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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_status_and_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status_and_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legal status and recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_status_and_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vocabulary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Language policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistic_purism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_purism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Linguistic purism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_purism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Icelandic language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 157 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-157" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">157 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Ислэндбзэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Ислэндбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yslands" title="Yslands – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Yslands" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isl%C3%A4ndische_Sprache" title="Isländische Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Isländische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%B5%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5%E1%8A%9B" title="አይስላንድኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አይስላንድኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandkiel%C3%A2" title="Islandkielâ – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Islandkielâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="आइसलैंडिक भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="आइसलैंडिक भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AAslendisc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Īslendisc sprǣc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Īslendisc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Аисланд бызшәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аисланд бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الآيسلندية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الآيسلندية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_island%C3%A9s" title="Idioma islandés – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma islandés" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_island%C3%A9s" title="Idioma islandés – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma islandés" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilandia%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Ilandiañe'ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ilandiañe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sland_dili" title="İsland dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İsland dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ایسلند دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایسلند دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="আইসল্যান্ডীয় ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আইসল্যান্ডীয় ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng-t%C3%B3-g%C3%AD" title="Peng-tó-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Peng-tó-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ісландская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ісландская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ісьляндзкая мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ісьляндзкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Исландски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Исландски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isl%C3%A4ndisch" title="Isländisch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Isländisch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandski_jezik" title="Islandski jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Islandski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandeg" title="Islandeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Islandeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island%C3%A8s" title="Islandès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Islandès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Исланд чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Исланд чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongang_Islandes" title="Pinulongang Islandes – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongang Islandes" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island%C5%A1tina" title="Islandština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Islandština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiisirandi" title="Chiisirandi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chiisirandi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_islandesa" title="Lingua islandesa – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lingua islandesa" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandeg" title="Islandeg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Islandeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandsk_(sprog)" title="Islandsk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Islandsk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isl%C3%A1nddagiella" title="Islánddagiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Islánddagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isl%C3%A4ndische_Sprache" title="Isländische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Isländische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Islandšćina – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Islandšćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandi_keel" title="Islandi keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Islandi keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Ισλανδική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ισλανδική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_island%C3%A9s" title="Idioma islandés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma islandés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islanda_lingvo" title="Islanda lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Islanda lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luenga_islandesa" title="Luenga islandesa – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Luenga islandesa" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandiera" title="Islandiera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Islandiera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="زبان ایسلندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان ایسلندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_bhasa" title="Icelandic bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Icelandic bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dslendskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Íslendskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Íslendskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandais" title="Islandais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Islandais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysl%C3%A2nsk" title="Yslânsk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Yslânsk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_%C3%8Doslainnis" title="An Íoslainnis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Íoslainnis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eeslynnish" title="Eeslynnish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Eeslynnish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innis-T%C3%AClis" title="Innis-Tìlis – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Innis-Tìlis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_islandesa" title="Lingua islandesa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua islandesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B3%B6%E8%AA%9E" title="冰島語 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="冰島語" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AAn-t%C3%B3-ng%C3%AE" title="Pên-tó-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pên-tó-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%AC%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C%EC%96%B4" title="아이슬란드어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아이슬란드어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_%CA%BB%C4%80ina_Hau" title="ʻŌlelo ʻĀina Hau – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo ʻĀina Hau" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BD%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Իսլանդերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իսլանդերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="आइसलैण्डिक भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आइसलैण्डिक भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Islandšćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Islandšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandski_jezik" title="Islandski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Islandski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandana_linguo" title="Islandana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Islandana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_nga_Islandes" title="Pagsasao nga Islandes – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao nga Islandes" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Islandia" title="Bahasa Islandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Islandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_islandese" title="Lingua islandese – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua islandese" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Исландиаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Исландиаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isi-Icelandic" title="Isi-Icelandic – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isi-Icelandic" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dslenska" title="Íslenska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Íslenska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_islandese" title="Lingua islandese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua islandese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA" title="איסלנדית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איסלנדית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_%C3%88slan" title="Basa Èslan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Èslan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ისლანდიური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ისლანდიური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Исланд тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Исланд тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandek" title="Islandek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Islandek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiiceland" title="Kiiceland – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiiceland" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Исландса кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Исландса кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandava" title="Islandava – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Islandava" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_%C3%AEslend%C3%AE" title="Zimanê îslendî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê îslendî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Исланд тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Исланд тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2" title="ພາສາອີສະແລນສະກາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາອີສະແລນສະກາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Islandica" title="Lingua Islandica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Islandica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Islandiešu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Islandiešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isl%C3%A4nnesch" title="Islännesch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Islännesch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island%C5%B3_kalba" title="Islandų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Islandų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_islandeise" title="Lengua islandeise – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua islandeise" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieslandjs" title="Ieslandjs – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ieslandjs" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islansce_(lingua)" title="Islansce (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Islansce (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandien_kieli" title="Islandien kieli – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Islandien kieli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_Islandesa" title="Lengua Islandesa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua Islandesa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izlandi_nyelv" title="Izlandi nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Izlandi nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Исландски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Исландски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_islandey" title="Fiteny islandey – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny islandey" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ഐസ്‌ലാന്റിക് ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഐസ്‌ലാന്റിക് ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="इस्लेन्स्का भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इस्लेन्स्का भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ისლანდიური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ისლანდიური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89" title="ايسلاندى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايسلاندى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="ایسلندی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ایسلندی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Iceland" title="Bahasa Iceland – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Iceland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%ADng-d%C5%8D%CC%A4-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Bĭng-dō̤-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bĭng-dō̤-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%BD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="အိုက်စလန်နွယ်ဘာသာစကား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အိုက်စလန်နွယ်ဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJslands" title="IJslands – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="IJslands" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieslaans" title="Ieslaans – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Ieslaans" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E8%AA%9E" title="アイスランド語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アイスランド語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Исландхойн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Исландхойн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isluns" title="Isluns – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Isluns" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandsk" title="Islandsk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Islandsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandsk" title="Islandsk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Islandsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island%C3%A9s" title="Islandés – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Islandés" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Исланд йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Исланд йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_tili" title="Island tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Island tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88%DB%8C" title="آئیسلینڈی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آئیسلینڈی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="ايسلينډي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ايسلينډي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aislandik_langwij" title="Aislandik langwij – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Aislandik langwij" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%A1%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%93" title="ភាសាអាយឡែន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាអាយឡែន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_island%C3%A8isa" title="Lenga islandèisa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga islandèisa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Aislan" title="Tok Aislan – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tok Aislan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieslannsche_Spraak" title="Ieslannsche Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ieslannsche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_islandzki" title="Język islandzki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język islandzki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_islandesa" title="Língua islandesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua islandesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sland_tili" title="İsland tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İsland tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_islandez%C4%83" title="Limba islandeză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba islandeză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandya_simi" title="Islandya simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Islandya simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Ісландьскый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ісландьскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Исландский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Исландский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱟᱭᱤᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱭᱤᱥᱞᱮᱱᱰᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_islandesa" title="Limba islandesa – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba islandesa" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_leid" title="Icelandic leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Icelandic leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iesloundsk" title="Iesloundsk – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Iesloundsk" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_islandeze" title="Gjuha islandeze – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha islandeze" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_islannisa" title="Lingua islannisa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua islannisa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Icelandic language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%8A%DA%AA_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="آئسلينڊڪ ٻولي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آئسلينڊڪ ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island%C4%8Dina" title="Islandčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Islandčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Islandščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Islandščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="زمانی ئایسلەندی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی ئایسلەندی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Исландски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Исландски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandski_jezik" title="Islandski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Islandski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islannin_kieli" title="Islannin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Islannin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isl%C3%A4ndska" title="Isländska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Isländska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Islandes" title="Wikang Islandes – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Islandes" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="இசுலேன்சுக மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இசுலேன்சுக மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Исланд теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Исланд теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="ภาษาไอซ์แลนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาไอซ์แลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%A3" title="Забони исландӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони исландӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%81%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B3_%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%AC%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%AF%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97" title="ᎠᏂᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏂᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0zlandaca" title="İzlandaca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İzlandaca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Исланд кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Исланд кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ісландська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ісландська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B3_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آئس لینڈی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آئس لینڈی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="ئىسلاندىيە تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىسلاندىيە تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_island%C3%A9ze" title="Łéngua islandéze – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua islandéze" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandijan_kel%27" title="Islandijan kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Islandijan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Iceland" title="Tiếng Iceland – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Iceland" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lislade%C3%A4nap%C3%BCk" title="Lisladeänapük – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lisladeänapük" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandi_kiil" title="Islandi kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Islandi kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B2%9B%E8%AF%AD" title="冰岛语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="冰岛语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B3%B6%E6%96%87" title="冰島文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="冰島文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0slandki" title="İslandki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İslandki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandu_kalba" title="Islandu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Islandu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B2%9B%E8%AF%AD" title="冰岛语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="冰岛语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Islandia" title="Bahasa Islandia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Islandia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandi_zyvon" title="Islandi zyvon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Islandi zyvon" 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Language</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">North Germanic language</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Icelandic</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">íslenska</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="is-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈistlɛnska]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Icelanders" title="Icelanders">Icelanders</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">(undated figure of 330,000)<sup id="cite_ref-e26_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e26-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_West_Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Old West Norse">West Scandinavian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Insular Scandinavian<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Icelandic</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_West_Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Old West Norse">Old West Norse</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Icelandic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Icelandic">Old Icelandic</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Icelandic_orthography" title="Icelandic orthography">Icelandic alphabet</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic Braille</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council_2016.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council_2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council_2016.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council_2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council_2016.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council_2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rni_Magn%C3%BAsson_Institute_for_Icelandic_Studies" title="Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies">Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=is">is</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=198">ice</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2/B" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2/B">B</a>)</code> <br /><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=198">isl</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2/T" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2/T">T</a>)</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/isl" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:isl">isl</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/icel1247">icel1247</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=52-AAA-aa">52-AAA-aa</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Idioma_island%C3%A9s.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Idioma_island%C3%A9s.PNG/320px-Idioma_island%C3%A9s.PNG" decoding="async" width="320" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Idioma_island%C3%A9s.PNG/480px-Idioma_island%C3%A9s.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Idioma_island%C3%A9s.PNG 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="472" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Geographic distribution of the Icelandic language</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Icelandic</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/bc\/En-us-Icelandic.ogg\/En-us-Icelandic.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Icelandic.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/En-us-Icelandic.ogg/En-us-Icelandic.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Icelandic.ogg" title="File:En-us-Icelandic.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">eyess-<span style="font-size:90%">LAN</span>-dik</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a>: <i lang="is">íslenska</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="is-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[ˈistlɛnska]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/1b\/Is-%C3%8Dslenska.oga\/Is-%C3%8Dslenska.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Is-\u00cdslenska.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Is-%C3%8Dslenska.oga/Is-%C3%8Dslenska.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Is-%C3%8Dslenska.oga" title="File:Is-Íslenska.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic language</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language family</a> spoken by about 314,000 people, the vast majority of whom live in <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, where it is the national language.<sup id="cite_ref-e19_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e19-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since it is a <a href="/wiki/West_Scandinavian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="West Scandinavian languages">West Scandinavian language</a>, it is most closely related to <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_dialects" title="Norwegian dialects">Norwegian dialects</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct language</a> <a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a>. It is not mutually intelligible with the continental Scandinavian languages (<a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>) and is more distinct from the most widely spoken Germanic languages, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>. The written forms of Icelandic and Faroese are very similar, but their spoken forms are not <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbourCarmichael2000106_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbourCarmichael2000106-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The language is more <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic conservatism">conservative</a> than most other Germanic languages. While most of them have greatly reduced levels of <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a> (particularly noun <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">declension</a>), Icelandic retains a four-<a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a> <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_language" title="Synthetic language">synthetic</a> grammar (comparable to <a href="/wiki/German_cases" class="mw-redirect" title="German cases">German</a>, though considerably more conservative and synthetic) and is distinguished by a wide assortment of irregular declensions. Icelandic vocabulary is also deeply conservative, with the country's <a href="/wiki/Language_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Language regulator">language regulator</a> maintaining an active policy of coining terms based on older Icelandic words rather than directly taking in <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> from other languages. </p><p>Aside from the 300,000 Icelandic speakers in Iceland, Icelandic is spoken by about 8,000 people in Denmark,<sup id="cite_ref-Denmark_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denmark-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 5,000 people in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-USA_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more than 1,400 people in Canada,<sup id="cite_ref-Canada_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canada-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> notably in the region known as <a href="/wiki/New_Iceland" title="New Iceland">New Iceland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> which was settled by Icelanders beginning in the 1880s. </p><p>The state-funded <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rni_Magn%C3%BAsson_Institute_for_Icelandic_Studies" title="Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies">Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies</a> serves as a centre for preserving the medieval Icelandic manuscripts and studying the language and its literature. The Icelandic Language Council, comprising representatives of universities, the arts, journalists, teachers, and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Science_and_Culture_(Iceland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education, Science and Culture (Iceland)">Ministry of Culture, Science and Education</a>, advises the authorities on <a href="/wiki/Language_policy" title="Language policy">language policy</a>. Since 1995, on 16 November each year, the birthday of 19th-century poet <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3nas_Hallgr%C3%ADmsson" title="Jónas Hallgrímsson">Jónas Hallgrímsson</a> is celebrated as <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Language_Day" title="Icelandic Language Day">Icelandic Language Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mothertongue_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mothertongue-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div> <p>Icelandic is an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language</a> and belongs to the <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic</a> group of the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>. Icelandic is further classified as a West Scandinavian language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20138_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20138-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Icelandic is derived from an earlier language <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>, which later became <a href="/wiki/Old_Icelandic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Icelandic">Old Icelandic</a> and currently Modern Icelandic. The division between old and modern Icelandic is said to be before and after 1540.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÞráinsson1994142_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÞráinsson1994142-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:95%; line-height:105%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic languages</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Norse">Proto-Norse</a> → </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Old_West_Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Old West Norse">Old West Norse</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Icelandic</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Old_East_Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Old East Norse">Old East Norse</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Icelandic" title="History of Icelandic">History of Icelandic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LandnamabokManuscriptPage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/LandnamabokManuscriptPage.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="264" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="187" data-file-height="264" /></a><figcaption>A page from the <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is"><a href="/wiki/Landn%C3%A1mab%C3%B3k" title="Landnámabók">Landnámabók</a></i></span>, an early Icelandic manuscript</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Icelandic_language" title="Special:EditPage/Icelandic language">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Around 900 CE, the language spoken in the Faroes was <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>, which Norse settlers had brought with them during the time of the settlement of Faroe Islands (<span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">landnám</i></span>) that began in 825. However, many of the settlers were not from <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, but descendants of Norse settlers in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a> region. In addition, women from Norse Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a> often married native Scandinavian men before settling in the Faroe Islands and Iceland.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a> has had some influence on both <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a> and Icelandic. </p><p>The oldest preserved texts in Icelandic were written around 1100. Many of the texts are based on poetry and laws traditionally preserved orally. The most famous of the texts, which were written in <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> from the 12th century onward, are the <a href="/wiki/Sagas_of_Icelanders" title="Sagas of Icelanders">sagas of Icelanders</a>, which encompass the historical works and the <i><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a></i>. </p><p>The language of the sagas is <a href="/wiki/Old_Icelandic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Icelandic">Old Icelandic</a>, a western dialect of <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Denmark-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Denmark-Norway">Dano-Norwegian</a>, then later Danish rule of Iceland from 1536 to 1918 had little effect on the evolution of Icelandic (in contrast to the Norwegian language), which remained in daily use among the general population. Though more archaic than the other living Germanic languages, Icelandic changed markedly in pronunciation from the 12th to the 16th century, especially in vowels (in particular, <i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">á</i></span></i>, <i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">æ</i></span></i>, <i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">au</i></span></i>, and <i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">y</i></span>/<span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">ý</i></span></i>). The letters -ý & -y lost their original meaning and merged with -í & -i in the period 1400 - 1600. Around the same time or a little earlier the letter -æ originally signifying a simple vowel, a type of open -e, formed into the double vowel -ai, a double vowel absent in the original Icelandic. </p><p>The modern <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_orthography" title="Icelandic orthography">Icelandic alphabet</a> has developed from a standard established in the 19th century, primarily by the Danish linguist <a href="/wiki/Rasmus_Rask" title="Rasmus Rask">Rasmus Rask</a>. It is based strongly on an <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> laid out in the early 12th century by a document referred to as the <i><a href="/wiki/First_Grammatical_Treatise" title="First Grammatical Treatise">First Grammatical Treatise</a></i> by an anonymous author, who has later been referred to as the First Grammarian. The later Rasmus Rask standard was a re-creation of the old treatise, with some changes to fit concurrent <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> conventions, such as the exclusive use of <i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">k</i></span></i> rather than <i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">c</i></span></i>. Various archaic features, such as the letter <i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is"><a href="/wiki/Eth" title="Eth">ð</a></i></span></i>, had not been used much in later centuries. Rask's standard constituted a major change in practice. Later 20th-century changes include the use of <i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">é</i></span></i> instead of <i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">je</i></span></i><sup id="cite_ref-kvaran-je_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kvaran-je-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the replacement of <i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">z</i></span></i> with <i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">s</i></span></i> in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-kvaran-z_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kvaran-z-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from the addition of new vocabulary, written Icelandic has not changed substantially since the 11th century, when the first texts were written on <a href="/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern speakers can understand the original sagas and <a href="/wiki/Edda" title="Edda">Eddas</a> which were written about eight hundred years ago. The sagas are usually read with updated modern spelling and footnotes, but otherwise are intact (as with recent English editions of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare's</a> works). With some effort, many Icelanders can also understand the original manuscripts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_status_and_recognition">Legal status and recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legal status and recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to an act passed by the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic Parliament">Parliament</a> in 2011, Icelandic is "the national language of the Icelandic people and the official language in Iceland"; moreover, "[p]ublic authorities shall ensure that its use is possible in all areas of Icelandic society".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iceland is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a>, a forum for co-operation between the Nordic countries, but the council uses only Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish as its working languages (although the council does publish material in Icelandic).<sup id="cite_ref-Norden_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norden-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Language_Convention" title="Nordic Language Convention">Nordic Language Convention</a>, since 1987 Icelandic citizens have had the right to use Icelandic when interacting with official bodies in other Nordic countries, without becoming liable for any interpretation or translation costs. The convention covers visits to hospitals, job centres, the police, and social security offices.<sup id="cite_ref-Norden2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norden2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Norden3_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norden3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It does not have much effect since it is not very well known and because those Icelanders not proficient in the other Scandinavian languages often have a sufficient grasp of English to communicate with institutions in that language (although there is evidence that the general English skills of Icelanders have been somewhat overestimated).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nordic countries have committed to providing services in various languages to each other's citizens, but this does not amount to any absolute rights being granted, except as regards criminal and court matters.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallin_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallin-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Niska_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niska-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_phonology" title="Icelandic phonology">Icelandic phonology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All Icelandic <a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">stops</a> are voiceless and are distinguished as such by <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspiration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrnason201199_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrnason201199-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stops are realised post-aspirated when at the beginning of the word, but pre-aspirated when occurring within a word.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlegoBerkson20201_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlegoBerkson20201-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: center;"> <caption>Consonant phones </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">Coronal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td style="border-right: 0;">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiceless bilabial nasal">m̥</a></span>)</td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_nasal" title="Voiceless alveolar nasal">n̥</a></span>)</td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_nasal" title="Voiceless palatal nasal">ɲ̊</a></span>)</td> <td style="border-left: 0;">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span>) </td> <td style="border-right: 0;">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_nasal" title="Voiceless velar nasal">ŋ̊</a></span>)</td> <td style="border-left: 0;">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></span></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">cʰ</a></span>)</td> <td style="border-left: 0;">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a></span>) </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Continuant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuant consonant">Continuant</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilant</a></small> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_apico-alveolar_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless apico-alveolar fricative">s</a></span></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>non-sibilant</small> </th> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative">θ</a></span></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative">ð</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a></span>)</td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span>)</td> <td style="border-left: 0;">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">l̥</a></span>)</td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Vibrant_consonant" title="Vibrant consonant">vibrant</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_trill" title="Voiceless alveolar trill">r̥</a></span>)</td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n̥<span class="wrap"> </span>n<span class="wrap"> </span>tʰ<span class="wrap"> </span>t/</span> are laminal <a href="/wiki/Denti-alveolar_consonant" title="Denti-alveolar consonant">denti-alveolar</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> is apical alveolar,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKress1982pp._23-24:_"It's_never_voiced,_as_''<span_title="Icelandic-language_text"><i_lang="is">s</i></span>[[Category:Articles_containing_Icelandic-language_text]]''_in_''<span_title="Icelandic-language_text"><i_lang="is">sausen</i></span>[[Category:Articles_containing_Icelandic-language_text]]'',_and_it's_pronounced_by_pressing_the_tip_of_the_tongue_against_the_alveolar_ridge,_close_to_the_upper_teeth_–_somewhat_below_the_place_of_articulation_of_the_German_''<span_title="German-language_text"><i_lang="de">sch</i></span>[[Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text]]''._The_difference_is_that_German_''<span_title="German-language_text"><i_lang="de">sch</i></span>[[Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text]]''_is_labialized,_while_Icelandic_''<span_title="Icelandic-language_text"><i_lang="is">s</i></span>[[Category:Articles_containing_Icelandic-language_text]]''_is_not._It's_a_pre-alveolar,_coronal,_voiceless_spirant."_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKress1982pp._23-24:_"It's_never_voiced,_as_''<span_title="Icelandic-language_text"><i_lang="is">s</i></span>[[Category:Articles_containing_Icelandic-language_text]]''_in_''<span_title="Icelandic-language_text"><i_lang="is">sausen</i></span>[[Category:Articles_containing_Icelandic-language_text]]'',_and_it's_pronounced_by_pressing_the_tip_of_the_tongue_against_the_alveolar_ridge,_close_to_the_upper_teeth_–_somewhat_below_the_place_of_articulation_of_the_German_''<span_title="German-language_text"><i_lang="de">sch</i></span>[[Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text]]''._The_difference_is_that_German_''<span_title="German-language_text"><i_lang="de">sch</i></span>[[Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text]]''_is_labialized,_while_Icelandic_''<span_title="Icelandic-language_text"><i_lang="is">s</i></span>[[Category:Articles_containing_Icelandic-language_text]]''_is_not._It's_a_pre-alveolar,_coronal,_voiceless_spirant."-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θ<span class="wrap"> </span>ð/</span> are alveolar non-sibilant fricatives; the former is <a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">laminal</a>, while the latter is usually <a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">apical</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996144–145_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996144–145-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A phonetic analysis reveals that the voiceless lateral approximant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l̥]</span> is, in practice, usually realised with considerable friction, especially word-finally or syllable-finally, i. e., essentially as a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">voiceless alveolar lateral fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɬ]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="#CITEREFScholten2000">Scholten (2000</a>, p. 22) includes three extra phones: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ<span class="wrap"> </span>l̥ˠ<span class="wrap"> </span>lˠ]</span>. </p><p>Word-final voiced consonants are devoiced pre-pausally, so that <i>dag</i> ('day (acc.)') is pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈtaːx]</span> and <i>dagur</i> ('day (nom.)') is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈtaːɣʏr̥]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrnason2011107,_237_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrnason2011107,_237-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Icelandic_vowel_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Chart plotting the location of the 8 monopthongs in Icelandic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Icelandic_vowel_chart.svg/220px-Icelandic_vowel_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Icelandic_vowel_chart.svg/330px-Icelandic_vowel_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Icelandic_vowel_chart.svg/440px-Icelandic_vowel_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption>Vowel chart of the 8 monophthongs</figcaption></figure> <p>Icelandic has 8 monophthongs and 5 diphthongs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlegoBerkson20208_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlegoBerkson20208-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diphthongs are created by taking a monophthong and adding either <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> to it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrnason201157_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrnason201157-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All the vowels can either be long or short; vowels in open syllables are long, and vowels in closed syllables are short.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrnason201158–59_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrnason201158–59-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable floatleft"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">Monophthongs</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><small>round</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Near-close_vowel" title="Near-close vowel">Near-close</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span></td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front rounded vowel">ʏ</a></span> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span></td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="float: left;"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">Diphthongs</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Front<br />offglide </th> <th>Back<br />offglide </th></tr> <tr> <th>Mid </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ei</span> • <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">œi</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[œy]</span><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ou</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Open </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ai</span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">au</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_grammar" title="Icelandic grammar">Icelandic grammar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Icelandic_Text_Extract.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Icelandic_Text_Extract.jpg/310px-Icelandic_Text_Extract.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Icelandic_Text_Extract.jpg/465px-Icelandic_Text_Extract.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Icelandic_Text_Extract.jpg/620px-Icelandic_Text_Extract.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2388" data-file-height="1791" /></a><figcaption>Photograph taken from page 176 of <i>Colloquial Icelandic</i></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Icelandic_language" title="Special:EditPage/Icelandic language">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Icelandic retains many grammatical features of other ancient <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>, and resembles <a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian" title="Old Norwegian">Old Norwegian</a> before much of its <a href="/wiki/Fusional_language" title="Fusional language">fusional</a> inflection was lost. Modern Icelandic is still a heavily <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflected language</a> with four <a href="/wiki/List_of_grammatical_cases" title="List of grammatical cases">cases</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a>. Icelandic nouns can have one of three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical genders</a>: masculine, feminine or neuter. There are two main declension paradigms for each gender: <a href="/wiki/Strong_noun" title="Strong noun">strong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weak_noun" title="Weak noun">weak nouns</a>, and these are further divided into subclasses of nouns, based primarily on the <i>genitive singular</i> and <i>nominative plural</i> endings of a particular noun. For example, within the strong masculine nouns, there is a subclass (class 1) that declines with <i>-s</i> (<i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">hests</i></span></i>) in the genitive singular and <i>-ar</i> (<i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">hestar</i></span></i>) in the nominative plural. However, there is another subclass (class 3) of strong masculine nouns that always declines with <i>-ar</i> (<i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">hlutar</i></span></i>) in the genitive singular and <i>-ir</i> (<i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">hlutir</i></span></i>) in the nominative plural. Additionally, Icelandic permits a <a href="/wiki/Quirky_subject" title="Quirky subject">quirky subject</a>, that is, certain verbs have subjects in an oblique case (i.e. other than the nominative). </p><p>Nouns, adjectives and pronouns are declined in the four cases and for number in the singular and plural. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">Verbs</a> are <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugated</a> for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a>, <a href="/wiki/Number_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Number (grammar)">number</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical voice">voice</a>. There are three voices: active, passive and middle (or medial), but it may be debated whether the middle voice is a voice or simply an independent class of verbs of its own, as every middle-voice verb has an active-voice ancestor, but sometimes with drastically different meaning, and the middle-voice verbs form a conjugation group of their own. Examples are <i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">koma</i></span></i> ("come") vs. <i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">komast</i></span></i> ("get there"), <i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">drepa</i></span></i> ("kill") vs. <i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">drepast</i></span></i> ("perish ignominiously") and <i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">taka</i></span></i> ("take") vs. <i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">takast</i></span></i> ("manage to"). Verbs have up to ten tenses, but Icelandic, like English, forms most of them with <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary verbs</a>. There are three or four main groups of weak verbs in Icelandic, depending on whether one takes a historical or a formalistic view: <i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">-a</i></span></i>, <i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">-i</i></span></i>, and <i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">-ur</i></span></i>, referring to the endings that these verbs take when conjugated in the first person <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">singular</a> present. Almost all Icelandic verbs have the ending -a in the infinitive, some with <i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">á</i></span></i>, two with <i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">u</i></span></i> (<i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">munu</i></span></i>, <i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">skulu</i></span></i>) one with <i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">o</i></span></i> (<i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">þvo</i></span></i>: "wash") and one with <i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">e</i></span></i>. Many transitive verbs (i.e. they require an <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a>), can take a <a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">reflexive pronoun</a> instead. The case of the pronoun depends on the case that the verb governs. As for further classification of verbs, Icelandic behaves much like other Germanic languages, with a main division between weak verbs and strong, and the strong verbs, of which there are about 150 to 200, are divided into six classes plus reduplicative verbs. </p><p>The basic word order in Icelandic is <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a>. However, as words are heavily inflected, the word order is fairly flexible, and every combination may occur in poetry; SVO, SOV, VSO, VOS, OSV and OVS are all allowed for metrical purposes. However, as with most Germanic languages, Icelandic usually complies with the <a href="/wiki/V2_word_order" title="V2 word order">V2 word order</a> restriction, so the conjugated verb in Icelandic usually appears as the second element in the clause, preceded by the word or phrase being emphasised. For example: </p> <ul><li><i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">Ég veit það ekki.</i></span></i> (<i>I</i> know it not.)</li> <li><i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">Ekki veit ég það.</i></span></i> (<i>Not</i> know I it.)</li> <li><i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">Það veit ég ekki.</i></span></i> (<i>It</i> know I not.)</li> <li><i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">Ég fór til Bretlands þegar ég var eins árs.</i></span></i> (I went to Britain when I was one year old.)</li> <li><i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">Til Bretlands fór ég þegar ég var eins árs.</i></span></i> (To Britain went I, when I was one year old.)</li> <li><i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">Þegar ég var eins árs fór ég til Bretlands.</i></span></i> (When I was one year old, went I to Britain.)</li></ul> <p>In the above examples, the conjugated verbs <i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">veit</i></span></i> and <i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">fór</i></span></i> are always the <a href="/wiki/V2_word_order" title="V2 word order">second element</a> in their respective clauses. </p><p>A distinction between formal and informal address (<a href="/wiki/T%E2%80%93V_distinction" title="T–V distinction">T–V distinction</a>) had existed in Icelandic from the 17th century, but use of the formal variant weakened in the 1950s and rapidly disappeared.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It no longer exists in regular speech, but may occasionally be found in pre-written speeches addressed to the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Iceland" title="Bishop of Iceland">bishop</a> and members of <a href="/wiki/Althing" title="Althing">parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_vocabulary" title="Icelandic vocabulary">Icelandic vocabulary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_name" title="Icelandic name">Icelandic name</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Icelandic_Patronyms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Icelandic_Patronyms.svg/310px-Icelandic_Patronyms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Icelandic_Patronyms.svg/465px-Icelandic_Patronyms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Icelandic_Patronyms.svg/620px-Icelandic_Patronyms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="201" /></a><figcaption>A simple family tree showing the Icelandic patronymic naming system.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eyjafjallaj%C3%B6kull.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Eyjafjallaj%C3%B6kull.jpeg/220px-Eyjafjallaj%C3%B6kull.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Eyjafjallaj%C3%B6kull.jpeg/330px-Eyjafjallaj%C3%B6kull.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Eyjafjallaj%C3%B6kull.jpeg/440px-Eyjafjallaj%C3%B6kull.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="1983" /></a><figcaption><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is"><a href="/wiki/Eyjafjallaj%C3%B6kull" title="Eyjafjallajökull">Eyjafjallajökull</a></i></span>, one of the smaller ice caps of Iceland, situated to the north of <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is"><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%B3gar" title="Skógar">Skógar</a></i></span> and to the west of <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BDrdalsj%C3%B6kull" title="Mýrdalsjökull">Mýrdalsjökull</a></i></span>, is Icelandic for "glacier of <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">Eyjafjöll</i></span>", in turn "glacier of island mountains".</figcaption></figure> <p>Early Icelandic vocabulary was largely <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> with a few words being Celtic from when Celts first settled in Iceland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownOgilvie2010781_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownOgilvie2010781-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20139_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20139-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">introduction of Christianity to Iceland</a> in the 11th century<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbes1860_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes1860-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> brought with it a need to describe new <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">religious concepts</a>. The majority of new words were taken from other <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian languages">Scandinavian languages</a>; <i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">kirkja</i></span></i> ("church"), for example. Numerous other languages have influenced Icelandic: <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> brought many words related to the court and knightship; words in the <a href="/wiki/Semantic_field" title="Semantic field">semantic field</a> of trade and commerce have been borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> because of trade connections. In the late 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism" title="Linguistic purism">linguistic purism</a> began to gain noticeable ground in Iceland and since the early 19th century it has been the linguistic policy of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Hulst2008_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Hulst2008-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nowadays, it is common practice to <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">coin</a> new compound words from Icelandic derivatives. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_name" title="Icelandic name">Icelandic personal names</a> are <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> (and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Matronymic" title="Matronymic">matronymic</a>) in that they reflect the immediate father or mother of the child and not the historic family lineage. This system, which was formerly used throughout the Nordic area and beyond, differs from most <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> systems of <a href="/wiki/Family_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Family name">family name</a>. In most Icelandic families, the ancient tradition of patronymics is still in use; i.e. a person uses their father's name (usually) or mother's name (increasingly in recent years) in the genitive form followed by the morpheme -son ("son") or -dóttir ("daughter") in lieu of family names.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilmarsson-DunnKristinsson2010_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilmarsson-DunnKristinsson2010-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, changes were announced to the laws governing names. Icelanders who are officially registered with <a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">non-binary gender</a> will be permitted to use the suffix <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">-bur</i></span> ("child of") instead of <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">-son</i></span> or <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">-dóttir</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_policy">Language policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Language policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A core theme of Icelandic language ideologies is grammatical, orthographic and lexical purism for Icelandic. This is evident in general language discourses, in polls, and in other investigations into Icelandic language attitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKristinsson2018_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristinsson2018-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The general consensus on Icelandic language policy has come to mean that language policy and language ideology discourse are not predominantly state or elite driven; but rather, remain the concern of lay people and the general public.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKristinsson2013_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristinsson2013-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Icelandic speech community is perceived to have a protectionist language culture,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilmarsson-DunnKristinsson2010_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilmarsson-DunnKristinsson2010-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, this is deep-rooted ideologically primarily in relation to the forms of the language, while Icelanders in general seem to be more pragmatic as to domains of language use.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKristinsson2014_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristinsson2014-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguistic_purism">Linguistic purism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Linguistic purism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_Icelandic" title="Linguistic purism in Icelandic">Linguistic purism in Icelandic</a></div> <p>Since the late 16th century, discussion has been ongoing on the purity of the Icelandic language. The bishop Oddur Einarsson wrote in 1589 that the language has remained unspoiled since the time the ancient literature of Iceland was written.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201336_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201336-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in the 18th century the purism movement grew and more works were translated into Icelandic, especially in areas that Icelandic had hardly ever been used in. Many <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologisms</a> were introduced, with many of them being loan-translations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201336_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201336-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 19th century, due to the influence of <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romanticism</a>, importance was put on the purity of spoken language as well. The written language was also brought closer to the spoken language, as the sentence structure of literature had previously been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="German Language">German</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201337–38_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201337–38-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The changes brought by the purism movement have had the most influence on the written language, as many speakers use foreign words freely in speech but try to avoid them in writing. The success of the many neologisms created from the movement has also been variable as some loanwords have not been replaced with native ones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201338_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201338-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is still a conscious effort to create new words, especially for science and technology, with many societies publishing dictionaries, some with the help of The Icelandic Language Committee (<span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">Íslensk málnefnd</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÞráinsson1994188_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÞráinsson1994188-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_orthography" title="Icelandic orthography">Icelandic orthography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic Braille</a></div> <p>The Icelandic alphabet is notable for its retention of three old letters that no longer exist in the <a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English alphabet</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thorn_(letter)" title="Thorn (letter)">Þ, þ</a> (<span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">þorn</i></span>, modern English "thorn"), <a href="/wiki/Eth" title="Eth">Ð, ð</a> (<span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">eð</i></span>, anglicised as "eth" or "edh") and <a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">Æ, æ</a> (æsc, anglicised as "ash" or "asc"), with þ and ð representing the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless consonant">voiceless</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced consonant">voiced</a> "th" sounds (as in English <i>thin</i> and <i>this</i>), respectively, and æ representing the <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a> /ai/ which does not exist in English. The complete Icelandic alphabet is: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="table-layout: fixed; width: 50em; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background: #efefef; font-weight: normal;" colspan="32"><b><a href="/wiki/Capital_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital letters">Majuscule forms</a></b> (also called <b>uppercase</b> or <b>capital letters</b>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%81" title="Á">Á</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eth" title="Eth">Ð</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89" title="É">É</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%8D" title="Í">Í</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%93" title="Ó">Ó</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%9A" title="Ú">Ú</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%9D" title="Ý">Ý</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Þ">Þ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">Æ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">Ö</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: #efefef; font-weight: normal;" colspan="32"><b><a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">Minuscule forms</a></b> (also called <b>lowercase</b> or <b>small letters</b>) </th></tr> <tr> <td>a</td> <td>á</td> <td>b</td> <td>d</td> <td>ð</td> <td>e</td> <td>é</td> <td>f</td> <td>g</td> <td>h</td> <td>i</td> <td>í</td> <td>j</td> <td>k</td> <td>l</td> <td>m</td> <td>n</td> <td>o</td> <td>ó</td> <td>p</td> <td>r</td> <td>s</td> <td>t</td> <td>u</td> <td>ú</td> <td>v</td> <td>x</td> <td>y</td> <td>ý</td> <td>þ</td> <td>æ</td> <td>ö </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">letters with diacritics</a>, such as <i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">á</i></span></i> and <i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">ö</i></span></i>, are for the most part treated as separate letters and not variants of their derivative vowels. The letter <i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">é</i></span></i> officially replaced <i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">je</i></span></i> in 1929, although it had been used in early manuscripts (until the 14th century) and again periodically from the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-kvaran-je_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kvaran-je-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letter <i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">z</i></span></i> was formerly in the Icelandic alphabet, but it was officially removed in 1974, except in people's names.<sup id="cite_ref-kvaran-z_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kvaran-z-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERagnarsson1992148_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERagnarsson1992148-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque%E2%80%93Icelandic_pidgin" title="Basque–Icelandic pidgin">Basque–Icelandic pidgin</a> (<i>a <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a> that was used to trade with <a href="/wiki/Basque_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque people">Basque</a> whalers</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_exonyms" title="Icelandic exonyms">Icelandic exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_literature" title="Icelandic literature">Icelandic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_name" title="Icelandic name">Icelandic name</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In an advisory capacity.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pre-aspirated stops are <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">typologically</a> rare.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlegoBerkson20201_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlegoBerkson20201-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[œy]</span> is thought of being a result from co-articulation, so the phonemic representation is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/œi/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrnason201158_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrnason201158-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e26-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e26_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/isl">Icelandic</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (26th ed., 2023) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e19-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e19_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/19/language/isl/">Icelandic language</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (19th ed., 2016) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbourCarmichael2000106-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarbourCarmichael2000106_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarbourCarmichael2000">Barbour & Carmichael 2000</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Denmark-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Denmark_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statbank.dk/statbank5a/default.asp?w=1280">"StatBank Denmark"</a>. <i>www.statbank.dk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.statbank.dk&rft.atitle=StatBank+Denmark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statbank.dk%2Fstatbank5a%2Fdefault.asp%3Fw%3D1280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USA-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USA_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101206182401/https://www.mla.org/map_data_results&mode=lang_tops&SRVY_YEAR=2000&lang_id=617">"Icelandic"</a>. <i>MLA Language Map Data Center</i>. <a href="/wiki/Modern_Language_Association" title="Modern Language Association">Modern Language Association</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mla.org/map_data_results&mode=lang_tops&SRVY_YEAR=2000&lang_id=617">the original</a> on 6 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MLA+Language+Map+Data+Center&rft.atitle=Icelandic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mla.org%2Fmap_data_results%26mode%3Dlang_tops%26SRVY_YEAR%3D2000%26lang_id%3D617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+language" class="Z3988"></span> Based on <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census,_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Census, 2000">2000 US census data</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canada-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Canada_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2013" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada (8 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=105400&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=">"2011 National Household Survey: Data tables"</a>. <i>Statistics Canada</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Canada&rft.atitle=2011+National+Household+Survey%3A+Data+tables&rft.date=2013-05-08&rft.au=Government+of+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fnhs-enm%2F2011%2Fdp-pd%2Fdt-td%2FRp-eng.cfm%3FLANG%3DE%26APATH%3D3%26DETAIL%3D0%26DIM%3D0%26FL%3DA%26FREE%3D0%26GC%3D0%26GID%3D0%26GK%3D0%26GRP%3D1%26PID%3D105400%26PRID%3D0%26PTYPE%3D105277%26S%3D0%26SHOWALL%3D0%26SUB%3D0%26Temporal%3D2013%26THEME%3D95%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mothertongue-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mothertongue_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826055940/https://www.iceland.is/media/Utgafa/Icelandic.pdf">"Icelandic: At Once Ancient And Modern"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Ministry_of_Education,_Science_and_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic Ministry of Education, Science and Culture">Icelandic Ministry of Education, Science and Culture</a>. 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iceland.is/media/Utgafa/Icelandic.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Icelandic%3A+At+Once+Ancient+And+Modern&rft.pub=Icelandic+Ministry+of+Education%2C+Science+and+Culture&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iceland.is%2Fmedia%2FUtgafa%2FIcelandic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20138-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20138_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarlsson2013">Karlsson 2013</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÞráinsson1994142-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÞráinsson1994142_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÞráinsson1994">Þráinsson 1994</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archaeology.org/issues/march-april-2023/letters-from/faroe-islands-settlement/">"Letter from the Faroes - Lost History of the Sheep Islands - Archaeology Magazine - March/April 2023"</a>. <i>Archaeology Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archaeology+Magazine&rft.atitle=Letter+from+the+Faroes+-+Lost+History+of+the+Sheep+Islands+-+Archaeology+Magazine+-+March%2FApril+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchaeology.org%2Fissues%2Fmarch-april-2023%2Fletters-from%2Ffaroe-islands-settlement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kvaran-je-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kvaran-je_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kvaran-je_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKvaran2001" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kvaran, Guðrún (12 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visindavefur.is/svar.php?id=1947">"Hvenær var bókstafurinn 'é' tekinn upp í íslensku í stað 'je' og af hverju er 'je' enn notað í ýmsum orðum?"</a>. <i>Vísindavefurinn</i> (in Icelandic)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=V%C3%ADsindavefurinn&rft.atitle=Hven%C3%A6r+var+b%C3%B3kstafurinn+%27%C3%A9%27+tekinn+upp+%C3%AD+%C3%ADslensku+%C3%AD+sta%C3%B0+%27je%27+og+af+hverju+er+%27je%27+enn+nota%C3%B0+%C3%AD+%C3%BDmsum+or%C3%B0um%3F&rft.date=2001-11-12&rft.aulast=Kvaran&rft.aufirst=Gu%C3%B0r%C3%BAn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visindavefur.is%2Fsvar.php%3Fid%3D1947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kvaran-z-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kvaran-z_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kvaran-z_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKvaran2000" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kvaran, Guðrún (7 March 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visindavefur.is/svar.php?id=192">"Hvers vegna var bókstafurinn z svona mikið notaður á Íslandi en því svo hætt?"</a>. <i>Vísindavefurinn</i> (in Icelandic). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231029040047/https://www.visindavefur.is/svar.php?id=192">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=V%C3%ADsindavefurinn&rft.atitle=Hvers+vegna+var+b%C3%B3kstafurinn+z+svona+miki%C3%B0+nota%C3%B0ur+%C3%A1+%C3%8Dslandi+en+%C3%BEv%C3%AD+svo+h%C3%A6tt%3F&rft.date=2000-03-07&rft.aulast=Kvaran&rft.aufirst=Gu%C3%B0r%C3%BAn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visindavefur.is%2Fsvar.php%3Fid%3D192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders2010" class="citation book cs1">Sanders, Ruth (2010). <i>German: Biography of a Language</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 209. <q>Overall, written Icelandic has changed little since the eleventh century Icelandic sagas, or historical epics; only the addition of significant numbers of vocabulary items in modern times makes it likely that a saga author would have difficulty understanding the news in today's [Icelandic newspapers].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German%3A+Biography+of+a+Language&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eng.menntamalaraduneyti.is/media/MRN-pdf/Icelandic-Language-Act-tr-260711.pdf">"Act [No 61/2011] on the status of the Icelandic language and Icelandic sign language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Science_and_Culture_(Iceland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education, Science and Culture (Iceland)">Ministry of Education, Science and Culture</a>. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2013</span>. <q>Article 1; National language – official language; Icelandic is the national language of the Icelandic people and the official language in Iceland. Article 2; The Icelandic language — The national language is the common language of the Icelandic general public. Public authorities shall ensure that its use is possible in all areas of Icelandic society. All persons residing in Iceland must be given the opportunity to learn Icelandic and to use it for their general participation in Icelandic society, as further provided in leges speciales.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Act+%5BNo+61%2F2011%5D+on+the+status+of+the+Icelandic+language+and+Icelandic+sign+language&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Education%2C+Science+and+Culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feng.menntamalaraduneyti.is%2Fmedia%2FMRN-pdf%2FIcelandic-Language-Act-tr-260711.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norden-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Norden_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norden.org">"Norden"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.norden.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norden2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Norden2_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070629131639/http://www.norden.org/avtal/sprak/sk/sprak_sprak.asp?lang=6">"Nordic Language Convention"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norden.org/avtal/sprak/sk/sprak_sprak.asp?lang=6">the original</a> on 29 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nordic+Language+Convention&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.norden.org%2Favtal%2Fsprak%2Fsk%2Fsprak_sprak.asp%3Flang%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norden3-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Norden3_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090428022430/http://www.norden.org/webb/news/news.asp?id=6795&lang=6">"Nordic Language Convention"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norden.org/webb/news/news.asp?id=6795&lang=6">the original</a> on 28 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nordic+Language+Convention&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.norden.org%2Fwebb%2Fnews%2Fnews.asp%3Fid%3D6795%26lang%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Berman" class="citation web cs1">Robert Berman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070656/http://vefsetur.hi.is/menntakvika/k202_og_k204">"The English Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency of Icelandic students, and how to improve it"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vefsetur.hi.is/menntakvika/k202_og_k204">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. <q>English is often described as being almost a second language in Iceland, as opposed to a foreign language like German or Chinese. Certainly in terms of Icelandic students' Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS), English does indeed seem to be a second language. However, in terms of many Icelandic students' Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP)—the language skills required for success in school—evidence will be presented suggesting that there may be a large number of students who have substantial trouble utilizing these skills.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+English+Cognitive+Academic+Language+Proficiency+of+Icelandic+students%2C+and+how+to+improve+it&rft.au=Robert+Berman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvefsetur.hi.is%2Fmenntakvika%2Fk202_og_k204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wallin-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wallin_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norden.org/webb/news/news.asp?id=6795&lang=6">Language Convention not working properly</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090428022430/http://www.norden.org/webb/news/news.asp?id=6795&lang=6">Archived</a> 2009-04-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Nordic news</i>, March 3, 2007. Retrieved on April 25, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Niska-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Niska_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Helge Niska, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fit-ift.org/cbi/download/sweden.pdf">"Community interpreting in Sweden: A short presentation"</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Translators" title="International Federation of Translators">International Federation of Translators</a>, 2004. Retrieved on April 25, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327012606/http://www.fit-ift.org/cbi/download/sweden.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-03-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrnason201199-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrnason201199_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÁrnason2011">Árnason 2011</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlegoBerkson20201-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlegoBerkson20201_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlegoBerkson20201_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlegoBerkson2020">Flego & Berkson 2020</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKress1982pp._23-24:_"It's_never_voiced,_as_''<span_title="Icelandic-language_text"><i_lang="is">s</i></span>[[Category:Articles_containing_Icelandic-language_text]]''_in_''<span_title="Icelandic-language_text"><i_lang="is">sausen</i></span>[[Category:Articles_containing_Icelandic-language_text]]'',_and_it's_pronounced_by_pressing_the_tip_of_the_tongue_against_the_alveolar_ridge,_close_to_the_upper_teeth_–_somewhat_below_the_place_of_articulation_of_the_German_''<span_title="German-language_text"><i_lang="de">sch</i></span>[[Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text]]''._The_difference_is_that_German_''<span_title="German-language_text"><i_lang="de">sch</i></span>[[Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text]]''_is_labialized,_while_Icelandic_''<span_title="Icelandic-language_text"><i_lang="is">s</i></span>[[Category:Articles_containing_Icelandic-language_text]]''_is_not._It's_a_pre-alveolar,_coronal,_voiceless_spirant."-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKress1982pp._23-24:_"It's_never_voiced,_as_''<span_title="Icelandic-language_text"><i_lang="is">s</i></span>[[Category:Articles_containing_Icelandic-language_text]]''_in_''<span_title="Icelandic-language_text"><i_lang="is">sausen</i></span>[[Category:Articles_containing_Icelandic-language_text]]'',_and_it's_pronounced_by_pressing_the_tip_of_the_tongue_against_the_alveolar_ridge,_close_to_the_upper_teeth_–_somewhat_below_the_place_of_articulation_of_the_German_''<span_title="German-language_text"><i_lang="de">sch</i></span>[[Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text]]''._The_difference_is_that_German_''<span_title="German-language_text"><i_lang="de">sch</i></span>[[Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text]]''_is_labialized,_while_Icelandic_''<span_title="Icelandic-language_text"><i_lang="is">s</i></span>[[Category:Articles_containing_Icelandic-language_text]]''_is_not._It's_a_pre-alveolar,_coronal,_voiceless_spirant."_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKress1982">Kress 1982</a>, pp. 23-24: "It's never voiced, as <i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">s</i></span></i> in <i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">sausen</i></span></i>, and it's pronounced by pressing the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, close to the upper teeth – somewhat below the place of articulation of the German <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">sch</i></span></i>. The difference is that German <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">sch</i></span></i> is labialized, while Icelandic <i><span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">s</i></span></i> is not. It's a pre-alveolar, coronal, voiceless spirant.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996144–145-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996144–145_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996">Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996</a>, pp. 144–145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiberman" class="citation web cs1">Liberman, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=2264">"A little Icelandic phonetics"</a>. <i>Language Log</i>. University of Pennsylvania<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Language+Log&rft.atitle=A+little+Icelandic+phonetics&rft.aulast=Liberman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flanguagelog.ldc.upenn.edu%2Fnll%2F%3Fp%3D2264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrnason2011107,_237-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrnason2011107,_237_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÁrnason2011">Árnason 2011</a>, pp. 107, 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlegoBerkson20208-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlegoBerkson20208_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlegoBerkson2020">Flego & Berkson 2020</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrnason201157-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrnason201157_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÁrnason2011">Árnason 2011</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrnason201158–59-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrnason201158–59_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÁrnason2011">Árnason 2011</a>, pp. 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÁrnason201158-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÁrnason201158_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÁrnason2011">Árnason 2011</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timarit.is/page/1949629#page/n1/mode/2up">"Þéranir á meðal vor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Morgunbla%C3%B0i%C3%B0" title="Morgunblaðið">Morgunblaðið</a>. 29 October 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%C3%9E%C3%A9ranir+%C3%A1+me%C3%B0al+vor&rft.date=1999-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimarit.is%2Fpage%2F1949629%23page%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownOgilvie2010781-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownOgilvie2010781_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrownOgilvie2010">Brown & Ogilvie 2010</a>, p. 781.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20139-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson20139_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarlsson2013">Karlsson 2013</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes1860-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbes1860_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForbes1860">Forbes 1860</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Hulst2008-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Hulst2008_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_der_Hulst2008">Van der Hulst 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilmarsson-DunnKristinsson2010-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilmarsson-DunnKristinsson2010_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilmarsson-DunnKristinsson2010_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHilmarsson-DunnKristinsson2010">Hilmarsson-Dunn & Kristinsson 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKyzer2019" class="citation news cs1">Kyzer, Larissa (22 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icelandreview.com/news/icelandic-names-will-no-longer-be-gendered/">"Icelandic names will no longer be gendered"</a>. <i>Iceland Review</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iceland+Review&rft.atitle=Icelandic+names+will+no+longer+be+gendered&rft.date=2019-06-22&rft.aulast=Kyzer&rft.aufirst=Larissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icelandreview.com%2Fnews%2Ficelandic-names-will-no-longer-be-gendered%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristinsson2018-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKristinsson2018_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKristinsson2018">Kristinsson 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristinsson2013-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKristinsson2013_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKristinsson2013">Kristinsson 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristinsson2014-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKristinsson2014_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKristinsson2014">Kristinsson 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201336-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201336_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201336_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarlsson2013">Karlsson 2013</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201337–38-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201337–38_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarlsson2013">Karlsson 2013</a>, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201338-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlsson201338_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarlsson2013">Karlsson 2013</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÞráinsson1994188-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÞráinsson1994188_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÞráinsson1994">Þráinsson 1994</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERagnarsson1992148-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERagnarsson1992148_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRagnarsson1992">Ragnarsson 1992</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁrnasonSigrún_Helgadóttir1991" class="citation conference cs1">Árnason, Kristján; Sigrún Helgadóttir (1991). "Terminology and Icelandic Language Policy". <i>Behovet och nyttan av terminologiskt arbete på 90-talet. Nordterm 5. Nordterm-symposium</i>. pp. 7–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Terminology+and+Icelandic+Language+Policy&rft.btitle=Behovet+och+nyttan+av+terminologiskt+arbete+p%C3%A5+90-talet.+Nordterm+5.+Nordterm-symposium&rft.pages=7-21&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=%C3%81rnason&rft.aufirst=Kristj%C3%A1n&rft.au=Sigr%C3%BAn+Helgad%C3%B3ttir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁrnason2011" class="citation cs2">Árnason, Kristján (2011), <i>The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922931-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922931-4"><bdi>978-0-19-922931-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phonology+of+Icelandic+and+Faroese&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-922931-4&rft.aulast=%C3%81rnason&rft.aufirst=Kristj%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbourCarmichael2000" class="citation book cs1">Barbour, Stephen; Carmichael, Cathie (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1ixmu8Iga7gC&pg=PA106"><i>Language and Nationalism in Europe</i></a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-158407-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-158407-7"><bdi>978-0-19-158407-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+Nationalism+in+Europe&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-158407-7&rft.aulast=Barbour&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Carmichael%2C+Cathie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1ixmu8Iga7gC%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownOgilvie2010" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Edward Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (2010). <i>Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world</i>. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080877754" title="Special:BookSources/9780080877754"><bdi>9780080877754</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/944400471">944400471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+encyclopedia+of+languages+of+the+world&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F944400471&rft.isbn=9780080877754&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Edward+Keith&rft.au=Ogilvie%2C+Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes1860" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, Charles Stuart (1860). <i>Iceland: Its Volcanoes, Geysers, And Glaciers</i>. Creative Media Partners, LLC. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1298551429" title="Special:BookSources/978-1298551429"><bdi>978-1298551429</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iceland%3A+Its+Volcanoes%2C+Geysers%2C+And+Glaciers&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Creative+Media+Partners%2C+LLC&rft.date=1860&rft.isbn=978-1298551429&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Charles+Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalldórsson,_Halldór1979" class="citation journal cs1">Halldórsson, Halldór (1979). "Icelandic Purism and its History". <i>Word</i>. <b>30</b>: 76–86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Word&rft.atitle=Icelandic+Purism+and+its+History&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=76-86&rft.date=1979&rft.au=Halld%C3%B3rsson%2C+Halld%C3%B3r&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilmarsson-DunnKristinsson2010" class="citation journal cs1">Hilmarsson-Dunn, Amanda; Kristinsson, Ari Páll (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14664208.2010.538008">"The language situation in Iceland"</a>. <i>Current Issues in Language Planning</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 207–276. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14664208.2010.538008">10.1080/14664208.2010.538008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1466-4208">1466-4208</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144856348">144856348</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Issues+in+Language+Planning&rft.atitle=The+language+situation+in+Iceland&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=207-276&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144856348%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1466-4208&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14664208.2010.538008&rft.aulast=Hilmarsson-Dunn&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft.au=Kristinsson%2C+Ari+P%C3%A1ll&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F14664208.2010.538008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarlsson2013" class="citation book cs1">Karlsson, Stefán (2013) [2004]. <i>The Icelandic language</i>. 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London: Viking Society for Northern Research, University College London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-903521-61-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-903521-61-1"><bdi>978-0-903521-61-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Icelandic+language&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Reprinted+with+minor+corrections&rft.pub=Viking+Society+for+Northern+Research%2C+University+College+London&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-903521-61-1&rft.aulast=Karlsson&rft.aufirst=Stef%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKress1982" class="citation cs2">Kress, Bruno (1982), <i>Isländische Grammatik</i>, <a href="/wiki/VEB_Verlag_Enzyklop%C3%A4die_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie Leipzig">VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie Leipzig</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isl%C3%A4ndische+Grammatik&rft.pub=VEB+Verlag+Enzyklop%C3%A4die+Leipzig&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Kress&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristinsson2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kristinsson, Ari Páll (1 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/soci.2013.27.1.54/html">"Evolving language ideologies and media practices in Iceland / Die Entwicklung neuer Sprachideologien und Medienpraktiken in Island / Evolution des ideologies linguistiques et des pratiques médiatiques en Islande"</a>. <i>Sociolinguistica</i> (in German). <b>27</b> (1): 54–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fsoci.2013.27.1.54">10.1515/soci.2013.27.1.54</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1865-939X">1865-939X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142164040">142164040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociolinguistica&rft.atitle=Evolving+language+ideologies+and+media+practices+in+Iceland+%2F+Die+Entwicklung+neuer+Sprachideologien+und+Medienpraktiken+in+Island+%2F+Evolution+des+ideologies+linguistiques+et+des+pratiques+m%C3%A9diatiques+en+Islande&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=54-68&rft.date=2013-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142164040%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1865-939X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fsoci.2013.27.1.54&rft.aulast=Kristinsson&rft.aufirst=Ari+P%C3%A1ll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fsoci.2013.27.1.54%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristinsson2014" class="citation book cs1">Kristinsson, Ari Páll (24 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://benjamins.com/catalog/wlp.5.08kri">"Ideologies in Iceland: The protection of language forms"</a>. 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John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 165–177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fwlp.5.08kri">10.1075/wlp.5.08kri</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-2836-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-2836-9"><bdi>978-90-272-2836-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ideologies+in+Iceland%3A+The+protection+of+language+forms&rft.btitle=English+in+Nordic+Universities&rft.series=Studies+in+World+Language+Problems&rft.pages=165-177&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2014-10-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fwlp.5.08kri&rft.isbn=978-90-272-2836-9&rft.aulast=Kristinsson&rft.aufirst=Ari+P%C3%A1ll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbenjamins.com%2Fcatalog%2Fwlp.5.08kri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristinsson2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kristinsson, Ari Páll (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ritaskra.arnastofnun.is/media/skraning_pdf/National_language_policy_and_planning_in_Iceland__aims_and_institutional_activities.pdf">"National language policy and planning in Iceland – aims and institutional activities"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Institute for Linguistics</i>. Budapest: 243–249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9074-74-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-9074-74-3"><bdi>978-963-9074-74-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hungarian+Academy+of+Sciences%2C+Research+Institute+for+Linguistics&rft.atitle=National+language+policy+and+planning+in+Iceland+%E2%80%93+aims+and+institutional+activities&rft.pages=243-249&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-963-9074-74-3&rft.aulast=Kristinsson&rft.aufirst=Ari+P%C3%A1ll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fritaskra.arnastofnun.is%2Fmedia%2Fskraning_pdf%2FNational_language_policy_and_planning_in_Iceland__aims_and_institutional_activities.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKvaran,_GuðrúnHöskuldur_ÞráinssonKristján_Árnason2005" class="citation book cs1">Kvaran, Guðrún; Höskuldur Þráinsson; Kristján Árnason; et al. (2005). <i>Íslensk tunga I–III</i>. Reykjavík: Almenna bókafélagið. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9979-2-1900-9" title="Special:BookSources/9979-2-1900-9"><bdi>9979-2-1900-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/71365446">71365446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%8Dslensk+tunga+I%E2%80%93III&rft.pub=Reykjav%C3%ADk%3A+Almenna+b%C3%B3kaf%C3%A9lagi%C3%B0&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F71365446&rft.isbn=9979-2-1900-9&rft.au=Kvaran%2C+Gu%C3%B0r%C3%BAn&rft.au=H%C3%B6skuldur+%C3%9Er%C3%A1insson&rft.au=Kristj%C3%A1n+%C3%81rnason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ladefoged" title="Peter Ladefoged">Ladefoged, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ian_Maddieson" title="Ian Maddieson">Maddieson, Ian</a> (1996). <a href="/wiki/The_Sounds_of_the_World%27s_Languages" title="The Sounds of the World's Languages"><i>The Sounds of the World's Languages</i></a>. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19815-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19815-6"><bdi>0-631-19815-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sounds+of+the+World%27s+Languages&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-631-19815-6&rft.aulast=Ladefoged&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Maddieson%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrešnikMagnús_Pétursson1977" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janez_Ore%C5%A1nik" title="Janez Orešnik">Orešnik, Janez</a>; Magnús Pétursson (1977). "Quantity in Modern Icelandic". <i><a href="/wiki/Arkiv_f%C3%B6r_Nordisk_Filologi" class="mw-redirect" title="Arkiv för Nordisk Filologi">Arkiv för Nordisk Filologi</a></i>. <b>92</b>: 155–71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arkiv+f%C3%B6r+Nordisk+Filologi&rft.atitle=Quantity+in+Modern+Icelandic&rft.volume=92&rft.pages=155-71&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Ore%C5%A1nik&rft.aufirst=Janez&rft.au=Magn%C3%BAs+P%C3%A9tursson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRagnarsson1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ragnarsson, Baldur (1992). <i>Mál og málsaga</i> [<i>Language and language history</i>] (in Icelandic). Mál og Menning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9979-3-0417-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9979-3-0417-3"><bdi>978-9979-3-0417-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%A1l+og+m%C3%A1lsaga&rft.pub=M%C3%A1l+og+Menning&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-9979-3-0417-3&rft.aulast=Ragnarsson&rft.aufirst=Baldur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+language" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRögnvaldsson1993" class="citation book cs1">Rögnvaldsson, Eiríkur (1993). <i>Íslensk hljóðkerfisfræði</i> [<i>Icelandic phonology</i>]. Reykjavík: Málvísindastofnun Háskóla Íslands. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9979-853-14-X" title="Special:BookSources/9979-853-14-X"><bdi>9979-853-14-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%8Dslensk+hlj%C3%B3%C3%B0kerfisfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i&rft.pub=Reykjav%C3%ADk%3A+M%C3%A1lv%C3%ADsindastofnun+H%C3%A1sk%C3%B3la+%C3%8Dslands&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9979-853-14-X&rft.aulast=R%C3%B6gnvaldsson&rft.aufirst=Eir%C3%ADkur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholten2000" class="citation book cs1">Scholten, Daniel (2000). <i>Einführung in die isländische Grammatik</i>. Munich: Philyra Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-935267-00-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-935267-00-2"><bdi>3-935267-00-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/76178278">76178278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einf%C3%BChrung+in+die+isl%C3%A4ndische+Grammatik&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Philyra+Verlag&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F76178278&rft.isbn=3-935267-00-2&rft.aulast=Scholten&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlegoBerkson2020" class="citation journal cs1">Flego, Stefon; Berkson, Kelly (8 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342788595">"A Phonetic Illustration of the Sound System of Icelandic"</a>. <i>ResearchGate</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=A+Phonetic+Illustration+of+the+Sound+System+of+Icelandic&rft.date=2020-07-08&rft.aulast=Flego&rft.aufirst=Stefon&rft.au=Berkson%2C+Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F342788595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÞráinsson1994" class="citation book cs1">Þráinsson, Höskuldur (1994). "Icelandic". In König, Ekkehard; Van der Auwera, Johan (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w-BcAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Germanic languages</i></a>. Routledge language family descriptions. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05768-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05768-4"><bdi>978-0-415-05768-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Icelandic&rft.btitle=The+Germanic+languages&rft.place=London&rft.series=Routledge+language+family+descriptions&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-415-05768-4&rft.aulast=%C3%9Er%C3%A1insson&rft.aufirst=H%C3%B6skuldur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw-BcAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Hulst2008" class="citation book cs1">Van der Hulst, Harry (2008). <i>Word Prosodic Systems in the Languages of Europe</i>. 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(1993). <i>The Nordic Languages. Their Status and Interrelations</i>. Oslo: Novus Press. pp. 55–59, 168–169, 209–214.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nordic+Languages.+Their+Status+and+Interrelations&rft.pages=55-59%2C+168-169%2C+209-214&rft.pub=Oslo%3A+Novus+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Vik%C3%B8r&rft.aufirst=Lars+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIcelandic+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Icelandic language</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:About_Icelandic" class="extiw" title="wikt:Wiktionary:About Icelandic">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Icelandic_language" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Icelandic language">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Icelandic" class="extiw" title="b:Icelandic">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Icelandic_phrasebook" class="extiw" title="voy:Icelandic phrasebook">Phrasebook</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="is:">Icelandic edition</a> of Wikipedia</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294" class="extiw" title="d:Q294">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arnastofnun.is/en">The Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://idordabanki.arnastofnun.is/">Íðorðabankinn</a>, dictionary for technical words.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dicts.info/dictlist1.php?l=Icelandic">Collection of Icelandic bilingual dictionaries</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iceland_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iceland_topics" title="Template:Iceland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iceland_topics" title="Template talk:Iceland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iceland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iceland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iceland_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Iceland/Lists_of_pages/Articles" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Iceland/Lists of pages/Articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iceland" title="History of Iceland">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Iceland" title="Outline of Iceland">By topic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Iceland" title="Economic history of Iceland">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Iceland" title="Military history of Iceland">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Icelandic_nationality" title="History of Icelandic nationality">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_Iceland" title="Prohibition in Iceland">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Iceland">Rulers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Icelandic_history" title="Timeline of Icelandic history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_Iceland" title="Settlement of Iceland">Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Commonwealth" title="Icelandic Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_in_Iceland" title="Nobility in Iceland">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Sturlungs" title="Age of the Sturlungs">Sturlung Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Reformation" title="Icelandic Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish%E2%80%93Icelandic_Trade_Monopoly" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish–Icelandic Trade Monopoly">Danish trade monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_independence_movement" title="Icelandic independence movement">Independence Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland_in_World_War_II" title="Iceland in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_invasion_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="British invasion of Iceland">Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland_in_the_Cold_War" title="Iceland in the Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_Wars" title="Cod Wars">Cod Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932011_Icelandic_financial_crisis" title="2008–2011 Icelandic financial crisis">2008–2011 financial crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland"><img alt="Iceland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Arms_of_Iceland.svg/80px-Arms_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Arms_of_Iceland.svg/120px-Arms_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Arms_of_Iceland.svg/160px-Arms_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="390" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iceland" title="Geography of Iceland">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Iceland" title="Climate of Iceland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Iceland" title="List of earthquakes in Iceland">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Iceland" title="List of extreme points of Iceland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fjords_of_Iceland" title="List of fjords of Iceland">Fjords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_in_Iceland" title="List of forests in Iceland">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Iceland" title="Geology of Iceland">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_Iceland" title="List of glaciers in Iceland">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlands_of_Iceland" title="Highlands of Iceland">Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Iceland" title="List of islands of Iceland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Iceland" title="List of lakes of Iceland">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Iceland" title="List of national parks of Iceland">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Iceland" title="List of rivers of Iceland">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Iceland" title="List of valleys of Iceland">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Iceland" title="Volcanism of Iceland">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of Iceland">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iceland" title="Wildlife of Iceland">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constituencies_of_Iceland" title="Constituencies of Iceland">Constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Iceland" title="Counties of Iceland">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farthings_of_Iceland" title="Farthings of Iceland">Farthings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localities_of_Iceland" title="Localities of Iceland">Localities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Iceland" title="Municipalities of Iceland">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Iceland" title="Regions of Iceland">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iceland" title="Politics of Iceland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Iceland" title="Administrative divisions of Iceland">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Iceland" title="Cabinet of Iceland">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iceland" title="Constitution of Iceland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iceland" title="Elections in Iceland">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iceland" title="Foreign relations of Iceland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iceland" title="Human rights in Iceland">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Iceland" title="Law of Iceland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Police" title="Icelandic Police">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iceland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Iceland">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Althing" title="Althing">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iceland" title="List of political parties in Iceland">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iceland" title="President of Iceland">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iceland" title="Prime Minister of Iceland">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Iceland" title="Supreme Court of Iceland">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iceland" title="Economy of Iceland">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iceland" title="Agriculture in Iceland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Iceland" title="Banking in Iceland">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iceland" title="Telecommunications in Iceland">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_kr%C3%B3na" title="Icelandic króna">Króna <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iceland" title="Energy in Iceland">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasdaq_Iceland" title="Nasdaq Iceland">Nasdaq Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_outvasion" title="Icelandic outvasion">Outvasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iceland" title="Taxation in Iceland">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Iceland" title="Tourism in Iceland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iceland" title="Transport in Iceland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Iceland" title="Category:Society of Iceland">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Iceland" title="Abortion in Iceland">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iceland" title="Demographics of Iceland">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iceland" title="Education in Iceland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Iceland" title="Healthcare in Iceland">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelanders" title="Icelanders">Icelanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic Language">Icelandic Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iceland" title="Languages of Iceland">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iceland" title="Women in Iceland">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iceland" title="Culture of Iceland">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lofs%C3%B6ngur" title="Lofsöngur">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Iceland" title="Architecture of Iceland">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_art" title="Icelandic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chess_in_Iceland" title="Category:Chess in Iceland">Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iceland" title="Cinema of Iceland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland" title="Coat of arms of Iceland">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_cuisine" title="Icelandic cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Iceland" title="Flag of Iceland">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_literature" title="Icelandic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Iceland" title="Mass media in Iceland">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iceland" title="Music of Iceland">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Iceland" title="Names of Iceland">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_national_costume" title="Icelandic national costume">National costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Iceland" title="Public holidays in Iceland">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iceland" title="Sport in Iceland">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Iceland" title="Television in Iceland">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Iceland" title="Outline of Iceland">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Iceland/Lists_of_pages/Articles" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Iceland/Lists of pages/Articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iceland" title="Category:Iceland">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iceland" title="Portal:Iceland">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Icelandic_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Icelandic_language" title="Template:Icelandic language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Icelandic_language" title="Template talk:Icelandic language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Icelandic_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Icelandic language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Icelandic_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Icelandic language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_grammar" title="Icelandic grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_orthography" title="Icelandic orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_phonology" title="Icelandic phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_vocabulary" title="Icelandic vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%81M_66,_75v,_death_of_Baldr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/S%C3%81M_66%2C_75v%2C_death_of_Baldr.jpg/100px-S%C3%81M_66%2C_75v%2C_death_of_Baldr.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/S%C3%81M_66%2C_75v%2C_death_of_Baldr.jpg/150px-S%C3%81M_66%2C_75v%2C_death_of_Baldr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/S%C3%81M_66%2C_75v%2C_death_of_Baldr.jpg/200px-S%C3%81M_66%2C_75v%2C_death_of_Baldr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="1187" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_name" title="Icelandic name">Patronymic names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_names_in_Iceland" title="Street names in Iceland">Street names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_exonyms" title="Icelandic exonyms">List of exonyms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History and literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Icelandic" title="History of Icelandic">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_literature" title="Icelandic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagas_of_Icelanders" title="Sagas of Icelanders">Sagas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skaldic_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Skaldic poetry">Skaldic poetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Promotion and purism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rni_Magn%C3%BAsson_Institute_for_Icelandic_Studies" title="Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies">Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Language_Day" title="Icelandic Language Day">Icelandic Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_Language_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Icelandic Language Council (page does not exist)">Icelandic Language Council</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icelandic_Language_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Icelandic Language Fund (page does not exist)">Icelandic Language Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Language_Institute" title="Icelandic Language Institute">Icelandic Language Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Naming_Committee" title="Icelandic Naming Committee">Icelandic Naming Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_Icelandic" title="Linguistic purism in Icelandic">Linguistic purism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Sign_Language" title="Icelandic Sign Language">Icelandic Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Icelandic_writers" title="List of Icelandic writers">List of Icelandic writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germanic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_languages" title="Template:Germanic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_languages" title="Template talk:Germanic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>According to contemporary <a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">philology</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="West" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic languages">Anglic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects of English">dialects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>Irish Middle English</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fingallian" title="Fingallian">Fingallian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kildare_Poems#Linguistic_features" title="Kildare Poems">Kildare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yola_dialect" title="Yola dialect">Yola</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Scots" title="Early Scots">Early Scots</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Scots" title="Middle Scots">Middle Scots</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Frisian" title="Middle Frisian">Middle Frisian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_language" title="East Frisian language">East Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Weser</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wangerooge_Frisian" title="Wangerooge Frisian">Wangerooge Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wursten_Frisian" title="Wursten Frisian">Wursten Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harlingerland_Frisian" title="Harlingerland Frisian">Harlingerland Frisian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Insular <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eiderstedt_Frisian" title="Eiderstedt Frisian">Eiderstedt</a></i></li> <li>Föhr–Amrum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian" title="Föhr North Frisian">Föhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrum_North_Frisian" title="Amrum North Frisian">Amrum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland_Frisian" title="Heligoland Frisian">Heligolandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylt_North_Frisian" title="Sylt North Frisian">Sylt</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mainland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6kingharde_North_Frisian" title="Bökingharde North Frisian">Bökingharde</a> <ul><li>Mooring</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halligen_Frisian" title="Halligen Frisian">Halligen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goesharde_Frisian" title="Goesharde Frisian">Goesharde</a> <ul><li>Northern</li> <li>Central</li> <li><i>Southern</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrharde_Frisian" title="Karrharde Frisian">Karrharde</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strand_Frisian" title="Strand Frisian">Strand</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiedingharde_Frisian" title="Wiedingharde Frisian">Wiedingharde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_languages" title="West Frisian languages">West Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindeloopen_Frisian" title="Hindeloopen Frisian">Hindeloopen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiermonnikoog_Frisian" title="Schiermonnikoog Frisian">Schiermonnikoog</a></li> <li>Westlauwers–Terschellings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">Mainland West Frisian</a> <ul><li>Clay Frisian</li> <li>Wood Frisian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westereendersk" title="Westereendersk">Westereendersk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terschelling_Frisian" title="Terschelling Frisian">Terschelling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Low_German" class="mw-redirect" title="West Low German">West Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellingwarfs_dialect" title="Stellingwarfs dialect">Stellingwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweants_dialect" title="Tweants dialect">Tweants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gronings_dialect" title="Gronings dialect">Gronings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A8ents_dialects" title="Drèents dialects">Drèents</a></li> <li>Gelders-Overijssels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achterhooks" title="Achterhooks">Achterhooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallaans_dialect" title="Sallaans dialect">Sallaans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkers_dialect" title="Urkers dialect">Urkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veluws_dialect" title="Veluws dialect">Veluws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Low_Saxon" title="Northern Low Saxon">Northern Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_Low_Saxon" title="East Frisian Low Saxon">East Frisian Low Saxon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastphalian_language" title="Eastphalian language">Eastphalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westphalian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian language">Westphalian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Low_German" title="East Low German">East Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch_dialect" title="Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect">Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburgisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburgisch dialect">Brandenburgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Pomeranian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Pomeranian (page does not exist)">Central Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Pomeranian">East Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Prussian_dialect" title="Low Prussian dialect">Low Prussian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">Standard variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaaps" title="Kaaps">Kaaps</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Low Franconian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Dutch_dialects" title="Central Dutch dialects">Central Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hollandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic dialect">Hollandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">French Flemish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeelandic" title="Zeelandic">Zeelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Flemish" title="East Flemish">East Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleverlandish" title="Kleverlandish">Kleverlandish</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Dutch" title="Surinamese Dutch">Surinamese Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch_language" title="Jersey Dutch language">Jersey Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Dutch" title="Mohawk Dutch">Mohawk Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadsfries_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadsfries dialects">Stadsfries</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bildts" title="Bildts">Bildts</a>/<a href="/wiki/Amelands" title="Amelands">Amelands</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midslands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midslands (page does not exist)">Midslands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Low_Franconian" title="South Low Franconian">East Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cover groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergish_dialects" title="Bergish dialects">Bergish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse-Rhenish" title="Meuse-Rhenish">Meuse-Rhenish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_High_German" title="New High German">New High German</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">Early New High German</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Standard_German" title="German Standard German">German Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Swiss Standard German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-<a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard variants</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibian German">Namibian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Black_German" title="Namibian Black German">Namibian Black German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_German" title="Berlin German">Berlinerisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unserdeutsch" title="Unserdeutsch">Unserdeutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barossa_German" title="Barossa German">Barossa German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotwelsch" title="Rotwelsch">Rotwelsch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenish_language" title="Yenish language">Yenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Eastern_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Western_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland#"Scots-Yiddish"" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Scots Yiddish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Central_German" title="West Central German">West Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Franconian_languages" title="Central Franconian languages">Central Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_dialect" title="Colognian dialect">Colognian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Limburgish_dialect" title="Southeast Limburgish dialect">Southeast Limburgish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian_language" title="Moselle Franconian language">Moselle Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_dialect" title="Transylvanian Saxon dialect">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunsr%C3%BCckisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunsrückisch dialect">Hunsrückisch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunsrik" title="Hunsrik">Hunsrik</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenish Franconian languages">Rhine Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine German language">Palatine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans#Language" title="Volga Germans">Volga German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_dialects" title="Hessian dialects">Hessian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Hessian" title="Central Hessian">Central Hessian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amana_German" title="Amana German">Amana German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Central_German" title="East Central German">East Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thuringian_dialect" title="Thuringian dialect">Thuringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_German" title="Upper Saxon German">Upper Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzgebirgisch" title="Erzgebirgisch">Erzgebirgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_dialects" title="Lusatian dialects">Lusatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Prussian_dialect" title="High Prussian dialect">High Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wymysorys_language" title="Wymysorys language">Wymysorys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzenau_dialect" title="Alzenau dialect">Halcnovian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> in the broad sense <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Alemannic_German" title="Low Alemannic German">Low Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Tovar_dialect" title="Colonia Tovar dialect">Coloniero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Alemannic_German" title="High Alemannic German">High Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_Alemannic_German" title="Highest Alemannic German">Highest Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walser_German" title="Walser German">Walser German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabian_German" title="Swabian German">Swabian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Bavarian" title="Northern Bavarian">Northern Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bavarian" title="Central Bavarian">Central Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_German" title="Viennese German">Viennese German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bavarian" title="Southern Bavarian">Southern Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_dialect" title="South Tyrolean dialect">South Tyrolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_language" title="Cimbrian language">Cimbrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2cheno_language" title="Mòcheno language">Mòcheno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottscheerish" title="Gottscheerish">Gottscheerish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Franconian_German" title="South Franconian German">South Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Franconian_German" title="East Franconian German">East Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vogtlandian" title="Vogtlandian">Vogtlandian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lombardic_language" title="Lombardic language">Langobardic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_and_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></i> <ul><li><i>Old West Norse</i></li> <li><i>Old East Norse</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Gutnish" title="Old Gutnish">Old Gutnish</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergensk" title="Bergensk">Bergensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebabnorsk" title="Kebabnorsk">Kebabnorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sognam%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Sognamål dialect">Sognamål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndersk" title="Trøndersk">Trøndersk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallingm%C3%A5l-Valdris" title="Hallingmål-Valdris">Valdris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestlandsk" title="Vestlandsk">Vestlandsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikv%C3%A6rsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikværsk">Vikværsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a> (written)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a> (written)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian" title="Old Norwegian">Old Norwegian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Norwegian" title="Middle Norwegian">Middle Norwegian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Icelandic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse#Old_Icelandic" title="Old Norse">Old Icelandic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Icelandic#Middle_Icelandic_(1350–1550)" title="History of Icelandic">Middle Icelandic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Norse" title="Greenlandic Norse">Greenlandic Norse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_dialects" title="Swedish dialects">Swedish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinkeby_Swedish" title="Rinkeby Swedish">Rinkebysvenska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_dialects" title="Danish dialects">Danish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Danish" title="Insular Danish">Insular Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutlandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Jutlandic dialect">Jutlandic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Jutlandic" title="South Jutlandic">South Jutlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Danish" title="East Danish">East Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornholm_dialect" title="Bornholm dialect">Bornholmsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanian_dialect" title="Scanian dialect">Scanian</a> (historically)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Schleswig_Danish" title="Southern Schleswig Danish">Southern Schleswig Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B8tudanskt_accent" title="Gøtudanskt accent">Gøtudanskt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkerdansk" title="Perkerdansk">Perkerdansk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Old Danish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Middle Danish</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian language">Dalecarlian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gutnish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gutnish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutnish language">Mainland Gutnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A5r%C3%B6m%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Fårömål dialect">Fårö Gutnish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Gothic" title="Crimean Gothic">Crimean Gothic</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burgundians#Language" title="Burgundians">Burgundian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vandalic_language" title="Vandalic language">Vandalic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Philology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">Philology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Maurer_(linguist)" title="Friedrich Maurer (linguist)">Language subgroups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elbe_Germanic" title="Elbe Germanic">Elbe (Irminonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weser-Rhine_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Weser-Rhine Germanic">Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea (Ingvaeonic)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Germanic" title="Northwest Germanic">Northwest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gotho-Nordic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotho-Nordic">Gotho-Nordic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Germanic" title="South Germanic">South</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_grammar" title="Proto-Germanic grammar">Proto-Germanic grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Belgian_language" title="Ancient Belgian language">Ancient Belgian language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diachronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimm%27s_law" title="Grimm's law">Grimm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verner%27s_law" title="Verner's law">Verner's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holtzmann%27s_law" title="Holtzmann's law">Holtzmann's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sievers%27s_law" title="Sievers's law">Sievers's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kluge%27s_law" title="Kluge's law">Kluge's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis">Germanic substrate hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_gemination" title="West Germanic gemination">West Germanic gemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_a-mutation" title="Germanic a-mutation">Germanic a-mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_umlaut" title="Germanic umlaut">Germanic umlaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_spirant_law" title="Germanic spirant law">Germanic spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvaeonic_nasal_spirant_law" title="Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law">Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synchronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Germanic verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">Germanic strong verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">Germanic weak verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb#Preterite-presents" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Preterite-present verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatischer_Wechsel" title="Grammatischer Wechsel">Grammatischer Wechsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Indo-European ablaut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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[\"CITEREFLiberman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrešnikMagnús_Pétursson1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRagnarsson1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Berman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRögnvaldsson1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanders2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScholten2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_der_Hulst2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVikør1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÁrnason2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÁrnasonSigrún_Helgadóttir1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÞráinsson1994\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 13,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Icelandic Language\"] = 1,\n [\"E19\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"Flag\"] = 2,\n [\"Germanic languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvtxt\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 20,\n [\"IPA link\"] = 38,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Iceland topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Icelandic language\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox language\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 64,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 2,\n [\"North Germanic clade\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"SOWL\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 28,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sigfig\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-7556f8b5dd-r48k7","timestamp":"20241123152137","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Icelandic language","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Icelandic_language","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q294","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q294","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-01T21:44:15Z","dateModified":"2024-11-14T21:45:51Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/28\/Idioma_island%C3%A9s.PNG","headline":"North Germanic language mainly spoken in Iceland"}</script> </body> </html>