Cellular mechanisms of spatial navigation in the medial entorhinal cortex

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They found that the membrane potential pattern of stellate cells during firing field crossings consists of a slow depolarization driving spike output, which is reproduced by a continuous attractor network model of grid cell firing; phase precession of spiking, however, is best explained by an oscillatory interference model. Neurons in the medial entorhinal cortex exhibit a grid-like spatial pattern of spike rates that has been proposed to represent a neural code for path integration. To understand how grid cell firing arises from the combination of intrinsic conductances and synaptic input in medial entorhinal stellate cells, we performed patch-clamp recordings in mice navigating in a virtual-reality environment. We found that the membrane potential signature of stellate cells during firing field crossings consisted of a slow depolarization driving spike output. This was best predicted by network models in which neurons receive sustained depolarizing synaptic input during a field crossing, such as continuous attractor network models of grid cell firing. Another key feature of the data, phase precession of intracellular theta oscillations and spiking with respect to extracellular theta oscillations, was best captured by an oscillatory interference model. 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u-float-left js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <article lang="en"> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-identifiers" data-test="article-identifier"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item" data-test="article-category">Article</li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item">Published: <time datetime="2013-02-10">10 February 2013</time></li> </ul> <h1 class="c-article-title" data-test="article-title" data-article-title="">Cellular mechanisms of spatial navigation in the medial entorhinal cortex</h1> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Christoph-Schmidt_Hieber-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Christoph-Schmidt_Hieber-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-search="Schmidt-Hieber, Christoph" data-corresp-id="c1">Christoph Schmidt-Hieber<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Michael-H_usser-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Michael-H_usser-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-search="Häusser, Michael" data-corresp-id="c2">Michael Häusser<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup> </li></ul> <p class="c-article-info-details" data-container-section="info"> <a data-test="journal-link" href="/neuro" data-track="click" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link"><i data-test="journal-title">Nature Neuroscience</i></a> <b data-test="journal-volume"><span class="u-visually-hidden">volume</span> 16</b>, <span class="u-visually-hidden">pages </span>325–331 (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2013</span>)<a href="#citeas" class="c-article-info-details__cite-as u-hide-print" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </p> <div class="c-article-metrics-bar__wrapper u-clear-both"> <ul class="c-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class=" c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="access-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">14k <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="citation-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">201 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Citations</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="altmetric-score"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">36 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/articles/nn.3340/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Metrics <span class="u-visually-hidden">details</span></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> </header> <div class="u-js-hide" data-component="article-subject-links"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Subjects</h3> <ul class="c-article-subject-list"> <li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/cellular-neuroscience" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Cellular neuroscience</a></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/membrane-potential" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Membrane potential</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs2" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs2-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs2">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs2-content"><p>Neurons in the medial entorhinal cortex exhibit a grid-like spatial pattern of spike rates that has been proposed to represent a neural code for path integration. To understand how grid cell firing arises from the combination of intrinsic conductances and synaptic input in medial entorhinal stellate cells, we performed patch-clamp recordings in mice navigating in a virtual-reality environment. We found that the membrane potential signature of stellate cells during firing field crossings consisted of a slow depolarization driving spike output. This was best predicted by network models in which neurons receive sustained depolarizing synaptic input during a field crossing, such as continuous attractor network models of grid cell firing. Another key feature of the data, phase precession of intracellular theta oscillations and spiking with respect to extracellular theta oscillations, was best captured by an oscillatory interference model. Thus, these findings provide crucial new information for a quantitative understanding of the cellular basis of spatial navigation in the entorhinal cortex.</p></div></div></section> <noscript> <div class="c-nature-box c-nature-box--side " data-component="entitlement-box"> <div class="js-access-button"> <a href="https://wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fnn.3340" class="c-article__button" data-test="ra21"> <svg class="u-icon" width="18" height="18" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use href="#icon-institution"></use></svg> <span class="c-article__button-text">Access through your institution</span> </a> </div> <div class="js-buy-button"> <a href="#access-options" class="c-article__button c-article__button--inverted" data-test="ra21"> <span>Buy or subscribe</span> </a> </div> </div> </noscript> <div class="js-context-bar-sticky-point-mobile" data-track-context="article body"> </div> <div class="c-article-access-provider u-mb-32 u-mt-0"> <p 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class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Figure 3: Stellate cells exhibit theta membrane potential oscillations during running.</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnn.3340/MediaObjects/41593_2013_Article_BFnn3340_Fig3_HTML.jpg?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnn.3340/MediaObjects/41593_2013_Article_BFnn3340_Fig3_HTML.jpg" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="135"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-4"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig4" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Figure 4: Sustained depolarizations drive stellate cell firing.</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnn.3340/MediaObjects/41593_2013_Article_BFnn3340_Fig4_HTML.jpg?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnn.3340/MediaObjects/41593_2013_Article_BFnn3340_Fig4_HTML.jpg" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="172"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-5"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig5" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Figure 5: Comparing experimental data with grid cell models.</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnn.3340/MediaObjects/41593_2013_Article_BFnn3340_Fig5_HTML.jpg?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnn.3340/MediaObjects/41593_2013_Article_BFnn3340_Fig5_HTML.jpg" alt="" loading="lazy" width="269" height="312"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-6"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig6" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Figure 6: The spiking mechanism in stellate cells is compatible with a CAN model of grid cell firing.</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnn.3340/MediaObjects/41593_2013_Article_BFnn3340_Fig6_HTML.jpg?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnn.3340/MediaObjects/41593_2013_Article_BFnn3340_Fig6_HTML.jpg" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="267"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-7"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig7" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Figure 7: Rate and temporal code of grid cell firing are reproduced by a hybrid CAN and oscillatory interference model.</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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Burgess, B. Clark, P. Dayan, K. Harris, P. Latham, J. O'Keefe, A. Packer, A. Roth, S. Turaga and C. Wilms for helpful discussions and for comments on the manuscript, and to A. Naeem for assistance with histology. This work was supported by grants from the Wellcome Trust, European Research Council and Gatsby Charitable Foundation, and by a fellowship to C. S.-H. from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Christoph Schmidt-Hieber & Michael Häusser</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Christoph Schmidt-Hieber & Michael Häusser</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Christoph-Schmidt_Hieber-Aff1-Aff2"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Christoph Schmidt-Hieber</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=Christoph%20Schmidt-Hieber" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Christoph%20Schmidt-Hieber" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Christoph%20Schmidt-Hieber%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Michael-H_usser-Aff1-Aff2"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Michael Häusser</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=Michael%20H%C3%A4usser" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Michael%20H%C3%A4usser" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Michael%20H%C3%A4usser%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li></ol></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="contributions">Contributions</h3><p>C.S.-H. and M.H. designed the study, interpreted the results and wrote the paper. C.S.-H. performed the experiments, analysis and modeling.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="corresponding-author">Corresponding authors</h3><p id="corresponding-author-list">Correspondence to <a id="corresp-c1" href="mailto:c.schmidt-hieber@ucl.ac.uk">Christoph Schmidt-Hieber</a> or <a id="corresp-c2" href="mailto:m.hausser@ucl.ac.uk">Michael Häusser</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Ethics declarations"><div class="c-article-section" id="ethics-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="ethics">Ethics declarations</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="ethics-content"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Competing interests</h3> <p>The authors declare no competing financial interests.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Supplementary information"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec17-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec17">Supplementary information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec17-content"><div data-test="supplementary-info"><div id="figshareContainer" class="c-article-figshare-container" data-test="figshare-container"></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM25"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary text and figures" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fnn.3340/MediaObjects/41593_2013_BFnn3340_MOESM25_ESM.pdf" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary Text and Figures</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Supplementary Figures 1–10 and Supplementary Table 1 (PDF 13164 kb)</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM26"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary video 1" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fnn.3340/MediaObjects/41593_2013_BFnn3340_MOESM26_ESM.mp4" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary Video 1</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Video of mouse navigation in virtual reality (MP4 5403 kb)</p></div></div></div></div></div></section><section data-title="Rights and permissions"><div class="c-article-section" id="rightslink-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="rightslink">Rights and permissions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="rightslink-content"><p class="c-article-rights"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="view rights and permissions" data-track-label="link" href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?title=Cellular%20mechanisms%20of%20spatial%20navigation%20in%20the%20medial%20entorhinal%20cortex&author=Christoph%20Schmidt-Hieber%20et%20al&contentID=10.1038%2Fnn.3340&copyright=Springer%20Nature%20America%2C%20Inc.&publication=1097-6256&publicationDate=2013-02-10&publisherName=SpringerNature&orderBeanReset=true">Reprints and permissions</a></p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="article-info" data-title="About this article"><div class="c-article-section" id="article-info-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="article-info">About this article</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="article-info-content"><div class="c-bibliographic-information"><div class="c-bibliographic-information__column"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Schmidt-Hieber, C., Häusser, M. Cellular mechanisms of spatial navigation in the medial entorhinal cortex. <i>Nat Neurosci</i> <b>16</b>, 325–331 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3340</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1038/nn.3340?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Received<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2012-09-25">25 September 2012</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Accepted<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2013-01-25">25 January 2013</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Published<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2013-02-10">10 February 2013</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Issue Date<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2013-03">March 2013</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item c-bibliographic-information__list-item--full-width"><p><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</abbr><span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value">https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3340</span></p></li></ul><div data-component="share-box"><div class="c-article-share-box u-display-none" hidden=""><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Share this article</h3><p class="c-article-share-box__description">Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:</p><button class="js-get-share-url c-article-share-box__button" type="button" id="get-share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-external="" data-track-action="get shareable link">Get shareable link</button><div class="js-no-share-url-container u-display-none" hidden=""><p class="js-c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info">Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.</p></div><div class="js-share-url-container u-display-none" hidden=""><p class="js-share-url c-article-share-box__only-read-input" id="share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="select share url"></p><button class="js-copy-share-url c-article-share-box__button--link-like" type="button" id="copy-share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="copy share url" data-track-external="">Copy to clipboard</button></div><p class="js-c-article-share-box__additional-info c-article-share-box__additional-info"> Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative </p></div></div><div data-component="article-info-list"></div></div></div></div></div></section> </div> <section> <div class="c-article-section js-article-section" id="further-reading-section" data-test="further-reading-section"> <h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="further-reading">This article is cited by</h2> <div class="c-article-section__content js-collapsible-section" id="further-reading-content"> <ul class="c-article-further-reading__list" id="further-reading-list"> <li class="c-article-further-reading__item js-ref-item"> <h3 class="c-article-further-reading__title" data-test="article-title"> <a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view further reading article" data-track-label="link:Ketamine evoked disruption of entorhinal and hippocampal spatial maps" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-41750-4"> Ketamine evoked disruption of entorhinal and hippocampal spatial maps </a> </h3> <ul data-test="author-list" class="c-author-list c-author-list--compact c-author-list--truncated u-sans-serif u-mb-4 u-mt-auto"> <li>Francis Kei Masuda</li><li>Emily A. 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