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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Chomsky" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Chomsky_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chomsky (disambiguation)">Chomsky (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Avram Noam Chomsky<a href="#cite_note-19">[a]</a> (born December 7, 1928) is an American professor and <a href="/wiki/Public_intellectual" class="mw-redirect" title="Public intellectual">public intellectual</a> known for his work in <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, political activism, and <a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">social criticism</a>. Sometimes called "the father of modern linguistics",<a href="#cite_note-father-20">[b]</a> Chomsky is also a major figure in <a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">analytic philosophy</a> and one of the founders of the field of <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive science</a>. He is a laureate professor of linguistics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Institute_professor" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute professor">institute professor</a> emeritus at the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT). Among the most cited living authors, Chomsky has written more than 150 books on topics such as linguistics, war, and politics. In addition to his work in linguistics, since the 1960s Chomsky has been an influential voice on the <a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">American left</a> as a consistent critic of <a href="/wiki/U.S._foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. foreign policy">U.S. foreign policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">contemporary capitalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Corporate_influence_on_politics_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate influence on politics in the United States">corporate influence</a> on political institutions and the media. <table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Noam Chomsky</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Noam_Chomsky_portrait_2017_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of Noam Chomsky" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Noam_Chomsky_portrait_2017_retouched.jpg/220px-Noam_Chomsky_portrait_2017_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Noam_Chomsky_portrait_2017_retouched.jpg/330px-Noam_Chomsky_portrait_2017_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Noam_Chomsky_portrait_2017_retouched.jpg/440px-Noam_Chomsky_portrait_2017_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1740" data-file-height="2164"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Chomsky in 2017</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Avram Noam Chomsky</div> (1928-12-07) December 7, 1928 (age 96) <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, Pennsylvania, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carol_Chomsky" title="Carol Chomsky">Carol Schatz</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1949; died <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>2008)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Valeria Wasserman</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 2014)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3, including <a href="/wiki/Aviva_Chomsky" title="Aviva Chomsky">Aviva</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Chomsky" title="William Chomsky">William Chomsky</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div> </div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship" title="Guggenheim Fellowship">Guggenheim Fellowship</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Member of the National Academy of Sciences">Member of the National Academy of Sciences</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/APA_Award_for_Distinguished_Scientific_Contributions_to_Psychology" title="APA Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Psychology">APA Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Psychology</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwell_Award" title="Orwell Award">Orwell Award</a> (1987, 1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Prize_in_Basic_Sciences" title="Kyoto Prize in Basic Sciences">Kyoto Prize in Basic Sciences</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmholtz_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Helmholtz Medal">Helmholtz Medal</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Medal_(Franklin_Institute)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute)">Benjamin Franklin Medal in Computer and Cognitive Science</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Peace_Prize" title="Sydney Peace Prize">Sydney Peace Prize</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Age_Peace_Foundation" title="Nuclear Age Peace Foundation">Nuclear Age Peace Foundation</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>, <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/89172813">Transformational Analysis</a> (1955)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral advisor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zellig_Harris" title="Zellig Harris">Zellig Harris</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div> </div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Academic</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/J._L._Austin" title="J. L. Austin">J. L. Austin</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Chomsky" title="William Chomsky">William Chomsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/C._West_Churchman" title="C. West Churchman">C. West Churchman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galileo" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo">Galileo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChomsky199150-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Nelson Goodman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morris_Halle" title="Morris Halle">Morris Halle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zellig_Harris" title="Zellig Harris">Zellig Harris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Wilhelm von Humboldt</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200644%E2%80%9345-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson">Roman Jakobson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlife1993115-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller" title="George Armitage Miller">George Armitage Miller</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky199758-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/W._V._O._Quine" class="mw-redirect" title="W. V. O. Quine">W. V. O. Quine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Ferdinand de Saussure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcel-Paul_Sch%C3%BCtzenberger" title="Marcel-Paul Schützenberger">Marcel-Paul Schützenberger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChomsky199150-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntonyHornstein2003295-5">[5]</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Political</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alex_Carey_(writer)" title="Alex Carey (writer)">Alex Carey</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Chomsky" title="William Chomsky">William Chomsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChomsky2016-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zellig_Harris" title="Zellig Harris">Zellig Harris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Wilhelm von Humboldt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarbord1994487-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky2007107-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Korsch" title="Karl Korsch">Karl Korsch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky2007107-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Karl Liebknecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Macdonald" title="Dwight Macdonald">Dwight Macdonald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Mattick" title="Paul Mattick">Paul Mattick</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky2007107-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Pannekoek" title="Anton Pannekoek">Anton Pannekoek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2004185-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rudolf Rocker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky2007107-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diego_Abad_de_Santill%C3%A1n" title="Diego Abad de Santillán">Diego Abad de Santillán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky2007107-8">[8]</a> </li></ul> </div> </li></ul> </div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discipline</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">analytic philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_criticism" title="Political criticism">political criticism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">School or tradition</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">libertarian socialism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (1955–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a> (1958–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a> (2017–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div> </div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Gulsat_Aygen" title="Gulsat Aygen">Gülşat Aygen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Baker_(linguist)" title="Mark Baker (linguist)">Mark Baker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bobaljik" title="Jonathan Bobaljik">Jonathan Bobaljik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Bresnan" title="Joan Bresnan">Joan Bresnan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Culicover" title="Peter Culicover">Peter Culicover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ray_C._Dougherty" title="Ray C. Dougherty">Ray C. Dougherty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janet_Dean_Fodor" title="Janet Dean Fodor">Janet Dean Fodor</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Goldsmith_(linguist)" title="John Goldsmith (linguist)">John Goldsmith</a>, <a href="/wiki/C.-T._James_Huang" title="C.-T. James Huang">C.-T. James Huang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabine_Iatridou" title="Sabine Iatridou">Sabine Iatridou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Jackendoff" title="Ray Jackendoff">Ray Jackendoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Klima" title="Edward Klima">Edward Klima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Koster" title="Jan Koster">Jan Koster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaklin_Kornfilt" title="Jaklin Kornfilt">Jaklin Kornfilt</a>, <a href="/wiki/S.-Y._Kuroda" title="S.-Y. Kuroda">S.-Y. Kuroda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Lasnik" title="Howard Lasnik">Howard Lasnik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lees_(linguist)" title="Robert Lees (linguist)">Robert Lees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alec_Marantz" title="Alec Marantz">Alec Marantz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diane_Massam" title="Diane Massam">Diane Massam</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_D._McCawley" title="James D. McCawley">James D. McCawley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Mehler" title="Jacques Mehler">Jacques Mehler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Moro" title="Andrea Moro">Andrea Moro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Partee" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Partee">Barbara Partee</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_M._Perlmutter" title="David M. Perlmutter">David Perlmutter</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Pesetsky" title="David Pesetsky">David Pesetsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanya_Reinhart" title="Tanya Reinhart">Tanya Reinhart</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_R._Ross" title="John R. Ross">John R. Ross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Sag" title="Ivan Sag">Ivan Sag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_S._Williams" title="Edwin S. Williams">Edwin S. Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influenced</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div> </div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>In academia</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/John_Backus" title="John Backus">John Backus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derek_Bickerton" title="Derek Bickerton">Derek Bickerton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_C._Boyd" title="Julian C. Boyd">Julian C. Boyd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmid_the_Philosophers-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Everett" title="Daniel Everett">Daniel Everett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Fodor" title="Jerry Fodor">Jerry Fodor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Harman" title="Gilbert Harman">Gilbert Harman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Hauser" title="Marc Hauser">Marc Hauser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Hornstein" title="Norbert Hornstein">Norbert Hornstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niels_Kaj_Jerne" title="Niels Kaj Jerne">Niels Kaj Jerne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald Knuth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_J._F._K%C3%B6hler" title="Georges J. F. Köhler">Georges J. F. Köhler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ludlow" title="Peter Ludlow">Peter Ludlow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colin_McGinn" title="Colin McGinn">Colin McGinn</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerssonLaFollette2013-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">César Milstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Steven Pinker</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrickett2002234-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">John Searle</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESearle1972-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neil_Smith_(linguist)" title="Neil Smith (linguist)">Neil Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crispin_Wright" title="Crispin Wright">Crispin Wright</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmid_the_Philosophers-10">[10]</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>In politics</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Albert" title="Michael Albert">Michael Albert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Assange" title="Julian Assange">Julian Assange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2003-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bricmont" title="Jean Bricmont">Jean Bricmont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zack_de_la_Rocha" title="Zack de la Rocha">Zack de la Rocha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Fernandes" title="Clinton Fernandes">Clinton Fernandes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Finkelstein" title="Norman Finkelstein">Norman Finkelstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fisk" title="Robert Fisk">Robert Fisk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amy_Goodman" title="Amy Goodman">Amy Goodman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Stephen Jay Gould</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould1981-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Greenwald" title="Glenn Greenwald">Glenn Greenwald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2003-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2003-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kyle_Kulinski" title="Kyle Kulinski">Kyle Kulinski</a>,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Moore" title="Michael Moore">Michael Moore</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2003-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Nichols_(journalist)" title="John Nichols (journalist)">John Nichols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ann_Nocenti" title="Ann Nocenti">Ann Nocenti</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeller2007-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Pilger" title="John Pilger">John Pilger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Pinter" title="Harold Pinter">Harold Pinter</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2003-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arundhati_Roy" title="Arundhati Roy">Arundhati Roy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwartz2006-18">[18]</a> </li></ul> </div> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chomsky.info">chomsky.info</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Noam_Chomsky_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Noam_Chomsky_signature.svg/150px-Noam_Chomsky_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="106" class="mw-file-element" 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style> Born to <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jewish</a> immigrants in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, Chomsky developed an early interest in <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a> from alternative bookstores in New York City. He studied at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>. During his postgraduate work in the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Society_of_Fellows" title="Harvard Society of Fellows">Harvard Society of Fellows</a>, Chomsky developed the theory of <a href="/wiki/Transformational_grammar" title="Transformational grammar">transformational grammar</a> for which he earned his doctorate in 1955. That year he began teaching at MIT, and in 1957 emerged as a significant figure in linguistics with his landmark work <a href="/wiki/Syntactic_Structures" title="Syntactic Structures">Syntactic Structures</a>, which played a major role in remodeling the study of language. From 1958 to 1959 Chomsky was a <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> fellow at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a>. He created or co-created the <a href="/wiki/Universal_grammar" title="Universal grammar">universal grammar</a> theory, the <a href="/wiki/Generative_grammar" title="Generative grammar">generative grammar</a> theory, the <a href="/wiki/Chomsky_hierarchy" title="Chomsky hierarchy">Chomsky hierarchy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Minimalist_program" title="Minimalist program">minimalist program</a>. Chomsky also played a pivotal role in the decline of linguistic <a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">behaviorism</a>, and was particularly critical of the work of <a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a>. An outspoken <a href="/wiki/Opponent_of_U.S._involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Opponent of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War">opponent of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War</a>, which he saw as an act of <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a>, in 1967 Chomsky rose to national attention for his <a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">anti-war</a> essay "<a href="/wiki/The_Responsibility_of_Intellectuals" title="The Responsibility of Intellectuals">The Responsibility of Intellectuals</a>". Becoming associated with the <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a>, he was arrested multiple times for his activism and placed on President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Master_list_of_Nixon%27s_political_opponents" title="Master list of Nixon's political opponents">list of political opponents</a>. While expanding his work in linguistics over subsequent decades, he also became involved in the <a href="/wiki/Linguistics_wars" title="Linguistics wars">linguistics wars</a>. In collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Herman" title="Edward S. Herman">Edward S. Herman</a>, Chomsky later articulated the <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">propaganda model</a> of <a href="/wiki/Media_criticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Media criticism">media criticism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Consent" title="Manufacturing Consent">Manufacturing Consent</a>, and worked to expose the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian occupation of East Timor">Indonesian occupation of East Timor</a>. His defense of unconditional <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>, including that of <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a>, generated significant controversy in the <a href="/wiki/Faurisson_affair" title="Faurisson affair">Faurisson affair</a> of the 1980s. Chomsky's commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian genocide</a> also generated controversy. Since retiring from active teaching at MIT, he has continued his vocal political activism, including opposing the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a> and supporting the <a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a>. An <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">anti-Zionist</a>, Chomsky considers <a href="/wiki/Israel_and_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel and apartheid">Israel's treatment of Palestinians</a> to be worse than <a href="/wiki/Apartheid_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Apartheid in South Africa">South African–style apartheid</a>,<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> and criticizes U.S. support for Israel. Chomsky is widely recognized as having helped to spark the <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_revolution" title="Cognitive revolution">cognitive revolution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Human_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Human sciences">human sciences</a>, contributing to the development of a new <a href="/wiki/Cognitivism_(psychology)" title="Cognitivism (psychology)">cognitivistic</a> framework for the study of language and the mind. Chomsky remains a leading critic of <a href="/wiki/U.S._foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. foreign policy">U.S. foreign policy</a>, contemporary <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, U.S. involvement and Israel's role in the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">mass media</a>. Chomsky and his ideas remain highly influential in the <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-capitalist">anti-capitalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-imperialist">anti-imperialist</a> movements. Since 2017, he has been Agnese Nelms Haury Chair in the Agnese Nelms Haury Program in Environment and Social Justice at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Life">1 Life</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Childhood:_1928%E2%80%931945">1.1 Childhood: 1928–1945</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#University:_1945%E2%80%931955">1.2 University: 1945–1955</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Early_career:_1955%E2%80%931966">1.3 Early career: 1955–1966</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Anti-war_activism_and_dissent:_1967%E2%80%931975">1.4 Anti-war activism and dissent: 1967–1975</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Edward_S._Herman_and_the_Faurisson_affair:_1976%E2%80%931980">1.5 Edward S. Herman and the Faurisson affair: 1976–1980</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Critique_of_propaganda_and_international_affairs">1.6 Critique of propaganda and international affairs</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Retirement">1.7 Retirement</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Linguistic_theory">2 Linguistic theory</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Universal_grammar">2.1 Universal grammar</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Generative_grammar">2.2 Generative grammar</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Political_views">3 Political views</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#United_States_foreign_policy">3.1 United States foreign policy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Capitalism_and_socialism">3.2 Capitalism and socialism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict">3.3 Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Mass_media_and_propaganda">3.4 Mass media and propaganda</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Reactions_of_critics_and_counter-criticism:_1980s%E2%80%93present">3.5 Reactions of critics and counter-criticism: 1980s–present</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Philosophy">4 Philosophy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Personal_life">5 Personal life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Reception_and_influence">6 Reception and influence</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#In_academia">6.1 In academia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#In_politics">6.2 In politics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Academic_achievements,_awards,_and_honors">6.3 Academic achievements, awards, and honors</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Selected_bibliography">7 Selected bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Notes">9 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#References">10 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Sources">11 Sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Further_reading">12 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#External_links">13 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood:_1928–1945">Childhood: 1928–1945</h3></div> Chomsky was born on December 7, 1928, in the <a href="/wiki/East_Oak_Lane,_Philadelphia" title="East Oak Lane, Philadelphia">East Oak Lane</a> neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, Pennsylvania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons1978xvBarsky19979McGilvray20143-22">[20]</a> His parents, <a href="/wiki/William_Chomsky" title="William Chomsky">William Chomsky</a> and Elsie Simonofsky, were Jewish immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky19979%E2%80%9310Sperlich200611-23">[21]</a> William had fled the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> in 1913 to escape conscription and worked in Baltimore <a href="/wiki/Sweatshop" title="Sweatshop">sweatshops</a> and Hebrew elementary schools before attending university.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky19979-24">[22]</a> After moving to Philadelphia, William became principal of the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_Mikveh_Israel" title="Congregation Mikveh Israel">Congregation Mikveh Israel</a> religious school and joined the <a href="/wiki/Gratz_College" title="Gratz College">Gratz College</a> faculty. He placed great emphasis on educating people so that they would be "well integrated, free and independent in their thinking, concerned about improving and enhancing the world, and eager to participate in making life more meaningful and worthwhile for all", a mission that shaped and was subsequently adopted by his son.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky199711-25">[23]</a> Elsie, who also taught at Mikveh Israel, shared her leftist politics and care for social issues with her sons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky199711-25">[23]</a> Noam's only sibling, David Eli Chomsky (1934–2021), was born five years later, and worked as a cardiologist in Philadelphia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky199711-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> The brothers were close, though David was more easygoing while Noam could be very competitive. They were raised Jewish, being taught <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> and regularly involved with discussing the political theories of <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>; the family was particularly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Left_Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Left Zionist">Left Zionist</a> writings of <a href="/wiki/Ahad_Ha%27am" title="Ahad Ha'am">Ahad Ha'am</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky199711%E2%80%9313-27">[25]</a> He faced <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> as a child, particularly from Philadelphia's Irish and German communities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky199715-28">[26]</a> Chomsky attended the independent, <a href="/wiki/Deweyite" class="mw-redirect" title="Deweyite">Deweyite</a> <a href="/wiki/Oak_Lane_Country_Day_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Oak Lane Country Day School">Oak Lane Country Day School</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons1978xvBarsky199715%E2%80%9317Sperlich200612McGilvray20143-29">[27]</a> and Philadelphia's <a href="/wiki/Central_High_School_(Philadelphia)" title="Central High School (Philadelphia)">Central High School</a>, where he excelled academically and joined various clubs and societies, but was troubled by the school's hierarchical and domineering teaching methods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons1978xvBarsky199721%E2%80%9322Sperlich200614McGilvray20144-30">[28]</a> He also attended Hebrew High School at Gratz College, where his father taught.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons1978xvBarsky199715%E2%80%9317-31">[29]</a> Chomsky has described his parents as "normal <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Roosevelt Democrats">Roosevelt Democrats</a>" with <a href="/wiki/Center-left_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Center-left politics">center-left politics</a>, but relatives involved in the <a href="/wiki/International_Ladies%27_Garment_Workers%27_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union">International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union</a> exposed him to <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">far-left politics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky199714Sperlich200611,_14%E2%80%9315-32">[30]</a> He was substantially influenced by his uncle and the Jewish leftists who frequented his New York City newspaper stand to debate current affairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky199723Sperlich200612,_14%E2%80%9315,_67McGilvray20144-33">[31]</a> Chomsky himself often visited left-wing and anarchist bookstores when visiting his uncle in the city, voraciously reading political literature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky199723-34">[32]</a> He became absorbed in the story of the 1939 <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Barcelona" title="Fall of Barcelona">fall of Barcelona</a> and suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spanish anarchosyndicalist</a> movement, writing his first article on the topic at the age of 10.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky199716%E2%80%9319Sperlich200613-35">[33]</a> That he came to identify with anarchism first rather than another leftist movement, he described as a "lucky accident".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky199718-36">[34]</a> Chomsky was firmly <a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">anti-Bolshevik</a> by his early teens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200618-37">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University:_1945–1955">University: 1945–1955</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carol_Chomsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Carol_Chomsky.jpg/170px-Carol_Chomsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="576"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 226px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Carol_Chomsky.jpg/170px-Carol_Chomsky.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="226" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Carol_Chomsky.jpg/255px-Carol_Chomsky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Carol_Chomsky.jpg/340px-Carol_Chomsky.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carol_Schatz" class="mw-redirect" title="Carol Schatz">Carol Schatz</a> married Chomsky in 1949.</figcaption></figure> In 1945, at the age of 16, Chomsky began a general program of study at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>, where he explored philosophy, logic, and languages and developed a primary interest in learning <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky199747Sperlich200616-38">[36]</a> Living at home, he funded his undergraduate degree by teaching Hebrew.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky199747-39">[37]</a> Frustrated with his experiences at the university, he considered dropping out and moving to a <a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">kibbutz</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200617-40">[38]</a> but his intellectual curiosity was reawakened through conversations with the linguist <a href="/wiki/Zellig_Harris" title="Zellig Harris">Zellig Harris</a>, whom he first met in a political circle in 1947. Harris introduced Chomsky to the field of theoretical linguistics and convinced him to major in the subject.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky199748%E2%80%9351Sperlich200618%E2%80%9319,_31-41">[39]</a> Chomsky's <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a> honors thesis, "Morphophonemics of Modern Hebrew", applied Harris's methods to the language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky199751%E2%80%9352Sperlich200632-42">[40]</a> Chomsky revised this thesis for his <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>, which he received from the University of Pennsylvania in 1951; it was subsequently published as a book.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky199751%E2%80%9352Sperlich200633-43">[41]</a> He also developed his interest in philosophy while at university, in particular under the tutelage of <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Nelson Goodman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200633-44">[42]</a> From 1951 to 1955, Chomsky was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Fellows" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Fellows">Society of Fellows</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, where he undertook research on what became his doctoral dissertation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons1978xvBarsky199779Sperlich200620-45">[43]</a> Having been encouraged by Goodman to apply,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200634-46">[44]</a> Chomsky was attracted to Harvard in part because the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Willard Van Orman Quine</a> was based there. Both Quine and a visiting philosopher, <a href="/wiki/J._L._Austin" title="J. L. Austin">J. L. Austin</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>, strongly influenced Chomsky.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200633%E2%80%9334-47">[45]</a> In 1952, Chomsky published his first academic article in <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Symbolic_Logic" class="mw-redirect" title="The Journal of Symbolic Logic">The Journal of Symbolic Logic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200634-46">[44]</a> Highly critical of the established <a href="/wiki/Behaviorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Behaviorist">behaviorist</a> currents in linguistics, in 1954, he presented his ideas at lectures at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky199781-48">[46]</a> He had not been registered as a student at Pennsylvania for four years, but in 1955 he submitted a thesis setting out his ideas on <a href="/wiki/Transformational_grammar" title="Transformational grammar">transformational grammar</a>; he was awarded a Doctor of Philosophy degree for it, and it was privately distributed among specialists on microfilm before being published in 1975 as part of <a href="/wiki/The_Logical_Structure_of_Linguistic_Theory" title="The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory">The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky199783%E2%80%9385Sperlich200636McGilvray20144%E2%80%935-49">[47]</a> Harvard professor <a href="/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller" title="George Armitage Miller">George Armitage Miller</a> was impressed by Chomsky's thesis and collaborated with him on several technical papers in <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical linguistics">mathematical linguistics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200638-50">[48]</a> Chomsky's doctorate exempted him from <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">compulsory military service</a>, which was otherwise due to begin in 1955.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200636-51">[49]</a> In 1947, Chomsky began a romantic relationship with <a href="/wiki/Carol_Doris_Schatz" class="mw-redirect" title="Carol Doris Schatz">Carol Doris Schatz</a>, whom he had known since early childhood. They married in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky199713,_48,_51%E2%80%9352Sperlich200618%E2%80%9319-52">[50]</a> After Chomsky was made a Fellow at Harvard, the couple moved to the <a href="/wiki/Allston" title="Allston">Allston</a> area of Boston and remained there until 1965, when they relocated to the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Massachusetts" title="Lexington, Massachusetts">Lexington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200620-53">[51]</a> The couple took a Harvard travel grant to Europe in 1953.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200620%E2%80%9321-54">[52]</a> He enjoyed living in <a href="/wiki/Hashomer_Hatzair" title="Hashomer Hatzair">Hashomer Hatzair</a>'s <a href="/wiki/HaZore%27a" title="HaZore'a">HaZore'a</a> <a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">kibbutz</a> while in Israel, but was appalled by his interactions with Jewish nationalism, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">anti-Arab racism</a> and, within the kibbutz's leftist community, <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky199782Sperlich200620%E2%80%9321-55">[53]</a> On visits to New York City, Chomsky continued to frequent the office of the Yiddish anarchist journal <a href="/wiki/Fraye_Arbeter_Shtime" title="Fraye Arbeter Shtime">Fraye Arbeter Shtime</a> and became enamored with the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rudolf Rocker</a>, a contributor whose work introduced Chomsky to the link between <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky199724Sperlich200613-56">[54]</a> Chomsky also read other political thinkers: the anarchists <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diego_Abad_de_Santill%C3%A1n" title="Diego Abad de Santillán">Diego Abad de Santillán</a>, democratic socialists <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Macdonald" title="Dwight Macdonald">Dwight Macdonald</a>, and works by Marxists <a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Karl Liebknecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Korsch" title="Karl Korsch">Karl Korsch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky199724%E2%80%9325-57">[55]</a> His politics were reaffirmed by Orwell's depiction of <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>'s functioning anarchist society in <a href="/wiki/Homage_to_Catalonia" title="Homage to Catalonia">Homage to Catalonia</a> (1938).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky199726-58">[56]</a> Chomsky read the leftist journal <a href="/wiki/Politics_(1940s_magazine)" title="Politics (1940s magazine)">Politics</a>, which furthered his interest in anarchism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky199734%E2%80%9335-59">[57]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Council_communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Council communist">council communist</a> periodical <a href="/wiki/International_Council_Correspondence" title="International Council Correspondence">Living Marxism</a>, though he rejected the Marxist orthodoxy of its editor, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Mattick" title="Paul Mattick">Paul Mattick</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky199736-60">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_career:_1955–1966">Early career: 1955–1966</h3></div> Chomsky befriended two linguists at the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT)—<a href="/wiki/Morris_Halle" title="Morris Halle">Morris Halle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson">Roman Jakobson</a>—the latter of whom secured him an assistant professor position there in 1955. At MIT, Chomsky spent half his time on a <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical translation">mechanical translation</a> project and half teaching a course on linguistics and philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons1978xvBarsky199786%E2%80%9387Sperlich200638%E2%80%9340-61">[59]</a> He described MIT as open to experimentation where he was free to pursue his idiosyncratic interests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky199787-62">[60]</a> MIT promoted him to the position of <a href="/wiki/Associate_professor" title="Associate professor">associate professor</a> in 1957, and over the next year he was also a visiting professor at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons1978xviBarsky199791-63">[61]</a> The Chomskys had their first child, <a href="/wiki/Aviva_Chomsky" title="Aviva Chomsky">Aviva</a>, that same year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky199791Sperlich200622-64">[62]</a> He also published his first book on linguistics, <a href="/wiki/Syntactic_Structures" title="Syntactic Structures">Syntactic Structures</a>, a work that radically opposed the dominant Harris–<a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bloomfield" title="Leonard Bloomfield">Bloomfield</a> trend in the field.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky199788%E2%80%9391Sperlich200640McGilvray20145Chomsky2022-65">[63]</a> Responses to Chomsky's ideas ranged from indifference to hostility, and his work proved divisive and caused "significant upheaval" in the discipline.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky199788%E2%80%9391-66">[64]</a> The linguist <a href="/wiki/John_Lyons_(linguist)" title="John Lyons (linguist)">John Lyons</a> later asserted that Syntactic Structures "revolutionized the scientific study of language".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons19781-67">[65]</a> From 1958 to 1959 Chomsky was a <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> fellow at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a> in <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons1978xviBarsky199784-68">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MIT_Building_10_and_the_Great_Dome,_Cambridge_MA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/MIT_Building_10_and_the_Great_Dome%2C_Cambridge_MA.jpg/220px-MIT_Building_10_and_the_Great_Dome%2C_Cambridge_MA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/MIT_Building_10_and_the_Great_Dome%2C_Cambridge_MA.jpg/220px-MIT_Building_10_and_the_Great_Dome%2C_Cambridge_MA.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/MIT_Building_10_and_the_Great_Dome%2C_Cambridge_MA.jpg/330px-MIT_Building_10_and_the_Great_Dome%2C_Cambridge_MA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/MIT_Building_10_and_the_Great_Dome%2C_Cambridge_MA.jpg/440px-MIT_Building_10_and_the_Great_Dome%2C_Cambridge_MA.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Dome_(MIT)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Dome (MIT)">Great Dome</a> at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT); Chomsky began working at MIT in 1955.</figcaption></figure> Chomsky's provocative critique of <a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a>, who viewed language as learned behavior, and its challenge to the dominant behaviorist paradigm thrust Chomsky into the limelight. Chomsky argued that behaviorism underplayed the role of human creativity in learning language and overplayed the role of external conditions in influencing verbal behavior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons19786Barsky199796%E2%80%9399Sperlich200641McGilvray20145MacCorquodale197083%E2%80%9399-69">[67]</a> He proceeded to found MIT's graduate program in linguistics with Halle. In 1961, Chomsky <a href="/wiki/Received_tenure" class="mw-redirect" title="Received tenure">received tenure</a> and became a <a href="/wiki/Full_professor" class="mw-redirect" title="Full professor">full professor</a> in the Department of Modern Languages and Linguistics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997101%E2%80%93102,_119Sperlich200623-70">[68]</a> He was appointed plenary speaker at the Ninth <a href="/wiki/International_Congress_of_Linguists" title="International Congress of Linguists">International Congress of Linguists</a>, held in 1962 in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>, which established him as the de facto spokesperson of American linguistics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997102-71">[69]</a> Between 1963 and 1965 he consulted on a military-sponsored project to teach computers to understand natural English commands from military generals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight2018a-72">[70]</a> Chomsky continued to publish his linguistic ideas throughout the decade, including in <a href="/wiki/Aspects_of_the_Theory_of_Syntax" title="Aspects of the Theory of Syntax">Aspects of the Theory of Syntax</a> (1965), Topics in the Theory of Generative Grammar (1966), and <a href="/wiki/Cartesian_Linguistics:_A_Chapter_in_the_History_of_Rationalist_Thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartesian Linguistics: A Chapter in the History of Rationalist Thought">Cartesian Linguistics: A Chapter in the History of Rationalist Thought</a> (1966).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997103-73">[71]</a> Along with Halle, he also edited the <a href="/wiki/Studies_in_Language" title="Studies in Language">Studies in Language</a> series of books for <a href="/wiki/Harper_and_Row" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper and Row">Harper and Row</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997104-74">[72]</a> As he began to accrue significant academic recognition and honors for his work, Chomsky lectured at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, in 1966.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons1978xviBarsky1997120-75">[73]</a> These lectures were published as <a href="/wiki/Language_and_Mind" title="Language and Mind">Language and Mind</a> in 1968.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997122-76">[74]</a> In the late 1960s, a high-profile intellectual rift later known as the <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic wars">linguistic wars</a> developed between Chomsky and some of his colleagues and doctoral students—including <a href="/wiki/Paul_Postal" title="Paul Postal">Paul Postal</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_R._Ross" title="John R. Ross">John Ross</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Lakoff" title="George Lakoff">George Lakoff</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_D._McCawley" title="James D. McCawley">James D. McCawley</a>—who contended that Chomsky's syntax-based, interpretivist linguistics did not properly account for semantic context (<a href="/wiki/General_semantics" title="General semantics">general semantics</a>). A post hoc assessment of this period concluded that the opposing programs ultimately were complementary, each informing the other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997149%E2%80%93152-77">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-war_activism_and_dissent:_1967–1975">Anti-war activism and dissent: 1967–1975</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> [I]t does not require very far-reaching, specialized knowledge to perceive that the United States was invading South Vietnam. And, in fact, to take apart the system of illusions and deception which functions to prevent understanding of contemporary reality [is] not a task that requires extraordinary skill or understanding. It requires the kind of normal skepticism and willingness to apply one's analytical skills that almost all people have and that they can exercise. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Chomsky on the Vietnam War<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997114-78">[76]</a></cite></div> </div> Chomsky joined <a href="/wiki/Protests_against_U.S._involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Protests against U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War">protests against U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War</a> in 1962, speaking on the subject at small gatherings in churches and homes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200678-79">[77]</a> His 1967 critique of U.S. involvement, "<a href="/wiki/The_Responsibility_of_Intellectuals" title="The Responsibility of Intellectuals">The Responsibility of Intellectuals</a>", among other contributions to <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>, debuted Chomsky as a public dissident.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997120,_122Sperlich200683-80">[78]</a> This essay and other political articles were collected and published in 1969 as part of Chomsky's first political book, <a href="/wiki/American_Power_and_the_New_Mandarins" title="American Power and the New Mandarins">American Power and the New Mandarins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons1978xviiBarsky1997123Sperlich200683-81">[79]</a> He followed this with further political books, including At War with Asia (1970), The Backroom Boys (1973), <a href="/wiki/For_Reasons_of_State" title="For Reasons of State">For Reasons of State</a> (1973), and Peace in the Middle East? (1974), published by <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_Books" title="Pantheon Books">Pantheon Books</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons1978xvi%E2%80%93xviiBarsky1997163Sperlich200687-82">[80]</a> These publications led to Chomsky's association with the American <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a> movement,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons19785Barsky1997123-83">[81]</a> though he thought little of prominent New Left intellectuals <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a> and preferred the company of activists to that of intellectuals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997134%E2%80%93135-84">[82]</a> Chomsky remained largely ignored by the mainstream press throughout this period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997162%E2%80%93163-85">[83]</a> Chomsky also became involved in left-wing activism. Chomsky refused to pay half his taxes, publicly supported students who <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_draft_evaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnam War draft evaders">refused the draft</a>, and was arrested while participating in an <a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">anti-war</a> <a href="/wiki/Teach-in" title="Teach-in">teach-in</a> outside the Pentagon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons19785Barsky1997127%E2%80%93129-86">[84]</a> During this time, Chomsky co-founded the anti-war collective <a href="/wiki/RESIST_(non-profit)" title="RESIST (non-profit)">RESIST</a> with <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Goodman" title="Mitchell Goodman">Mitchell Goodman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denise_Levertov" title="Denise Levertov">Denise Levertov</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Sloane_Coffin" title="William Sloane Coffin">William Sloane Coffin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Macdonald" title="Dwight Macdonald">Dwight Macdonald</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons19785Barsky1997127%E2%80%93129Sperlich200680%E2%80%9381-87">[85]</a> Although he questioned the objectives of the <a href="/wiki/1968_student_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="1968 student protests">1968 student protests</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997121%E2%80%93122,_131-88">[86]</a> Chomsky regularly gave lectures to student activist groups and, with his colleague Louis Kampf, ran undergraduate courses on politics at MIT independently of the conservative-dominated <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a> department.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997121Sperlich200678-89">[87]</a> When student activists campaigned to stop weapons and counterinsurgency research at MIT, Chomsky was sympathetic but felt that the research should remain under MIT's oversight and limited to systems of deterrence and defense.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997121%E2%80%93122,_140%E2%80%93141Albert200698Knight201634-90">[88]</a> Chomsky has acknowledged that his MIT lab's funding at this time came from the military.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChomsky1996102-91">[89]</a> He later said he considered resigning from MIT during the Vietnam War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllottKnightSmith201962-92">[90]</a> There has since been a wide-ranging debate about what effects Chomsky's employment at MIT had on his political and linguistic ideas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton202032Harris2021399%E2%80%93400,_426,_454-93">[91]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External images</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-style: italic">Chomsky participating in the anti-Vietnam War <a href="/wiki/March_on_the_Pentagon" class="mw-redirect" title="March on the Pentagon">March on the Pentagon</a>, October 21, 1967</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><noscript><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" data-alt="image icon" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/view-of-demonstrators-during-the-march-on-the-pentagon-news-photo/108986037">Chomsky with other public figures</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><noscript><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" data-alt="image icon" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/view-of-demonstrators-as-they-pass-the-lincoln-memorial-news-photo/152911351">The protesters passing the Lincoln Memorial en route to the Pentagon</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Chomsky's anti-war activism led to his arrest on multiple occasions and he was on President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_master_list_of_political_opponents" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Nixon's master list of political opponents">Richard Nixon's master list of political opponents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997124Sperlich200680-94">[92]</a> Chomsky was aware of the potential repercussions of his civil disobedience, and his wife began studying for her own doctorate in linguistics to support the family in the event of Chomsky's imprisonment or joblessness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997123%E2%80%93124Sperlich200622-95">[93]</a> Chomsky's scientific reputation insulated him from administrative action based on his beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997143-96">[94]</a> In 1970 he visited southeast Asia to lecture at Vietnam's <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Hanoi University of Science and Technology">Hanoi University of Science and Technology</a> and toured war refugee camps in <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>. In 1973 he helped lead a committee commemorating the 50th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/War_Resisters_League" title="War Resisters League">War Resisters League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997153Sperlich200624%E2%80%9325,_84%E2%80%9385-97">[95]</a> Chomsky's work in linguistics continued to gain international recognition as he <a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_degrees_awarded_to_Noam_Chomsky" title="List of honorary degrees awarded to Noam Chomsky">received multiple honorary doctorates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons1978xv%E2%80%93xviBarsky1997120,_143-98">[96]</a> He delivered <a href="/wiki/Public_lectures" class="mw-redirect" title="Public lectures">public lectures</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Woodbridge_Lectures" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodbridge Lectures">Woodbridge Lectures</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997156-99">[97]</a> His appearance in a <a href="/wiki/Chomsky%E2%80%93Foucault_debate" title="Chomsky–Foucault debate">1971 debate</a> with French <a href="/wiki/Continental_philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental philosopher">continental philosopher</a> <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a> positioned Chomsky as a symbolic figurehead of <a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">analytic philosophy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreif2015312%E2%80%93313-100">[98]</a> He continued to publish extensively on linguistics, producing Studies on Semantics in Generative Grammar (1972),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997143-96">[94]</a> an enlarged edition of <a href="/wiki/Language_and_Mind" title="Language and Mind">Language and Mind</a> (1972),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200651-101">[99]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_Language" title="Reflections on Language">Reflections on Language</a> (1975).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200651-101">[99]</a> In 1974 Chomsky became a <a href="/wiki/Corresponding_fellow_of_the_British_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Corresponding fellow of the British Academy">corresponding fellow of the British Academy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997156-99">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edward_S._Herman_and_the_Faurisson_affair:_1976–1980">Edward S. Herman and the Faurisson affair: 1976–1980</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide_denial#Chomsky_and_Herman" title="Cambodian genocide denial">Cambodian genocide denial § Chomsky and Herman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Faurisson_affair" title="Faurisson affair">Faurisson affair</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prof_dr_Noam_Chomsky,_Bestanddeelnr_929-4752_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Prof_dr_Noam_Chomsky%2C_Bestanddeelnr_929-4752_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Prof_dr_Noam_Chomsky%2C_Bestanddeelnr_929-4752_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1866" data-file-height="1575"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 143px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Prof_dr_Noam_Chomsky%2C_Bestanddeelnr_929-4752_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Prof_dr_Noam_Chomsky%2C_Bestanddeelnr_929-4752_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Prof_dr_Noam_Chomsky%2C_Bestanddeelnr_929-4752_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Prof_dr_Noam_Chomsky%2C_Bestanddeelnr_929-4752_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Prof_dr_Noam_Chomsky%2C_Bestanddeelnr_929-4752_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Prof_dr_Noam_Chomsky%2C_Bestanddeelnr_929-4752_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Chomsky in 1977</figcaption></figure> In the late 1970s and 1980s, Chomsky's linguistic publications expanded and clarified his earlier work, addressing his critics and updating his grammatical theory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997175-102">[100]</a> His political talks often generated considerable controversy, particularly when he criticized the Israeli government and military.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997167,_170-103">[101]</a> In the early 1970s Chomsky began collaborating with <a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Herman" title="Edward S. Herman">Edward S. Herman</a>, who had also published critiques of the U.S. war in Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997157-104">[102]</a> Together they wrote <a href="/wiki/Counter-Revolutionary_Violence:_Bloodbaths_in_Fact_%26_Propaganda" title="Counter-Revolutionary Violence: Bloodbaths in Fact & Propaganda">Counter-Revolutionary Violence: Bloodbaths in Fact & Propaganda</a>, a book that criticized U.S. military involvement in Southeast Asia and the mainstream media's failure to cover it. Warner Modular published it in 1973, but <a href="/wiki/Warner_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Communications">its parent company</a> disapproved of the book's contents and ordered all copies destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997160%E2%80%93162Sperlich200686-105">[103]</a> While mainstream publishing options proved elusive, Chomsky found support from <a href="/wiki/Michael_Albert" title="Michael Albert">Michael Albert</a>'s <a href="/wiki/South_End_Press" title="South End Press">South End Press</a>, an activist-oriented publishing company.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200685-106">[104]</a> In 1979, South End published Chomsky and Herman's revised Counter-Revolutionary Violence as the two-volume <a href="/wiki/The_Political_Economy_of_Human_Rights" title="The Political Economy of Human Rights">The Political Economy of Human Rights</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997187Sperlich200686-107">[105]</a> which compares U.S. media reactions to the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_rule_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer Rouge rule of Cambodia">Cambodian genocide</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian occupation of East Timor">Indonesian occupation of East Timor</a>. It argues that because Indonesia was a U.S. ally, U.S. media ignored the East Timorese situation while focusing on events in Cambodia, a U.S. enemy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997187-108">[106]</a> Chomsky's response included two testimonials before the United Nations' <a href="/wiki/Special_Committee_on_Decolonization" title="Special Committee on Decolonization">Special Committee on Decolonization</a>, successful encouragement for American media to cover the occupation, and meetings with refugees in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich2006103-109">[107]</a> Marxist academic <a href="/wiki/Steven_Lukes" title="Steven Lukes">Steven Lukes</a> most prominently publicly accused Chomsky of betraying his anarchist ideals and acting as an apologist for Cambodian leader <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky200798-110">[108]</a> Herman said that the controversy "imposed a serious personal cost" on Chomsky,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997187%E2%80%93189-111">[109]</a> who considered the personal criticism less important than the evidence that "mainstream intelligentsia suppressed or justified the crimes of their own states".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997190-112">[110]</a> Chomsky had long publicly criticized <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a> more generally, but his commitment to freedom of speech led him to defend the right of French historian <a href="/wiki/Robert_Faurisson" title="Robert Faurisson">Robert Faurisson</a> to advocate a position widely characterized as <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a>. Without Chomsky's knowledge, his plea for Faurisson's freedom of speech was published as the preface to the latter's 1980 book Mémoire en défense contre ceux qui m'accusent de falsifier l'histoire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997179%E2%80%93180Sperlich200661-113">[111]</a> Chomsky was widely condemned for defending Faurisson,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997185Sperlich200661-114">[112]</a> and France's mainstream press accused Chomsky of being a Holocaust denier himself, refusing to publish his rebuttals to their accusations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997184-115">[113]</a> Critiquing Chomsky's position, sociologist <a href="/wiki/Werner_Cohn" title="Werner Cohn">Werner Cohn</a> later published an analysis of the affair titled Partners in Hate: Noam Chomsky and the Holocaust Deniers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky199778-116">[114]</a> The Faurisson affair had a lasting, damaging effect on Chomsky's career,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997185-117">[115]</a> especially in France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirnbaum2010Aeschimann2010-118">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critique_of_propaganda_and_international_affairs">Critique of propaganda and international affairs</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><noscript><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" data-alt="video icon" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.filmsforaction.org/watch/manufacturing-consent-noam-chomsky-and-the-media/">Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media</a>, a 1992 documentary exploring Chomsky's work of the same name and its impact</td></tr></tbody></table> In 1985, during the <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Contra_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaraguan Contra War">Nicaraguan Contra War</a>—in which the U.S. supported the <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">contra militia</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Sandinista" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandinista">Sandinista</a> government—Chomsky traveled to <a href="/wiki/Managua" title="Managua">Managua</a> to meet with workers' organizations and refugees of the conflict, giving public lectures on politics and linguistics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200691,_92-119">[117]</a> Many of these lectures were published in 1987 as On Power and Ideology: The Managua Lectures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200691-120">[118]</a> In 1983 he published <a href="/wiki/The_Fateful_Triangle" title="The Fateful Triangle">The Fateful Triangle</a>, which argued that the U.S. had continually used the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a> for its own ends.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200699McGilvray201413-121">[119]</a> In 1988, Chomsky visited the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a> to witness the impact of Israeli occupation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200698-122">[120]</a> Chomsky and Herman's <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Consent:_The_Political_Economy_of_the_Mass_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media">Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media</a> (1988) outlines their <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">propaganda model</a> for understanding mainstream media. Even in countries without official censorship, they argued, the news is censored through five filters that greatly influence both what and how news is presented.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997160,_202Sperlich2006127%E2%80%93134-123">[121]</a> The book received <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Consent:_Noam_Chomsky_and_the_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media">a 1992 film adaptation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich2006136-124">[122]</a> In 1989, Chomsky published Necessary Illusions: Thought Control in Democratic Societies, in which he suggests that a worthwhile democracy requires that its citizens undertake intellectual self-defense against the media and elite intellectual culture that seeks to control them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich2006138%E2%80%93139-125">[123]</a> By the 1980s, Chomsky's students had become prominent linguists who, in turn, expanded and revised his linguistic theories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200653-126">[124]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Noam_Chomsky_Toronto_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Noam_Chomsky_Toronto_2011.jpg/220px-Noam_Chomsky_Toronto_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4905" data-file-height="3270"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Noam_Chomsky_Toronto_2011.jpg/220px-Noam_Chomsky_Toronto_2011.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Noam_Chomsky_Toronto_2011.jpg/330px-Noam_Chomsky_Toronto_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Noam_Chomsky_Toronto_2011.jpg/440px-Noam_Chomsky_Toronto_2011.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Chomsky speaking in support of the <a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a> in 2011</figcaption></figure> In the 1990s, Chomsky embraced political activism to a greater degree than before.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997214-127">[125]</a> Retaining his commitment to the cause of East Timorese independence, in 1995 he visited Australia to talk on the issue at the behest of the East Timorese Relief Association and the National Council for East Timorese Resistance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich2006104-128">[126]</a> The lectures he gave on the subject were published as Powers and Prospects in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich2006104-128">[126]</a> As a result of the international publicity Chomsky generated, his biographer Wolfgang Sperlich opined that he did more to aid the cause of East Timorese independence than anyone but the investigative journalist <a href="/wiki/John_Pilger" title="John Pilger">John Pilger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich2006107-129">[127]</a> After East Timor attained independence from Indonesia in 1999, the Australian-led <a href="/wiki/International_Force_for_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="International Force for East Timor">International Force for East Timor</a> arrived as a peacekeeping force; Chomsky was critical of this, believing it was designed to secure Australian access to East Timor's oil and gas reserves under the <a href="/wiki/Timor_Gap_Treaty" title="Timor Gap Treaty">Timor Gap Treaty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich2006109%E2%80%93110-130">[128]</a> Chomsky was widely interviewed after the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> in 2001 as the American public attempted to make sense of the attacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich2006110%E2%80%93111-131">[129]</a> He argued that the ensuing <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a> was not a new development but a continuation of U.S. foreign policy and concomitant rhetoric since at least the Reagan era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich2006143-132">[130]</a> He gave the <a href="/wiki/D.T._Lakdawala" class="mw-redirect" title="D.T. Lakdawala">D.T. Lakdawala</a> Memorial Lecture in New Delhi in 2001,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Hindu''2001-133">[131]</a> and in 2003 visited Cuba at the invitation of the Latin American Association of Social Scientists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich2006120-134">[132]</a> Chomsky's 2003 <a href="/wiki/Hegemony_or_Survival" title="Hegemony or Survival">Hegemony or Survival</a> articulated what he called the United States' "imperial <a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">grand strategy</a>" and critiqued the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> and other aspects of the War on Terror.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich2006114%E2%80%93118-135">[133]</a> Chomsky toured internationally with greater regularity during this period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich2006120-134">[132]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2014_Scottish_independence_referendum" title="2014 Scottish independence referendum">2014 Scottish independence referendum</a>, Chomsky supported Scottish independence.<a href="#cite_note-auto-136">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retirement">Retirement</h3></div> Chomsky retired from MIT in 2002,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeidenfeld2017-137">[135]</a> but continued to conduct research and seminars on campus as an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/emeritus" class="extiw" title="wikt:emeritus">emeritus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200610-138">[136]</a> That same year he visited Turkey to attend the trial of a publisher who had been accused of treason for printing one of Chomsky's books; Chomsky insisted on being a <a href="/wiki/Co-defendant" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-defendant">co-defendant</a> and amid international media attention, the <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Courts_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Security Courts (Turkey)">Security Courts</a> dropped the charge on the first day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200625-139">[137]</a> During that trip Chomsky visited Kurdish areas of Turkey and spoke out in favor of the Kurds' human rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200625-139">[137]</a> A supporter of the <a href="/wiki/World_Social_Forum" title="World Social Forum">World Social Forum</a>, he attended its conferences in Brazil in both 2002 and 2003, also attending the Forum event in India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich2006112%E2%80%93113,_120-140">[138]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ecology%2C_Ethics%2C_Anarchism_-_In_Conversation_with_Noam_Chomsky_-_March_28%2C_2014.webm/220px--Ecology%2C_Ethics%2C_Anarchism_-_In_Conversation_with_Noam_Chomsky_-_March_28%2C_2014.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="2465" data-mwtitle="Ecology,_Ethics,_Anarchism_-_In_Conversation_with_Noam_Chomsky_-_March_28,_2014.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Ecology,_Ethics,_Anarchism_-_In_Conversation_with_Noam_Chomsky_-_March_28,_2014.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/06/Ecology%2C_Ethics%2C_Anarchism_-_In_Conversation_with_Noam_Chomsky_-_March_28%2C_2014.webm/Ecology%2C_Ethics%2C_Anarchism_-_In_Conversation_with_Noam_Chomsky_-_March_28%2C_2014.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Ecology%2C_Ethics%2C_Anarchism_-_In_Conversation_with_Noam_Chomsky_-_March_28%2C_2014.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-width="640" data-height="480"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/06/Ecology%2C_Ethics%2C_Anarchism_-_In_Conversation_with_Noam_Chomsky_-_March_28%2C_2014.webm/Ecology%2C_Ethics%2C_Anarchism_-_In_Conversation_with_Noam_Chomsky_-_March_28%2C_2014.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/06/Ecology%2C_Ethics%2C_Anarchism_-_In_Conversation_with_Noam_Chomsky_-_March_28%2C_2014.webm/Ecology%2C_Ethics%2C_Anarchism_-_In_Conversation_with_Noam_Chomsky_-_March_28%2C_2014.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/06/Ecology%2C_Ethics%2C_Anarchism_-_In_Conversation_with_Noam_Chomsky_-_March_28%2C_2014.webm/Ecology%2C_Ethics%2C_Anarchism_-_In_Conversation_with_Noam_Chomsky_-_March_28%2C_2014.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/06/Ecology%2C_Ethics%2C_Anarchism_-_In_Conversation_with_Noam_Chomsky_-_March_28%2C_2014.webm/Ecology%2C_Ethics%2C_Anarchism_-_In_Conversation_with_Noam_Chomsky_-_March_28%2C_2014.webm.360p.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360"></source></video><figcaption>Chomsky discussing ecology, ethics and <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a> in 2014</figcaption></figure> Chomsky supported the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a>, speaking at encampments and publishing on the movement, which he called a reaction to a 30-year <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> The 2015 documentary <a href="/wiki/Requiem_for_the_American_Dream" title="Requiem for the American Dream">Requiem for the American Dream</a> summarizes his views on capitalism and <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a> through a "75-minute <a href="/wiki/Teach-in" title="Teach-in">teach-in</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGold2016-142">[140]</a> In 2015 Chomsky and his wife purchased a residence in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, Brazil, and began splitting their time between Brazil and the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-2024_stroke-143">[141]</a> Chomsky taught a short-term politics course at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a> in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarwood2016-144">[142]</a> He was later hired as a part-time professor in its linguistics department with duties including teaching and public seminars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrtiz2017-145">[143]</a> His salary was covered by philanthropic donations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMace2017-146">[144]</a> After a stroke in June 2023, Chomsky moved to Brazil full-time.<a href="#cite_note-2024_stroke-143">[141]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Linguistic_theory">Linguistic theory</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> What started as purely linguistic research ... has led, through involvement in political causes and an identification with an older philosophic tradition, to no less than an attempt to formulate an overall theory of man. The roots of this are manifest in the linguistic theory ... The discovery of cognitive structures common to the human race but only to humans (species specific), leads quite easily to thinking of unalienable human attributes. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/Edward_Marcotte" title="Edward Marcotte">Edward Marcotte</a> on the significance of Chomsky's linguistic theory<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaughman_et_al.2006-147">[145]</a></cite></div> </div> The basis of Chomsky's linguistic theory lies in <a href="/wiki/Biolinguistics" title="Biolinguistics">biolinguistics</a>, the linguistic school that holds that the principles underpinning the structure of language are biologically preset in the human mind and hence genetically inherited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons19784McGilvray20142%E2%80%933-148">[146]</a> He argues that all humans share the same underlying linguistic structure, irrespective of sociocultural differences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons19787-149">[147]</a> In adopting this position Chomsky rejects the <a href="/wiki/Radical_behaviorism" title="Radical behaviorism">radical behaviorist</a> psychology of <a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a>, who viewed speech, thought, and all behavior as a completely learned product of the interactions between organisms and their environments. Accordingly, Chomsky argues that language is a unique evolutionary development of the human species and distinguished from modes of communication used by any other animal species.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons19786McGilvray20142%E2%80%933-150">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrain_From_Top_To_Bottom-151">[149]</a> Chomsky argues that his <a href="/wiki/Psychological_nativism" title="Psychological nativism">nativist</a>, internalist view of language is consistent with the philosophical school of "<a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a>" and contrasts with the anti-nativist, externalist view of language consistent with the philosophical school of "<a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empiricism</a>",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray201411-152">[150]</a> which contends that all knowledge, including language, comes from external stimuli.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaughman_et_al.2006-147">[145]</a> Historians have disputed Chomsky's claim about rationalism on the basis that his theory of innate grammar excludes <a href="/wiki/Propositional_knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Propositional knowledge">propositional knowledge</a> and instead focuses on innate learning capacities or structures.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universal_grammar">Universal grammar</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Universal_grammar" title="Universal grammar">Universal grammar</a></div> Since the 1960s, Chomsky has maintained that syntactic knowledge is partially inborn, implying that children need only learn certain language-specific features of their <a href="/wiki/Native_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Native language">native languages</a>. He bases his argument on observations about human <a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">language acquisition</a> and describes a "<a href="/wiki/Poverty_of_the_stimulus" title="Poverty of the stimulus">poverty of the stimulus</a>": an enormous gap between the linguistic stimuli to which children are exposed and the rich <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_competence" title="Linguistic competence">linguistic competence</a> they attain. For example, although children are exposed to only a very small and finite subset of the allowable <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">syntactic variants</a> within their first language, they somehow acquire the highly organized and systematic ability to understand and produce <a href="/wiki/Digital_infinity" title="Digital infinity">an infinite number of sentences</a>, including ones that have never before been uttered, in that language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDovey2015-154">[152]</a> To explain this, Chomsky proposed that the primary linguistic data must be supplemented by an <a href="/wiki/Innate_linguistic_capacity" class="mw-redirect" title="Innate linguistic capacity">innate linguistic capacity</a>. Furthermore, while a human baby and a kitten are both capable of <a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">inductive reasoning</a>, if they are exposed to exactly the same linguistic data, the human will always acquire the ability to understand and produce language, while the kitten will never acquire either ability. Chomsky referred to this difference in capacity as the <a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition_device" title="Language acquisition device">language acquisition device</a>, and suggested that linguists needed to determine both what that device is and what constraints it imposes on the range of possible human languages. The universal features that result from these constraints would constitute "universal grammar".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChomsky-155">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornbury2006234-156">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Grady2015-157">[155]</a> Multiple researchers have challenged universal grammar on the grounds of the evolutionary infeasibility of its genetic basis for language,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristiansenChater2010489RuiterLevinson2010518-158">[156]</a> the lack of crosslinguistic surface universals,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansLevinson2009429Tomasello2009470-159">[157]</a> and the unproven link between innate/universal structures and the structures of specific languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasello2003284-160">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Tomasello" title="Michael Tomasello">Michael Tomasello</a> has challenged Chomsky's theory of innate syntactic knowledge as based on theory and not behavioral observation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasello1995131-161">[159]</a> The empirical basis of poverty of the stimulus arguments has been challenged by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Pullum" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffrey Pullum">Geoffrey Pullum</a> and others, leading to back-and-forth debate in the <a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">language acquisition</a> literature.<a href="#cite_note-PullumScholz-162">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-LegateYang-163">[161]</a> Recent work has also suggested that some <a href="/wiki/Recurrent_neural_network" title="Recurrent neural network">recurrent neural network</a> architectures can learn hierarchical structure without an explicit constraint.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generative_grammar">Generative grammar</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Generative_grammar" title="Generative grammar">Generative grammar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transformational_grammar" title="Transformational grammar">Transformational grammar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chomsky_hierarchy" title="Chomsky hierarchy">Chomsky hierarchy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Minimalist_program" title="Minimalist program">Minimalist program</a></div> Chomsky is generally credited with launching the research tradition of <a href="/wiki/Generative_grammar" title="Generative grammar">generative grammar</a>, which aims to explain the <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognitive</a> basis of language by formulating and testing explicit models of humans' subconscious grammatical knowledge. Generative grammar proposes models of language consisting of explicit rule systems, which make testable <a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">falsifiable</a> predictions. The goal of generative grammar is sometimes described as answering the question "What is that that you know when you know a language?"<a href="#cite_note-WasowHandbookUmbrella-165">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-carnie_p5-166">[164]</a> Within generative grammar, Chomsky's initial model was called <a href="/wiki/Transformational_grammar" title="Transformational grammar">transformational grammar</a>. Chomsky developed transformational grammar in the mid-1950s, whereupon it became the dominant syntactic theory in linguistics for two decades.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarlow2010752-167">[165]</a> "Transformations" are syntactic rules that derive <a href="/wiki/Deep_structures_and_surface_structures" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep structures and surface structures">surface structure</a> from deep structure, which was often considered to reflect the structure of meaning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaughman_et_al.2006-147">[145]</a> Transformational grammar later developed into the 1980s <a href="/wiki/Government_and_binding_theory" title="Government and binding theory">government and binding theory</a> and thence into the <a href="/wiki/Minimalist_program" title="Minimalist program">minimalist program</a>. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarlow2010752-167">[165]</a> This research focused on the <a href="/wiki/Principles_and_parameters" title="Principles and parameters">principles and parameters</a> framework, which explained children's ability to learn any language by filling open parameters (a set of universal grammar principles) that adapt as the child encounters linguistic data.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornstein2003-168">[166]</a> The minimalist program, initiated by Chomsky,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzab%C3%B32010-169">[167]</a> asks which minimal principles and parameters theory fits most elegantly, naturally, and simply.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornstein2003-168">[166]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chomsky-hierarchy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A set of 4 ovals inside one another, each resting at the bottom of the one larger than itself. There is a term in each oval; from smallest to largest: regular, context-free, context-sensitive, recursively enumerable." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Chomsky-hierarchy.svg/220px-Chomsky-hierarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="515"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 159px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Chomsky-hierarchy.svg/220px-Chomsky-hierarchy.svg.png" data-alt="A set of 4 ovals inside one another, each resting at the bottom of the one larger than itself. There is a term in each oval; from smallest to largest: regular, context-free, context-sensitive, recursively enumerable." data-width="220" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Chomsky-hierarchy.svg/330px-Chomsky-hierarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Chomsky-hierarchy.svg/440px-Chomsky-hierarchy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Set inclusions described by the <a href="/wiki/Chomsky_hierarchy" title="Chomsky hierarchy">Chomsky hierarchy</a></figcaption></figure> Chomsky is commonly credited with inventing transformational-generative grammar, but his original contribution was considered modest when he first published his theory. In his 1955 dissertation and his 1957 textbook <a href="/wiki/Syntactic_Structures" title="Syntactic Structures">Syntactic Structures</a>, he presented recent developments in the analysis formulated by <a href="/wiki/Zellig_Harris" title="Zellig Harris">Zellig Harris</a>, who was Chomsky's PhD supervisor, and by <a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Hockett" title="Charles F. Hockett">Charles F. Hockett</a>.<a href="#cite_note-input-170">[c]</a> Their method derives from the work of the structural linguist <a href="/wiki/Louis_Hjelmslev" title="Louis Hjelmslev">Louis Hjelmslev</a>, who introduced <a href="/wiki/Formal_grammar" title="Formal grammar">algorithmic grammar</a> to general linguistics.<a href="#cite_note-origin-171">[d]</a> Based on this rule-based notation of grammars, Chomsky grouped logically possible phrase-structure grammar types into a series of four nested subsets and increasingly complex types, together known as the <a href="/wiki/Chomsky_hierarchy" title="Chomsky hierarchy">Chomsky hierarchy</a>. This classification remains relevant to <a href="/wiki/Formal_language_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal language theory">formal language theory</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButterfieldNgondiKerr2016-172">[168]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_computer_science" title="Theoretical computer science">theoretical computer science</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Programming_language_theory" title="Programming language theory">programming language theory</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnuth2002-173">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> construction, and <a href="/wiki/Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">automata theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavisWeyukerSigal1994327-174">[170]</a> Chomsky's Syntactic Structures became, beyond generative linguistics as such, a catalyst for connecting what in <a href="/wiki/Louis_Hjelmslev" title="Louis Hjelmslev">Hjelmslev</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Otto_Jespersen" title="Otto Jespersen">Jespersen</a>'s time was the beginnings of <a href="/wiki/Structural_linguistics" title="Structural linguistics">structural linguistics</a>, which has become <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_linguistics" title="Cognitive linguistics">cognitive linguistics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Political_views">Political views</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Noam_Chomsky" title="Political positions of Noam Chomsky">Political positions of Noam Chomsky</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The second major area to which Chomsky has contributed—and surely the best known in terms of the number of people in his audience and the ease of understanding what he writes and says—is his work on sociopolitical analysis; political, social, and economic history; and critical assessment of current political circumstance. In Chomsky's view, although those in power might—and do—try to obscure their intentions and to defend their actions in ways that make them acceptable to citizens, it is easy for anyone who is willing to be critical and consider the facts to discern what they are up to. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—James McGilvray, 2014<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray201412-176">[172]</a></cite></div> </div> Chomsky is a prominent political dissident.<a href="#cite_note-dissident-177">[e]</a> His political views have changed little since his childhood,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky199795McGilvray20144-178">[173]</a> when he was influenced by the emphasis on political activism that was ingrained in Jewish working-class tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200677-179">[174]</a> He usually identifies as an <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-syndicalist">anarcho-syndicalist</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian socialist">libertarian socialist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200614McGilvray201417,_158-180">[175]</a> He views these positions not as precise political theories but as ideals that he thinks best meet human needs: liberty, community, and freedom of association.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray201417-181">[176]</a> Unlike some other socialists, such as Marxists, Chomsky believes that politics lies outside the remit of science,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200674McGilvray201416-182">[177]</a> but he still roots his ideas about an ideal society in empirical data and empirically justified theories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray2014222-183">[178]</a> In Chomsky's view, the truth about political realities is systematically distorted or suppressed by an elite <a href="/wiki/Corporatocracy" title="Corporatocracy">corporatocracy</a>, which uses corporate media, advertising, and <a href="/wiki/Think_tanks" class="mw-redirect" title="Think tanks">think tanks</a> to promote its own propaganda. His work seeks to reveal such manipulations and the truth they obscure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich20068McGilvray2014158-184">[179]</a> Chomsky believes this web of falsehood can be broken by "common sense", critical thinking, and understanding the roles of self-interest and self-deception,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200674McGilvray201412%E2%80%9313-185">[180]</a> and that intellectuals abdicate their moral responsibility to tell the truth about the world in fear of losing prestige and funding.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray2014159-186">[181]</a> He argues that, as such an intellectual, it is his duty to use his <a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">social privilege</a>, resources, and training to aid popular democracy movements in their struggles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray2014161-187">[182]</a> Although he has participated in <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a> demonstrations—joining protests, being arrested, organizing groups—Chomsky's primary political outlet is education, i.e., free public lessons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200671-188">[183]</a> He is a longtime member of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a> international union,<a href="#cite_note-189">[184]</a> as was his father.<a href="#cite_note-190">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_foreign_policy">United States foreign policy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Noam_Chomsky_WSF_-_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Noam_Chomsky_WSF_-_2003.jpg/220px-Noam_Chomsky_WSF_-_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1672" data-file-height="1181"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Noam_Chomsky_WSF_-_2003.jpg/220px-Noam_Chomsky_WSF_-_2003.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Noam_Chomsky_WSF_-_2003.jpg/330px-Noam_Chomsky_WSF_-_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Noam_Chomsky_WSF_-_2003.jpg/440px-Noam_Chomsky_WSF_-_2003.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Chomsky at the 2003 <a href="/wiki/World_Social_Forum" title="World Social Forum">World Social Forum</a>, a convention for counter-hegemonic globalization, in <a href="/wiki/Porto_Alegre" title="Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre</a></figcaption></figure> Chomsky has been a prominent critic of "<a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a>",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilne2009-191">[186]</a> but is not a pacifist, believing <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> was justified as America's last defensive war.<a href="#cite_note-192">[187]</a> He believes that <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">U.S. foreign policy</a>'s basic principle is the establishment of "open societies" that are economically and politically controlled by the U.S. and where U.S.-based businesses can prosper.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200692-193">[188]</a> He argues that the U.S. seeks to suppress any movements within these countries that are not compliant with U.S. interests and to ensure that U.S.-friendly governments are placed in power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray2014159-186">[181]</a> When discussing current events, he emphasizes their place within a wider historical perspective.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray2014160-194">[189]</a> He believes that official, sanctioned historical accounts of U.S. and British extraterritorial operations have consistently whitewashed these nations' actions in order to present them as having benevolent motives in either spreading democracy or, in older instances, spreading Christianity; by criticizing these accounts, he seeks to correct them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray201413-195">[190]</a> Prominent examples he regularly cites are the actions of the British Empire in India and Africa and U.S. actions in Vietnam, the Philippines, Latin America, and the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray201413-195">[190]</a> Chomsky's political work has centered heavily on criticizing the actions of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray2014160-194">[189]</a> He has said he focuses on the U.S. because the country has militarily and economically dominated the world during his lifetime and because its <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democratic</a> electoral system allows the citizenry to influence government policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray201414,_160-196">[191]</a> His hope is that, by spreading awareness of the impact U.S. foreign policies have on the populations affected by them, he can sway the populations of the U.S. and other countries into opposing the policies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray201413-195">[190]</a> He urges people to criticize their governments' motivations, decisions, and actions, to accept responsibility for their own thoughts and actions, and to apply the same standards to others as to themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray201418-197">[192]</a> Chomsky has been critical of U.S. involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a>, arguing that it has consistently blocked a peaceful settlement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray2014159-186">[181]</a> He also criticizes the U.S.'s close ties with Saudi Arabia and involvement in <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen">Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen</a>, highlighting that Saudi Arabia has "one of the most grotesque human rights records in the world".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Democracy_Now!''2016-198">[193]</a> Chomsky called the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> a criminal act of aggression and noted that <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="War crimes in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russia was committing major war crimes</a> in the country. He considered support for Ukraine's self-defense legitimate and said Ukraine should be given enough military aid to defend itself, but not enough to cause "an escalation".<a href="#cite_note-scahill-199">[194]</a> His criticism of the war focused on the United States.<a href="#cite_note-scahill-199">[194]</a> He alleged that the U.S. rejected any compromise with Russia and that this might have provoked the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-scahill-199">[194]</a> According to Chomsky, the U.S. was arming Ukraine only to weaken Russia, and Ukrainian requests for heavy weaponry were untrue "Western propaganda", despite Ukraine's President <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelensky" class="mw-redirect" title="Volodymyr Zelensky">Volodymyr Zelensky</a> repeatedly asking for them.<a href="#cite_note-200">[195]</a> More than a year into the invasion, Chomsky argued that Russia was waging the war "more humanely" than the U.S. did the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">invasion of Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capitalism_and_socialism">Capitalism and socialism</h3></div> In his youth, Chomsky developed a dislike of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and the pursuit of material wealth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200615-202">[197]</a> At the same time, he developed a disdain for <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">authoritarian socialism</a>, as represented by the <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a> policies of the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997168Sperlich200616-203">[198]</a> Rather than accepting the common view among U.S. economists that a spectrum exists between total state ownership of the economy and total private ownership, he instead suggests that a spectrum should be understood between total democratic control of the economy and total autocratic control (whether state or private).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray2014164%E2%80%93165-204">[199]</a> He argues that Western capitalist countries are not really democratic,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray2014169-205">[200]</a> because, in his view, a truly democratic society is one in which all persons have a say in public economic policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray2014170-206">[201]</a> He has stated his opposition to <a href="/wiki/Ruling_elites" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruling elites">ruling elites</a>, among them institutions like the <a href="/wiki/IMF" class="mw-redirect" title="IMF">IMF</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, and <a href="/wiki/GATT" class="mw-redirect" title="GATT">GATT</a> (precursor to the <a href="/wiki/WTO" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO">WTO</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997211-207">[202]</a> Chomsky highlights that, since the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Wealth_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Wealth inequality in the United States">the U.S. has become increasingly economically unequal</a> as a result of the repeal of various financial regulations and the unilateral rescinding of the <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_financial_control_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bretton Woods financial control agreement">Bretton Woods financial control agreement</a> by the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray201414-208">[203]</a> He characterizes the U.S. as a de facto <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a>, viewing both the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> as manifestations of a single "Business Party" controlled by corporate and financial interests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray201414%E2%80%9315-209">[204]</a> Chomsky highlights that, within Western capitalist liberal democracies, at least 80% of the population has no control over economic decisions, which are instead in the hands of a management class and ultimately controlled by a small, wealthy elite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray201415-210">[205]</a> Noting the entrenchment of such an economic system, Chomsky believes that change is possible through the organized cooperation of large numbers of people who understand the problem and know how they want to reorganize the economy more equitably.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray201415-210">[205]</a> Acknowledging that corporate domination of media and government stifles any significant change to this system, he sees reason for optimism in historical examples such as the social rejection of slavery as immoral, the advances in women's rights, and the forcing of government to justify invasions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray201414-208">[203]</a> He views violent revolution to overthrow a government as a last resort to be avoided if possible, citing the example of historical revolutions where the population's welfare has worsened as a result of upheaval.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray201415-210">[205]</a> Chomsky sees libertarian socialist and anarcho-syndicalist ideas as the descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical liberal">classical liberal</a> ideas of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200689McGilvray2014189-211">[206]</a> arguing that his ideological position revolves around "nourishing the libertarian and creative character of the human being".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky199795-212">[207]</a> He envisions an anarcho-syndicalist future with direct worker control of the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a> and government by <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">workers' councils</a>, who would select temporary and revocable representatives to meet together at general assemblies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray2014199-213">[208]</a> The point of this self-governance is to make each citizen, in <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>'s words, "a direct participator in the government of affairs".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray2014210-214">[209]</a> He believes that there will be no need for political parties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray2014200-215">[210]</a> By controlling their productive life, he believes that individuals can gain job satisfaction and a sense of fulfillment and purpose.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray2014197,_202-216">[211]</a> He argues that unpleasant and unpopular jobs could be fully automated, specially remunerated, or communally shared.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray2014201%E2%80%93202-217">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israeli–Palestinian_conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</h3></div> Chomsky has written prolifically about the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a>, aiming to raise public awareness of it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGendzier2017314-218">[213]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor Zionist">labor Zionist</a> who later became what is today considered an <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">anti-Zionist</a>, Chomsky has criticized the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlements" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli settlements">Israeli settlements</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">Israeli-occupied</a> <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, which he likens to a <a href="/wiki/Settler_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Settler colony">settler colony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-219">[214]</a> He has said that the 1947 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine</a> was a bad decision, but given the <a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">realpolitik</a> of the situation, he has also considered a <a href="/wiki/Two-state_solution" title="Two-state solution">two-state solution</a> on the condition that the nation-states exist on equal terms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200697McGilvray2014159-220">[215]</a> Chomsky has said that characterizing <a href="/wiki/Israel_and_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel and apartheid">Israel's treatment of the Palestinians as apartheid</a>, similar to the system that existed in South Africa, would be a "gift to Israel", as he has long held that "the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupied_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli occupied territories">Occupied Territories</a> are much worse than South Africa".<a href="#cite_note-MEM1-221">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-Democracy_Now-2014-222">[217]</a> South Africa depended on its black population for labor, but Chomsky argues the same is not true of Israel, which in his view seeks to make the situation for Palestinians under its occupation unlivable, especially in the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>, where "atrocities" take place every day.<a href="#cite_note-MEM1-221">[216]</a> He also argues that, unlike South Africa, Israel has not sought the international community's approval, but rather relies solely on U.S. support.<a href="#cite_note-MEM1-221">[216]</a> Chomsky has said that the Israeli-led <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Blockade of the Gaza Strip">blockade</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> has turned it into a "concentration camp" and expressed fears similar to Israeli intellectual <a href="/wiki/Yeshayahu_Leibowitz" title="Yeshayahu Leibowitz">Yeshayahu Leibowitz</a>'s 1990s warning that the continued occupation of the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a> could turn <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a> into "Judeo-Nazis". Chomsky has said that Leibowitz's warning "was a direct reflection of the continued occupation, the humiliation of people, the degradation, and the terrorist attacks by the Israeli government".<a href="#cite_note-223">[218]</a> He has also called the U.S. a violent state that exports violence by supporting Israeli "atrocities" against the Palestinians and said that listening to American mainstream media, including <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>, is like listening to "Israeli propaganda agencies".<a href="#cite_note-224">[219]</a> Chomsky was denied entry to the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> in 2010 because of <a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Noam_Chomsky#Views_on_Israel_and_Palestine" title="Political positions of Noam Chomsky">his criticisms of Israel</a>. He had been invited to deliver a lecture at <a href="/wiki/Bir_Zeit_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Bir Zeit University">Bir Zeit University</a> and was to meet with Palestinian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Salam_Fayyad" title="Salam Fayyad">Salam Fayyad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPilkington2010-225">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronner2010-226">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAl_Jazeera2010-227">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Democracy_Now!''2010-228">[223]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Foreign_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Foreign Ministry">Israeli Foreign Ministry</a> spokesman later said that Chomsky was denied entry by mistake.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalman2014-229">[224]</a> In his 1983 book The Fateful Triangle, Chomsky criticized the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a> for its "self-destructiveness" and "suicidal character" and disapproved of its programs of "armed struggle" and "erratic violence". He also criticized the Arab governments as not "decent".<a href="#cite_note-230">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[226]</a> Given what he has described as his very Jewish upbringing with deeply Zionist activist parents, Chomsky's views have drawn controversy and criticism. They are rooted in the <a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">kibbutzim</a> and socialist binational cooperation.<a href="#cite_note-232">[227]</a> In a 2014 interview on <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a>, Chomsky said that the charter of <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>, which calls for Israel's destruction, "means practically nothing", having been created "by a small group of people under siege, under attack in 1988". He compared it to the electoral program of the <a href="/wiki/Likud" title="Likud">Likud</a> party, which, he said, "states explicitly that there can never be a Palestinian state west of the Jordan River. And they not only state it in their charter, that's a call for the destruction of Palestine, explicit call for it".<a href="#cite_note-Democracy_Now-2014-222">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass_media_and_propaganda">Mass media and propaganda</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">Propaganda model</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><noscript><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" data-alt="video icon" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?176809-1/depth-noam-chomskyt">Chomsky on propaganda and the manufacturing of consent</a>, June 1, 2003</td></tr></tbody></table> Chomsky's political writings have largely focused on ideology, <a href="/wiki/Social_and_political_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Social and political power">social and political power</a>, mass media, and state policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERai199520-233">[228]</a> One of his best-known works, <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Consent" title="Manufacturing Consent">Manufacturing Consent</a>, dissects the media's role in reinforcing and acquiescing to state policies across the political spectrum while marginalizing contrary perspectives. Chomsky asserts that this version of censorship, by government-guided "free market" forces, is subtler and harder to undermine than was the equivalent propaganda system in the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERai199537%E2%80%9338-234">[229]</a> As he argues, the mainstream press is corporate-owned and thus reflects corporate priorities and interests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray2014179-235">[230]</a> Acknowledging that many American journalists are dedicated and well-meaning, he argues that the mass media's choices of topics and issues, the unquestioned premises on which that coverage rests, and the range of opinions expressed are all constrained to reinforce the state's ideology:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray2014178-236">[231]</a> although mass media will criticize individual politicians and political parties, it will not undermine the wider state-corporate nexus of which it is a part.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray2014189-237">[232]</a> As evidence, he highlights that the U.S. mass media does not employ any socialist journalists or political commentators.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray2014177-238">[233]</a> He also points to examples of important news stories that the U.S. mainstream media has ignored because reporting on them would reflect badly upon the country, including the murder of Black Panther <a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Fred Hampton</a> with possible <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> involvement, the massacres in Nicaragua perpetrated by U.S.-funded <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a>, and the constant reporting on Israeli deaths without equivalent coverage of the far larger number of Palestinian deaths in that conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray2014179%E2%80%93182-239">[234]</a> To remedy this situation, Chomsky calls for grassroots democratic control and involvement of the media.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray2014184-240">[235]</a> Chomsky considers most <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a> fruitless, distracting substitutes for thinking about policy formation in an institutional framework, where individual manipulation is secondary to broader social imperatives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERai199570-241">[236]</a> He separates his Propaganda Model from conspiracy in that he is describing institutions following their natural imperatives rather than collusive forces with secret controls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERai1995%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailschomskyspolitics00raimpage42mode1up_42%5D-242">[237]</a> Instead of supporting the educational system as an antidote, he believes that most education is counterproductive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChomsky199645-243">[238]</a> Chomsky describes <a href="/wiki/Mass_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass education">mass education</a> as a system solely intended to turn farmers from independent producers into unthinking industrial employees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChomsky199645-243">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reactions_of_critics_and_counter-criticism:_1980s–present">Reactions of critics and counter-criticism: 1980s–present</h3></div> In the 2004 book <a href="/wiki/The_Anti-Chomsky_Reader" title="The Anti-Chomsky Reader">The Anti-Chomsky Reader</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Collier_(political_author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Collier (political author)">Peter Collier</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">David Horowitz</a> accuse Chomsky of <a href="/wiki/Cherry_picking" title="Cherry picking">cherry-picking</a> facts to suit his theories.<a href="#cite_note-244">[239]</a> Horowitz has also criticized Chomsky's <a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">anti-Americanism</a>:<a href="#cite_note-245">[240]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">For 40 years Noam Chomsky has turned out book after book, pamphlet after pamphlet and speech after speech with one message, and one message alone: America is the Great Satan; it is the fount of evil in the world. In Chomsky's demented universe, America is responsible not only for its own bad deeds, but for the bad deeds of others, including those of the terrorists who struck the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. In this attitude he is the medium for all those who now search the ruins of Manhattan not for the victims and the American dead, but for the "root causes" of the catastrophe that befell them.</blockquote> For the <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> public policy <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a> the <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a>, Peter Schweizer wrote in January 2006, "Chomsky favors the estate tax and massive income redistribution—just not the redistribution of his income." Schweizer criticized Chomsky for setting up an estate plan and protecting his own intellectual property as it relates to his published works, as well as the high speaking fees that Chomsky received on a regular basis, around $9,000–$12,000 per talk at that time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweizer2006-246">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELott2006-247">[242]</a> Chomsky has been accused of treating socialist or communist regimes with credulity and examining capitalist regimes with greater scrutiny or criticism:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerlein2005-248">[243]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Chomsky's analysis of U.S. actions plunged deep into dark U.S. machinations, but when traveling among the Communists he rested content with appearances. The countryside outside Hanoi, he reported in The New York Review of Books, displayed "a high degree of democratic participation at the village and regional levels." But how could he tell? Chomsky did not speak Vietnamese, and so he depended on government translators, tour guides, and handlers for information. In [Communist] Vietnamese hands, the clear-eyed skepticism turned into willing credulousness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerlein2005-248">[243]</a></blockquote>According to <a href="/wiki/Nikolas_Kozloff" title="Nikolas Kozloff">Nikolas Kozloff</a>, writing for <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a> in September 2012, Chomsky "has drawn the world's attention to the various misdeeds of the US and its proxies around the world, and for that he deserves credit. Yet, in seeking to avoid controversy at all costs Chomsky has turned into something of an ideologue. Scour the Chomsky web site and you won't find significant discussion of Belarus or Latin America's flirtation with outside authoritarian leaders, for that matter."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKozloff2012-249">[244]</a> Political activist <a href="/wiki/George_Monbiot" title="George Monbiot">George Monbiot</a> has argued that "Part of the problem is that a kind of cult has developed around Noam Chomsky and <a href="/wiki/John_Pilger" title="John Pilger">John Pilger</a>, which cannot believe they could ever be wrong, and produces ever more elaborate conspiracy theories to justify their mistakes."<a href="#cite_note-250">[245]</a> Anarchist and primitivist <a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">John Zerzan</a> has accused Chomsky of not being a real anarchist, saying that he is instead "a liberal-leftist politically, and downright reactionary in his academic specialty, linguistic theory. Chomsky is also, by all accounts, a generous, sincere, tireless activist—which does not, unfortunately, ensure his thinking has liberatory value."<a href="#cite_note-251">[246]</a> Defenders of Chomsky have countered that he has been censored or left out of public debate. Claims of this nature date to the <a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a>. Writing for <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> in February 1988, <a href="/wiki/Saul_Landau" title="Saul Landau">Saul Landau</a> wrote, "It is unhealthy that Chomsky's insights are excluded from the policy debate. His relentless prosecutorial prose, with a hint of Talmudic whine and the rationalist anarchism of Tom Paine, may reflect a justified frustration."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandau1988-252">[247]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Chomsky has also been active in a number of philosophical fields, including <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">philosophy of mind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">philosophy of language</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">philosophy of science</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray201419-253">[248]</a> In these fields he is credited with ushering in the "<a href="/wiki/Cognitive_revolution" title="Cognitive revolution">cognitive revolution</a>",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray201419-253">[248]</a> a significant <a href="/wiki/Paradigm_shift" title="Paradigm shift">paradigm shift</a> that rejected <a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">logical positivism</a>, the prevailing philosophical methodology of the time, and reframed how philosophers think about <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzab%C3%B32010-169">[167]</a> Chomsky views the cognitive revolution as rooted in 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalist</a> ideals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriesen201746-254">[249]</a> His position—the idea that the mind contains inherent structures to understand language, perception, and thought—has more in common with rationalism than behaviorism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreif2015313-255">[250]</a> He named one of his key works <a href="/wiki/Cartesian_linguistics" title="Cartesian linguistics">Cartesian Linguistics: A Chapter in the History of Rationalist Thought</a> (1966).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriesen201746-254">[249]</a> This sparked criticism from historians and philosophers who disagreed with Chomsky's interpretations of classical sources and use of philosophical terminology.<a href="#cite_note-rationalism-256">[f]</a> In the philosophy of language, Chomsky is particularly known for his criticisms of the notion of reference and meaning in human language and his perspective on the nature and function of mental representations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECipriani201644%E2%80%9360-257">[251]</a> Chomsky's famous <a href="/wiki/Chomsky%E2%80%93Foucault_debate" title="Chomsky–Foucault debate">1971 debate</a> on <a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">human nature</a> with the French philosopher <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a> was a symbolic clash of the <a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">analytic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continental_philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental philosopher">continental</a> philosophy traditions, represented by Chomsky and Foucault, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreif2015312%E2%80%93313-100">[98]</a> It showed what appeared to be irreconcilable differences between two moral and intellectual luminaries of the 20th century. Foucault held that any definition of human nature is connected to our present-day conceptions of ourselves; Chomsky held that human nature contained universals such as a common standard of moral justice as deduced through reason.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreif2015315-258">[252]</a> Chomsky criticized <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernism</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_philosophy" title="French philosophy">French philosophy</a> generally, arguing that the obscure language of postmodern, leftist philosophers gives little aid to the working classes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997192%E2%80%93195Sperlich200653-259">[253]</a> He has also debated analytic philosophers, including <a href="/wiki/Tyler_Burge" title="Tyler Burge">Tyler Burge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Donald Davidson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Michael Dummett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Saul Kripke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Thomas Nagel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Willard Van Orman Quine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">John Searle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzab%C3%B32010-169">[167]</a> Chomsky's contributions span <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_history" title="Intellectual history">intellectual</a> and world history, including the history of philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtero2003416-260">[254]</a> Irony is a recurring characteristic of his writing, such as rhetorically implying that his readers already know something to be true, which engages the reader more actively in assessing the veracity of his claims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray2014162-261">[255]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wasserman_and_Chomsky,_2014_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Wasserman_and_Chomsky%2C_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Wasserman_and_Chomsky%2C_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="812"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 149px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Wasserman_and_Chomsky%2C_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Wasserman_and_Chomsky%2C_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="149" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Wasserman_and_Chomsky%2C_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Wasserman_and_Chomsky%2C_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Wasserman_and_Chomsky%2C_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Wasserman_and_Chomsky%2C_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Wasserman and Chomsky in 2014</figcaption></figure> Chomsky endeavors to separate his family life, linguistic scholarship, and political activism from each other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997158Sperlich200619-262">[256]</a> An intensely private person,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich20067-263">[257]</a> he is uninterested in appearances and the fame his work has brought him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997116-264">[258]</a> McGilvray suggests that Chomsky is not motivated by a desire for fame, but impelled to tell what he perceives as the truth and a desire to aid others in doing so.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray2014230-265">[259]</a> Chomsky acknowledges that his income affords him a privileged life compared to the majority of the world's population;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich20069-266">[260]</a> nevertheless, he characterizes himself as a "worker", albeit one who uses his intellect as his employable skill.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray20146-267">[261]</a> He reads four or five newspapers daily; in the U.S., he subscribes to <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich2006121-268">[262]</a> Chomsky is not religious but has expressed approval of forms of religion such as <a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">liberation theology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200669-269">[263]</a> Chomsky is known to use charged language ("corrupt", "fascist", "fraudulent") when describing established political and academic figures, which can polarize his audience but is in keeping with his belief that much scholarship is self-serving.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997199-270">[264]</a> His colleague <a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Steven Pinker</a> has said that Chomsky "portrays people who disagree with him as stupid or evil, using withering scorn in his rhetoric", and that this contributes to the extreme reactions he receives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaggi2001-271">[265]</a> Chomsky avoids <a href="/wiki/Academic_conferences" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic conferences">academic conferences</a>, including left-oriented ones such as the Socialist Scholars Conference, preferring to speak to activist groups or hold university seminars for mass audiences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997169-272">[266]</a> His approach to academic freedom has led him to support MIT academics whose actions he deplores; in 1969, when Chomsky heard that <a href="/wiki/Walt_Rostow" title="Walt Rostow">Walt Rostow</a>, a major architect of the Vietnam war, wanted to return to work at MIT, Chomsky threatened "to protest publicly" if Rostow were denied a position at MIT. In 1989, when Pentagon adviser <a href="/wiki/John_Deutch" class="mw-redirect" title="John Deutch">John Deutch</a> applied to be president of MIT, Chomsky supported his candidacy. Later, when Deutch became head of the CIA, The New York Times quoted Chomsky as saying, "He has more honesty and integrity than anyone I've ever met. ... If somebody's got to be running the CIA, I'm glad it's him."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997140%E2%80%93141Chomsky1996135%E2%80%93136Weiner1995-273">[267]</a> Chomsky was married to <a href="/wiki/Carol_Chomsky" title="Carol Chomsky">Carol Doris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> Schatz) from 1949 until her death in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray20146-267">[261]</a> They had three children together: <a href="/wiki/Aviva_Chomsky" title="Aviva Chomsky">Aviva</a> (b. 1957), Diane (b. 1960), and Harry (b. 1967).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200622-274">[268]</a> In 2014, Chomsky married Valeria Wasserman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Democracy_Now!''2015-275">[269]</a> They have owned a home in Wasserman's native country, Brazil, since 2015.<a href="#cite_note-not_dead-276">[270]</a> In 2023, Chomsky suffered a massive stroke and was flown to a hospital in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, Brazil, to recuperate.<a href="#cite_note-hospitalized-277">[271]</a> He can no longer walk or communicate, making his return to public life improbable,<a href="#cite_note-278">[272]</a> but he continues to follow current events such as the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hospitalized-277">[271]</a> He was discharged in June 2024 to continue his recovery at home.<a href="#cite_note-not_dead-276">[270]</a> The same month, Chomsky <a href="/wiki/Trended_on_social_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Trended on social media">trended on social media</a> amid false reports of his death. Periodicals retracted <a href="/wiki/List_of_prematurely_reported_obituaries" title="List of prematurely reported obituaries">premature obituaries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-not_dead-276">[270]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Reception_and_influence">Reception and influence</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> [Chomsky's] voice is heard in academia beyond linguistics and philosophy: from computer science to neuroscience, from anthropology to education, mathematics and literary criticism. If we include Chomsky's political activism then the boundaries become quite blurred, and it comes as no surprise that Chomsky is increasingly seen as enemy number one by those who inhabit that wide sphere of reactionary discourse and action. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Sperlich, 2006<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200660-279">[273]</a></cite></div> </div> Chomsky has been a defining Western intellectual figure, central to the field of linguistics and definitive in cognitive science, computer science, philosophy, and psychology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight20162-280">[274]</a> In addition to being known as one of the most important intellectuals of his time,<a href="#cite_note-important-281">[g]</a> Chomsky has a dual legacy as a leader and luminary in both linguistics and the realm of <a href="/wiki/Political_dissent" title="Political dissent">political dissent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997191-282">[275]</a> Despite his academic success, his political viewpoints and activism have resulted in his being distrusted by mainstream media, and he is regarded as being "on the outer margin of acceptability".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200624-283">[276]</a> Chomsky's public image and social reputation often color his work's public reception.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky2007107-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_academia">In academia</h3></div> McGilvray observes that Chomsky inaugurated the "<a href="/wiki/Cognitive_revolution" title="Cognitive revolution">cognitive revolution</a>" in linguistics,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray20145-284">[277]</a> and that he is largely responsible for establishing the field as a formal, <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural science</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray20149-285">[278]</a> moving it away from the procedural form of <a href="/wiki/Structural_linguistics" title="Structural linguistics">structural linguistics</a> dominant during the mid-20th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray20149%E2%80%9310-286">[279]</a> As such, some have called Chomsky "the father of modern linguistics".<a href="#cite_note-father-20">[b]</a> Linguist John Lyons further remarked that within a few decades of publication, Chomskyan linguistics had become "the most dynamic and influential" school of thought in the field.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons19782-287">[280]</a> By the 1970s his work had also come to exert a considerable influence on philosophy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200642-288">[281]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_State_University_Moorhead" title="Minnesota State University Moorhead">Minnesota State University Moorhead</a> poll ranked Syntactic Structures as the single most important work in <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive science</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMSUM_Cognitive_Sciences-289">[282]</a> In addition, his work in <a href="/wiki/Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">automata theory</a> and the Chomsky hierarchy have become well known in <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, and he is much cited in <a href="/wiki/Computational_linguistics" title="Computational linguistics">computational linguistics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200639-290">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESipser1997-291">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnuth_at_Stanford_University2003-292">[285]</a> Chomsky's criticisms of behaviorism contributed substantially to the decline of <a href="/wiki/Behaviorist_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Behaviorist psychology">behaviorist psychology</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2019-293">[286]</a> in addition, he is generally regarded as one of the primary founders of the field of cognitive science.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2010-294">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray201419-253">[248]</a> Some arguments in <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">evolutionary psychology</a> are derived from his research results;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMassey_University1996-295">[288]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nim_Chimpsky" title="Nim Chimpsky">Nim Chimpsky</a>, a chimpanzee who was the subject of a study in <a href="/wiki/Animal_language_acquisition" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal language acquisition">animal language acquisition</a> at Columbia University, was named after Chomsky in reference to his view of language acquisition as a uniquely human ability.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadick2007320-296">[289]</a> <a href="/wiki/ACM_Turing_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="ACM Turing Award">ACM Turing Award</a> winner <a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald Knuth</a> credited Chomsky's work with helping him combine his interests in mathematics, linguistics, and computer science.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnuth20031-297">[290]</a> <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> computer scientist <a href="/wiki/John_Backus" title="John Backus">John Backus</a>, another Turing Award winner, used some of Chomsky's concepts to help him develop <a href="/wiki/FORTRAN" class="mw-redirect" title="FORTRAN">FORTRAN</a>, the first widely used high-level <a href="/wiki/Computer_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer programming language">computer programming language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulton2007-298">[291]</a> Chomsky's theory of generative grammar has also influenced work in <a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">music theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musical_analysis" title="Musical analysis">analysis</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Fred_Lerdahl" title="Fred Lerdahl">Fred Lerdahl</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Ray_Jackendoff" title="Ray Jackendoff">Ray Jackendoff</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Generative_theory_of_tonal_music" title="Generative theory of tonal music">generative theory of tonal music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaroniCallegari1982201%E2%80%93218-299">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteedman198452%E2%80%9377-300">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERohrmeier200797%E2%80%93100-301">[294]</a> Chomsky is among the most cited authors living or dead.<a href="#cite_note-most_cited-302">[h]</a> He was cited within the <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Humanities_Citation_Index" title="Arts and Humanities Citation Index">Arts and Humanities Citation Index</a> more often than any other living scholar from 1980 to 1992.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabe2015xvii-303">[295]</a> Chomsky was also extensively cited in the <a href="/wiki/Social_Sciences_Citation_Index" title="Social Sciences Citation Index">Social Sciences Citation Index</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science_Citation_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Citation Index">Science Citation Index</a> during the same period. The librarian who conducted the research said that the statistics show that "he is very widely read across disciplines and that his work is used by researchers across disciplines ... it seems that you can't write a paper without citing Noam Chomsky."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight20162-280">[274]</a> As a result of his influence, there are dueling camps of Chomskyan and non-Chomskyan linguistics. Their disputes are often acrimonious.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoden2006593-304">[296]</a> Additionally, according to journalist <a href="/wiki/Maya_Jaggi" title="Maya Jaggi">Maya Jaggi</a>, Chomsky is among the most quoted sources in the humanities, ranking alongside <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bible">the Bible</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaggi2001-271">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_politics">In politics</h3></div> Chomsky's status as the "most-quoted living author" is credited to his political writings, which vastly outnumber his writings on linguistics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoden2006592-305">[297]</a> Chomsky biographer Wolfgang B. Sperlich characterizes him as "one of the most notable contemporary champions of the people";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich20067-263">[257]</a> journalist <a href="/wiki/John_Pilger" title="John Pilger">John Pilger</a> has described him as a "genuine people's hero; an inspiration for struggles all over the world for that basic decency known as freedom. To a lot of people in the margins—activists and movements—he's unfailingly supportive."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaggi2001-271">[265]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arundhati_Roy" title="Arundhati Roy">Arundhati Roy</a> has called him "one of the greatest, most radical public thinkers of our time",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich2006114-306">[298]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a> thought him "one of the most significant challengers of unjust power and delusions".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaggi2001-271">[265]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a> has said that by the start of the 21st century Chomsky had become a "guru" for the world's anti-capitalist and anti-imperialist movements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaggi2001-271">[265]</a> The propaganda model of media criticism that he and Herman developed has been widely accepted in radical media critiques and adopted to some level in mainstream criticism of the media,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich2006129-307">[299]</a> also exerting a significant influence on the growth of <a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">alternative media</a>, including radio, publishers, and the Internet, which in turn have helped to disseminate his work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich2006142-308">[300]</a> Despite this broad influence, university departments devoted to history and political science rarely include Chomsky's work on their undergraduate syllabi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997153%E2%80%93154-309">[301]</a> Critics have argued that despite publishing widely on social and political issues, Chomsky has no formal expertise in these areas; he has responded that such issues are not as complex as many <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social scientists</a> claim and that almost everyone is able to comprehend them regardless of whether they have been academically trained to do so.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray2014161-187">[182]</a> Some have responded to these criticisms by questioning the critics' motives and their understanding of Chomsky's ideas. Sperlich, for instance, says that Chomsky has been vilified by corporate interests, particularly in the mainstream press.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200610-138">[136]</a> Likewise, according to McGilvray, many of Chomsky's critics "do not bother quoting his work or quote out of context, distort, and create straw men that cannot be supported by Chomsky's text".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray2014161-187">[182]</a> Chomsky drew criticism for not calling the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">Srebrenica massacre</a> a "genocide".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraun2018-310">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettelfield2010142-311">[303]</a> While he did not deny the fact of the massacre,<a href="#cite_note-312">[304]</a> which he called "a horror story and major crime", he felt the massacre did not meet the <a href="/wiki/Definition_of_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Definition of genocide">definition of genocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraun2018-310">[302]</a> Critics have accused Chomsky of <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_denial" title="Bosnian genocide denial">denying the Bosnian genocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-313">[305]</a> Chomsky's far-reaching criticisms of U.S. foreign policy and the legitimacy of U.S. power have raised controversy. A document obtained pursuant to a <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">Freedom of Information Act</a> (FOIA) request from the U.S. government revealed that the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) monitored his activities and for years denied doing so. The CIA also destroyed its files on Chomsky at some point, possibly in violation of federal law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHudson2013-314">[306]</a> He has often received undercover police protection at MIT and when speaking on the Middle East but has refused uniformed police protection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabbani2012-315">[307]</a> German news magazine <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a> described Chomsky as "the Ayatollah of anti-American hatred",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200610-138">[136]</a> while American <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> commentator <a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">David Horowitz</a> called him "the most devious, the most dishonest and ... the most treacherous intellect in America", whose work is infused with "anti-American dementia" and evidences his "pathological hatred of his own country".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorowitz2001-316">[308]</a> Writing in <a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a> magazine, the journalist <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Kay" title="Jonathan Kay">Jonathan Kay</a> described Chomsky as "a hard-boiled anti-American monomaniac who simply refuses to believe anything that any American leader says".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2011-317">[309]</a> Chomsky's criticism of Israel has led to his being called a traitor to the Jewish people and an <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich2006100-318">[310]</a> Criticizing Chomsky's defense of the right of individuals to engage in Holocaust denial on the grounds that freedom of speech must be extended to all viewpoints, <a href="/wiki/Werner_Cohn" title="Werner Cohn">Werner Cohn</a> called Chomsky "the most important patron" of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">neo-Nazi</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohn199537-319">[311]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> (ADL) called him a Holocaust denier,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich2006101-320">[312]</a> describing him as a "dupe of intellectual pride so overweening that he is incapable of making distinctions between totalitarian and democratic societies, between oppressors and victims".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich2006101-320">[312]</a> In turn, Chomsky has claimed that the ADL is dominated by "Stalinist types" who oppose democracy in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich2006100-318">[310]</a> The lawyer <a href="/wiki/Alan_Dershowitz" title="Alan Dershowitz">Alan Dershowitz</a> has called Chomsky a "false prophet of the left";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997170-321">[313]</a> Chomsky called Dershowitz "a complete liar" who is on "a crazed jihad, dedicating much of his life to trying to destroy my reputation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997170%E2%80%93171-322">[314]</a> In early 2016, President <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> of Turkey publicly rebuked Chomsky after he signed an open letter condemning Erdoğan for his <a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)#2015%E2%80%93present" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)">anti-Kurdish repression</a> and double standards on terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver2016-323">[315]</a> Chomsky accused Erdoğan of hypocrisy, noting that Erdoğan supports <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>'s Syrian affiliate,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESengupta2015-324">[316]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">al-Nusra Front</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver2016-323">[315]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_achievements,_awards,_and_honors">Academic achievements, awards, and honors</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_degrees_awarded_to_Noam_Chomsky" title="List of honorary degrees awarded to Noam Chomsky">List of honorary degrees awarded to Noam Chomsky</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chomsky_and_Krieger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Chomsky_and_Krieger.jpg/220px-Chomsky_and_Krieger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Chomsky_and_Krieger.jpg/220px-Chomsky_and_Krieger.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Chomsky_and_Krieger.jpg/330px-Chomsky_and_Krieger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Chomsky_and_Krieger.jpg/440px-Chomsky_and_Krieger.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Chomsky receiving an award from the president of the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Age_Peace_Foundation" title="Nuclear Age Peace Foundation">Nuclear Age Peace Foundation</a>, David Krieger (2014)</figcaption></figure> In 1970, the London <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">Times</a> named Chomsky one of the "makers of the twentieth century".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaughman_et_al.2006-147">[145]</a> He was voted the world's leading public intellectual in The 2005 Global Intellectuals Poll jointly conducted by American magazine <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a> and British magazine <a href="/wiki/Prospect_(magazine)" title="Prospect (magazine)">Prospect</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Foreign_Policy''2005-325">[317]</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a> readers listed Chomsky among the world's foremost heroes in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECowley2006-326">[318]</a> In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/US_Peace_Memorial_Foundation" title="US Peace Memorial Foundation">US Peace Memorial Foundation</a> awarded <a href="/wiki/The_US_Peace_Prize" title="The US Peace Prize">The US Peace Prize</a> to Chomsky “[w]hose antiwar activities for five decades both educate and inspire.”<a href="#cite_note-327">[319]</a> In the United States he is a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Member of the National Academy of Sciences">Member of the National Academy of Sciences</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_Society_of_America" title="Linguistic Society of America">Linguistic Society of America</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Association" title="American Philosophical Association">American Philosophical Association</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEContemporary_Authors_Online2016-328">[320]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-329">[321]</a> Abroad he is a corresponding fellow of the <a href="/wiki/British_Academy" title="British Academy">British Academy</a>, an honorary member of the <a href="/wiki/British_Psychological_Society" title="British Psychological Society">British Psychological Society</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Akademie_der_Naturforscher_Leopoldina" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina">Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEContemporary_Authors_Online2016-328">[320]</a> and a foreign member of the Department of Social Sciences of the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts">Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESASA_foreign_membership2003-330">[322]</a> He received a 1971 <a href="/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship" title="Guggenheim Fellowship">Guggenheim Fellowship</a>, the 1984 <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association_Award_for_Distinguished_Contributions_to_Psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="American Psychological Association Award for Distinguished Contributions to Psychology">American Psychological Association Award for Distinguished Contributions to Psychology</a>, the 1988 <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Prize_in_Basic_Sciences" title="Kyoto Prize in Basic Sciences">Kyoto Prize in Basic Sciences</a>, the 1996 <a href="/wiki/Helmholtz_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Helmholtz Medal">Helmholtz Medal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEContemporary_Authors_Online2016-328">[320]</a> the 1999 <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Medal_(Franklin_Institute)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute)">Benjamin Franklin Medal in Computer and Cognitive Science</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMIT_Linguistics_Program2002-331">[323]</a> the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm_Prize" title="Erich Fromm Prize">Erich Fromm Prize</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutsche_Presse-Agentur2010-332">[324]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Academy" title="British Academy">British Academy</a>'s 2014 <a href="/wiki/Neil_and_Saras_Smith_Medal_for_Linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neil and Saras Smith Medal for Linguistics">Neil and Saras Smith Medal for Linguistics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritish_Academy2014-333">[325]</a> He is also a two-time winner of the <a href="/wiki/NCTE_George_Orwell_Award_for_Distinguished_Contribution_to_Honesty_and_Clarity_in_Public_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="NCTE George Orwell Award for Distinguished Contribution to Honesty and Clarity in Public Language">NCTE George Orwell Award for Distinguished Contribution to Honesty and Clarity in Public Language</a> (1987 and 1989).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEContemporary_Authors_Online2016-328">[320]</a> He has also received the Rabindranath Tagore Centenary Award from <a href="/wiki/The_Asiatic_Society" title="The Asiatic Society">The Asiatic Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Soundings''2002-334">[326]</a> Chomsky received the 2004 <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Ossietzky" title="Carl von Ossietzky">Carl-von-Ossietzky</a> Prize from the city of <a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(city)" title="Oldenburg (city)">Oldenburg, Germany</a>, to acknowledge his body of work as a political analyst and media critic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInventio_Musikverlag-335">[327]</a> He received an honorary fellowship in 2005 from the <a href="/wiki/Literary_and_Historical_Society_(University_College_Dublin)" title="Literary and Historical Society (University College Dublin)">Literary and Historical Society of University College Dublin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoundtracksforthem:_Interview2005-336">[328]</a> He received the 2008 President's Medal from the Literary and Debating Society of the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland,_Galway" class="mw-redirect" title="National University of Ireland, Galway">National University of Ireland, Galway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmond_Tutu_to_speak_to_Litndeb2009-337">[329]</a> Since 2009, he has been an honorary member of <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Professional_Translators_and_Interpreters" title="International Association of Professional Translators and Interpreters">International Association of Professional Translators and Interpreters</a> (IAPTI).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHonorary_Members_of_IAPTI-338">[330]</a> He received the University of Wisconsin's A.E. Havens Center's Award for Lifetime Contribution to Critical Scholarship<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUoW%E2%80%93M2010-339">[331]</a> and was inducted into <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Intelligent_Systems" title="IEEE Intelligent Systems">IEEE Intelligent Systems</a>' AI's Hall of Fame for "significant contributions to the field of AI and intelligent systems."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIEEE_Xplore2011-340">[332]</a> Chomsky has an <a href="/wiki/Erd%C5%91s_number" title="Erdős number">Erdős number</a> of four.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErd%C3%B6s_Number_at_Oakland_Univ2017-341">[333]</a> In 2011, the US Peace Memorial Foundation awarded Chomsky the US Peace Prize for anti-war activities over five decades.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUS_Memorial_Peace_Foundation-342">[334]</a> For his work in human rights, peace, and social criticism, he received the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Peace_Prize" title="Sydney Peace Prize">Sydney Peace Prize</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuxley2011-343">[335]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Sretenje_Order" title="Sretenje Order">Sretenje Order</a> in 2015,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Politika''2015-344">[336]</a> the 2017 <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_MacBride_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Seán MacBride Peace Prize">Seán MacBride Peace Prize</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIPB2017-345">[337]</a> and the Dorothy Eldridge Peacemaker Award.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMIT_Linguistics_Program2002-331">[323]</a> Chomsky has received honorary doctorates from institutions including the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> (1967), <a href="/wiki/Loyola_University_Chicago" title="Loyola University Chicago">Loyola University Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swarthmore_College" title="Swarthmore College">Swarthmore College</a> (1970), <a href="/wiki/Bard_College" title="Bard College">Bard College</a> (1971), <a href="/wiki/Delhi_University" title="Delhi University">Delhi University</a> (1972), the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts" title="University of Massachusetts">University of Massachusetts</a> (1973), and the <a href="/wiki/International_School_for_Advanced_Studies" title="International School for Advanced Studies">International School for Advanced Studies</a> (2012).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons1978xv%E2%80%93xviBarsky1997120,_143-98">[96]</a> Public lectures given by Chomsky include the 1969 <a href="/wiki/John_Locke_Lectures" title="John Locke Lectures">John Locke Lectures</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMIT_Linguistics_Program2002-331">[323]</a> 1975 <a href="/wiki/Whidden_Lectures" title="Whidden Lectures">Whidden Lectures</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997156-99">[97]</a> 1977 <a href="/wiki/Huizinga_Lecture" title="Huizinga Lecture">Huizinga Lecture</a>, and 1988 <a href="/wiki/Massey_Lectures" title="Massey Lectures">Massey Lectures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMIT_Linguistics_Program2002-331">[323]</a> Various tributes to Chomsky have been dedicated over the years. He is the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/eponym" class="extiw" title="wikt:eponym">eponym</a> for <a href="/wiki/Megachile_chomskyi" title="Megachile chomskyi">a bee species</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPensoft_(bee)-346">[338]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pristimantis_chomskyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pristimantis chomskyi">a frog species</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEP%C3%A1ez2019-347">[339]</a> an <a href="/wiki/Meanings_of_minor_planet_names:_52001%E2%80%9353000#270" class="mw-redirect" title="Meanings of minor planet names: 52001–53000">asteroid</a>,<a href="#cite_note-348">[340]</a> and a building complex at the Indian university <a href="/wiki/Jamia_Millia_Islamia" title="Jamia Millia Islamia">Jamia Millia Islamia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJMI2007-349">[341]</a> Actor <a href="/wiki/Viggo_Mortensen" title="Viggo Mortensen">Viggo Mortensen</a> and avant-garde guitarist <a href="/wiki/Buckethead" title="Buckethead">Buckethead</a> dedicated their 2003 album <a href="/wiki/Pandemoniumfromamerica" title="Pandemoniumfromamerica">Pandemoniumfromamerica</a> to Chomsky.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViggo_Mortensen's_Spoken_Word_&_Music_CDs-350">[342]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Selected_bibliography">Selected bibliography</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky_bibliography_and_filmography" title="Noam Chomsky bibliography and filmography">Noam Chomsky bibliography and filmography</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> Linguistics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syntactic_Structures" title="Syntactic Structures">Syntactic Structures</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_Issues_in_Linguistic_Theory" title="Current Issues in Linguistic Theory">Current Issues in Linguistic Theory</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspects_of_the_Theory_of_Syntax" title="Aspects of the Theory of Syntax">Aspects of the Theory of Syntax</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_Linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartesian Linguistics">Cartesian Linguistics</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_and_Mind" title="Language and Mind">Language and Mind</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_Pattern_of_English" title="The Sound Pattern of English">The Sound Pattern of English</a> with <a href="/wiki/Morris_Halle" title="Morris Halle">Morris Halle</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_Language" title="Reflections on Language">Reflections on Language</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lectures_on_Government_and_Binding" title="Lectures on Government and Binding">Lectures on Government and Binding</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Minimalist_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="The Minimalist Program">The Minimalist Program</a> (1995)</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> Politics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Power_and_the_New_Mandarins" title="American Power and the New Mandarins">American Power and the New Mandarins</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_Reasons_of_State" title="For Reasons of State">For Reasons of State</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Revolutionary_Violence:_Bloodbaths_in_Fact_%26_Propaganda" title="Counter-Revolutionary Violence: Bloodbaths in Fact & Propaganda">Counter-Revolutionary Violence: Bloodbaths in Fact & Propaganda</a> with <a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Herman" title="Edward S. Herman">Edward S. Herman</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Economy_of_Human_Rights" title="The Political Economy of Human Rights">The Political Economy of Human Rights</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towards_a_New_Cold_War" title="Towards a New Cold War">Towards a New Cold War</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fateful_Triangle" title="The Fateful Triangle">The Fateful Triangle</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirates_and_Emperors" title="Pirates and Emperors">Pirates and Emperors</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Consent" title="Manufacturing Consent">Manufacturing Consent</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necessary_Illusions" title="Necessary Illusions">Necessary Illusions</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterring_Democracy" title="Deterring Democracy">Deterring Democracy</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letters_from_Lexington" title="Letters from Lexington">Letters from Lexington</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prosperous_Few_and_the_Restless_Many" title="The Prosperous Few and the Restless Many">The Prosperous Few and the Restless Many</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Orders_Old_and_New" title="World Orders Old and New">World Orders Old and New</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_and_Liberal_Scholarship" title="Objectivity and Liberal Scholarship">Objectivity and Liberal Scholarship</a> (1997)</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Profit_over_People" title="Profit over People">Profit over People</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/9-11_(Noam_Chomsky)" class="mw-redirect" title="9-11 (Noam Chomsky)">9-11</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understanding_Power" title="Understanding Power">Understanding Power</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Illusions" title="Middle East Illusions">Middle East Illusions</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony_or_Survival" title="Hegemony or Survival">Hegemony or Survival</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Getting_Haiti_Right_This_Time" title="Getting Haiti Right This Time">Getting Haiti Right This Time</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Ambitions" title="Imperial Ambitions">Imperial Ambitions</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failed_States:_The_Abuse_of_Power_and_the_Assault_on_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Failed States: The Abuse of Power and the Assault on Democracy">Failed States: The Abuse of Power and the Assault on Democracy</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interventions_(Chomsky_book)" title="Interventions (Chomsky book)">Interventions</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_in_Crisis" title="Gaza in Crisis">Gaza in Crisis</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Making_the_Future" title="Making the Future">Making the Future</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_(book)" title="Occupy (book)">Occupy</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requiem_for_the_American_Dream" title="Requiem for the American Dream">Requiem for the American Dream</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Withdrawal" title="The Withdrawal">The Withdrawal</a> (2022)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">Anarchism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">American philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_linguists#C" title="List of linguists">List of linguists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science" title="List of pioneers in computer science">List of pioneers in computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_language" title="Theory of language">Theory of language</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/noʊm ˈtʃɒmski/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/88\/Noam_Chomsky.ogg\/Noam_Chomsky.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Noam Chomsky.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/88/Noam_Chomsky.ogg/Noam_Chomsky.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Noam_Chomsky.ogg" title="File:Noam Chomsky.ogg">ⓘ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">nohm CHOM-skee</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-father-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-father_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-father_20-1">b</a> <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFFox1998">Fox 1998</a>: "Mr. Chomsky ... is the father of modern linguistics and remains the field's most influential practitioner."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFTymoczkoHenle2004">Tymoczko & Henle 2004</a>, p. 101: "As the founder of modern linguistics, Noam Chomsky, observed, each of the following sequences of words is nonsense ..."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFTanenhaus2016">Tanenhaus 2016</a>: "At 87, Noam Chomsky, the founder of modern linguistics, remains a vital presence in American intellectual life."</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-input-170"><a href="#cite_ref-input_170-0">^</a> <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFSmith2004">Smith 2004</a>, pp. 107 "Chomsky's early work was renowned for its mathematical rigor and he made some contribution to the nascent discipline of mathematical linguistics, in particular the analysis of (formal) languages in terms of what is now known as the Chomsky hierarchy."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFKoerner1983">Koerner 1983</a>, pp. 159: "Characteristically, Harris proposes a transfer of sentences from English to Modern Hebrew ... Chomsky's approach to syntax in Syntactic Structures and several years thereafter was not much different from Harris's approach, since the concept of 'deep' or 'underlying structure' had not yet been introduced. The main difference between Harris (1954) and Chomsky (1957) appears to be that the latter is dealing with transfers within one single language only"</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-origin-171"><a href="#cite_ref-origin_171-0">^</a> <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFKoerner1978">Koerner 1978</a>, pp. 41f: "it is worth noting that Chomsky cites Hjelmslev's Prolegomena, which had been translated into English in 1953, since the authors' theoretical argument, derived largely from logic and mathematics, exhibits noticeable similarities."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSeuren1998">Seuren 1998</a>, pp. 166: "Both Hjelmslev and Harris were inspired by the mathematical notion of an algorithm as a purely formal production system for a set of strings of symbols. ... it is probably accurate to say that Hjelmslev was the first to try and apply it to the generation of strings of symbols in natural language"</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFHjelmslev1969">Hjelmslev 1969</a> Prolegomena to a Theory of Language. Danish original 1943; first English translation 1954.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-dissident-177"><a href="#cite_ref-dissident_177-0">^</a> <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFMacintyre2010">Macintyre 2010</a></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBurris2013">Burris 2013</a>: "Noam Chomsky has built his entire reputation as a political dissident on his command of the facts."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFMcNeill2014">McNeill 2014</a>: "[Chomsky is] often dubbed one of the world's most important intellectuals and its leading public dissident ..."</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-rationalism-256"><a href="#cite_ref-rationalism_256-0">^</a> <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFHamansSeuren2010">Hamans & Seuren 2010</a>, p. 377: "Having achieved a unique position of supremacy in the theory of syntax and having exploited that position far beyond the narrow circles of professional syntacticians, he felt the need to shore up his theory with the authority of history. It is shown that this attempt, resulting mainly in his Cartesian Linguistics of 1966, was widely, and rightly, judged to be a radical failure"</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-important-281"><a href="#cite_ref-important_281-0">^</a> <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFMcNeill2014">McNeill 2014</a>: "[Chomsky is] often dubbed one of the world's most important intellectuals ..."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2005">Campbell 2005</a>: "Noam Chomsky, the linguistics professor who has become one of the most outspoken critics of US foreign policy, has won a poll that names him as the world's top public intellectual."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1979">Robinson 1979</a>: "Judged in terms of the power, range, novelty and influence of his thought, Noam Chomsky is arguably the most important intellectual alive today."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFFlint1995">Flint 1995</a>: "The man once called the most important intellectual alive keeps his office in ... the campus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology."</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-most_cited-302"><a href="#cite_ref-most_cited_302-0">^</a> <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFKnight2016">Knight 2016</a>, p. 2: "In 1992, the Arts and Humanities Citation Index ranked him as the most cited person alive (the Index's top ten being Marx, Lenin, Shakespeare, Aristotle, the Bible, Plato, Freud, Chomsky, Hegel and Cicero)."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBabe2015">Babe 2015</a>, p. xvii: "[Chomsky] was the most cited living scholar between 1980 and 1992 (according to the Arts and Humanities Citation Index)."</li></ul> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChomsky199150-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChomsky199150_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChomsky199150_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFChomsky1991">Chomsky 1991</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200644–45-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESperlich200644%E2%80%9345_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSperlich2006">Sperlich 2006</a>, pp. 44–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlife1993115-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlife1993115_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlife1993">Slife 1993</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky199758-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarsky199758_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarsky1997">Barsky 1997</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntonyHornstein2003295-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntonyHornstein2003295_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAntonyHornstein2003">Antony & Hornstein 2003</a>, p. 295. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChomsky2016-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChomsky2016_6-0">^</a> <a 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</li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jacobinmag.com/2020/03/kyle-kulinski-bernie-bros-secular-talk-joe-rogan-youtube">"Kyle Kulinski Speaks, the Bernie Bros Listen"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200305204651/https://jacobinmag.com/2020/03/kyle-kulinski-bernie-bros-secular-talk-joe-rogan-youtube">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2020. 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Section 3, starting at 31 min. 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Springer. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-32021-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-32021-6"><bdi>978-1-137-32021-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212183620/https://books.google.com/books?id=s3oYDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2023. Retrieved February 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Noam+Chomsky&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-137-32021-6&rft.aulast=Edgley&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds3oYDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Goldman, Jan, ed. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bjeaBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA87">"Chomsky, Noam"</a>. The War on Terror Encyclopedia: From the Rise of Al-Qaeda to 9/11 and Beyond. ABC-CLIO. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-511-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-511-4"><bdi>978-1-61069-511-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212183619/https://books.google.com/books?id=bjeaBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA87">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2023. Retrieved February 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chomsky%2C+Noam&rft.btitle=The+War+on+Terror+Encyclopedia%3A+From+the+Rise+of+Al-Qaeda+to+9%2F11+and+Beyond&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-511-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbjeaBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilne2009-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilne2009_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMilne2009">Milne 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkins2011" class="citation book cs1">Atkins, Stephen E. (June 2, 2011). "Chomsky, Noam". The 9/11 Encyclopedia (2nd ed.). 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The Intercept. April 14, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220604093657/https://theintercept.com/2022/04/14/russia-ukraine-noam-chomsky-jeremy-scahill/">Archived</a> from the original on June 4, 2022. 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Retrieved July 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Statesman&rft.atitle=Noam+Chomsky%3A+Russia+is+fighting+more+humanely+than+the+US+did+in+Iraq&rft.date=2023-04-29&rft.aulast=Vock&rft.aufirst=Ido&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fthe-weekend-interview%2F2023%2F04%2Fnoam-chomsky-interview-ukraine-free-actor-united-states-determines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200615-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESperlich200615_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSperlich2006">Sperlich 2006</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997168Sperlich200616-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997168Sperlich200616_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarsky1997">Barsky 1997</a>, p. 168; <a href="#CITEREFSperlich2006">Sperlich 2006</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray2014164–165-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray2014164%E2%80%93165_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGilvray2014">McGilvray 2014</a>, pp. 164–165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray2014169-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray2014169_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGilvray2014">McGilvray 2014</a>, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray2014170-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray2014170_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGilvray2014">McGilvray 2014</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997211-207"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarsky1997211_207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarsky1997">Barsky 1997</a>, p. 211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray201414-208">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray201414_208-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray201414_208-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGilvray2014">McGilvray 2014</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray201414–15-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray201414%E2%80%9315_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGilvray2014">McGilvray 2014</a>, pp. 14–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray201415-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray201415_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray201415_210-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray201415_210-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGilvray2014">McGilvray 2014</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200689McGilvray2014189-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESperlich200689McGilvray2014189_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSperlich2006">Sperlich 2006</a>, p. 89; <a href="#CITEREFMcGilvray2014">McGilvray 2014</a>, p. 189. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsky199795-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarsky199795_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarsky1997">Barsky 1997</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray2014199-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray2014199_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGilvray2014">McGilvray 2014</a>, p. 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray2014210-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray2014210_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGilvray2014">McGilvray 2014</a>, p. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray2014200-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray2014200_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGilvray2014">McGilvray 2014</a>, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray2014197,_202-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray2014197,_202_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGilvray2014">McGilvray 2014</a>, pp. 197, 202. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray2014201–202-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGilvray2014201%E2%80%93202_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGilvray2014">McGilvray 2014</a>, pp. 201–202. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGendzier2017314-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGendzier2017314_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGendzier2017">Gendzier 2017</a>, p. 314. </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoam_Chomsky2022" class="citation book cs1">Noam Chomsky (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4rpHEAAAQBAJ">A New World in Our Hearts: In Conversation with Michael Albert</a>. PM Press. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781629638928" title="Special:BookSources/9781629638928"><bdi>9781629638928</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+World+in+Our+Hearts%3A+In+Conversation+with+Michael+Albert&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=PM+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781629638928&rft.au=Noam+Chomsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4rpHEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESperlich200697McGilvray2014159-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESperlich200697McGilvray2014159_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSperlich2006">Sperlich 2006</a>, p. 97; <a href="#CITEREFMcGilvray2014">McGilvray 2014</a>, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-MEM1-221">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MEM1_221-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MEM1_221-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MEM1_221-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20220627-chomsky-on-israeli-apartheid-celebrity-activists-bds-and-the-one-state-solution/">"Chomsky on Israeli apartheid, celebrity activists, BDS and the one-state solution"</a>. 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"I have held for a long time that the Occupied Territories are much worse than South Africa," the professor explained.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ramzy+Baroud&rft.atitle=Chomsky+on+Israeli+apartheid%2C+celebrity+activists%2C+BDS+and+the+one-state+solution&rft.date=2022-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeastmonitor.com%2F20220627-chomsky-on-israeli-apartheid-celebrity-activists-bds-and-the-one-state-solution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Democracy_Now-2014-222">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Democracy_Now-2014_222-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Democracy_Now-2014_222-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.democracynow.org/2014/8/8/noam_chomsky_what_israel_is_doing">"Noam Chomsky: Israel's Actions in Palestine are "Much Worse Than Apartheid" in South Africa"</a>. 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Retrieved December 15, 2023. <q>"<a href="/wiki/Yeshayahu_Leibowitz" title="Yeshayahu Leibowitz">Leibowitz</a> warned that if the occupation continues, Israeli Jews are going to turn into what he called, Judeo-Nazis. It's a pretty strong term to use in Israel. Most people couldn't get away with that but he did. It will happen, he argued, simply by the dynamics of occupation," Chomsky told i24NEWS. "If you have your jackboot on somebody's neck, you have to find a way to justify it. So you blame the victims. Leibowitz's warning was a direct reflection of the continued occupation, the humiliation of people, the degradation, and the terrorist attacks by the Israeli government. We have many historical examples of that. Europe has plenty of them. And I think that's what you are seeing in Israel," he explained.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=i24news&rft.atitle=Chomsky+to+i24NEWS%3A+%27Judeo-Nazi+tendencies+in+Israel+a+product+of+occupation%27&rft.date=2018-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.i24news.tv%2Fen%2Fnews%2Finternational%2F188255-181108-chomsky-to-i24news-judeo-nazi-tendencies-in-israel-a-product-of-occupation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imemc.org/article/72694/">"Noam Chomsky: Israeli Apartheid 'Much Worse' Than South Africa"</a>. IMEMC. August 20, 2015. 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London Review of Books. 06 (3). Retrieved January 18, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Permission+to+narrate&rft.volume=06&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1984-02-16&rft.aulast=Said&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fthe-paper%2Fv06%2Fn03%2Fedward-said%2Fpermission-to-narrate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaid1984" class="citation journal cs1">Said, Edward (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2536688">"Permission to Narrate"</a>. 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Retrieved June 8, 2010. <q>Chomsky a été violemment blessé du fait qu'une partie des intellectuels français aient pu le croire en accord avec Faurisson, en contradiction avec tous ses engagements et toute sa vie.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lib%C3%A9ration&rft.atitle=Chomsky+s%27est+expos%C3%A9%2C+il+est+donc+une+cible+d%C3%A9sign%C3%A9e&rft.date=2010-05-31&rft.aulast=Aeschimann&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberation.fr%2Fmonde%2F0101638536-chomsky-s-est-expose-il-est-donc-une-cible-designee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbert2006" class="citation book cs1">Albert, Michael (2006). Remembering Tomorrow: From the politics of opposition to what we are for. Seven Stories Press. pp. 97–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-158322742-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-158322742-8"><bdi>978-158322742-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remembering+Tomorrow%3A+From+the+politics+of+opposition+to+what+we+are+for&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.pub=Seven+Stories+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-158322742-8&rft.aulast=Albert&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllottKnightSmith2019" class="citation book cs1">Allott, Nick; Knight, Chris; Smith, Neil, eds. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10080589/1/The-Responsibility-of-Intellectuals.pdf">The Responsibility of Intellectuals - Reflections by Noam Chomsky and Others after 50 years</a> (PDF). London: UCL Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1787355514" title="Special:BookSources/978-1787355514"><bdi>978-1787355514</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190905142256/http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10080589/1/The-Responsibility-of-Intellectuals.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 5, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Responsibility+of+Intellectuals+-+Reflections+by+Noam+Chomsky+and+Others+after+50+years&rft.place=London&rft.pub=UCL+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1787355514&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2F10080589%2F1%2FThe-Responsibility-of-Intellectuals.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonyHornstein2003" class="citation book cs1">Antony, Louise M.; Hornstein, Norbert, eds. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chomskyhiscritic00anto">Chomsky and His Critics</a>. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chomskyhiscritic00anto/page/n303">295</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20021-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20021-5"><bdi>978-0-631-20021-5</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chomsky+and+His+Critics&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=295&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-631-20021-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchomskyhiscritic00anto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesmond_Tutu_to_speak_to_Litndeb2009" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511134531/http://www.literaryanddebating.com/press/80-archbishop-desmond-tutu-to-speak-to-litndeb">"Archbishop Desmond Tutu to speak to Litndeb"</a>. January 9, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.literaryanddebating.com/press/80-archbishop-desmond-tutu-to-speak-to-litndeb">the original</a> on May 11, 2011. Retrieved May 10, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archbishop+Desmond+Tutu+to+speak+to+Litndeb&rft.date=2009-01-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.literaryanddebating.com%2Fpress%2F80-archbishop-desmond-tutu-to-speak-to-litndeb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUoW–M2010" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.wisc.edu/17889">"Author, activist Noam Chomsky to receive award"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a>. March 29, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151209030516/http://news.wisc.edu/17889">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2015. Retrieved May 10, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Author%2C+activist+Noam+Chomsky+to+receive+award&rft.date=2010-03-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.wisc.edu%2F17889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabe2015" class="citation book cs1">Babe, Robert E. (2015). Wilbur Schramm and Noam Chomsky Meet Harold Innis: Media, Power, and Democracy. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-0682-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-0682-3"><bdi>978-1-4985-0682-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wilbur+Schramm+and+Noam+Chomsky+Meet+Harold+Innis%3A+Media%2C+Power%2C+and+Democracy&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4985-0682-3&rft.aulast=Babe&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaroniCallegari1982" class="citation book cs1">Baroni, M.; Callegari, L., eds. (1982). Musical grammars and computer analysis. Firenze: <a href="/wiki/Leo_S._Olschki_Editore" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo S. Olschki Editore">Leo S. Olschki Editore</a>. pp. 201–218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-882223229-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-882223229-8"><bdi>978-882223229-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Musical+grammars+and+computer+analysis&rft.place=Firenze&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E201-%3C%2Fspan%3E218&rft.pub=Leo+S.+Olschki+Editore&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-882223229-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarsky1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Barsky" title="Robert Barsky">Barsky, Robert F.</a> (1997). <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky:_A_Life_of_Dissent" title="Noam Chomsky: A Life of Dissent">Noam Chomsky: A Life of Dissent</a>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-02418-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-02418-1"><bdi>978-0-262-02418-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Noam+Chomsky%3A+A+Life+of+Dissent&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-262-02418-1&rft.aulast=Barsky&rft.aufirst=Robert+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarsky2007" class="citation book cs1">Barsky, Robert F. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chomskyeffectrad00bars">The Chomsky Effect: A Radical Works Beyond the Ivory Tower</a>. MIT Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chomskyeffectrad00bars/page/n125">107</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-026202624-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-026202624-6"><bdi>978-026202624-6</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chomsky+Effect%3A+A+Radical+Works+Beyond+the+Ivory+Tower&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-026202624-6&rft.aulast=Barsky&rft.aufirst=Robert+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchomskyeffectrad00bars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauerlein2005" class="citation web cs1">Bauerlein, Mark (April 1, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reason.com/2005/04/01/deconstructing-chomsky-2/">"Deconstructing Chomsky"</a>. Reason.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230427013445/https://reason.com/2005/04/01/deconstructing-chomsky-2/">Archived</a> from the original on April 27, 2023. Retrieved May 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reason.com&rft.atitle=Deconstructing+Chomsky&rft.date=2005-04-01&rft.aulast=Bauerlein&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2F2005%2F04%2F01%2Fdeconstructing-chomsky-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaughman_et_al.2006" class="citation book cs1">Baughman, Judith S.; Bondi, Victor; Layman, Richard; McConnell, Tandy; Tompkins, Vincent, eds. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1602000339/BIC?sid=BIC&xid=e006a1d5">"Noam Chomsky"</a>. American Decades. Detroit, MI: <a href="/wiki/Gale_(publisher)" title="Gale (publisher)">Gale</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220214050520/https://galeapps.gale.com/apps/auth?userGroupName=&sid=BIC&origURL=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fp%3DBIC%26u%3D%26id%3DGALE%7CK1602000339%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr%26sid%3DBIC%26asid%3De006a1d5&prodId=BIC">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2022. Retrieved July 12, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Noam+Chomsky&rft.btitle=American+Decades&rft.place=Detroit%2C+MI&rft.pub=Gale&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.galegroup.com%2Fapps%2Fdoc%2FK1602000339%2FBIC%3Fsid%3DBIC%26xid%3De006a1d5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirnbaum2010" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Birnbaum, Jean (June 3, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/livres/article/2010/06/03/chomsky-a-paris-chronique-d-un-malentendu_1367002_3260.html">"Chomsky à Paris: chronique d'un malentendu"</a>. Le Monde des Livres. <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210427222501/https://www.lemonde.fr/livres/article/2010/06/03/chomsky-a-paris-chronique-d-un-malentendu_1367002_3260.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 27, 2021. Retrieved June 8, 2010. <q>Le pays de Descartes ignore largement ce rationaliste, la patrie des Lumières se dérobe à ce militant de l'émancipation. Il le sait, et c'est pourquoi il n'y avait pas mis les pieds depuis un quart de siècle.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Chomsky+%C3%A0+Paris%3A+chronique+d%27un+malentendu&rft.date=2010-06-03&rft.aulast=Birnbaum&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Flivres%2Farticle%2F2010%2F06%2F03%2Fchomsky-a-paris-chronique-d-un-malentendu_1367002_3260.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoden2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_A._Boden" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret A. Boden">Boden, Margaret A.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mindasmachinehis0001bode">Mind As Machine: a History of Cognitive Science</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-019924144-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-019924144-6"><bdi>978-019924144-6</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mind+As+Machine%3A+a+History+of+Cognitive+Science&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-019924144-6&rft.aulast=Boden&rft.aufirst=Margaret+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmindasmachinehis0001bode&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Bot2015" class="citation book cs1">de Bot, Kees (2015). A History of Applied Linguistics: From 1980 to the Present. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-113882065-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-113882065-4"><bdi>978-113882065-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Applied+Linguistics%3A+From+1980+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-113882065-4&rft.aulast=de+Bot&rft.aufirst=Kees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraun2018" class="citation news cs1">Braun, Stuart (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/dissident-intellectual-noam-chomsky-at-90/a-46629642">"Dissident intellectual Noam Chomsky at 90"</a>. Deutsche Welle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211005175635/https://www.dw.com/en/dissident-intellectual-noam-chomsky-at-90/a-46629642">Archived</a> from the original on October 5, 2021. Retrieved August 29, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dissident+intellectual+Noam+Chomsky+at+90&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Braun&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fdissident-intellectual-noam-chomsky-at-90%2Fa-46629642&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Academy2014" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britac.ac.uk/news/british-academy-announces-2014-prize-and-medal-winners">"British Academy announces 2014 prize and medal winners"</a>. British Academy. July 24, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019013628/https://www.britac.ac.uk/news/british-academy-announces-2014-prize-and-medal-winners">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2017. Retrieved July 30, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=British+Academy+announces+2014+prize+and+medal+winners&rft.date=2014-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britac.ac.uk%2Fnews%2Fbritish-academy-announces-2014-prize-and-medal-winners&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronner2010" class="citation news cs1">Bronner, Ethan (May 17, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/18/world/middleeast/18chomsky.html">"Israel Roiled After Chomsky Barred From West Bank"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814021406/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/18/world/middleeast/18chomsky.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2021. Retrieved May 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Israel+Roiled+After+Chomsky+Barred+From+West+Bank&rft.date=2010-05-17&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Bronner&rft.aufirst=Ethan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F05%2F18%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F18chomsky.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurris2013" class="citation news cs1">Burris, Greg (August 11, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/11/chomsky-zizek-debate-snowden-nsa">"What the Chomsky-Žižek debate tells us about Snowden's NSA revelations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211016212854/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/11/chomsky-zizek-debate-snowden-nsa">Archived</a> from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=What+the+Chomsky-%C5%BDi%C5%BEek+debate+tells+us+about+Snowden%27s+NSA+revelations&rft.date=2013-08-11&rft.aulast=Burris&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2013%2Faug%2F11%2Fchomsky-zizek-debate-snowden-nsa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterfieldNgondiKerr2016" class="citation book cs1">Butterfield, Andrew; Ngondi, Gerard Ekembe; Kerr, Anne, eds. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199688975.001.0001/acref-9780199688975-e-729">"Chomsky hierarchy"</a>. A Dictionary of Computer Science. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968897-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968897-5"><bdi>978-0-19-968897-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428034105/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199688975.001.0001/acref-9780199688975-e-729">Archived</a> from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chomsky+hierarchy&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Computer+Science&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-968897-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199688975.001.0001%2Facref-9780199688975-e-729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2005" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Campbell_(journalist,_born_1944)" title="Duncan Campbell (journalist, born 1944)">Campbell, Duncan</a> (October 18, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/oct/18/books.highereducation">"Chomsky is voted world's top public intellectual"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615121100/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/oct/18/books.highereducation">Archived</a> from the original on June 15, 2013. Retrieved December 20, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Chomsky+is+voted+world%27s+top+public+intellectual&rft.date=2005-10-18&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2005%2Foct%2F18%2Fbooks.highereducation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInventio_Musikverlag" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805050422/http://www.inventio-musikverlag.de/shop/chomsky/">"Chomsky"</a>. inventio-musikverlag.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inventio-musikverlag.de/shop/chomsky/">the original</a> on August 5, 2016. Retrieved May 11, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chomsky&rft.pub=inventio-musikverlag.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inventio-musikverlag.de%2Fshop%2Fchomsky%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmid_the_Philosophers" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uea.ac.uk/~j108/chomsky.htm">"Chomsky Amid the Philosophers"</a>. University of East Anglia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113154032/http://www.uea.ac.uk/~j108/chomsky.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chomsky+Amid+the+Philosophers&rft.pub=University+of+East+Anglia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uea.ac.uk%2F~j108%2Fchomsky.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChomsky2022" class="citation web cs1">Chomsky, Noam (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hiphilangsci.net/2022/03/01/podcast-episode-23/">"Interview with Noam Chomsky on the beginnings of generative grammar"</a>. hiphilangsci.net. Retrieved February 28, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hiphilangsci.net&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Noam+Chomsky+on+the+beginnings+of+generative+grammar&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhiphilangsci.net%2F2022%2F03%2F01%2Fpodcast-episode-23%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChomsky" class="citation web cs1">Chomsky, Noam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chomsky.info/architecture01/">"The 'Chomskyan Era' (excerpted from The Architecture of Language)"</a>. Chomsky.info. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923203049/http://www.chomsky.info/books/architecture01.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved January 3, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chomsky.info&rft.atitle=The+%27Chomskyan+Era%27+%28excerpted+from+The+Architecture+of+Language%29&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchomsky.info%2Farchitecture01%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChomsky1991" class="citation book cs1">Chomsky, Noam (1991). Kasher, Asa (ed.). Linguistics and Cognitive Science: Problems and Mysteries. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistics+and+Cognitive+Science%3A+Problems+and+Mysteries&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChomsky1996" class="citation book cs1">Chomsky, Noam (1996). Class Warfare: Interviews with David Barsamian. Pluto Press. pp. 135–136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-074531137-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-074531137-1"><bdi>978-074531137-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Class+Warfare%3A+Interviews+with+David+Barsamian&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E136&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-074531137-1&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChomsky2016" class="citation web cs1">Chomsky, Noam (May 18, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://truthout.org/articles/is-the-us-ready-for-socialism-an-interview-with-noam-chomsky/">"Is the US Ready for Socialism? An Interview With Noam Chomsky"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Truthout" title="Truthout">Truthout</a>. Interviewed by C.J. Polychroniou. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817053804/https://truthout.org/articles/is-the-us-ready-for-socialism-an-interview-with-noam-chomsky/">Archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2021. Retrieved July 19, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Truthout&rft.atitle=Is+the+US+Ready+for+Socialism%3F+An+Interview+With+Noam+Chomsky&rft.date=2016-05-18&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftruthout.org%2Farticles%2Fis-the-us-ready-for-socialism-an-interview-with-noam-chomsky%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"> also available, in part, on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chomsky.info/05182016/">chomsky.info</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308010112/https://chomsky.info/05182016/">Archived</a> March 8, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemocracy_Now!2016" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2016/5/17/chomsky_saudi_arabia_is_the_center">"Chomsky: Saudi Arabia is the "Center of Radical Islamic Extremism" Now Spreading Among Sunni Muslims"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a>. May 17, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415080301/https://www.democracynow.org/2016/5/17/chomsky_saudi_arabia_is_the_center">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved July 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Democracy+Now%21&rft.atitle=Chomsky%3A+Saudi+Arabia+is+the+%22Center+of+Radical+Islamic+Extremism%22+Now+Spreading+Among+Sunni+Muslims&rft.date=2016-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.democracynow.org%2F2016%2F5%2F17%2Fchomsky_saudi_arabia_is_the_center&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristiansenChater2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Morten_H._Christiansen" title="Morten H. Christiansen">Christiansen, Morten H.</a>; Chater, Nick (October 2010). "Language as shaped by the brain". Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 31 (5): 489–509. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0140525X08004998">10.1017/S0140525X08004998</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-1825">1469-1825</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18826669">18826669</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+and+Brain+Sciences&rft.atitle=Language+as+shaped+by+the+brain&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E489-%3C%2Fspan%3E509&rft.date=2010-10&rft.issn=1469-1825&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18826669&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0140525X08004998&rft.aulast=Christiansen&rft.aufirst=Morten+H.&rft.au=Chater%2C+Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCipriani2016" class="citation journal cs1">Cipriani, Enrico (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31743%2Flingbaw.5637">"Some reflections on Chomsky's notion of reference"</a>. Linguistics Beyond and within. 2: 44–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31743%2Flingbaw.5637">10.31743/lingbaw.5637</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistics+Beyond+and+within&rft.atitle=Some+reflections+on+Chomsky%27s+notion+of+reference&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E44-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31743%2Flingbaw.5637&rft.aulast=Cipriani&rft.aufirst=Enrico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.31743%252Flingbaw.5637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohn1995" class="citation book cs1">Cohn, Werner (1995) [First published 1985]. Partners in Hate: Noam Chomsky and the Holocaust Deniers. Cambridge, MA: Avukah Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9645897-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9645897-0-4"><bdi>978-0-9645897-0-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Partners+in+Hate%3A+Noam+Chomsky+and+the+Holocaust+Deniers&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Avukah+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-9645897-0-4&rft.aulast=Cohn&rft.aufirst=Werner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowley2006" class="citation news cs1">Cowley, Jason (May 22, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061227165815/http://www.newstatesman.com/200605220016">"New Statesman – Heroes of our time – the top 50"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/200605220016">the original</a> on December 27, 2006. Retrieved December 9, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=New+Statesman+%E2%80%93+Heroes+of+our+time+%E2%80%93+the+top+50&rft.date=2006-05-22&rft.aulast=Cowley&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2F200605220016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavisWeyukerSigal1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Davis_(mathematician)" title="Martin Davis (mathematician)">Davis, Martin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Weyuker" title="Elaine Weyuker">Weyuker, Elaine J.</a>; Sigal, Ron (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/computabilitycom00davi_405">Computability, complexity, and languages: fundamentals of theoretical computer science</a> (2nd ed.). Boston: Academic Press, Harcourt, Brace. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/computabilitycom00davi_405/page/n345">327</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-206382-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-206382-4"><bdi>978-0-12-206382-4</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computability%2C+complexity%2C+and+languages%3A+fundamentals+of+theoretical+computer+science&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=327&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Academic+Press%2C+Harcourt%2C+Brace&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-12-206382-4&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Weyuker%2C+Elaine+J.&rft.au=Sigal%2C+Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomputabilitycom00davi_405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemocracy_Now!2010" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2010/5/17/denied_entry_israel_blocks_noam_chomsky">"Denied Entry: Israel Blocks Noam Chomsky from Entering West Bank to Deliver Speech"</a>. 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Retrieved May 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Democracy+Now%21&rft.atitle=Denied+Entry%3A+Israel+Blocks+Noam+Chomsky+from+Entering+West+Bank+to+Deliver+Speech&rft.date=2010-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.democracynow.org%2F2010%2F5%2F17%2Fdenied_entry_israel_blocks_noam_chomsky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDovey2015" class="citation news cs1">Dovey, Dana (December 7, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medicaldaily.com/noam-chomskys-theory-universal-grammar-right-its-hardwired-our-brains-364236">"Noam Chomsky's Theory Of Universal Grammar Is Right; It's Hardwired Into Our Brains"</a>. 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Retrieved May 31, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Extracts+form+%27An+historian%27s+appraisal+of+the+political+writings+of+Noam+Chomsky%27&rft.btitle=Noam+Chomsky%3A+Critical+Assessments%2C+Volumes+2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=487&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-415-10694-8&rft.aulast=Harbord&rft.aufirst=Shaun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMRdIAV5IVgoC%26pg%3DPA487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarlow2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Harlow, S. J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00barb">"Transformational Grammar: Evolution"</a>. In Barber, Alex; Stainton, Robert J. (eds.). Concise Encyclopedia of Philosophy of Language and Linguistics. Elsevier. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00barb/page/n774">752</a>–770. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-096501-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-096501-7"><bdi>978-0-08-096501-7</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transformational+Grammar%3A+Evolution&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy+of+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.pages=752-770&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-08-096501-7&rft.aulast=Harlow&rft.aufirst=S.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconciseencyclope00barb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2010" class="citation book cs1">Harris, R. Allen (2010). "Chomsky's other Revolution". In Kibbee, Douglas A. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chomskyanrevolut00kibb">Chomskyan (R)evolutions</a>. Amsterdam and Philadelphia, PA: <a href="/wiki/John_Benjamins_Publishing_Company" title="John Benjamins Publishing Company">John Benjamins Publishing Company</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chomskyanrevolut00kibb/page/n249">237</a>–265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-1169-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-1169-9"><bdi>978-90-272-1169-9</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chomsky%27s+other+Revolution&rft.btitle=Chomskyan+%28R%29evolutions&rft.place=Amsterdam+and+Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pages=237-265&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-272-1169-9&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=R.+Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchomskyanrevolut00kibb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2021" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Randy Allen (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x3o_EAAAQBAJ&q=randy+chomsky+wars">The Linguistics Wars: Chomsky, Lakoff, and the Battle over Deep Structure</a> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199740338" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199740338"><bdi>978-0199740338</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220214050506/https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Linguistics_Wars/x3o_EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=randy+chomsky+wars&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2022. 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International Journal of the Sociology of Language (263): 31–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fijsl-2020-2079">10.1515/ijsl-2020-2079</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219168139">219168139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+the+Sociology+of+Language&rft.atitle=Linguistics+and+the+state%3A+How+funding+and+politics+shape+a+field&rft.issue=263&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=2020-04-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fijsl-2020-2079&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219168139%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%252Fijsl-2020-2079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuxley2011" class="citation news cs1">Huxley, John (June 2, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/national/sydney-peace-prize-goes-to-chomsky-20110601-1fgws.html">"Sydney Peace Prize goes to Chomsky"</a>. 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The Washington Post. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221125224710/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/1988/02/21/noam-chomsky-and-the-tyranny-of-the-privileged/203c9dbb-6116-4c5e-ba0b-fdd15ed30500/">Archived</a> from the original on November 25, 2022. 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Reason.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405091934/https://reason.com/2006/04/01/im-ok-youre-a-hypocrite/">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved May 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reason.com&rft.atitle=I%27m+OK%E2%80%94You%27re+a+Hypocrite&rft.date=2006-04-01&rft.aulast=Lott&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2F2006%2F04%2F01%2Fim-ok-youre-a-hypocrite%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lyons_(linguist)" title="John Lyons (linguist)">Lyons, John</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/noamchomsky0000lyon">Noam Chomsky</a> (revised ed.). Harmondsworth: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-004370-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-004370-9"><bdi>978-0-14-004370-9</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Noam+Chomsky&rft.place=Harmondsworth&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-14-004370-9&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnoamchomsky0000lyon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCorquodale1970" class="citation journal cs1">MacCorquodale, Kenneth (January 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1333660">"On Chomsky's review of Skinner's Verbal Behavior"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Experimental_Analysis_of_Behavior" title="Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior">Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior</a>. 13 (1): 83–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1901%2Fjeab.1970.13-83">10.1901/jeab.1970.13-83</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-5002">0022-5002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1333660">1333660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Experimental+Analysis+of+Behavior&rft.atitle=On+Chomsky%27s+review+of+Skinner%27s+Verbal+Behavior&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.date=1970-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1333660%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0022-5002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1901%2Fjeab.1970.13-83&rft.aulast=MacCorquodale&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1333660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMace2017" class="citation news cs1">Mace, Mikayla (August 18, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tucson.com/news/linguist-noam-chomsky-joins-university-of-arizona-faculty/article_5e150bc8-1e7d-528b-afe7-eb3faf1c78f4.html">"Linguist Noam Chomsky joins University of Arizona faculty"</a>. Arizona Daily Star. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210427222831/https://tucson.com/news/linguist-noam-chomsky-joins-university-of-arizona-faculty/article_5e150bc8-1e7d-528b-afe7-eb3faf1c78f4.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 27, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arizona+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Linguist+Noam+Chomsky+joins+University+of+Arizona+faculty&rft.date=2017-08-18&rft.aulast=Mace&rft.aufirst=Mikayla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftucson.com%2Fnews%2Flinguist-noam-chomsky-joins-university-of-arizona-faculty%2Farticle_5e150bc8-1e7d-528b-afe7-eb3faf1c78f4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacintyre2010" class="citation news cs1">Macintyre, Donald (May 17, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/chomsky-refused-entry-into-west-bank-1975189.html">"Chomsky refused entry into West Bank"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612153444/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/chomsky-refused-entry-into-west-bank-1975189.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Chomsky+refused+entry+into+West+Bank&rft.date=2010-05-17&rft.aulast=Macintyre&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fchomsky-refused-entry-into-west-bank-1975189.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGilvray2014" class="citation book cs1">McGilvray, James (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chomskylanguagem0000mcgi_s2h6">Chomsky: Language, Mind, Politics</a> (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Polity. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-4989-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-4989-4"><bdi>978-0-7456-4989-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chomsky%3A+Language%2C+Mind%2C+Politics&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-4989-4&rft.aulast=McGilvray&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchomskylanguagem0000mcgi_s2h6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeill2014" class="citation news cs1">McNeill, David (February 22, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/02/22/world/politics-diplomacy-world/noam-chomsky-truth-to-power/">"Noam Chomsky: Truth to power"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211124091254/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/02/22/world/politics-diplomacy-world/noam-chomsky-truth-to-power/">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Noam+Chomsky%3A+Truth+to+power&rft.date=2014-02-22&rft.aulast=McNeill&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2014%2F02%2F22%2Fworld%2Fpolitics-diplomacy-world%2Fnoam-chomsky-truth-to-power%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilne2009" class="citation news cs1">Milne, Seumas (November 7, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/nov/07/noam-chomsky-us-foreign-policy">"'US foreign policy is straight out of the mafia'"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211216152656/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/nov/07/noam-chomsky-us-foreign-policy">Archived</a> from the original on December 16, 2021. Retrieved June 3, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27US+foreign+policy+is+straight+out+of+the+mafia%27&rft.date=2009-11-07&rft.aulast=Milne&rft.aufirst=Seumas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2009%2Fnov%2F07%2Fnoam-chomsky-us-foreign-policy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNettelfield2010" class="citation book cs1">Nettelfield, Lara J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Bl9KT9NME0C&pg=PA142">Courting Democracy in Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521763806" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521763806"><bdi>978-0521763806</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816101250/https://books.google.com/books?id=7Bl9KT9NME0C&pg=PA142">Archived</a> from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Courting+Democracy+in+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0521763806&rft.aulast=Nettelfield&rft.aufirst=Lara+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Bl9KT9NME0C%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolitika2015" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politika.rs/scc/clanak/319194/Nikolic-urucio-Sretenjsko-ordenje">"Nikolic presented the Sretenje Order" <bdi lang="sr">Николић уручио Сретењско ордење</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Politika" title="Politika">Politika</a> (in Serbian). February 15, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205140551/http://www.politika.rs/scc/clanak/319194/Nikolic-urucio-Sretenjsko-ordenje">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2021. Retrieved January 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politika&rft.atitle=Nikolic+presented+the+Sretenje+Order+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%9B+%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%9A%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5&rft.date=2015-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politika.rs%2Fscc%2Fclanak%2F319194%2FNikolic-urucio-Sretenjsko-ordenje&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMIT_Linguistics_Program2002" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chomsky.info/2002____/">"Noam Chomsky"</a>. MIT Linguistics Program. 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150917044226/http://www.chomsky.info/bios/2002----.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 17, 2015. Retrieved January 3, 2017 – via chomsky.info.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Noam+Chomsky&rft.pub=MIT+Linguistics+Program&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchomsky.info%2F2002____%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFContemporary_Authors_Online2016" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/H1000017846/BIC?sid=BIC&xid=c79e828a">"Noam Chomsky"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Authors_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary Authors Online">Contemporary Authors Online</a>. Biography in Context. Detroit, MI: <a href="/wiki/Gale_(publisher)" title="Gale (publisher)">Gale</a>. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220214050524/https://galeapps.gale.com/apps/auth?userGroupName=&sid=BIC&origURL=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fp%3DBIC%26u%3D%26id%3DGALE%7CH1000017846%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr%26sid%3DBIC%26asid%3Dc79e828a&prodId=BIC">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2022. Retrieved July 12, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Noam+Chomsky&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Authors+Online&rft.place=Detroit%2C+MI&rft.series=Biography+in+Context&rft.pub=Gale&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.galegroup.com%2Fapps%2Fdoc%2FH1000017846%2FBIC%3Fsid%3DBIC%26xid%3Dc79e828a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Memorial_Peace_Foundation" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uspeacememorial.org/PEACEPRIZE.htm">"Noam Chomsky Awarded 2011 US Peace Prize"</a>. US Memorial Peace Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309123504/https://www.uspeacememorial.org/PEACEPRIZE.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Noam+Chomsky+Awarded+2011+US+Peace+Prize&rft.pub=US+Memorial+Peace+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uspeacememorial.org%2FPEACEPRIZE.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemocracy_Now!2015" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2015/3/3/noam_chomsky_on_life_love_still">"Noam Chomsky on Life & Love: Still Going at 86, Renowned Dissident is Newly Married"</a>. Democracy Now!. March 3, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210610151827/https://www.democracynow.org/2015/3/3/noam_chomsky_on_life_love_still">Archived</a> from the original on June 10, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Democracy+Now%21&rft.atitle=Noam+Chomsky+on+Life+%26+Love%3A+Still+Going+at+86%2C+Renowned+Dissident+is+Newly+Married&rft.date=2015-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.democracynow.org%2F2015%2F3%2F3%2Fnoam_chomsky_on_life_love_still&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Grady2015" class="citation news cs1">O'Grady, Cathleen (June 8, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2015/08/mit-claims-to-have-found-a-language-universal-that-ties-all-languages-together/">"MIT claims to have found a "language universal" that ties all languages together"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1502134112">10.1073/pnas.1502134112</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211215050931/https://arstechnica.com/science/2015/08/mit-claims-to-have-found-a-language-universal-that-ties-all-languages-together/">Archived</a> from the original on December 15, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=MIT+claims+to+have+found+a+%22language+universal%22+that+ties+all+languages+together&rft.date=2015-06-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1502134112&rft.aulast=O%27Grady&rft.aufirst=Cathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fscience%2F2015%2F08%2Fmit-claims-to-have-found-a-language-universal-that-ties-all-languages-together%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMSUM_Cognitive_Sciences" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mnstate.edu/schwartz/cogsci100.htm">"The one hundred most influential works in cognitive science"</a>. Center for Cognitive Sciences, Minnesota State University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816231346/http://web.mnstate.edu/schwartz/cogsci100.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved November 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+one+hundred+most+influential+works+in+cognitive+science&rft.pub=Center+for+Cognitive+Sciences%2C+Minnesota+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mnstate.edu%2Fschwartz%2Fcogsci100.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtiz2017" class="citation news cs1">Ortiz, Aimee (August 28, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181220093327/https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/08/28/chomsky-joins-university-arizona-faculty/JYdA9TjGk6OeBwa7Q8fPjJ/story.html">"Chomsky joins University of Arizona faculty"</a>. The Boston Globe. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/08/28/chomsky-joins-university-arizona-faculty/JYdA9TjGk6OeBwa7Q8fPjJ/story.html">the original</a> on December 20, 2018. Retrieved October 24, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Chomsky+joins+University+of+Arizona+faculty&rft.date=2017-08-28&rft.aulast=Ortiz&rft.aufirst=Aimee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fmetro%2F2017%2F08%2F28%2Fchomsky-joins-university-arizona-faculty%2FJYdA9TjGk6OeBwa7Q8fPjJ%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtero2003" class="citation book cs1">Otero, Carlos Peregrín (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ORu91WxxL4C&pg=PA416">"Editor's notes to Selection 4 ("Perspectives on language and mind")"</a>. Chomsky on Democracy & Education. By Chomsky, Noam. Otero, Carlos Peregrín (ed.). Psychology Press. p. 416. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415926324" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415926324"><bdi>978-0415926324</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818072135/https://books.google.com/books?id=3ORu91WxxL4C&pg=PA416">Archived</a> from the original on August 18, 2021. Retrieved August 20, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Editor%27s+notes+to+Selection+4+%28%22Perspectives+on+language+and+mind%22%29&rft.btitle=Chomsky+on+Democracy+%26+Education&rft.pages=416&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0415926324&rft.aulast=Otero&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Peregr%C3%ADn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ORu91WxxL4C%26pg%3DPA416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPáez2019" class="citation journal cs1">Páez, Nadia (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6687670">"Systematics of Huicundomantis, a new subgenus of Pristimantis (Anura, Strabomantidae) with extraordinary cryptic diversity and eleven new species"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ZooKeys" title="ZooKeys">ZooKeys</a> (868): 1–112. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ZooK..868....1P">2019ZooK..868....1P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fzookeys.868.26766">10.3897/zookeys.868.26766</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1313-2970">1313-2970</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6687670">6687670</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31406482">31406482</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ZooKeys&rft.atitle=Systematics+of+Huicundomantis%2C+a+new+subgenus+of+Pristimantis+%28Anura%2C+Strabomantidae%29+with+extraordinary+cryptic+diversity+and+eleven+new+species&rft.issue=868&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6687670%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019ZooK..868....1P&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31406482&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3897%2Fzookeys.868.26766&rft.issn=1313-2970&rft.aulast=P%C3%A1ez&rft.aufirst=Nadia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6687670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerssonLaFollette2013" class="citation book cs1">Persson, Ingmar; LaFollette, Hugh, eds. (2013). The Blackwell Guide to Ethical Theory (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-51426-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-51426-9"><bdi>978-1-118-51426-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Guide+to+Ethical+Theory&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-118-51426-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPilkington2010" class="citation news cs1">Pilkington, Ed (May 16, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/16/israel-noam-chomsky-palestinian-west-bank">"Noam Chomsky barred by Israelis from lecturing in Palestinian West Bank"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817092855/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/16/israel-noam-chomsky-palestinian-west-bank">Archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2021. Retrieved May 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Noam+Chomsky+barred+by+Israelis+from+lecturing+in+Palestinian+West+Bank&rft.date=2010-05-16&rft.aulast=Pilkington&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fmay%2F16%2Fisrael-noam-chomsky-palestinian-west-bank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIPB2017" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Press-release_MacBride-Peace-Prize-2017.pdf">"Press release: Séan MacBride Peace Prize 2017"</a> (PDF). Berlin: <a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Bureau" title="International Peace Bureau">International Peace Bureau</a>. September 6, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225161853/http://www.ipb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Press-release_MacBride-Peace-Prize-2017.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved December 9, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+release%3A+S%C3%A9an+MacBride+Peace+Prize+2017&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=International+Peace+Bureau&rft.date=2017-09-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipb.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F09%2FPress-release_MacBride-Peace-Prize-2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrickett2002" class="citation book cs1">Prickett, Stephen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/narrativereligio00pric">Narrative, Religion and Science: Fundamentalism Versus Irony, 1700–1999</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/narrativereligio00pric/page/n243">234</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00983-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00983-6"><bdi>978-0-521-00983-6</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrative%2C+Religion+and+Science%3A+Fundamentalism+Versus+Irony%2C+1700%E2%80%931999&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00983-6&rft.aulast=Prickett&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnarrativereligio00pric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForeign_Policy2005" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051025155541/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3260">"Prospect/FP Top 100 Public Intellectuals Results"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a>. October 15, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2005/10/15/prospectfp-top-100-public-intellectuals-results">the original</a> on October 25, 2005. Retrieved November 30, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Prospect%2FFP+Top+100+Public+Intellectuals+Results&rft.date=2005-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2005%2F10%2F15%2Fprospectfp-top-100-public-intellectuals-results&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPullumScholz2002" class="citation journal cs1">Pullum, Geoffrey; Scholz, Barbara (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucd.ie/artspgs/research/pullum.pdf">"Empirical assessment of stimulus poverty arguments"</a> (PDF). The Linguistic Review. 18 (1–2): 9–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Ftlir.19.1-2.9">10.1515/tlir.19.1-2.9</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143735248">143735248</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210203111631/https://www.ucd.ie/artspgs/research/pullum.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 3, 2021. Retrieved December 22, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Linguistic+Review&rft.atitle=Empirical+assessment+of+stimulus+poverty+arguments&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Ftlir.19.1-2.9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143735248%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pullum&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft.au=Scholz%2C+Barbara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucd.ie%2Fartspgs%2Fresearch%2Fpullum.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabbani2012" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mouin_Rabbani" title="Mouin Rabbani">Rabbani, Mouin</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120803030604/http://www.palestine-studies.org/journals.aspx?id=11394&jid=1&href=fulltext">"Reflections on a Lifetime of Engagement with Zionism, the Palestine Question, and American Empire: An Interview with Noam Chomsky"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Palestine_Studies" title="Journal of Palestine Studies">Journal of Palestine Studies</a>. 41 (3): 92–120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fjps.2012.XLI.3.92">10.1525/jps.2012.XLI.3.92</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palestine-studies.org/journals.aspx?id=11394&jid=1&href=fulltext">the original</a> on August 3, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Palestine+Studies&rft.atitle=Reflections+on+a+Lifetime+of+Engagement+with+Zionism%2C+the+Palestine+Question%2C+and+American+Empire%3A+An+Interview+with+Noam+Chomsky&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E92-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fjps.2012.XLI.3.92&rft.aulast=Rabbani&rft.aufirst=Mouin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palestine-studies.org%2Fjournals.aspx%3Fid%3D11394%26jid%3D1%26href%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadick2007" class="citation book cs1">Radick, Gregory (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/simiantonguelong00radi/page/320">The Simian Tongue: The Long Debate about Animal Language</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226702247" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226702247"><bdi>978-0226702247</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Simian+Tongue%3A+The+Long+Debate+about+Animal+Language&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0226702247&rft.aulast=Radick&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsimiantonguelong00radi%2Fpage%2F320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRai1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Milan_Rai" title="Milan Rai">Rai, Milan</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chomskyspolitics00raim">Chomsky's Politics</a>. Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-011-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-011-5"><bdi>978-1-85984-011-5</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chomsky%27s+Politics&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-85984-011-5&rft.aulast=Rai&rft.aufirst=Milan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchomskyspolitics00raim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1979" class="citation news cs1">Robinson, Paul (February 25, 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1979/02/25/archives/the-chomsky-problem-chomsky.html">"The Chomsky Problem"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211223181609/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/02/25/archives/the-chomsky-problem-chomsky.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 23, 2021. 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The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150513214636/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syria-crisis-turkey-and-saudi-arabia-shock-western-countries-by-supporting-antiassad-jihadists-10242747.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2015. 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PWS Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-534-94728-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-534-94728-6"><bdi>978-0-534-94728-6</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Theory+of+Computation&rft.pub=PWS+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-534-94728-6&rft.aulast=Sipser&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontoth00sips&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlife1993" class="citation book cs1">Slife, Brent D. 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SUNY Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/timepsychologica0000slif/page/115">115</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1469-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1469-9"><bdi>978-0-7914-1469-9</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+and+Psychological+Explanation%3A+The+Spectacle+of+Spain%27s+Tourist+Boom+and+the+Reinvention+of+Difference&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1469-9&rft.aulast=Slife&rft.aufirst=Brent+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftimepsychologica0000slif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Smith_(linguist)" title="Neil Smith (linguist)">Smith, Neil</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chomskyideasidea00smit_676">Chomsky: Ideas and Ideals</a>. 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The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211018053203/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/06/education/edlife/on-being-noam-chomsky.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Noam+Chomsky+and+the+Bicycle+Theory&rft.date=2016-10-31&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Tanenhaus&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F11%2F06%2Feducation%2Fedlife%2Fon-being-noam-chomsky.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThornbury2006" class="citation book cs1">Thornbury, Scott (2006). An A–Z of ELT (Methodology). Oxford: Macmillan Education. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405070638" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405070638"><bdi>978-1405070638</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+A%E2%80%93Z+of+ELT+%28Methodology%29&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=Macmillan+Education&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1405070638&rft.aulast=Thornbury&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomasello1995" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tomasello" title="Michael Tomasello">Tomasello, Michael</a> (January 1995). "Language is not an instinct". Cognitive Development. 10 (1): 131–156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0885-2014%2895%2990021-7">10.1016/0885-2014(95)90021-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0885-2014">0885-2014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cognitive+Development&rft.atitle=Language+is+not+an+instinct&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E131-%3C%2Fspan%3E156&rft.date=1995-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0885-2014%2895%2990021-7&rft.issn=0885-2014&rft.aulast=Tomasello&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomasello2003" class="citation book cs1">Tomasello, Michael (2003). Constructing a Language: A Usage-Based Theory of Language Acquisition. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01030-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01030-7"><bdi>978-0-674-01030-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+a+Language%3A+A+Usage-Based+Theory+of+Language+Acquisition&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01030-7&rft.aulast=Tomasello&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomasello2009" class="citation journal cs1">Tomasello, Michael (October 2009). "Universal grammar is dead". <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_and_Brain_Sciences" title="Behavioral and Brain Sciences">Behavioral and Brain Sciences</a>. 32 (5): 470–471. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0140525X09990744">10.1017/S0140525X09990744</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-1825">1469-1825</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144188188">144188188</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+and+Brain+Sciences&rft.atitle=Universal+grammar+is+dead&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E470-%3C%2Fspan%3E471&rft.date=2009-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144188188%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1469-1825&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0140525X09990744&rft.aulast=Tomasello&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrain_From_Top_To_Bottom" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/capsules/outil_rouge06.html">"Tool Module: Chomsky's Universal Grammar"</a>. The Brain From Top To Bottom. <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170910201125/http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/capsules/outil_rouge06.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 10, 2017. Retrieved December 24, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Brain+From+Top+To+Bottom&rft.atitle=Tool+Module%3A+Chomsky%27s+Universal+Grammar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthebrain.mcgill.ca%2Fflash%2Fcapsules%2Foutil_rouge06.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTymoczkoHenle2004" class="citation book cs1">Tymoczko, Tom; Henle, Jim (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LQnsSuvP9dAC">Sweet Reason: A Field Guide to Modern Logic</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-98930-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-98930-3"><bdi>978-0-387-98930-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428235214/https://books.google.com/books?id=LQnsSuvP9dAC">Archived</a> from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved October 28, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sweet+Reason%3A+A+Field+Guide+to+Modern+Logic&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-387-98930-3&rft.aulast=Tymoczko&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Henle%2C+Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLQnsSuvP9dAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Hindu2001" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161224222947/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/11/04/stories/0204000j.htm">"U.S., Britain ignored 'culture of terrorism': Chomsky"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. November 4, 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/2001/11/04/stories/0204000j.htm">the original</a> on December 24, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=U.S.%2C+Britain+ignored+%27culture+of+terrorism%27%3A+Chomsky&rft.date=2001-11-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2F2001%2F11%2F04%2Fstories%2F0204000j.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViggo_Mortensen's_Spoken_Word_&_Music_CDs" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101215194045/http://www.viggofanbase.com/cds">"Viggo Mortensen's Spoken Word & Music CDs"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.viggofanbase.com/cds">the original</a> on December 15, 2010. Retrieved May 10, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Viggo+Mortensen%27s+Spoken+Word+%26+Music+CDs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.viggofanbase.com%2Fcds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeaver2016" class="citation news cs1">Weaver, Matthew (January 14, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jan/14/chomsky-hits-back-erdogan-double-standards-terrorism-bomb-istanbul">"Chomsky hits back at Erdoğan, accusing him of double standards on terrorism"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211113120757/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jan/14/chomsky-hits-back-erdogan-double-standards-terrorism-bomb-istanbul">Archived</a> from the original on November 13, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Chomsky+hits+back+at+Erdo%C4%9Fan%2C+accusing+him+of+double+standards+on+terrorism&rft.date=2016-01-14&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2016%2Fjan%2F14%2Fchomsky-hits-back-erdogan-double-standards-terrorism-bomb-istanbul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeidenfeld2017" class="citation news cs1">Weidenfeld, Lisa (August 29, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/2017/08/29/noam-chomsky-mit-arizona/">"Noam Chomsky Is Leaving MIT for the University of Arizona"</a>. Boston Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817160616/https://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/2017/08/29/noam-chomsky-mit-arizona/">Archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2021. Retrieved June 10, 2019. <q>Chomsky has been at MIT since 1955, and retired in 2002.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Magazine&rft.atitle=Noam+Chomsky+Is+Leaving+MIT+for+the+University+of+Arizona&rft.date=2017-08-29&rft.aulast=Weidenfeld&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonmagazine.com%2Fnews%2F2017%2F08%2F29%2Fnoam-chomsky-mit-arizona%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiner1995" class="citation news cs1">Weiner, Tim (December 10, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/10/magazine/the-cia-s-most-important-mission-itself.html">"The C.I.A.'s most Important Mission: Itself"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210510183350/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/10/magazine/the-cia-s-most-important-mission-itself.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 10, 2021. Retrieved February 18, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+C.I.A.%27s+most+Important+Mission%3A+Itself&rft.date=1995-12-10&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Weiner&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F12%2F10%2Fmagazine%2Fthe-cia-s-most-important-mission-itself.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation interview cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.truthdig.com/report/item/american_socrates_20140615">"American Socrates"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Truthdig" title="Truthdig">Truthdig</a> (Interview). Interviewed by <a href="/wiki/Chris_Hedges" title="Chris Hedges">Chris Hedges</a>. June 15, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140618115344/http://www.truthdig.com/report/item/american_socrates_20140615">Archived</a> from the original on June 18, 2014. Retrieved June 16, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Truthdig&rft.atitle=American+Socrates&rft.date=2014-06-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.truthdig.com%2Freport%2Fitem%2Famerican_socrates_20140615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Changeux, Jean-Pierre; Courrége, Philippe; Danchin, Antoine (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC427150">"A Theory of the Epigenesis of Neuronal Networks by Selective Stabilization of Synapses"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</a>. 70 (10): 2974–2978. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973PNAS...70.2974C">1973PNAS...70.2974C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.70.10.2974">10.1073/pnas.70.10.2974</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC427150">427150</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4517949">4517949</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=A+Theory+of+the+Epigenesis+of+Neuronal+Networks+by+Selective+Stabilization+of+Synapses&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2974-%3C%2Fspan%3E2978&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC427150%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4517949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.70.10.2974&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973PNAS...70.2974C&rft.aulast=Changeux&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rft.au=Courr%C3%A9ge%2C+Philippe&rft.au=Danchin%2C+Antoine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC427150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Chomsky, Noam (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chomsky.info/1967____/">"Reviews: Verbal behavior by B. F. Skinner"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Language_(journal)" title="Language (journal)">Language</a>. 35 (1): 26–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F411334">10.2307/411334</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/411334">411334</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190910191335/https://chomsky.info/1967____/">Archived</a> from the original on September 10, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Reviews%3A+Verbal+behavior+by+B.+F.+Skinner&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F411334&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F411334%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchomsky.info%2F1967____%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Chomsky, Noam (2008–2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radicalanthropologygroup.org/sites/default/files/journal/journal_02.pdf">"Human nature and the origins of language"</a> (PDF). Radical Anthropology (2): 19–23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191207235646/http://radicalanthropologygroup.org/sites/default/files/journal/journal_02.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 7, 2019. Retrieved July 12, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Human+nature+and+the+origins+of+language&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=2008%2F2009&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradicalanthropologygroup.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fjournal%2Fjournal_02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">Chomsky, Noam (February 13, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/02/noam-chomsky-interview-jacobin/">"The World of Our Grandchildren"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a>. Interviewed by David Barsamian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322130638/https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/02/noam-chomsky-interview-jacobin/">Archived</a> from the original on March 22, 2015. Retrieved February 15, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jacobin&rft.atitle=The+World+of+Our+Grandchildren&rft.date=2015-02-13&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jacobinmag.com%2F2015%2F02%2Fnoam-chomsky-interview-jacobin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Everett" title="Daniel Everett">Everett, Daniel L.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dontsleeptherear00ever">Don't Sleep, There Are Snakes: Life and Language in the Amazonian Jungle</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_Books" title="Pantheon Books">Pantheon Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-42502-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-42502-8"><bdi>978-0-375-42502-8</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Don%27t+Sleep%2C+There+Are+Snakes%3A+Life+and+Language+in+the+Amazonian+Jungle&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-375-42502-8&rft.aulast=Everett&rft.aufirst=Daniel+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdontsleeptherear00ever&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">Farndale, Nigel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/7865508/Noam-Chomsky-interview.html">"Noam Chomsky interview"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190424055222/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/7865508/Noam-Chomsky-interview.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 24, 2019. 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The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907194644/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/21/us/21chomsky-carol.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 7, 2015. 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Retrieved August 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Teaching+Sign+Language+to+a+Chimpanzee&rft.volume=165&rft.issue=3894&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E664-%3C%2Fspan%3E672&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1727877%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1969Sci...165..664G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.384.4164%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5793972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.165.3894.664&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rft.au=Gardner%2C+B.+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cog.brown.edu%2Fcourses%2Fcg2000%2FPapers%2FChimp69ScienceGardner.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Gardner, R. A.; Gardner, B. T.; Van Cantfort, Thomas E. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140721030409/http://www.sunypress.edu/p-825-teaching-sign-language-to-chimp.aspx">Teaching Sign Language to Chimpanzees</a>. Albany, NY: <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-965-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-965-9"><bdi>978-0-88706-965-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunypress.edu/p-825-teaching-sign-language-to-chimp.aspx">the original</a> on July 21, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teaching+Sign+Language+to+Chimpanzees&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-965-9&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rft.au=Gardner%2C+B.+T.&rft.au=Van+Cantfort%2C+Thomas+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunypress.edu%2Fp-825-teaching-sign-language-to-chimp.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iww.org/history/library/Chomsky/2009int">"IWW Interview with Noam Chomsky: Worker Occupations And The Future Of Radical Labor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">IWW</a>. October 9, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150511190545/http://www.iww.org/history/library/Chomsky/2009int">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2015. Retrieved March 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IWW+Interview+with+Noam+Chomsky%3A+Worker+Occupations+And+The+Future+Of+Radical+Labor&rft.pub=IWW&rft.date=2009-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iww.org%2Fhistory%2Flibrary%2FChomsky%2F2009int&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2020" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Jones_(Canadian_scholar)" title="Adam Jones (Canadian scholar)">Jones, Adam</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol14/iss1/8/">"Chomsky and Genocide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Genocide_Studies_and_Prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide Studies and Prevention">Genocide Studies and Prevention</a>. 14 (1): 76–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5038%2F1911-9933.14.1.1738">10.5038/1911-9933.14.1.1738</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1911-9933">1911-9933</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218959996">218959996</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402123617/https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol14/iss1/8/">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2023. Retrieved April 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genocide+Studies+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=Chomsky+and+Genocide&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E76-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218959996%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1911-9933&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5038%2F1911-9933.14.1.1738&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.usf.edu%2Fgsp%2Fvol14%2Fiss1%2F8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Joseph, John E. (2002). From Whitney to Chomsky: Essays in the history of American linguistics. Studies in the History of the Language Sciences. Vol. 103. John Benjamins. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fsihols.103">10.1075/sihols.103</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9027275370" title="Special:BookSources/978-9027275370"><bdi>978-9027275370</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Whitney+to+Chomsky%3A+Essays+in+the+history+of+American+linguistics&rft.series=Studies+in+the+History+of+the+Language+Sciences&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fsihols.103&rft.isbn=978-9027275370&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">— (2010). "Chomsky's Atavistic Revolution (With a little help from his enemies)". In Kibbee, Douglas A. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chomskyanrevolut00kibb">Chomskyan (R)evolutions</a>. John Benjamins. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chomskyanrevolut00kibb/page/n13">1</a>–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fz.154.01jos">10.1075/z.154.01jos</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9027211699" title="Special:BookSources/978-9027211699"><bdi>978-9027211699</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chomsky%27s+Atavistic+Revolution+%28With+a+little+help+from+his+enemies%29&rft.btitle=Chomskyan+%28R%29evolutions&rft.pages=1-18&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fz.154.01jos&rft.isbn=978-9027211699&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchomskyanrevolut00kibb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">— (2011). 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Retrieved August 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Psychology%3A+General&rft.atitle=Spontaneous+Symbol+Acquisition+and+Communicative+Use+By+Pygmy+Chimpanzees+%28Pan+paniscus%29&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E211-%3C%2Fspan%3E235&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0096-3445.115.3.211&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2428917&rft.aulast=Savage-Rumbaugh&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=McDonald%2C+K.&rft.au=Sevcik%2C+R.+A.&rft.au=Hopkins%2C+W.+D.&rft.au=Rubert%2C+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cogsci.ucsd.edu%2F~sereno%2F170%2Freadings%2F21-ApeLanguage.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sue_Savage-Rumbaugh" title="Sue Savage-Rumbaugh">Savage-Rumbaugh, S.</a>; Rumbaugh, D. M.; McDonald, K. (1985). "Language learning in two species of apes". <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_and_Biobehavioral_Reviews" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews">Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews</a>. 9 (4): 653–665. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0149-7634%2885%2990012-0">10.1016/0149-7634(85)90012-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4080283">4080283</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:579851">579851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuroscience+and+Biobehavioral+Reviews&rft.atitle=Language+learning+in+two+species+of+apes&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E653-%3C%2Fspan%3E665&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A579851%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4080283&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0149-7634%2885%2990012-0&rft.aulast=Savage-Rumbaugh&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Rumbaugh%2C+D.+M.&rft.au=McDonald%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">Shalom, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160808085048/http://nova.wpunj.edu/newpolitics/issue23/shalom23.htm">"Review of Noam Chomsky: A Life of Dissent, by Robert F. Barsky"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Politics_(magazine)" title="New Politics (magazine)">New Politics</a>. No. 23. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nova.wpunj.edu/newpolitics/issue23/shalom23.htm">the original</a> on August 8, 2016. Retrieved October 7, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Politics&rft.atitle=Review+of+Noam+Chomsky%3A+A+Life+of+Dissent%2C+by+Robert+F.+Barsky&rft.issue=23&rft.aulast=Shalom&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnova.wpunj.edu%2Fnewpolitics%2Fissue23%2Fshalom23.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Tattersall" title="Ian Tattersall">Tattersall, Ian</a> (August 18, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2016/08/18/noam-chomsky-robert-berwick-birth-of-language/">"At the Birth of Language"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>. Vol. LXIII, no. 13. pp. 27–28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630035239/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2016/08/18/noam-chomsky-robert-berwick-birth-of-language/">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2019. Retrieved June 30, 2019,</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=At+the+Birth+of+Language&rft.volume=LXIII&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=2016-08-18&rft.aulast=Tattersall&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F2016%2F08%2F18%2Fnoam-chomsky-robert-berwick-birth-of-language%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"> a review of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Berwick, Robert C.; Chomsky, Noam. Why Only Us: Language and Evolution. MIT Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Only+Us%3A+Language+and+Evolution&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.aulast=Berwick&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft.au=Chomsky%2C+Noam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Terrace, Herbert S. (1987). Nim: A Chimpanzee who Learned Sign Language. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-06341-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-06341-8"><bdi>978-0-231-06341-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nim%3A+A+Chimpanzee+who+Learned+Sign+Language&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-231-06341-8&rft.aulast=Terrace&rft.aufirst=Herbert+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANoam+Chomsky" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style 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class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Noam Chomsky <hr></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=89803084&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=89803084">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=89803084&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By Noam Chomsky <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=89803084&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" 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href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sbs.arizona.edu/chomsky">Faculty page</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/21px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="21" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/42px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 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.sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Noam Chomsky at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Chomskyan" class="extiw" title="wikt:Chomskyan">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 14px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="14" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" class="extiw" title="c:Noam Chomsky">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Interview_with_US_political_activist_and_philosopher_Noam_Chomsky" class="extiw" title="n:Interview with US political activist and philosopher Noam Chomsky">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" class="extiw" title="q:Noam Chomsky">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="18" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Noam_Chomsky" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Noam Chomsky">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9049" class="extiw" title="d:Q9049">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noam_Chomsky&oldid=1275812029">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noam_Chomsky&oldid=1275812029</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Noam_Chomsky&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 15 February 2025, at 05:54 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%96%E1%88%9D_%E1%89%BE%E1%88%9D%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%AA" title="ኖም ቾምስኪ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኖም ቾምስኪ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A" title="نعوم تشومسكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نعوم تشومسكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D5%89%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%BD%D6%84%D5%AB" title="Նոամ Չոմսքի – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Նոամ Չոմսքի" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_%C3%87omski" title="Noam Çomski – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Noam Çomski" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A2%D9%85_%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="نوآم چامسکی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نوآم چامسکی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF" title="নোম চম্‌স্কি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নোম চম্‌স্কি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ноам Хомский – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ноам Хомский" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Ноам Хомскі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ноам Хомскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Ноам Чомскі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ноам Чомскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="नोम चोमस्की – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नोम चोमस्की" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Ноам Чомски – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ноам Чомски" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8D" title="ནམ་ཆོམ་སི་ཀེ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ནམ་ཆོམ་སི་ཀེ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Ноам Чомски – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ноам Чомски" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A" title="نعوم تشومسكي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="نعوم تشومسكي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%8C%CE%B1%CE%BC_%CE%A4%CF%83%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B9" title="Νόαμ Τσόμσκι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νόαμ Τσόμσκι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ноам Хомский – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ноам Хомский" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomski" title="Noam Chomski – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Noam Chomski" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A2%D9%85_%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="نوآم چامسکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نوآم چامسکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A4%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="نؤام چامسکي – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="نؤام چامسکي" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%AE_%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%80" title="નોઆમ ચોમ્સ્કી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નોઆમ ચોમ્સ્કી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EC%97%84_%EC%B4%98%EC%8A%A4%ED%82%A4" title="노엄 촘스키 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노엄 촘스키" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D5%89%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%AB" title="Նոամ Չոմսկի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նոամ Չոմսկի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="नोआम चाम्सकी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नोआम चाम्सकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Хомский, Ноам – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хомский, Ноам" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9D_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99" title="נועם חומסקי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נועם חומסקי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%80" title="ನೋಅಮ್ ಚಾಮ್ಸ್ಕೀ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನೋಅಮ್ ಚಾಮ್ಸ್ಕೀ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ნოამ ჩომსკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნოამ ჩომსკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%B2%D8%A4%D9%85_%DA%86%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A0" title="نٲؤم چومسکؠ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="نٲؤم چومسکؠ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Ноам Чомски – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ноам Чомски" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noams_%C4%8Comskis" title="Noams Čomskis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Noams Čomskis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/nom.tcomskis" title="nom.tcomskis – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="nom.tcomskis" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Ноам Чомски – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ноам Чомски" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF" title="നോം ചോംസ്കി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നോം ചോംസ്കി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="नोआम चॉम्स्की – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नोआम चॉम्स्की" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ნოამ ჩომსკი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნოამ ჩომსკი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%89" title="ناعوم تشومسكى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ناعوم تشومسكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ноам Чомский – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ноам Чомский" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8" title="နိုရမ် ချောင်စကီး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နိုရမ် ချောင်စကီး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%81%E3%83%A7%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC" title="ノーム・チョムスキー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノーム・チョムスキー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8A%DF%9D%DF%91%DF%99%DF%8A%DF%A1_%DF%A3%DF%8F%DF%AF%DF%A1_%DF%9B%DF%AD%DF%8F%DF%A1%DF%9B%DF%91%DF%9E%DF%8C%DF%AB" title="ߊߝߑߙߊߡ ߣߏ߯ߡ ߛ߭ߏߡߛߑߞߌ߫ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߊߝߑߙߊߡ ߣߏ߯ߡ ߛ߭ߏߡߛߑߞߌ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8,_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Хомски, Ноам – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Хомски, Ноам" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80" title="ਨੌਮ ਚੌਮਸਕੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੌਮ ਚੌਮਸਕੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85_%DA%86%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="نوم چومسکی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نوم چومسکی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85_%DA%86%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A" title="نوم چومسكي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نوم چومسكي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_%C3%87omski" title="Noam Çomski – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Noam Çomski" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Ноам Чомскі – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ноам Чомскі" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Хомский, Ноам – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хомский, Ноам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2_%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱱᱳᱣᱟᱢ ᱪᱚᱢᱥᱠᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱱᱳᱣᱟᱢ ᱪᱚᱢᱥᱠᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Avram_Chomsky" title="Noam Avram Chomsky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Noam Avram Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8A_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8A_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%EA%99%91%D0%B8" title="Аврамъ Ноамъ Хомьскꙑи – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Аврамъ Ноамъ Хомьскꙑи" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%86%DB%86%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="نوام چۆمسکی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نوام چۆمسکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Ноам Чомски – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ноам Чомски" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF" title="நோம் சோம்சுக்கி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நோம் சோம்சுக்கி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_%C3%87omskiy" title="Noam Çomskiy – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Noam Çomskiy" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80" title="నోమ్ చోమ్స్కీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నోమ్ చోమ్స్కీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5" title="โนม ชอมสกี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โนม ชอมสกี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Ноам Чомскі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ноам Чомскі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A4%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%86%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="نؤام چومسکی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نؤام چومسکی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homskii_Noam" title="Homskii Noam – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Homskii Noam" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E4%B9%94%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="诺姆·乔姆斯基 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="诺姆·乔姆斯基" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9D_%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99" title="נועם כאמסקי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="נועם כאמסקי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%AD%E5%A3%AB%E5%9F%BA" title="杭士基 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="杭士基" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E4%B9%94%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="诺姆·乔姆斯基 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="诺姆·乔姆斯基" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Ch%E1%BB%8Dmsky" title="Noam Chọmsky – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Noam Chọmsky" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%27am_Homski" title="No'am Homski – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="No'am Homski" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Noam Chomsky" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yerwa Kanuri</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 February 2025, at 05:54 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-268bn","wgBackendResponseTime":742,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"5.022","walltime":"5.596","ppvisitednodes":{"value":41488,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1379421,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":298045,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":24,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":33,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":863191,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 4592.853 1 -total"," 20.35% 934.487 306 Template:Sfn"," 13.66% 627.286 1 Template:Infobox_academic"," 13.44% 617.333 26 Template:Navbox"," 12.56% 576.879 1 Template:Navboxes"," 10.08% 462.963 8 Template:Collapsible_list"," 8.96% 411.418 2 Template:Reflist"," 8.69% 399.003 68 Template:Cite_book"," 8.64% 396.703 10 Template:Excerpt"," 8.37% 384.228 1 Template:Anarchism"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"3.264","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23692550,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdams2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAeschimann2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAl_Jazeera2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlbert2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllottKnightSmith2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmid_the_Philosophers\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAntonyHornstein2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtkins2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBabe2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaroniCallegari1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarsky1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarsky2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBauerlein2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaughman_et_al.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBierwisch2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBirnbaum2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoden2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrain_From_Top_To_Bottom\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBraun2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBritish_Academy2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBronner2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurris2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButt2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButterfieldNgondiKerr2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarnie2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChomsky\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChomsky1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChomsky1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChomsky2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChomsky2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristiansenChater2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCipriani2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohn1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFContemporary_Authors_Online2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCook2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowley2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavisWeyukerSigal1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemocracy_Now!2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemocracy_Now!2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemocracy_Now!2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDesmond_Tutu_to_speak_to_Litndeb2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeutsche_Presse-Agentur2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDovey2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdgley2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErdös_Number_at_Oakland_Univ2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvansLevinson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeffer2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernaldMarchman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlint1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForeign_Policy2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriesen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFulton2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGendzier2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGold2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGould1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreif2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamansSeuren2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarbord1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarlow2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarwood2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHjelmslev1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHonorary_Members_of_IAPTI\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHornstein2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorowitz2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHudson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHutton2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuxley2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIEEE_Xplore2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIPB2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInventio_Musikverlag\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFItalie2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJMI2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaggi2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJill2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaterji2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKay2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeller2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnight2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnight2018a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnuth2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnuth2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnuth_at_Stanford_University2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoerner1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoerner1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKozloff2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandau1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLegateYang2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLott2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyons1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMIT_Linguistics_Program2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMSUM_Cognitive_Sciences\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacCorquodale1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMace2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacintyre2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkie2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMassey_University1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCoyFrankLinzen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGilvray2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNeill2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilne2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNettelfield2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoam_Chomsky2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Grady2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrtiz2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOtero2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPensoft_(bee)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerssonLaFollette2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPilkington2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolitika2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrickett2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPullumScholz2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPáez2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabbani2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadick2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRai1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRich2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRohrmeier2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuiterLevinson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuss2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSASA_foreign_membership2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaid1984\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSchweizer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSearle1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSengupta2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeuren1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSipser1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlife1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoundings2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoundtracksforthem:_Interview2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSperlich2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteedman1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwartz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzabó2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanenhaus2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Hindu2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThornbury2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomasello1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomasello2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomasello2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTymoczkoHenle2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUS_Memorial_Peace_Foundation\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUoW–M2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViggo_Mortensen\u0026#039;s_Spoken_Word_\u0026amp;_Music_CDs\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVock2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWasow2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeaver2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeidenfeld2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiner1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZerzan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Bot2015\"] = 1,\n [\"Israel\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Analytic philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Anarchism\"] = 1,\n [\"Anarchism US\"] = 1,\n [\"Anarchism US footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Awrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 68,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite interview\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 33,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 56,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 42,\n [\"Col-3\"] = 3,\n [\"Col-begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Col-end\"] = 1,\n [\"Colend\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 8,\n [\"Cols\"] = 1,\n [\"Communication studies\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Chomsky, Noam\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 13,\n [\"Evolutionary psychologists\"] = 1,\n [\"External media\"] = 3,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 31,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 18,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Indented plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox academic\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Libertarianism\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"MIT\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 2,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 11,\n [\"Nee\"] = 1,\n [\"Noam Chomsky\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Orwell Award recipients\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 2,\n [\"Political philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"ProQuest\"] = 1,\n [\"Psychology\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 4,\n [\"R\"] = 4,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 306,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 61,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Socialism\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Sydney Peace Prize laureates\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","560","16.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","440","12.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","400","11.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","240","7.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","180","5.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","180","5.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","160","4.7"],["makeMessage \u003Cmw.message.lua:76\u003E","120","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","120","3.5"],["[others]","880","25.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5b65fffc7d-8tcdj","timestamp":"20250216102509","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Noam Chomsky","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Noam_Chomsky","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9049","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9049","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-02T02:11:22Z","dateModified":"2025-02-15T05:54:07Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/46\/Noam_Chomsky_portrait_2017_retouched.jpg","headline":"American linguist and activist (born 1928)"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>