Saatchi">Saatchi and Saatchi</a> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Saatchi,_Baron_Saatchi" title="Maurice Saatchi, Baron Saatchi">Maurice Saatchi</a>, hedge fund managers <a href="/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros">George Soros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Platt_(finance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Platt (finance)">Michael Platt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Utermann" title="Andreas Utermann">Andreas Utermann</a>, former CEO of <a href="/wiki/Allianz_Global_Investors" title="Allianz Global Investors">Allianz Global Investors</a>. The LSE has also produced many notable lawyers and judges, including <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Lachs" title="Manfred Lachs">Manfred Lachs</a> (former President of the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dorab_Patel" title="Dorab Patel">Dorab Patel</a> (former Justice of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court of Pakistan</a>), <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3nica_Feria_Tinta" title="Mónica Feria Tinta">Mónica Feria Tinta</a> (British-Peruvian barrister specialising in international law), <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a> (former Justice of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>), chief architect of the Indian Constitution and jurist <a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a>. A survey by employment specialists Emolument.com found that it on average took LSE graduates 11.6 years in the workforce to begin earning base salaries in excess of £500,000; the shortest timespan of any university in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-255">[248]</a> Convicted British terrorist, <a href="/wiki/Omar_Saeed_Sheikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Saeed Sheikh">Omar Saeed Sheikh</a>, studied statistics at LSE, but did not graduate. He served five years in an Indian prison for kidnapping British tourists in 1994. In 2002, he was arrested and convicted in the kidnapping and murder of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Pearl" title="Daniel Pearl">Daniel Pearl</a>. The Guardian reported that Sheikh came into contact with radical Islamists at the LSE.<a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian_15_July_2002-256">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Faculty_and_Nobel_laureates">Faculty and Nobel laureates</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Faculty and Nobel laureates" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_the_London_School_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the London School of Economics">List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the London School of Economics</a>.</div> As of 2024, 20 Nobel Prizes in economics, peace and literature are officially recognised as having been awarded to LSE alumni and staff.<a href="#cite_note-auto-252">[245]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Clement_Attlee.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Clement Attlee, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1945–1951). [Nominated for 1955 Peace Prize - none awarded]"><noscript><img alt="Clement Attlee, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1945–1951). [Nominated for 1955 Peace Prize - none awarded]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Clement_Attlee.PNG/86px-Clement_Attlee.PNG" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="320"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 86px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Clement_Attlee.PNG/86px-Clement_Attlee.PNG" data-alt="Clement Attlee, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1945–1951). [Nominated for 1955 Peace Prize - none awarded]" data-width="86" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Clement_Attlee.PNG/130px-Clement_Attlee.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Clement_Attlee.PNG/173px-Clement_Attlee.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> (1945–1951). [Nominated for 1955 Peace Prize - none awarded] </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonid_Hurwicz.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leonid Hurwicz – Nobel laureate in Economics – studied at LSE with Nicholas Kaldor and F. A. Hayek"><noscript><img alt="Leonid Hurwicz – Nobel laureate in Economics – studied at LSE with Nicholas Kaldor and F. A. Hayek" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Leonid_Hurwicz.jpg/120px-Leonid_Hurwicz.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="114" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1759" data-file-height="1672"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 114px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Leonid_Hurwicz.jpg/120px-Leonid_Hurwicz.jpg" data-alt="Leonid Hurwicz – Nobel laureate in Economics – studied at LSE with Nicholas Kaldor and F. A. Hayek" data-width="120" data-height="114" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Leonid_Hurwicz.jpg/180px-Leonid_Hurwicz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Leonid_Hurwicz.jpg/240px-Leonid_Hurwicz.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz">Leonid Hurwicz</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nobel_laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel laureate">Nobel laureate</a> in Economics – studied at LSE with <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Kaldor" title="Nicholas Kaldor">Nicholas Kaldor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">F. A. Hayek</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coase_scan_10_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ronald Coase – awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1991"><noscript><img alt="Ronald Coase – awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1991" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Coase_scan_10_edited.jpg/114px-Coase_scan_10_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2264" data-file-height="2380"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 114px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Coase_scan_10_edited.jpg/114px-Coase_scan_10_edited.jpg" data-alt="Ronald Coase – awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1991" data-width="114" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Coase_scan_10_edited.jpg/171px-Coase_scan_10_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Coase_scan_10_edited.jpg/228px-Coase_scan_10_edited.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Ronald Coase</a> – awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in Economics">Nobel Prize in Economics</a> in 1991</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Christopher_Pissarides.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christopher A. Pissarides – awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2010 – currently Regius Professor of Economics at LSE"><noscript><img alt="Christopher A. Pissarides – awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2010 – currently Regius Professor of Economics at LSE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Christopher_Pissarides.jpg/84px-Christopher_Pissarides.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3640" data-file-height="5200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 84px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Christopher_Pissarides.jpg/84px-Christopher_Pissarides.jpg" data-alt="Christopher A. Pissarides – awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2010 – currently Regius Professor of Economics at LSE" data-width="84" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Christopher_Pissarides.jpg/126px-Christopher_Pissarides.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Christopher_Pissarides.jpg/168px-Christopher_Pissarides.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Pissarides" title="Christopher A. Pissarides">Christopher A. Pissarides</a> – awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in Economics">Nobel Prize in Economics</a> in 2010 – currently <a href="/wiki/Regius_Professor" title="Regius Professor">Regius Professor</a> of Economics at LSE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Amartya_Sen_NIH.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amartya Sen, Indian economist, former professor and Nobel laureate"><noscript><img alt="Amartya Sen, Indian economist, former professor and Nobel laureate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Amartya_Sen_NIH.jpg/75px-Amartya_Sen_NIH.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="320"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 75px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Amartya_Sen_NIH.jpg/75px-Amartya_Sen_NIH.jpg" data-alt="Amartya Sen, Indian economist, former professor and Nobel laureate" data-width="75" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Amartya_Sen_NIH.jpg/112px-Amartya_Sen_NIH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Amartya_Sen_NIH.jpg/150px-Amartya_Sen_NIH.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a>, Indian economist, former professor and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel laureate</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Juan_Manuel_Santos_in_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Juan Manuel Santos, former president of Colombia and recipient of the 2016 Nobel Peace Prize"><noscript><img alt="Juan Manuel Santos, former president of Colombia and recipient of the 2016 Nobel Peace Prize" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Juan_Manuel_Santos_in_2018.jpg/93px-Juan_Manuel_Santos_in_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1018" data-file-height="1308"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 93px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Juan_Manuel_Santos_in_2018.jpg/93px-Juan_Manuel_Santos_in_2018.jpg" data-alt="Juan Manuel Santos, former president of Colombia and recipient of the 2016 Nobel Peace Prize" data-width="93" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Juan_Manuel_Santos_in_2018.jpg/140px-Juan_Manuel_Santos_in_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Juan_Manuel_Santos_in_2018.jpg/187px-Juan_Manuel_Santos_in_2018.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Santos" title="Juan Manuel Santos">Juan Manuel Santos</a>, former <a href="/wiki/President_of_Colombia" title="President of Colombia">president of Colombia</a> and recipient of the <a href="/wiki/2016_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2016 Nobel Peace Prize">2016 Nobel Peace Prize</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_Popper2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karl Popper, reader in logic and scientific method"><noscript><img alt="Karl Popper, reader in logic and scientific method" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Karl_Popper2.jpg/120px-Karl_Popper2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="593"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 119px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Karl_Popper2.jpg/120px-Karl_Popper2.jpg" data-alt="Karl Popper, reader in logic and scientific method" data-width="120" data-height="119" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Karl_Popper2.jpg/180px-Karl_Popper2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Karl_Popper2.jpg/240px-Karl_Popper2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reader_(academic_rank)" title="Reader (academic rank)">reader</a> in <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a></div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="LSE_in_literature_and_other_media">LSE in literature and other media</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: LSE in literature and other media" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> The London School of Economics has been mentioned and formed the basis of setting for numerous works of fiction and in popular culture. The first notable mention of the LSE was in literature was in the epilogue to <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">Bernard Shaw's</a> 1912 play <a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_(play)" title="Pygmalion (play)">Pygmalion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eliza_Doolittle" title="Eliza Doolittle">Eliza Doolittle</a> is sent to the LSE.<a href="#cite_note-257">[250]</a> In around a dozen other novels, the LSE was mentioned as short-hand for a character being witty and clever but outside the establishment. This is best exhibited by <a href="/wiki/Ian_Fleming" title="Ian Fleming">Ian Fleming</a>'s CV of <a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a> that included the detail that his father, Andrew, is an LSE graduate.<a href="#cite_note-Fiction-258">[251]</a> These occurrences have continued into contemporary fiction: Lenny is the young 'hip' LSE graduate and criminologist in <a href="/wiki/Jake_Arnott" title="Jake Arnott">Jake Arnott</a>'s tour of the London underworld in <a href="/wiki/The_Long_Firm" class="mw-redirect" title="The Long Firm">The Long Firm</a>. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Harris_(novelist)" title="Robert Harris (novelist)">Robert Harris</a>' <a href="/wiki/Enigma_(novel)" title="Enigma (novel)">Enigma</a> includes Baxter, a code breaker with leftist views, who has been an LSE lecturer before the war and My Revolutions by <a href="/wiki/Hari_Kunzru" title="Hari Kunzru">Hari Kunzru</a> traces the career of Chris Carver aka Michael Frame who travels from LSE student radical to terrorist and on to middle England.<a href="#cite_note-Fiction-258">[251]</a> LSE alumna <a href="/wiki/Hilary_Mantel" title="Hilary Mantel">Hilary Mantel</a>, in The Experience of Love, never mentions LSE by name but <a href="/wiki/Holborn" title="Holborn">Houghton Street</a>, the corridors of the LSE Old Building and Wright's Bar are immediately recognisable references to the campus of the school. <a href="/wiki/A._S._Byatt" title="A. S. Byatt">A. S. Byatt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Children%27s_Book" title="The Children's Book">The Children's Book</a> returns to LSE's Fabian roots with a plot inspired in part by the life of children's writer <a href="/wiki/E._Nesbitt" class="mw-redirect" title="E. Nesbitt">E. Nesbitt</a> and Fabian <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Bland" title="Hubert Bland">Hubert Bland</a>, and characters that choose LSE over older educational establishments (namely <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>). On the small screen, the popular 1980s British sitcom <a href="/wiki/Yes_Minister" title="Yes Minister">Yes Minister</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yes,_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Yes, Prime Minister">Yes Prime Minister</a> make regular references to the LSE with Minister <a href="/wiki/Jim_Hacker" title="Jim Hacker">Jim Hacker</a> (later Prime Minister) and Sir Mark Spencer (special advisor to the Prime Minister) regularly being subtly ridiculed for having attended the LSE.<a href="#cite_note-Screen-259">[252]</a> A fictional LSE graduate also appears in season three episode six of the US series, <a href="/wiki/Mad_Men_(season_3)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mad Men (season 3)">Mad Men</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Screen-259">[252]</a> The popular American series <a href="/wiki/The_West_Wing" title="The West Wing">The West Wing</a> following the Democratic administration of <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Bartlet" class="mw-redirect" title="Josiah Bartlet">Josiah (Jed) Bartlet</a> makes several references to Josiah Bartlet being an alumnus of the LSE.<a href="#cite_note-Screen-259">[252]</a> Other fictional LSE alumni are present in <a href="/wiki/Spooks_(TV_series)" title="Spooks (TV series)">Spooks</a>, at least one episode of <a href="/wiki/The_Professionals_(TV_series)" title="The Professionals (TV series)">The Professionals</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Blacklist" title="The Blacklist">The Blacklist</a> series. In movies and motion pictures, in the 2014 action spy thriller <a href="/wiki/Jack_Ryan:_Shadow_Recruit" title="Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit">Shadow Recruit</a>, the young <a href="/wiki/Jack_Ryan_(character)" title="Jack Ryan (character)">Jack Ryan</a>, based on a Tom Clancy character, proves his academic credentials by walking out of the Old Building as he graduates from the LSE before injuring his spine being shot down in Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-Screen-259">[252]</a> The LSE is acknowledged in <a href="/wiki/The_Social_Network" title="The Social Network">The Social Network</a> naming the institution along with <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge</a> universities in a reference to the rapid growth <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> enjoyed both within and outside the United States in its early years. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_UK_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Armorial of UK universities">Armorial of UK universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in the UK">List of universities in the UK</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Includes those who indicate that they identify as <a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Asian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed Heritage</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Arabs" title="British Arabs">Arab</a> or any other ethnicity except White. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Calculated from the Polar4 measure, using Quintile1, in England and Wales. Calculated from the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) measure, using SIMD20, in Scotland. </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> Attended only for a term; did not graduate. </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> Attended; did not graduate. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> Anthony Kennedy attended a year at the LSE; did not graduate with any degree. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-LSE_Financial_Statement_22/23-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LSE_Financial_Statement_22/23_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LSE_Financial_Statement_22/23_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LSE_Financial_Statement_22/23_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/divisions/Finance-Division/assets/annual-accounts/PDF/22-23-LSE-Financial-Statements.pdf">"Financial Statements for the Year to 31 July 2023"</a> (PDF). London School of Economics. p. 55. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208023043/https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/divisions/Finance-Division/assets/annual-accounts/PDF/22-23-LSE-Financial-Statements.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 December 2023. 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Retrieved 21 May 2021. <q>Since the granting of its own degree awarding powers in July 2008, students have worn LSE-specific gowns</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Academic+dress&rft.pub=The+London+School+of+Economics+and+Political+Science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfo.lse.ac.uk%2Fcurrent-students%2Fgraduating-from-lse%2Fceremony-academic-dress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusan_Liautaud" class="citation web cs1">Susan Liautaud. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/our-community/Update-from-Chair-of-Council-summer-2022">"Chair's Blog: Summer Term 2022"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230125174234/https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/our-community/Update-from-Chair-of-Council-summer-2022">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2023. 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LSE Department of Management. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230603113730/https://www2.lse.ac.uk/management/about-us/history">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 10 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+department&rft.pub=LSE+Department+of+Management&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2Fmanagement%2Fabout-us%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSue_Donnelly2019" class="citation web cs1">Sue Donnelly (18 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/lsehistory/2019/02/18/the-lse-troubles-opposing-a-director/">"Opposing a Director"</a>. 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London School of Economics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230316085923/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/lsehistory/2019/03/06/storming-the-gates-and-closing-the-school/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2023. Retrieved 10 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Storming+the+gates+and+closing+the+School&rft.pub=London+School+of+Economics&rft.date=2019-03-06&rft.au=Sue+Donnelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.lse.ac.uk%2Flsehistory%2F2019%2F03%2F06%2Fstorming-the-gates-and-closing-the-school%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lse.ac.uk/about-lse/lse-people/James-Meade">"James Meade"</a>. London School of Economics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921204608/https://www.lse.ac.uk/about-lse/lse-people/James-Meade">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2020. 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Retrieved 2 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UCL+statement+on+University+of+London+Act+2018&rft.pub=University+College+London&rft.date=2019-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucl.ac.uk%2Fnews%2F2019%2Fmar%2Fucl-statement-university-london-act-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusan_Liautaud" class="citation web cs1">Susan Liautaud. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/our-community/Update-from-Chair-of-Council-summer-2022">"Chair's Blog: Summer Term 2022"</a>. London School of Economics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220706135516/https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/our-community/Update-from-Chair-of-Council-summer-2022">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chair%27s+Blog%3A+Summer+Term+2022&rft.pub=London+School+of+Economics&rft.au=Susan+Liautaud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfo.lse.ac.uk%2Fstaff%2Four-community%2FUpdate-from-Chair-of-Council-summer-2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/services/Policies-and-procedures/Assets/Documents/Articles-of-Association.pdf">"Articles of Association"</a> (PDF). London School of Economics. 5 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220802163005/https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/services/Policies-and-procedures/Assets/Documents/Articles-of-Association.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 August 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Articles+of+Association&rft.pub=London+School+of+Economics&rft.date=2022-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfo.lse.ac.uk%2Fstaff%2Fservices%2FPolicies-and-procedures%2FAssets%2FDocuments%2FArticles-of-Association.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2011" class="citation news cs1">Owen, Jonathan (27 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/lse-embroiled-in-row-over-authorship-of-gaddafis-sons-phd-thesis-and-a-15m-gift-to-universitys-coffers-2226894.html">"LSE embroiled in row over authorship of Gaddafi's son's PhD thesis and a £1.5m gift to university's coffers"</a>. The Independent. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925083246/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/lse-embroiled-in-row-over-authorship-of-gaddafis-sons-phd-thesis-and-a-15m-gift-to-universitys-coffers-2226894.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=LSE+embroiled+in+row+over+authorship+of+Gaddafi%27s+son%27s+PhD+thesis+and+a+%C2%A31.5m+gift+to+university%27s+coffers&rft.date=2011-02-27&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Feducation%2Feducation-news%2Flse-embroiled-in-row-over-authorship-of-gaddafis-sons-phd-thesis-and-a-15m-gift-to-universitys-coffers-2226894.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasagarSyal2011" class="citation news cs1">Vasagar, Jeevan; Syal, Rajeev (4 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2011/mar/03/lse-director-resigns-gaddafi-scandal">"LSE head quits over Gaddafi scandal"</a>. The Guardian. UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170106174229/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2011/mar/03/lse-director-resigns-gaddafi-scandal">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=LSE+head+quits+over+Gaddafi+scandal&rft.date=2011-03-04&rft.aulast=Vasagar&rft.aufirst=Jeevan&rft.au=Syal%2C+Rajeev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2011%2Fmar%2F03%2Flse-director-resigns-gaddafi-scandal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewsAUPanorama-55"><a href="#cite_ref-NewsAUPanorama_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610063302/http://www.news.com.au/world/bbc-panorama-news-documentary-sent-undercover-reporter-to-north-korea-with-students/story-fndir2ev-1226620052370">"BBC Panorama news documentary sent undercover reporter to North Korea with students"</a>. News.com.au. 15 April 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.com.au/world/bbc-panorama-news-documentary-sent-undercover-reporter-to-north-korea-with-students/story-fndir2ev-1226620052370">the original</a> on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News.com.au&rft.atitle=BBC+Panorama+news+documentary+sent+undercover+reporter+to+North+Korea+with+students&rft.date=2013-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com.au%2Fworld%2Fbbc-panorama-news-documentary-sent-undercover-reporter-to-north-korea-with-students%2Fstory-fndir2ev-1226620052370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conlan-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Conlan_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conlan_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTara_Conlan" class="citation news cs1">Tara Conlan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2014/mar/17/bbc-apologise-lse-john-sweeney-north-korea-panorama">"BBC to apologise to LSE over John Sweeney's North Korea documentary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160213024413/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2014/mar/17/bbc-apologise-lse-john-sweeney-north-korea-panorama">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=BBC+to+apologise+to+LSE+over+John+Sweeney%27s+North+Korea+documentary&rft.au=Tara+Conlan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2014%2Fmar%2F17%2Fbbc-apologise-lse-john-sweeney-north-korea-panorama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosh_Halliday" class="citation news cs1">Josh Halliday. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2013/apr/17/north-korea-students-criticise-lse">"Students say LSE has placed them at 'more risk' from North Korea"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160109093739/http://www.theguardian.com/education/2013/apr/17/north-korea-students-criticise-lse">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Students+say+LSE+has+placed+them+at+%27more+risk%27+from+North+Korea&rft.au=Josh+Halliday&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2013%2Fapr%2F17%2Fnorth-korea-students-criticise-lse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinha2013" class="citation news cs1">Sinha, Kounteya (18 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/North-Korea-sends-threats-to-LSE-students/articleshow/19612600.cms">"North Korea sends threats to LSE students"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170703215137/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/North-Korea-sends-threats-to-LSE-students/articleshow/19612600.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 18 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=North+Korea+sends+threats+to+LSE+students&rft.date=2013-04-18&rft.aulast=Sinha&rft.aufirst=Kounteya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fworld%2Frest-of-world%2FNorth-Korea-sends-threats-to-LSE-students%2Farticleshow%2F19612600.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/news/london-school-economics-was-paid-%C2%A340000-glowing-report-kids-company">"London School of Economics was paid £40,000 for glowing report on Kids Company"</a>. Times Higher Education. 12 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904073918/https://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/news/london-school-economics-was-paid-%C2%A340000-glowing-report-kids-company">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=London+School+of+Economics+was+paid+%C2%A340%2C000+for+glowing+report+on+Kids+Company&rft.date=2015-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.co.uk%2Fnews%2Flondon-school-economics-was-paid-%25C2%25A340000-glowing-report-kids-company&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSomerville" class="citation news cs1">Somerville, Ewan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/01/20/university-launched-britains-first-pride-march-cuts-ties-stonewall/">"University that launched Britain's first Pride march cuts ties with Stonewall"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208132358/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/01/20/university-launched-britains-first-pride-march-cuts-ties-stonewall/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=University+that+launched+Britain%27s+first+Pride+march+cuts+ties+with+Stonewall&rft.aulast=Somerville&rft.aufirst=Ewan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2023%2F01%2F20%2Funiversity-launched-britains-first-pride-march-cuts-ties-stonewall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong" class="citation news cs1">Armstrong, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/lse-is-right-to-cut-ties-with-stonewall/">"LSE is right to cut ties with Stonewall"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208132359/https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/lse-is-right-to-cut-ties-with-stonewall/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=LSE+is+right+to+cut+ties+with+Stonewall&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2Flse-is-right-to-cut-ties-with-stonewall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/gender/2016/11/14/justice-for-the-lse-cleaners/">"Justice for the LSE Cleaners!"</a>. Engenderings. 14 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190228065634/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/gender/2016/11/14/justice-for-the-lse-cleaners/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Engenderings&rft.atitle=Justice+for+the+LSE+Cleaners%21&rft.date=2016-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.lse.ac.uk%2Fgender%2F2016%2F11%2F14%2Fjustice-for-the-lse-cleaners%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2017" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Owen (25 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/may/25/lse-striking-cleaners-outsourced-university-injustice">"The courage of the LSE's striking cleaners can give us all hope | Owen Jones"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190225224003/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/may/25/lse-striking-cleaners-outsourced-university-injustice">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+courage+of+the+LSE%27s+striking+cleaners+can+give+us+all+hope+%7C+Owen+Jones&rft.date=2017-05-25&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2017%2Fmay%2F25%2Flse-striking-cleaners-outsourced-university-injustice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/left-wing-columnist-owen-jones-snubs-lse-debate-solidarity-striking-cleaners-1622133">"Left-wing columnist Owen Jones snubs LSE debate in solidarity with striking cleaners"</a>. International Business Times UK. 18 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190228004158/https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/left-wing-columnist-owen-jones-snubs-lse-debate-solidarity-striking-cleaners-1622133">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2019. 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Notes From Below. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190226045714/https://notesfrombelow.org/article/rebellion-lse-cleaning-sector-inquiry">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Notes+From+Below&rft.atitle=Rebellion+at+the+LSE%3A+a+cleaning+sector+inquiry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnotesfrombelow.org%2Farticle%2Frebellion-lse-cleaning-sector-inquiry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_66-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_66-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHESA2023" class="citation web cs1">HESA (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/staff/employment-conditions">"HE academic staff by HE provider and employment conditions, Academic years 2014/15 to 2021/22"</a>. 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Retrieved 27 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LSE+UCU+Report+2023&rft.atitle=%22The+Crisis+of+Academic+Casualisation+at+LSE%22&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fdocument%2Fd%2F1FQiPscs_epkMnBdPyp-h8Wosyuw1oWVgsOHnFivDELE%2Fedit%23heading%3Dh.6vvsvf1up4kq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pay_deductions-68"><a href="#cite_ref-pay_deductions_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLSE2023" class="citation web cs1">LSE (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/divisions/Human-Resources/Assets/Documents/Industrial-Action/Industrial-Action-FAQs-for-staff-and-managers-marking-assessment-boycott-May23.pdf">""Industrial Action: marking and assessment boycott – frequently asked questions (FAQs) for staff and managers""</a> (PDF). 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London School of Economics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230727194732/https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/divisions/academic-registrars-division/Teaching-Quality-Assurance-and-Review-Office/Assets/Documents/Calendar/MAB-Summer-23-Exceptional-Degree-Classification-Schemes-for-Provisional-Classifications.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 July 2023. 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Retrieved 5 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taipei+complains+about+London+university%27s+decision+to+alter+artwork+and+portray+Taiwan+as+part+of+China&rft.pub=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.date=2019-04-04&rft.aulast=Chung&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fdiplomacy%2Farticle%2F3004625%2Ftaipei-complains-about-english-universitys-decision-alter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor2019" class="citation web cs1">O'Connor, Tom (26 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/china-destroys-maps-problem-borders-1375608">"China destroys 30,000 world maps showing 'problematic' borders of Taiwan and India"</a>. 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Taipei Representative Office in the U.K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190407154732/https://www.roc-taiwan.org/uk_en/post/5075.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2019. 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Retrieved 7 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=London+School+of+Economics+in+a+world+of+trouble+over+globe+artwork&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Charlie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Fedition%2Fnews%2Flondon-school-of-economics-in-a-world-of-trouble-over-globe-artwork-7lc696x97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin_Chia-nan2019" class="citation news cs1">Lin Chia-nan (11 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2019/07/11/2003718465">"Ministry lauds LSE for globe color decision"</a>. Taipei Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190810001609/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2019/07/11/2003718465">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taipei+Times&rft.atitle=Ministry+lauds+LSE+for+globe+color+decision&rft.date=2019-07-11&rft.au=Lin+Chia-nan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Ffront%2Farchives%2F2019%2F07%2F11%2F2003718465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201907100013.aspx">"Taiwan still distinct from China but given asterisk on LSE art work"</a>. Focus Taiwan. 10 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190711125649/http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201907100013.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Taiwan+still+distinct+from+China+but+given+asterisk+on+LSE+art+work&rft.date=2019-07-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffocustaiwan.tw%2Fnews%2Faipl%2F201907100013.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> the LSE </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/services/catering/outlets">"Restaurants and cafes on campus"</a>. London School of Economics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200624224409/https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/services/catering/outlets">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Restaurants+and+cafes+on+campus&rft.pub=London+School+of+Economics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfo.lse.ac.uk%2Fstaff%2Fservices%2Fcatering%2Foutlets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://info.lse.ac.uk/current-students/estates-division/facilities-guide/food-and-drink">"Food and drink"</a>. London School of Economics and Political Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507110757/https://info.lse.ac.uk/current-students/estates-division/facilities-guide/food-and-drink">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2021. 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London School of Economics and Political Science. London School of Economics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526105155/https://info.lse.ac.uk/current-students/Faith-Centre/Faith-Centre-Spaces/Stained-Glass-WIndow">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+School+of+Economics+and+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Stained+Glass+Window%3A+Christopher+Le+Brun%27s+Sacred+Desert+Window&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfo.lse.ac.uk%2Fcurrent-students%2FFaith-Centre%2FFaith-Centre-Spaces%2FStained-Glass-WIndow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScience2019" class="citation web cs1">Science, London School of Economics and Political (26 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lse.ac.uk/News/Latest-news-from-LSE/2019/03-Mar-19/LSE-unveils-new-sculpture-by-Mark-Wallinger.aspx">""The World Turned Upside Down" – LSE unveils new sculpture by Mark Wallinger"</a>. London School of Economics and Political Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230710220804/https://www.lse.ac.uk/News/Latest-news-from-LSE/2019/03-Mar-19/LSE-unveils-new-sculpture-by-Mark-Wallinger">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+School+of+Economics+and+Political+Science&rft.atitle=%22The+World+Turned+Upside+Down%22+%E2%80%93+LSE+unveils+new+sculpture+by+Mark+Wallinger&rft.date=2019-03-26&rft.aulast=Science&rft.aufirst=London+School+of+Economics+and+Political&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2FNews%2FLatest-news-from-LSE%2F2019%2F03-Mar-19%2FLSE-unveils-new-sculpture-by-Mark-Wallinger.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSociety2019" class="citation web cs1">Society, Contemporary Art (26 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.contemporaryartsociety.org/news/cas-news/world-turned-upside-lse-unveils-new-sculpture-mark-wallinger-managed-cas-consultancy/">""The World Turned Upside Down" – LSE unveils new sculpture by Mark Wallinger, managed by CAS Consultancy"</a>. Contemporary Art Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220524024601/https://www.contemporaryartsociety.org/news/cas-news/world-turned-upside-lse-unveils-new-sculpture-mark-wallinger-managed-cas-consultancy/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Art+Society&rft.atitle=%22The+World+Turned+Upside+Down%22+%E2%80%93+LSE+unveils+new+sculpture+by+Mark+Wallinger%2C+managed+by+CAS+Consultancy&rft.date=2019-03-26&rft.aulast=Society&rft.aufirst=Contemporary+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.contemporaryartsociety.org%2Fnews%2Fcas-news%2Fworld-turned-upside-lse-unveils-new-sculpture-mark-wallinger-managed-cas-consultancy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itsnicethat.com/news/mark-wallinger-the-world-turned-upside-down-lse-art-260319">"Turner Prize winner Mark Wallinger unveils new public work, The World Turned Upside Down"</a>. itsnicethat.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220812215652/https://www.itsnicethat.com/news/mark-wallinger-the-world-turned-upside-down-lse-art-260319">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=itsnicethat.com&rft.atitle=Turner+Prize+winner+Mark+Wallinger+unveils+new+public+work%2C+The+World+Turned+Upside+Down&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itsnicethat.com%2Fnews%2Fmark-wallinger-the-world-turned-upside-down-lse-art-260319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fosterandpartners.com/news/archive/2001/07/new-british-library-of-political-and-economic-science-at-the-lse-opens/">"New British Library of Political and Economic Science at the LSE Opens"</a>. Foster + Partners. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220118050540/https://www.fosterandpartners.com/news/archive/2001/07/new-british-library-of-political-and-economic-science-at-the-lse-opens/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+British+Library+of+Political+and+Economic+Science+at+the+LSE+Opens&rft.pub=Foster+%2B+Partners&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fosterandpartners.com%2Fnews%2Farchive%2F2001%2F07%2Fnew-british-library-of-political-and-economic-science-at-the-lse-opens%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_Academic_Building-87"><a href="#cite_ref-New_Academic_Building_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120925071401/http://www2.lse.ac.uk/intranet/LSEServices/estatesDivision/lseEstate/campusBuildings/newAcademicBuilding/Home.aspx">"New Academic Building"</a>. London School of Economics and Political Science. London School of Economics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.lse.ac.uk/intranet/LSEServices/estatesDivision/lseEstate/campusBuildings/newAcademicBuilding/Home.aspx">the original</a> on 25 September 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+School+of+Economics+and+Political+Science&rft.atitle=New+Academic+Building&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.lse.ac.uk%2Fintranet%2FLSEServices%2FestatesDivision%2FlseEstate%2FcampusBuildings%2FnewAcademicBuilding%2FHome.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/services/faculty-accommodation/property-portfolio/five-lincolns-inn-fields">"5 Lincoln's Inn Fields faculty accommodation"</a>. London School of Economics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180123131515/https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/services/faculty-accommodation/property-portfolio/five-lincolns-inn-fields">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=5+Lincoln%27s+Inn+Fields+faculty+accommodation&rft.pub=London+School+of+Economics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfo.lse.ac.uk%2Fstaff%2Fservices%2Ffaculty-accommodation%2Fproperty-portfolio%2Ffive-lincolns-inn-fields&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/divisions/estates-division/lse-estate/development-projects/saw">"Saw Swee Hock Student Centre"</a>. London School of Economics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526112036/https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/divisions/estates-division/lse-estate/development-projects/saw">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saw+Swee+Hock+Student+Centre&rft.pub=London+School+of+Economics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfo.lse.ac.uk%2Fstaff%2Fdivisions%2Festates-division%2Flse-estate%2Fdevelopment-projects%2Fsaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScience" class="citation web cs1">Science, London School of Economics and Political. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lse.ac.uk/seac/people/saw-swee-hock.aspx">"In Memoriam: Professor Saw Swee Hock (1931–2021)"</a>. London School of Economics and Political Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230710220725/https://www.lse.ac.uk/seac/people/saw-swee-hock">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+School+of+Economics+and+Political+Science&rft.atitle=In+Memoriam%3A+Professor+Saw+Swee+Hock+%281931%E2%80%932021%29&rft.aulast=Science&rft.aufirst=London+School+of+Economics+and+Political&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2Fseac%2Fpeople%2Fsaw-swee-hock.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/divisions/estates-division/lse-estate/development-projects/saw">"Saw Swee Hock Student Centre"</a>. London School of Economics and Political Science. London School of Economics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526112036/https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/divisions/estates-division/lse-estate/development-projects/saw">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+School+of+Economics+and+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Saw+Swee+Hock+Student+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfo.lse.ac.uk%2Fstaff%2Fdivisions%2Festates-division%2Flse-estate%2Fdevelopment-projects%2Fsaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.urbansystems.design/experience/lse-saw-swee-hock-center">"LSE Saw Swee Hock Center"</a>. Urban Systems Design | MEP & Environmental Engineers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230710220752/https://www.urbansystems.design/experience/lse-saw-swee-hock-center">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Urban+Systems+Design+%7C+MEP+%26+Environmental+Engineers&rft.atitle=LSE+Saw+Swee+Hock+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.urbansystems.design%2Fexperience%2Flse-saw-swee-hock-center&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/divisions/estates-division/lse-estate/development-projects/saw/in-the-news">"In the news"</a>. London School of Economics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220330231841/https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/divisions/estates-division/lse-estate/development-projects/saw/in-the-news">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+the+news&rft.pub=London+School+of+Economics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfo.lse.ac.uk%2Fstaff%2Fdivisions%2Festates-division%2Flse-estate%2Fdevelopment-projects%2Fsaw%2Fin-the-news&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/divisions/estates-division/lse-estate/development-projects/saw/saw-awards">"SAW Awards"</a>. London School of Economics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331170939/https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/divisions/estates-division/lse-estate/development-projects/saw/saw-awards">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SAW+Awards&rft.pub=London+School+of+Economics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfo.lse.ac.uk%2Fstaff%2Fdivisions%2Festates-division%2Flse-estate%2Fdevelopment-projects%2Fsaw%2Fsaw-awards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-29498668">"Riba Stirling Prize 2014: Saw Swee Hock Student Centre"</a>. BBC News. 9 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331180657/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-29498668">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Riba+Stirling+Prize+2014%3A+Saw+Swee+Hock+Student+Centre&rft.date=2014-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-29498668&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter2019" class="citation web cs1">Carpenter, Scott (21 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190706200951/https://beaveronline.co.uk/centre-buildings-redevelopment-set-to-open-on-schedule-in-june/">"Centre Buildings Redevelopment set to open on schedule in June"</a>. The Beaver Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beaveronline.co.uk/centre-buildings-redevelopment-set-to-open-on-schedule-in-june/">the original</a> on 6 July 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Beaver+Online&rft.atitle=Centre+Buildings+Redevelopment+set+to+open+on+schedule+in+June&rft.date=2019-05-21&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbeaveronline.co.uk%2Fcentre-buildings-redevelopment-set-to-open-on-schedule-in-june%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/divisions/estates-division/lse-estate/development-projects/centre-buildings-redevelopment">"Centre Building (CBG)"</a>. London School of Economics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190706200929/https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/divisions/estates-division/lse-estate/development-projects/centre-buildings-redevelopment">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2019. Retrieved 29 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Centre+Building+%28CBG%29&rft.pub=London+School+of+Economics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfo.lse.ac.uk%2Fstaff%2Fdivisions%2Festates-division%2Flse-estate%2Fdevelopment-projects%2Fcentre-buildings-redevelopment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/divisions/estates-division/lse-estate/development-projects/centre-buildings-redevelopment">"Centre Buildings Redevelopment (CBR)"</a>. London School of Economics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190706200929/https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/divisions/estates-division/lse-estate/development-projects/centre-buildings-redevelopment">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Centre+Buildings+Redevelopment+%28CBR%29&rft.pub=London+School+of+Economics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfo.lse.ac.uk%2Fstaff%2Fdivisions%2Festates-division%2Flse-estate%2Fdevelopment-projects%2Fcentre-buildings-redevelopment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131212040321/http://www.lse.ac.uk/newsAndMedia/news/archives/2013/11/-Rogers-Stirk-Harbour--Partners-selected-to-design-LSEs-New-Global-Centre-for-the-Social-Sciences-.aspx">"Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners selected to design LSE's New Global Centre for the Social Sciences"</a>. London School of Economics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lse.ac.uk/newsAndMedia/news/archives/2013/11/-Rogers-Stirk-Harbour--Partners-selected-to-design-LSEs-New-Global-Centre-for-the-Social-Sciences-.aspx">the original</a> on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+School+of+Economics&rft.atitle=Rogers+Stirk+Harbour+%2B+Partners+selected+to+design+LSE%27s+New+Global+Centre+for+the+Social+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2FnewsAndMedia%2Fnews%2Farchives%2F2013%2F11%2F-Rogers-Stirk-Harbour--Partners-selected-to-design-LSEs-New-Global-Centre-for-the-Social-Sciences-.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRIBA2022" class="citation web cs1">RIBA (30 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.architecture.com/awards-and-competitions-landing-page/awards/riba-regional-awards/riba-london-award-winners/2021/centre-building-at-lse">"Centre Building at LSE"</a>. architecture.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331171018/https://www.architecture.com/awards-and-competitions-landing-page/awards/riba-regional-awards/riba-london-award-winners/2021/centre-building-at-lse">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=architecture.com&rft.atitle=Centre+Building+at+LSE&rft.date=2022-03-30&rft.au=RIBA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.architecture.com%2Fawards-and-competitions-landing-page%2Fawards%2Friba-regional-awards%2Friba-london-award-winners%2F2021%2Fcentre-building-at-lse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScience2021" class="citation web cs1">Science, London School of Economics and Political (10 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lse.ac.uk/News/Latest-news-from-LSE/2021/i-September-21/LSE-Centre-Building-RIBA.aspx">"LSE's Centre Building named one of UK's best new buildings by RIBA"</a>. London School of Economics and Political Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230710220725/https://www.lse.ac.uk/News/Latest-news-from-LSE/2021/i-September-21/LSE-Centre-Building-RIBA">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+School+of+Economics+and+Political+Science&rft.atitle=LSE%27s+Centre+Building+named+one+of+UK%27s+best+new+buildings+by+RIBA&rft.date=2021-09-10&rft.aulast=Science&rft.aufirst=London+School+of+Economics+and+Political&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2FNews%2FLatest-news-from-LSE%2F2021%2Fi-September-21%2FLSE-Centre-Building-RIBA.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/divisions/estates-division/lse-estate/development-projects/centre-buildings-redevelopment/cbg-awards">"CBG Awards"</a>. London School of Economics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331170832/https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/divisions/estates-division/lse-estate/development-projects/centre-buildings-redevelopment/cbg-awards">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CBG+Awards&rft.pub=London+School+of+Economics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfo.lse.ac.uk%2Fstaff%2Fdivisions%2Festates-division%2Flse-estate%2Fdevelopment-projects%2Fcentre-buildings-redevelopment%2Fcbg-awards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavenscroft2021" class="citation web cs1">Ravenscroft, Tom (8 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dezeen.com/2021/09/09/2021-riba-national-awards/">"RIBA reveals UK's best buildings for 2021"</a>. Dezeen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331170620/https://www.dezeen.com/2021/09/09/2021-riba-national-awards/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dezeen&rft.atitle=RIBA+reveals+UK%27s+best+buildings+for+2021&rft.date=2021-09-08&rft.aulast=Ravenscroft&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dezeen.com%2F2021%2F09%2F09%2F2021-riba-national-awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScience2022" class="citation web cs1">Science, London School of Economics and Political (29 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/divisions/estates-division/lse-estate/development-projects/the-marshall-building">"The Marshall Building"</a>. London School of Economics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220320123815/https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/divisions/estates-division/lse-estate/development-projects/the-marshall-building">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Marshall+Building&rft.pub=London+School+of+Economics&rft.date=2022-03-29&rft.aulast=Science&rft.aufirst=London+School+of+Economics+and+Political&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfo.lse.ac.uk%2Fstaff%2Fdivisions%2Festates-division%2Flse-estate%2Fdevelopment-projects%2Fthe-marshall-building&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2022" class="citation web cs1">Moore, Rowan (20 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2022/mar/20/the-marshall-building-london-review-brutalist-brilliance">"The Marshall Building, London review – brutalist brilliance"</a>. The Observer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220329153512/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2022/mar/20/the-marshall-building-london-review-brutalist-brilliance">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=The+Marshall+Building%2C+London+review+%E2%80%93+brutalist+brilliance&rft.date=2022-03-20&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Rowan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2022%2Fmar%2F20%2Fthe-marshall-building-london-review-brutalist-brilliance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905102057/http://www.lse.ac.uk/website-archive/newsAndMedia/newsArchives/2015/04/MarshallInstitute.aspx">"LSE announces The Marshall Institute for Philanthropy and Social Entrepreneurship"</a>. London School of Economics and Political Science. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lse.ac.uk/website-archive/newsAndMedia/newsArchives/2015/04/MarshallInstitute.aspx">the original</a> on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+School+of+Economics+and+Political+Science&rft.atitle=LSE+announces+The+Marshall+Institute+for+Philanthropy+and+Social+Entrepreneurship&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2Fwebsite-archive%2FnewsAndMedia%2FnewsArchives%2F2015%2F04%2FMarshallInstitute.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWainwright2022" class="citation web cs1">Wainwright, Oliver (31 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2022/jan/31/vortex-of-thinking-lses-brawny-brainy-new-building-curiosity-shop">"'A vortex of thinking' – inside the LSE's brawny, brainy new building"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220329153512/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2022/jan/31/vortex-of-thinking-lses-brawny-brainy-new-building-curiosity-shop">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27A+vortex+of+thinking%27+%E2%80%93+inside+the+LSE%27s+brawny%2C+brainy+new+building&rft.date=2022-01-31&rft.aulast=Wainwright&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2022%2Fjan%2F31%2Fvortex-of-thinking-lses-brawny-brainy-new-building-curiosity-shop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/divisions/estates-division/lse-estate/development-projects/the-marshall-building/the-marshall-building-location">"The Marshall Building location"</a>. London School of Economics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220330134107/https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/divisions/estates-division/lse-estate/development-projects/the-marshall-building/the-marshall-building-location">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Marshall+Building+location&rft.pub=London+School+of+Economics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfo.lse.ac.uk%2Fstaff%2Fdivisions%2Festates-division%2Flse-estate%2Fdevelopment-projects%2Fthe-marshall-building%2Fthe-marshall-building-location&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourke2013" class="citation web cs1">Bourke, Joanna (23 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.egi.co.uk/news/lse-buys-midtown-block/">"LSE buys Midtown block"</a>. EG Radius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221007211222/https://www.egi.co.uk/news/lse-buys-midtown-block/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EG+Radius&rft.atitle=LSE+buys+Midtown+block&rft.date=2013-08-23&rft.aulast=Bourke&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.egi.co.uk%2Fnews%2Flse-buys-midtown-block%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lse.ac.uk/News/Latest-news-from-LSE/2017/11-November-2017/LSE-and-RCS-announce-completion-of-purchase-of-Nuffield-Building">"LSE and Royal College of Surgeons announce completion of purchase of Nuffield Building"</a>. London School of Economics and Political Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180123072841/http://www.lse.ac.uk/News/Latest-news-from-LSE/2017/11-November-2017/LSE-and-RCS-announce-completion-of-purchase-of-Nuffield-Building">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+School+of+Economics+and+Political+Science&rft.atitle=LSE+and+Royal+College+of+Surgeons+announce+completion+of+purchase+of+Nuffield+Building&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2FNews%2FLatest-news-from-LSE%2F2017%2F11-November-2017%2FLSE-and-RCS-announce-completion-of-purchase-of-Nuffield-Building&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunton2022" class="citation web cs1">Dunton, Jim (16 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bdonline.co.uk/news/lse-reveals-shortlist-for-100m-lincolns-inn-fields-project/5116091.article">"LSE reveals shortlist for £100m+ Lincoln's Inn Fields project"</a>. Building Design. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220217154237/https://www.bdonline.co.uk/news/lse-reveals-shortlist-for-100m-lincolns-inn-fields-project/5116091.article">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Building+Design&rft.atitle=LSE+reveals+shortlist+for+%C2%A3100m%2B+Lincoln%27s+Inn+Fields+project&rft.date=2022-02-16&rft.aulast=Dunton&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bdonline.co.uk%2Fnews%2Flse-reveals-shortlist-for-100m-lincolns-inn-fields-project%2F5116091.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScience2021" class="citation web cs1">Science, London School of Economics and Political (2 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shapingtheworld.lse.ac.uk/latest-news/lse-announces-the-firoz-lalji-global-hub">"LSE announces the Firoz Lalji Global Hub"</a>. LSE Shaping the World. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220405152616/https://shapingtheworld.lse.ac.uk/latest-news/lse-announces-the-firoz-lalji-global-hub">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LSE+Shaping+the+World&rft.atitle=LSE+announces+the+Firoz+Lalji+Global+Hub&rft.date=2021-11-02&rft.aulast=Science&rft.aufirst=London+School+of+Economics+and+Political&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshapingtheworld.lse.ac.uk%2Flatest-news%2Flse-announces-the-firoz-lalji-global-hub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulcher2021" class="citation web cs1">Fulcher, Merlin (14 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/competitions/lse-launches-contest-for-120m-last-set-piece-addition-to-campus">"LSE launches contest for £120m 'last set piece' addition to campus"</a>. The Architects' Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331171037/https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/competitions/lse-launches-contest-for-120m-last-set-piece-addition-to-campus">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Architects%27+Journal&rft.atitle=LSE+launches+contest+for+%C2%A3120m+%27last+set+piece%27+addition+to+campus&rft.date=2021-12-14&rft.aulast=Fulcher&rft.aufirst=Merlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.architectsjournal.co.uk%2Fcompetitions%2Flse-launches-contest-for-120m-last-set-piece-addition-to-campus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-59153034">"LSE becomes first carbon-neutral university"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 4 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211105092807/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-59153034">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=LSE+becomes+first+carbon-neutral+university&rft.date=2021-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-59153034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScience2021" class="citation web cs1">Science, London School of Economics and Political (4 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lse.ac.uk/News/Latest-news-from-LSE/2021/k-November-21/LSE-becomes-the-first-Carbon-Neutral-verified-university-in-the-UK.aspx">"LSE becomes the first Carbon Neutral verified university in the UK"</a>. London School of Economics and Political Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230710221304/https://www.lse.ac.uk/News/Latest-news-from-LSE/2021/k-November-21/LSE-becomes-the-first-Carbon-Neutral-verified-university-in-the-UK">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+School+of+Economics+and+Political+Science&rft.atitle=LSE+becomes+the+first+Carbon+Neutral+verified+university+in+the+UK&rft.date=2021-11-04&rft.aulast=Science&rft.aufirst=London+School+of+Economics+and+Political&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2FNews%2FLatest-news-from-LSE%2F2021%2Fk-November-21%2FLSE-becomes-the-first-Carbon-Neutral-verified-university-in-the-UK.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/divisions/estates-division/sustainable-lse/assets/documents/what-we-do/carbon/qaa-carbon-footprint.pdf">"Questions and Answers: LSE's carbon footprint"</a> (PDF). London School of Economics. November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211105082037/https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/divisions/estates-division/sustainable-lse/assets/documents/what-we-do/carbon/qaa-carbon-footprint.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+School+of+Economics&rft.atitle=Questions+and+Answers%3A+LSE%27s+carbon+footprint&rft.date=2021-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfo.lse.ac.uk%2Fstaff%2Fdivisions%2Festates-division%2Fsustainable-lse%2Fassets%2Fdocuments%2Fwhat-we-do%2Fcarbon%2Fqaa-carbon-footprint.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2021" class="citation web cs1">Ellis, Rosa (4 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/london-school-economics-claims-carbon-neutral-status">"London School of Economics claims carbon neutral status"</a>. Times Higher Education (THE). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331171935/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/london-school-economics-claims-carbon-neutral-status">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education+%28THE%29&rft.atitle=London+School+of+Economics+claims+carbon+neutral+status&rft.date=2021-11-04&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Rosa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Fnews%2Flondon-school-economics-claims-carbon-neutral-status&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggins2021" class="citation web cs1">Higgins, James (4 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://universitybusiness.co.uk/sustainability/lse-countrys-first-carbon-neutral-university/">"LSE claims to be country's first carbon neutral university"</a>. University Business. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220519181806/https://universitybusiness.co.uk/sustainability/lse-countrys-first-carbon-neutral-university/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+Business&rft.atitle=LSE+claims+to+be+country%27s+first+carbon+neutral+university&rft.date=2021-11-04&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funiversitybusiness.co.uk%2Fsustainability%2Flse-countrys-first-carbon-neutral-university%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-annrep-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-annrep_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-annrep_119-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-annrep_119-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-annrep_119-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-annrep_119-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/divisions/Finance-Division/annual-accounts/financial-statements">"Financial statements"</a>. London School of Economics and Political Science. London School of Economics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210527115959/https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/divisions/Finance-Division/annual-accounts/financial-statements">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+School+of+Economics+and+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Financial+statements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfo.lse.ac.uk%2Fstaff%2Fdivisions%2FFinance-Division%2Fannual-accounts%2Ffinancial-statements&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kramer-president-120"><a href="#cite_ref-kramer-president_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lse.ac.uk/News/Latest-news-from-LSE/2023/g-July-2023/LSE-appoints-new-President-and-Vice-Chancellor">"LSE announces appointment of new President and Vice-Chancellor"</a>. London School of Economics and Political Science. 28 July 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230728141216/https://www.lse.ac.uk/News/Latest-news-from-LSE/2023/g-July-2023/LSE-appoints-new-President-and-Vice-Chancellor">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LSE+announces+appointment+of+new+President+and+Vice-Chancellor&rft.pub=London+School+of+Economics+and+Political+Science&rft.date=2023-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2FNews%2FLatest-news-from-LSE%2F2023%2Fg-July-2023%2FLSE-appoints-new-President-and-Vice-Chancellor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/divisions/directorate/SMC/SMC-Contacts">"SMC Contacts"</a>. London School of Economics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221227065130/https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/divisions/directorate/SMC/SMC-Contacts">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SMC+Contacts&rft.pub=London+School+of+Economics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfo.lse.ac.uk%2Fstaff%2Fdivisions%2Fdirectorate%2FSMC%2FSMC-Contacts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lse.ac.uk/south-asia-centre/people/senior-advisory-board">"Senior Advisory Board"</a>. LSE South Asia Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826152048/http://www.lse.ac.uk/south-asia-centre/people/senior-advisory-board">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2019. Retrieved 26 August 2019. <q>Craig J Calhoun is university professor in social sciences at Arizona State University. Prior to this, he was president of the Berggruen Institute in Los Angeles, California (2016–18); and director and president of LSE (2012–16), where he remains a centennial professor. Craig has also been president of the Social Science Research Council in New York (1999–2012), and university professor at NYU (2004–12).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LSE+South+Asia+Centre&rft.atitle=Senior+Advisory+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2Fsouth-asia-centre%2Fpeople%2Fsenior-advisory-board&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lse.ac.uk/newsAndMedia/news/archives/2015/04/MarshallInstitute.aspx">"LSE announces The Marshall Institute for Philanthropy and Social Entrepreneurship – 04 – 2015 – News archive – News – News and media – Home"</a>. London School of Economics. 25 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150429190902/http://www.lse.ac.uk/newsAndMedia/news/archives/2015/04/MarshallInstitute.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LSE+announces+The+Marshall+Institute+for+Philanthropy+and+Social+Entrepreneurship+%E2%80%93+04+%E2%80%93+2015+%E2%80%93+News+archive+%E2%80%93+News+%E2%80%93+News+and+media+%E2%80%93+Home&rft.pub=London+School+of+Economics&rft.date=2015-04-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2FnewsAndMedia%2Fnews%2Farchives%2F2015%2F04%2FMarshallInstitute.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-financial_statement_2016-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-financial_statement_2016_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-financial_statement_2016_124-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/divisions/Finance-Division/annual-accounts/financial-statements">"Financial Statements"</a>. London School of Economics and Political Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210527115959/https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/divisions/Finance-Division/annual-accounts/financial-statements">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+School+of+Economics+and+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Financial+Statements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfo.lse.ac.uk%2Fstaff%2Fdivisions%2FFinance-Division%2Fannual-accounts%2Ffinancial-statements&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_Baker2017" class="citation news cs1">Simon Baker (4 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/times-higher-education-pay-survey-2017">"Times Higher Education Pay Survey 2017"</a>. Times Higher Education. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170509114023/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/times-higher-education-pay-survey-2017">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Times+Higher+Education+Pay+Survey+2017&rft.date=2017-05-04&rft.au=Simon+Baker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Ffeatures%2Ftimes-higher-education-pay-survey-2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/83554b84-a8a9-11e5-955c-1e1d6de94879">"LSE looks to boost endowment fund to £1bn"</a>. Financial Times. 4 January 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/83554b84-a8a9-11e5-955c-1e1d6de94879">the original</a> on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=LSE+looks+to+boost+endowment+fund+to+%C2%A31bn&rft.date=2016-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F83554b84-a8a9-11e5-955c-1e1d6de94879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/divisions/Finance-Division/assets/annual-accounts/PDF/2014-15-FinancialStatements-FINAL-for-PUBLICATION-1.pdf">"Financial Statements for the Year to 31 July 2015"</a> (PDF). London School of Economics. p. 22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230607133146/https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/divisions/Finance-Division/assets/annual-accounts/PDF/2014-15-FinancialStatements-FINAL-for-PUBLICATION-1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Financial+Statements+for+the+Year+to+31+July+2015&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=London+School+of+Economics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfo.lse.ac.uk%2Fstaff%2Fdivisions%2FFinance-Division%2Fassets%2Fannual-accounts%2FPDF%2F2014-15-FinancialStatements-FINAL-for-PUBLICATION-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/divisions/Finance-Division/assets/annual-accounts/PDF/Financial-statements-FY-21-22-21.11.22-FINAL-LSE-Unsigned-to-publish.pdf">"Financial Statements for the Year to 31 July 2022"</a> (PDF). London School of Economics. p. 30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118032602/https://info.lse.ac.uk/staff/divisions/Finance-Division/assets/annual-accounts/PDF/Financial-statements-FY-21-22-21.11.22-FINAL-LSE-Unsigned-to-publish.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 January 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Financial+Statements+for+the+Year+to+31+July+2022&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=London+School+of+Economics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfo.lse.ac.uk%2Fstaff%2Fdivisions%2FFinance-Division%2Fassets%2Fannual-accounts%2FPDF%2FFinancial-statements-FY-21-22-21.11.22-FINAL-LSE-Unsigned-to-publish.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://info.lse.ac.uk/current-students/term-dates">"Term dates"</a>. London School of Economics and Political Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507092145/https://info.lse.ac.uk/current-students/term-dates">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+School+of+Economics+and+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Term+dates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfo.lse.ac.uk%2Fcurrent-students%2Fterm-dates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/studentsatlse/2012/10/25/guest-blog-the-lse-beaver/">"Guest Blog: The LSE Beaver | Students@LSE"</a>. Blogs.lse.ac.uk. 25 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222081710/http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/studentsatlse/2012/10/25/guest-blog-the-lse-beaver/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blogs.lse.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Guest+Blog%3A+The+LSE+Beaver+%26%23124%3B+Students%40LSE&rft.date=2012-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.lse.ac.uk%2Fstudentsatlse%2F2012%2F10%2F25%2Fguest-blog-the-lse-beaver%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lsesu.com/activities/sports/clubs/7708/">"Basketball – Men's"</a>. 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Retrieved 10 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Angelina+Jolie+opens+UK+centre+to+fight+warzone+violence+against+women&rft.date=2015-02-10&rft.aulast=Topping&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft.au=Borger%2C+Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2015%2Ffeb%2F10%2Fangelina-jolie-opens-london-centre-to-combat-warzone-violence-against-women&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-172"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150210190842/http://www.lse.ac.uk/newsAndMedia/news/archives/2015/02/WPSCentre.aspx">"New Centre for Women, Peace and Security launched at LSE by William Hague and Angelina Jolie Pitt"</a>. London School of Economics. 10 February 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lse.ac.uk/newsAndMedia/news/archives/2015/02/WPSCentre.aspx">the original</a> on 10 February 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Centre+for+Women%2C+Peace+and+Security+launched+at+LSE+by+William+Hague+and+Angelina+Jolie+Pitt&rft.pub=London+School+of+Economics&rft.date=2015-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2FnewsAndMedia%2Fnews%2Farchives%2F2015%2F02%2FWPSCentre.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160524104047/http://www.lse.ac.uk/newsAndMedia/news/archives/2016/05/WPS-Visiting-Professors-in-Practice.aspx">"LSE Centre for Women, Peace and Security appoints New Visiting Professors in Practice"</a>. London School of Economics. 23 May 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lse.ac.uk/newsAndMedia/news/archives/2016/05/WPS-Visiting-Professors-in-Practice.aspx">the original</a> on 24 May 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+School+of+Economics&rft.atitle=LSE+Centre+for+Women%2C+Peace+and+Security+appoints+New+Visiting+Professors+in+Practice&rft.date=2016-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2FnewsAndMedia%2Fnews%2Farchives%2F2016%2F05%2FWPS-Visiting-Professors-in-Practice.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScience" class="citation web cs1">Science, London School of Economics and Political. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lse.ac.uk/ideas/about/home.aspx">"About LSE IDEAS"</a>. London School of Economics and Political Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230917174012/https://www.lse.ac.uk/ideas/about">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+School+of+Economics+and+Political+Science&rft.atitle=About+LSE+IDEAS&rft.aulast=Science&rft.aufirst=London+School+of+Economics+and+Political&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2Fideas%2Fabout%2Fhome.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170703224021/http://www.lse.ac.uk/website-archive/newsAndMedia/news/archives/2015/01/ThinkTankRankings.aspx">"LSE IDEAS and Public Policy Group ranked 2nd best university think tank in the world – 01 – 2015 – News archives – News and media – Website archive – Home"</a>. London School of Economics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lse.ac.uk/website-archive/newsAndMedia/news/archives/2015/01/ThinkTankRankings.aspx">the original</a> on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 3 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+School+of+Economics&rft.atitle=LSE+IDEAS+and+Public+Policy+Group+ranked+2nd+best+university+think+tank+in+the+world+%E2%80%93+01+%E2%80%93+2015+%E2%80%93+News+archives+%E2%80%93+News+and+media+%E2%80%93+Website+archive+%E2%80%93+Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2Fwebsite-archive%2FnewsAndMedia%2Fnews%2Farchives%2F2015%2F01%2FThinkTankRankings.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160810004731/http://www.lse.ac.uk/intranet/LSEServices/academicPartnerships/partnerInstitutions.aspx">"LSE Academic partners"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lse.ac.uk/intranet/LSEServices/academicPartnerships/partnerInstitutions.aspx">the original</a> on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LSE+Academic+partners&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2Fintranet%2FLSEServices%2FacademicPartnerships%2FpartnerInstitutions.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lse.ac.uk/International-History/Degrees/Masters">"Masters programmes"</a>. London School of Economics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210615124352/https://www.lse.ac.uk/International-History/Degrees/Masters">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Masters+programmes&rft.pub=London+School+of+Economics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2FInternational-History%2FDegrees%2FMasters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.triumemba.org/">"TRIUM Global Executive MBA, top-ranked alliance of NYU Stern, LSE and HEC Paris"</a>. Triumemba.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804024103/http://www.triumemba.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TRIUM+Global+Executive+MBA%2C+top-ranked+alliance+of+NYU+Stern%2C+LSE+and+HEC+Paris&rft.pub=Triumemba.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.triumemba.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041211205250/http://www.mpa.sciences-po.fr/">"Master of Public Affairs"</a>. 28 September 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mpa.sciences-po.fr/">the original</a> on 11 December 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Master+of+Public+Affairs&rft.date=2016-09-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmpa.sciences-po.fr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScience" class="citation web cs1">Science, London School of Economics and Political. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lse.ac.uk/study-at-lse/Graduate/degree-programmes-2022/LSE-Toronto-Double-Degree-MPA-Master-Global-Affairs/Home.aspx">"LSE-University of Toronto Double Degree (Master of Public Administration/Master of Global Affairs)"</a>. London School of Economics and Political Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230710221229/https://www.lse.ac.uk/study-at-lse/Graduate/degree-programmes-2023/LSE-Toronto-Double-Degree-MPA-Master-Global-Affairs">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+School+of+Economics+and+Political+Science&rft.atitle=LSE-University+of+Toronto+Double+Degree+%28Master+of+Public+Administration%2FMaster+of+Global+Affairs%29&rft.aulast=Science&rft.aufirst=London+School+of+Economics+and+Political&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2Fstudy-at-lse%2FGraduate%2Fdegree-programmes-2022%2FLSE-Toronto-Double-Degree-MPA-Master-Global-Affairs%2FHome.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180926083141/https://www.lse.ac.uk/study-at-lse/Graduate/Degree-programmes-2018/Global-Masters-Management">"Global Master's in Management"</a>. London School of Economics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lse.ac.uk/study-at-lse/Graduate/Degree-programmes-2018/Global-Masters-Management">the original</a> on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Master%27s+in+Management&rft.pub=London+School+of+Economics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2Fstudy-at-lse%2FGraduate%2FDegree-programmes-2018%2FGlobal-Masters-Management&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090203064100/http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/MES/programmes/mastersProgrammes/imex/Default.htm">"IMEX programme"</a>. London School of Economics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/MES/programmes/mastersProgrammes/imex/Default.htm">the original</a> on 3 February 2009. Retrieved 26 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IMEX+programme&rft.pub=London+School+of+Economics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2FMES%2Fprogrammes%2FmastersProgrammes%2Fimex%2FDefault.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://info.lse.ac.uk/current-students/services/erasmus">"Erasmus at LSE"</a>. London School of Economics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413132547/https://info.lse.ac.uk/current-students/services/erasmus">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Erasmus+at+LSE&rft.pub=London+School+of+Economics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfo.lse.ac.uk%2Fcurrent-students%2Fservices%2Ferasmus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eua.be/">"The European University Association Home Page"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180829081709/http://www.eua.be/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+European+University+Association+Home+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eua.be%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk/">"Universities UK Home Page"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210524154224/https://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universities+UK+Home+Page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.universitiesuk.ac.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Golden_Opportunities-186"><a href="#cite_ref-Golden_Opportunities_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmaglik2005" class="citation journal cs1">Smaglik, Paul (6 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/2005/050707/full/nj7047-144a.html">"Golden opportunities"</a> [1 January 2017]. Nature. 436 (7047): 144–147. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnj7047-144a">10.1038/nj7047-144a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16007735">16007735</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20623727">20623727</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101117163616/http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/2005/050707/full/nj7047-144a.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2010. Retrieved 19 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Golden+opportunities&rft.volume=436&rft.issue=7047&rft.pages=144-147&rft.date=2005-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20623727%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16007735&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnj7047-144a&rft.aulast=Smaglik&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnaturejobs%2F2005%2F050707%2Ffull%2Fnj7047-144a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988">(Names Oxford, Cambridge, UCL, Imperial and King's but not LSE) </li> <li id="cite_note-Savage2015-187"><a href="#cite_ref-Savage2015_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMike_Savage2015" class="citation book cs1">Mike Savage (5 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TE3ZCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT167">Social Class in the 21st Century</a>. Penguin. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141978925" title="Special:BookSources/9780141978925"><bdi>9780141978925</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404144440/https://books.google.com/books?id=TE3ZCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT167">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2017. <q>Higher education researchers often talk about a 'Golden Triangle' of universities. The 'triangle' describes an imaginary three-sided shape with corners in Oxford, Cambridge and London. The exact composition of the London 'corner' can vary, but typically it includes the London School of Economics, King's College London, University College London and Imperial College London.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Class+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2015-11-05&rft.isbn=9780141978925&rft.au=Mike+Savage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTE3ZCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988">(Names Oxford Cambridge and 'typically' LSE, King's, UCL and Imperial) </li> <li id="cite_note-OECD08-188"><a href="#cite_ref-OECD08_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oshFutmvGe8C&pg=PA222">OECD Reviews of Regional Innovation OECD Reviews of Regional Innovation, North of England, UK</a>. OECD. 2008. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789264048942" title="Special:BookSources/9789264048942"><bdi>9789264048942</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404144530/https://books.google.com/books?id=oshFutmvGe8C&pg=PA222">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2017. <q>The "Golden Triangle" of ... the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, Imperial College and University College of London ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OECD+Reviews+of+Regional+Innovation+OECD+Reviews+of+Regional+Innovation%2C+North+of+England%2C+UK&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=OECD&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789264048942&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoshFutmvGe8C%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> (Names Oxford, Cambridge, UCL and Imperial but not LSE) </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC2014-189"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC2014_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/education-24367153">"London top city in global 'university rankings"</a>. BBC News. 3 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140311091601/http://www.bbc.com/news/education-24367153">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=London+top+city+in+global+%27university+rankings&rft.date=2013-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Feducation-24367153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988">(Names Oxford, Cambridge, UCL, Imperial, King's and LSE) </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lse.ac.uk/study-at-lse/Graduate/degree-programmes-2022/LSE-Bocconi-Double-Degree-European-International-Public-Policy-and-Politics">LSE-Bocconi Double Degree in European and International Public Policy and Politics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220401114259/https://www.lse.ac.uk/study-at-lse/Graduate/degree-programmes-2022/LSE-Bocconi-Double-Degree-European-International-Public-Policy-and-Politics">Archived</a> 1 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". London School of Economics. Retrieved 15 March 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-Science-191"><a href="#cite_ref-Science_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScience" class="citation web cs1">Science, London School of Economics and Political. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lse.ac.uk/library/about/history-of-lse-library.aspx">"History of LSE Library"</a>. London School of Economics and Political Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230710221228/https://www.lse.ac.uk/library/about/history-of-lse-library">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+School+of+Economics+and+Political+Science&rft.atitle=History+of+LSE+Library&rft.aulast=Science&rft.aufirst=London+School+of+Economics+and+Political&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2Flibrary%2Fabout%2Fhistory-of-lse-library.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fosterandpartners.com/news/archive/2001/07/new-british-library-of-political-and-economic-science-at-the-lse-opens/">"New British Library of Political and Economic Science at the LSE Opens"</a>. Foster + Partners. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220118050540/https://www.fosterandpartners.com/news/archive/2001/07/new-british-library-of-political-and-economic-science-at-the-lse-opens/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+British+Library+of+Political+and+Economic+Science+at+the+LSE+Opens&rft.pub=Foster+%2B+Partners&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fosterandpartners.com%2Fnews%2Farchive%2F2001%2F07%2Fnew-british-library-of-political-and-economic-science-at-the-lse-opens%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/publisher/lselib">"LSE Library on JSTOR"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220330125856/https://www.jstor.org/publisher/lselib">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022 – via jstor.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LSE+Library+on+JSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fpublisher%2Flselib&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131219214129/http://www.lse.ac.uk/library/about/news/annualReport/home.aspx">"LSE Library annual report 2012/13"</a>. London School of Economics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lse.ac.uk/library/about/news/annualReport/home.aspx">the original</a> on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LSE+Library+annual+report+2012%2F13&rft.pub=London+School+of+Economics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2Flibrary%2Fabout%2Fnews%2FannualReport%2Fhome.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/">"Welcome to the digital library"</a>. London School of Economics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131219183703/http://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+the+digital+library&rft.pub=London+School+of+Economics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.lse.ac.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/mar/10/womens-library-reopen-london-school-economics-lse">"Women's Library to reopen doors at London School of Economics"</a>. The Guardian. 10 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410203105/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/mar/10/womens-library-reopen-london-school-economics-lse">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Women%27s+Library+to+reopen+doors+at+London+School+of+Economics&rft.date=2014-03-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2014%2Fmar%2F10%2Fwomens-library-reopen-london-school-economics-lse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327092321/http://www.lse.ac.uk/library/guides/VisitorsLibraryGuide.pdf">"Visitors' Library Guide"</a> (PDF). London School of Economics. 12 May 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lse.ac.uk/library/guides/VisitorsLibraryGuide.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Visitors%27+Library+Guide&rft.pub=London+School+of+Economics&rft.date=2010-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2Flibrary%2Fguides%2FVisitorsLibraryGuide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScience" class="citation web cs1">Science, London School of Economics and Political. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lse.ac.uk/library/collection-highlights/the-womens-library.aspx">"The Women's Library"</a>. London School of Economics and Political Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230710221735/https://www.lse.ac.uk/library/collection-highlights/the-womens-library">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+School+of+Economics+and+Political+Science&rft.atitle=The+Women%27s+Library&rft.aulast=Science&rft.aufirst=London+School+of+Economics+and+Political&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2Flibrary%2Fcollection-highlights%2Fthe-womens-library.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.londonmet.ac.uk/news/press-releases/press-releases-2012/a-new-home-for-the-womens-library/">"A new home for The Women's Library – London Metropolitan University"</a>. londonmet.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415040414/https://www.londonmet.ac.uk/news/press-releases/press-releases-2012/a-new-home-for-the-womens-library/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=londonmet.ac.uk&rft.atitle=A+new+home+for+The+Women%27s+Library+%E2%80%93+London+Metropolitan+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.londonmet.ac.uk%2Fnews%2Fpress-releases%2Fpress-releases-2012%2Fa-new-home-for-the-womens-library%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLsays2015" class="citation web cs1">L, Ailsa; says (13 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/lsehistory/2015/08/13/charlotte-shaws-legacy-the-shaw-library/">"#LSEWomen: Charlotte Shaw's LSE legacy – the Shaw Library | LSE History"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220330103310/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/lsehistory/2015/08/13/charlotte-shaws-legacy-the-shaw-library/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%23LSEWomen%3A+Charlotte+Shaw%27s+LSE+legacy+%E2%80%93+the+Shaw+Library+%7C+LSE+History&rft.date=2015-08-13&rft.aulast=L&rft.aufirst=Ailsa&rft.au=says&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.lse.ac.uk%2Flsehistory%2F2015%2F08%2F13%2Fcharlotte-shaws-legacy-the-shaw-library%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2006" class="citation news cs1">Walker, Andrew (28 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4944100.stm">"Wit, wisdom and windows"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220330125904/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4944100.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Wit%2C+wisdom+and+windows&rft.date=2006-04-28&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fmagazine%2F4944100.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://london.ac.uk/senate-house-library/membership">"Membership"</a>. University of London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220516150344/https://london.ac.uk/senate-house-library/membership">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+London&rft.atitle=Membership&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flondon.ac.uk%2Fsenate-house-library%2Fmembership&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soas.ac.uk/library/using/admission/londonuni/">"University of London, SOAS Library, SOAS, University of London"</a>. soas.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220302185555/https://www.soas.ac.uk/library/using/admission/londonuni/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=soas.ac.uk&rft.atitle=University+of+London%2C+SOAS+Library%2C+SOAS%2C+University+of+London&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.soas.ac.uk%2Flibrary%2Fusing%2Fadmission%2Flondonuni%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScience" class="citation web cs1">Science, London School of Economics and Political. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lse.ac.uk/library/using-the-library/using-the-space-and-facilities.aspx">"Using the space and facilities"</a>. London School of Economics and Political Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230710221804/https://www.lse.ac.uk/library/using-the-library/using-the-space-and-facilities">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+School+of+Economics+and+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Using+the+space+and+facilities&rft.aulast=Science&rft.aufirst=London+School+of+Economics+and+Political&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2Flibrary%2Fusing-the-library%2Fusing-the-space-and-facilities.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lse.ac.uk/study-at-lse/Summer-Schools/Summer-School/Courses/Secure">"Courses"</a>. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230710221734/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jul/15/pakistan.simonjeffery">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 19 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Omar+Sheikh%3A+The+path+from+public+school+in+London+to+Pakistan%27s+death+row&rft.date=2002-07-15&rft.aulast=Jeffery&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2002%2Fjul%2F15%2Fpakistan.simonjeffery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Listener and BBC Television Review Volumes 100–101. 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Retrieved 26 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=LSE+on+the+big+and+the+small+screen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.lse.ac.uk%2Flsehistory%2F2016%2F02%2F22%2Flse-on-screen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahrendorf1995" class="citation book cs1">Dahrendorf, Ralf (1995). LSE: A History of the London School of Economics and Political Science, 1895–1995. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. xx, 584. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198202407" title="Special:BookSources/0198202407"><bdi>0198202407</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=LSE%3A+A+History+of+the+London+School+of+Economics+and+Political+Science%2C+1895%E2%80%931995&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=xx%2C+584&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0198202407&rft.aulast=Dahrendorf&rft.aufirst=Ralf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+School+of+Economics" class="Z3988"></li> <li>"Determined Challengers Keep Heat on the Elite", <a href="/wiki/The_Times_Higher_Education_Supplement" class="mw-redirect" title="The Times Higher Education Supplement">The Times Higher Education Supplement</a>, 28 October 2005</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/24/newsid_2506000/2506485.stm">1969: LSE closes over student clashes</a>", BBC News</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/top/top.uk.html">IDEAS Research Assessment UK top 20% of Departments & World top 5% of Departments</a>", "IDEAS, University of Connecticut, Top 20% UK institutions"</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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<noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&oldid=1258615324">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&oldid=1258615324</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=London_School_of_Economics&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 20 November 2024, at 17:59 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="كلية لندن للاقتصاد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كلية لندن للاقتصاد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="London School of Economics" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_%C4%B0qtisadiyyat_v%C9%99_Siyasi_Elml%C9%99r_M%C9%99kt%C9%99bi" title="London İqtisadiyyat və Siyasi Elmlər Məktəbi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="London İqtisadiyyat və Siyasi Elmlər Məktəbi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="লন্ডন স্কুল অব ইকোনমিক্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লন্ডন স্কুল অব ইকোনমিক্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Лонданская школа эканомікі і палітычных навук – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лонданская школа эканомікі і палітычных навук" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Лёнданская школа эканомікі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лёнданская школа эканомікі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Лондонско училище по икономика и политически науки – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лондонско училище по икономика и политически науки" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="London School of Economics" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="London School of Economics" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics_and_Political_Science" title="London School of Economics and Political Science – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="London School of Economics and Political Science" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="London School of Economics" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysgol_Economeg_Llundain" title="Ysgol Economeg Llundain – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ysgol Economeg Llundain" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="London School of Economics" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics_and_Political_Science" title="London School of Economics and Political Science – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="London School of Economics and Political Science" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londoni_Majandus-_ja_Poliitikateaduste_Kool" title="Londoni Majandus- ja Poliitikateaduste Kool – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Londoni Majandus- ja Poliitikateaduste Kool" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AE_%CE%9F%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9B%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Σχολή Οικονομικών του Λονδίνου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σχολή Οικονομικών του Λονδίνου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escuela_de_Econom%C3%ADa_de_Londres" title="Escuela de Economía de Londres – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Escuela de Economía de Londres" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="London School of Economics" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="London School of Economics" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="مدرسه اقتصاد لندن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدرسه اقتصاد لندن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="London School of Economics" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="London School of Economics" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="London School of Economics" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%B0%EB%8D%98_%EC%A0%95%EC%B9%98%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" title="런던 정치경제대학교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="런던 정치경제대학교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%87_%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A4%D5%BA%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%81" title="Լոնդոնի տնտեսագիտության և քաղաքական գիտությունների դպրոց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լոնդոնի տնտեսագիտության և քաղաքական գիտությունների դպրոց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="लंदन स्कूल ऑफ़ इकोनॉमिक्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लंदन स्कूल ऑफ़ इकोनॉमिक्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="London School of Economics" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekolah_Ekonomi_dan_Ilmu_Politik_London" title="Sekolah Ekonomi dan Ilmu Politik London – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sekolah Ekonomi dan Ilmu Politik London" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="London School of Economics" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics_and_Political_Science" title="London School of Economics and Political Science – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="London School of Economics and Political Science" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8_%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9F" title="בית הספר לכלכלה של לונדון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בית הספר לכלכלה של לונדון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಲಂಡನ್ ಸ್ಕೂಲ್ ಆಫ್ ಎಕನಾಮಿಕ್ಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲಂಡನ್ ಸ್ಕೂಲ್ ಆಫ್ ಎಕನಾಮಿಕ್ಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="ლონდონის ეკონომიკის სკოლა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლონდონის ეკონომიკის სკოლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%96" title="Лондонның экономика мектебі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лондонның экономика мектебі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="London School of Economics" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonas_Ekonomikas_skola" title="Londonas Ekonomikas skola – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Londonas Ekonomikas skola" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londono_ekonomikos_ir_politikos_moksl%C5%B3_mokykla" title="Londono ekonomikos ir politikos mokslų mokykla – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Londono ekonomikos ir politikos mokslų mokykla" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="London School of Economics" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="लंडन स्कूल ऑफ इकॉनॉमिक्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लंडन स्कूल ऑफ इकॉनॉमिक्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="كلية لندن للاقتصاد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كلية لندن للاقتصاد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="London School of Economics" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3,_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%BB%D1%8D%D1%85_%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Лондоны эдийн засаг, улс төрийн шинжлэх ухааны сургууль – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Лондоны эдийн засаг, улс төрийн шинжлэх ухааны сургууль" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%95%E1%80%B9%E1%80%95%E1%80%B6%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="လန်ဒန် စီးပွားရေးနှင့် နိုင်ငံရေး သိပ္ပံကျောင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လန်ဒန် စီးပွားရေးနှင့် နိုင်ငံရေး သိပ္ပံကျောင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="London School of Economics" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%96%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B3%E3%83%8E%E3%83%9F%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="ロンドン・スクール・オブ・エコノミクス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロンドン・スクール・オブ・エコノミクス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="London School of Economics" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="London School of Economics" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8" title="ਲੰਡਨ ਸਕੂਲ ਆਫ਼ ਇਕਨਾਮਿਕਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੰਡਨ ਸਕੂਲ ਆਫ਼ ਇਕਨਾਮਿਕਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86_%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A2%D9%81_%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="لندن سکول آف اکنامکس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لندن سکول آف اکنامکس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="London School of Economics" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="London School of Economics" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics_and_Political_Science" title="London School of Economics and Political Science – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="London School of Economics and Political Science" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Лондонская школа экономики и политических наук – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лондонская школа экономики и политических наук" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="London School of Economics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonska_%C5%A1kola_ekonomije_i_politi%C4%8Dkih_nauka" title="Londonska škola ekonomije i političkih nauka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Londonska škola ekonomije i političkih nauka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="London School of Economics" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="London School of Economics" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="London School of Economics" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF" title="இலண்டன் பொருளியல் பள்ளி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலண்டன் பொருளியல் பள்ளி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="London School of Economics" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="วิทยาลัยเศรษฐศาสตร์และรัฐศาสตร์แห่งลอนดอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิทยาลัยเศรษฐศาสตร์และรัฐศาสตร์แห่งลอนดอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londra_Ekonomi_Okulu" title="Londra Ekonomi Okulu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Londra Ekonomi Okulu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Лондонська школа економіки та політичних наук – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лондонська школа економіки та політичних наук" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A2%D9%81_%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="لندن اسکول آف اکنامکس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لندن اسکول آف اکنامکس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Kinh_t%E1%BA%BF_v%C3%A0_Khoa_h%E1%BB%8Dc_Ch%C3%ADnh_tr%E1%BB%8B_Lu%C3%A2n_%C4%90%C3%B4n" title="Trường Kinh tế và Khoa học Chính trị Luân Đôn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trường Kinh tế và Khoa học Chính trị Luân Đôn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="伦敦政治经济学院 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伦敦政治经济学院" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A2_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7" title="לאנדאנער שולע פון עקאנאמיק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לאנדאנער שולע פון עקאנאמיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="London School of Economics" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2" title="倫敦政治經濟學院 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="倫敦政治經濟學院" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2" title="倫敦政治經濟學院 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="倫敦政治經濟學院" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 17:59 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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