CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Biological life cycle - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"14c6594e-f98b-401b-8940-4f4c6ed77527","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Biological_life_cycle","wgTitle":"Biological life cycle","wgCurRevisionId":1268769102,"wgRevisionId":1268769102, "wgArticleId":319610,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Biological_life_cycle","wgRelevantArticleId":319610,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true, "wgMFScriptPath":"","wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"an","autonym":"aragonés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"arz","autonym":"مصرى","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ast","autonym":"asturianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym" :"Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"az","autonym":"azərbaycanca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"azb","autonym":"تۆرکجه","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ba","autonym":"башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"be","autonym":"беларуская","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bn","autonym":"বাংলা","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"br", "autonym":"brezhoneg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ckb","autonym":"کوردی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"de","autonym":"Deutsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski" ,"dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eu","autonym":"euskara","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fy","autonym":"Frysk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gl","autonym":"galego","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی", "dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hr","autonym":"hrvatski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hu","autonym":"magyar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"io","autonym":"Ido","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"is","autonym":"íslenska","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kk","autonym":"қазақша","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym": "kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"knc","autonym":"Yerwa Kanuri","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ku","autonym":"kurdî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ky","autonym":"кыргызча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lb","autonym":"Lëtzebuergesch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"li","autonym":"Limburgs","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym": "lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lv","autonym":"latviešu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mg","autonym":"Malagasy","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mn","autonym":"монгол","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mr","autonym":"मराठी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym":"Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nn","autonym":"norsk nynorsk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"oc","autonym":"occitan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym": "ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pa","autonym":"ਪੰਜਾਬੀ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pnb","autonym":"پنجابی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ro","autonym":"română","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa", "autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"scn","autonym":"sicilianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sco","autonym":"Scots","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sh","autonym":"srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sl","autonym":"slovenščina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym": "chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sq","autonym":"shqip","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sw","autonym":"Kiswahili","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tg","autonym":"тоҷикӣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"th","autonym":"ไทย","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tig","autonym":"ትግሬ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tl","autonym": "Tagalog","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tt","autonym":"татарча / tatarça","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"war","autonym":"Winaray","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wuu","autonym":"吴语","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym":"მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el", "eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","knc","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq", "su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tig","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q513359","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true, "historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar", "ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Culex_mosquito_life_cycle_en.svg/1200px-Culex_mosquito_life_cycle_en.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1110"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Culex_mosquito_life_cycle_en.svg/800px-Culex_mosquito_life_cycle_en.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="740"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Culex_mosquito_life_cycle_en.svg/640px-Culex_mosquito_life_cycle_en.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="592"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Biological life cycle - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Biological_life_cycle&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_life_cycle"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Biological_life_cycle rootpage-Biological_life_cycle stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> Home </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> Random </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> Nearby </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor mw-list-item menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Biological+life+cycle" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> Log in </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Biological+life+cycle" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> Settings </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&wmf_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> Donate </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> About Wikipedia </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> Disclaimers </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Biological life cycle</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Biological_life_cycle" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Biological+life+cycle" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Biological_life_cycle&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> In <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, a biological life cycle (or just life cycle when the biological context is clear) is a series of stages of the life of an organism, that begins as a zygote, often in an egg, and concludes as an adult that reproduces, producing an offspring in the form of a new zygote which then itself goes through the same series of stages, the process repeating in a cyclic fashion. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Culex_mosquito_life_cycle_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Culex_mosquito_life_cycle_en.svg/220px-Culex_mosquito_life_cycle_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Culex_mosquito_life_cycle_en.svg/330px-Culex_mosquito_life_cycle_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Culex_mosquito_life_cycle_en.svg/440px-Culex_mosquito_life_cycle_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="732"></a><figcaption>Life cycle of a <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquito</a>. An adult female mosquito lays eggs which develop through several stages to adulthood. Reproduction completes and perpetuates the cycle.</figcaption></figure> "The concept is closely related to those of the life history, <a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ontogeny" title="Ontogeny">ontogeny</a>, but differs from them in stressing renewal."<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-rodr2014-2">[2]</a> Transitions of form may involve growth, <a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">asexual reproduction</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexual reproduction</a>. In some organisms, different "generations" of the species succeed each other during the life cycle. For <a href="/wiki/Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">plants</a> and many <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, there are two multicellular stages, and the life cycle is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">alternation of generations</a>. The term life history is often used, particularly for organisms such as the <a href="/wiki/Red_algae" title="Red algae">red algae</a> which have three multicellular stages (or more), rather than two.<a href="#cite_note-Dixon73-3">[3]</a> Life cycles that include sexual reproduction involve alternating <a href="/wiki/Haploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Haploid">haploid</a> (n) and <a href="/wiki/Diploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">diploid</a> (2n) stages, i.e., a change of <a href="/wiki/Ploidy" title="Ploidy">ploidy</a> is involved. To return from a diploid stage to a haploid stage, <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a> must occur. In regard to changes of <a href="/wiki/Ploidy" title="Ploidy">ploidy</a>, there are three types of cycles: <ul><li>haplontic life cycle — the haploid stage is multicellular and the diploid stage is a single cell, meiosis is "zygotic".</li> <li>diplontic life cycle — the diploid stage is multicellular and haploid <a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">gametes</a> are formed, meiosis is "gametic".</li> <li>haplodiplontic life cycle (also referred to as diplohaplontic, diplobiontic, or dibiontic life cycle) — multicellular diploid and haploid stages occur, meiosis is "sporic".</li></ul> The cycles differ in when <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitosis</a> (growth) occurs. Zygotic meiosis and gametic meiosis have one mitotic stage: mitosis occurs during the n phase in zygotic meiosis and during the 2n phase in gametic meiosis. Therefore, zygotic and gametic meiosis are collectively termed "haplobiontic" (single mitotic phase, not to be confused with haplontic). Sporic meiosis, on the other hand, has mitosis in two stages, both the diploid and haploid stages, termed "diplobiontic" (not to be confused with diplontic).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Discovery">1 Discovery</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Haplontic_life_cycle">2 Haplontic life cycle</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Diplontic_life_cycle">3 Diplontic life cycle</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Haplodiplontic_life_cycle">4 Haplodiplontic life cycle</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Vegetative_meiosis">5 Vegetative meiosis</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Parasitic_life_cycle">6 Parasitic life cycle</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Evolution">7 Evolution</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References">9 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Sources">10 Sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Further_reading">11 Further reading</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Biological_life_cycle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The study of <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Embryogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryogenesis">development</a> in organisms was carried out by many botanists and zoologists. <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hofmeister" title="Wilhelm Hofmeister">Wilhelm Hofmeister</a> demonstrated that <a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">alternation of generations</a> is a feature that unites plants, and published this result in 1851 (see <a href="/wiki/History_of_botany#Plant_sexuality" title="History of botany">plant sexuality</a>). Some terms (haplobiont and diplobiont) used for the description of life cycles were proposed initially for algae by Nils Svedelius, and then became used for other organisms.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Other terms (autogamy and gamontogamy) used in <a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protist</a> life cycles were introduced by Karl Gottlieb Grell.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The description of the complex life cycles of various organisms contributed to the disproof of the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_generation" title="Spontaneous generation">spontaneous generation</a> in the 1840s and 1850s.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Haplontic_life_cycle">Haplontic life cycle</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Biological_life_cycle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Haplontic life cycle" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haploid_English.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Haploid_English.svg/250px-Haploid_English.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="285" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="814"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 285px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Haploid_English.svg/250px-Haploid_English.svg.png" data-width="250" data-height="285" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Haploid_English.svg/375px-Haploid_English.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Haploid_English.svg/500px-Haploid_English.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Zygotic meiosis</figcaption></figure> A zygotic meiosis is a <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</a> immediately after <a href="/wiki/Karyogamy" title="Karyogamy">karyogamy</a>, which is the fusion of two <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">cell nuclei</a>. This way, the organism ends its diploid phase and produces several haploid cells. These cells divide <a href="/wiki/Mitotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitotic">mitotically</a> to form either larger, multicellular individuals, or more haploid cells. Two opposite types of gametes (e.g., male and female) from these individuals or cells fuse to become a zygote. In the whole cycle, zygotes are the only diploid cell; mitosis occurs only in the haploid phase. The individuals or cells as a result of mitosis are haplonts, hence this life cycle is also called haplontic life cycle. Haplonts are: <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">archaeplastidans</a>: some <a href="/wiki/Green_algae" title="Green algae">green algae</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Chlamydomonas" title="Chlamydomonas">Chlamydomonas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zygnema" title="Zygnema">Zygnema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chara_(alga)" title="Chara (alga)">Chara</a>)<a href="#cite_note-D%C3%ADaz1-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-D%C3%ADaz2-9">[9]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Stramenopiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Stramenopiles">stramenopiles</a>: some <a href="/wiki/Golden_algae" title="Golden algae">golden algae</a><a href="#cite_note-D%C3%ADaz1-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-D%C3%ADaz2-9">[9]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Alveolate" title="Alveolate">alveolates</a>: many <a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellate" title="Dinoflagellate">dinoflagellates</a>, e.g., Ceratium, Gymnodinium, some <a href="/wiki/Apicomplexan" class="mw-redirect" title="Apicomplexan">apicomplexans</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Plasmodium" title="Plasmodium">Plasmodium</a>)<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">rhizarians</a>: some <a href="/wiki/Euglyphid" class="mw-redirect" title="Euglyphid">euglyphids</a>,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ascetosporea" title="Ascetosporea">ascetosporeans</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Excavata" title="Excavata">excavates</a>: some <a href="/wiki/Parabasalid" title="Parabasalid">parabasalids</a><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-12">[12]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">amoebozoans</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dictyostelium" title="Dictyostelium">Dictyostelium</a><a href="#cite_note-D%C3%ADaz1-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-D%C3%ADaz2-9">[9]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Opisthokont" title="Opisthokont">opisthokonts</a>: most fungi (some <a href="/wiki/Chytrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Chytrid">chytrids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zygomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Zygomycetes">zygomycetes</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Ascomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascomycetes">ascomycetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basidiomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Basidiomycetes">basidiomycetes</a>)<a href="#cite_note-D%C3%ADaz1-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-D%C3%ADaz2-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_den_HoekMannJahns199515-13">[13]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Diplontic_life_cycle">Diplontic life cycle</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Biological_life_cycle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Diplontic life cycle" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diploid_English.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Diploid_English.svg/250px-Diploid_English.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="353" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 353px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Diploid_English.svg/250px-Diploid_English.svg.png" data-width="250" data-height="353" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Diploid_English.svg/375px-Diploid_English.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Diploid_English.svg/500px-Diploid_English.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Gametic meiosis</figcaption></figure> In gametic meiosis, instead of immediately dividing meiotically to produce haploid cells, the zygote divides mitotically to produce a multicellular diploid individual or a group of more unicellular diploid cells. Cells from the diploid individuals then undergo meiosis to produce haploid cells or <a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">gametes</a>. Haploid cells may divide again (by mitosis) to form more haploid cells, as in many yeasts, but the haploid phase is not the predominant life cycle phase. In most diplonts, mitosis occurs only in the diploid phase, i.e. gametes usually form quickly and fuse to produce diploid zygotes.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In the whole cycle, gametes are usually the only haploid cells, and mitosis usually occurs only in the diploid phase. The diploid multicellular individual is a diplont, hence a gametic meiosis is also called a diplontic life cycle. Diplonts are: <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">archaeplastidans</a>: some <a href="/wiki/Green_algae" title="Green algae">green algae</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cladophora" title="Cladophora">Cladophora glomerata</a>,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Acetabularia" title="Acetabularia">Acetabularia</a><a href="#cite_note-D%C3%ADaz1-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-D%C3%ADaz2-9">[9]</a>)</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Stramenopiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Stramenopiles">stramenopiles</a>: some <a href="/wiki/Brown_algae" title="Brown algae">brown algae</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Fucales" title="Fucales">Fucales</a>, however, their life cycle can also be interpreted as strongly heteromorphic-diplohaplontic, with a highly reduced gametophyte phase, as in the <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_den_HoekMannJahns1995207-16">[16]</a> some <a href="/wiki/Xanthophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Xanthophyte">xanthophytes</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Vaucheria" title="Vaucheria">Vaucheria</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_den_HoekMannJahns1995124-17">[17]</a> most <a href="/wiki/Diatom" title="Diatom">diatoms</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-12">[12]</a> some <a href="/wiki/Oomycete" title="Oomycete">oomycetes</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Saprolegnia" title="Saprolegnia">Saprolegnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plasmopara_viticola" title="Plasmopara viticola">Plasmopara viticola</a>),<a href="#cite_note-D%C3%ADaz1-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-D%C3%ADaz2-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Opaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Opaline">opalines</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-12">[12]</a> some "<a href="/wiki/Heliozoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliozoan">heliozoans</a>" (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Actinophrys" title="Actinophrys">Actinophrys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Actinosphaerium" title="Actinosphaerium">Actinosphaerium</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Alveolate" title="Alveolate">alveolates</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ciliate" title="Ciliate">ciliates</a><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-12">[12]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Excavata" title="Excavata">excavates</a>: some <a href="/wiki/Parabasalid" title="Parabasalid">parabasalids</a><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-12">[12]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Opisthokont" title="Opisthokont">opisthokonts</a>: animals, some fungi (e.g., some <a href="/wiki/Ascomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascomycetes">ascomycetes</a>)<a href="#cite_note-D%C3%ADaz1-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-D%C3%ADaz2-9">[9]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Haplodiplontic_life_cycle">Haplodiplontic life cycle</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Biological_life_cycle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Haplodiplontic life cycle" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diplohaplontic_English.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Diplohaplontic_English.svg/250px-Diplohaplontic_English.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="254" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="737"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 254px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Diplohaplontic_English.svg/250px-Diplohaplontic_English.svg.png" data-width="250" data-height="254" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Diplohaplontic_English.svg/375px-Diplohaplontic_English.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Diplohaplontic_English.svg/500px-Diplohaplontic_English.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Sporic meiosis</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">Alternation of generations</a></div> In sporic meiosis (also commonly known as intermediary meiosis), the zygote divides mitotically to produce a multicellular diploid <a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">sporophyte</a>. The sporophyte creates spores via meiosis which also then divide mitotically producing haploid individuals called <a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">gametophytes</a>. The gametophytes produce gametes via mitosis. In some plants the gametophyte is not only small-sized but also short-lived; in other plants and many algae, the gametophyte is the "dominant" stage of the life cycle.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Haplodiplonts are: <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">archaeplastidans</a>: <a href="/wiki/Red_algae" title="Red algae">red algae</a> (which have two sporophyte generations), some <a href="/wiki/Green_algae" title="Green algae">green algae</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ulva_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulva (genus)">Ulva</a>), <a href="/wiki/Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">land plants</a><a href="#cite_note-D%C3%ADaz1-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-D%C3%ADaz2-9">[9]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Stramenopiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Stramenopiles">stramenopiles</a>: most <a href="/wiki/Brown_algae" title="Brown algae">brown algae</a><a href="#cite_note-D%C3%ADaz1-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-D%C3%ADaz2-9">[9]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">rhizarians</a>: many <a href="/wiki/Foraminiferan" class="mw-redirect" title="Foraminiferan">foraminiferans</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Plasmodiophoromycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasmodiophoromycetes">plasmodiophoromycetes</a><a href="#cite_note-D%C3%ADaz1-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-D%C3%ADaz2-9">[9]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">amoebozoa</a>: <a href="/wiki/Myxogastrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Myxogastrid">myxogastrids</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Opisthokont" title="Opisthokont">opisthokonts</a>: some fungi (some <a href="/wiki/Chytrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Chytrid">chytrids</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Ascomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascomycetes">ascomycetes</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Brewer%27s_yeast" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewer's yeast">brewer's yeast</a>)<a href="#cite_note-D%C3%ADaz1-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-D%C3%ADaz2-9">[9]</a></li> <li>Other eukaryotes: <a href="/wiki/Haptophyte" title="Haptophyte">haptophytes</a><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-12">[12]</a></li></ul> Some animals have a <a href="/wiki/Sex-determination_system" title="Sex-determination system">sex-determination system</a> called <a href="/wiki/Haplodiploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplodiploid">haplodiploid</a>, but this is not related to the haplodiplontic life cycle. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Vegetative_meiosis">Vegetative meiosis</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Biological_life_cycle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vegetative meiosis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Some <a href="/wiki/Red_algae" title="Red algae">red algae</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Bonnemaisonia" title="Bonnemaisonia">Bonnemaisonia</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lemanea" title="Lemanea">Lemanea</a>) and green algae (such as <a href="/wiki/Prasiola" title="Prasiola">Prasiola</a>) have vegetative meiosis, also called somatic meiosis, which is a rare phenomenon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_den_HoekMannJahns199582-21">[21]</a> Vegetative meiosis can occur in haplodiplontic and also in diplontic life cycles. The gametophytes remain attached to and part of the sporophyte. Vegetative (non-reproductive) diploid cells undergo meiosis, generating vegetative haploid cells. These undergo many mitosis, and produces gametes. A different phenomenon, called vegetative diploidization, a type of <a href="/wiki/Apomixis" title="Apomixis">apomixis</a>, occurs in some <a href="/wiki/Brown_alga" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown alga">brown algae</a> (e.g., Elachista stellaris).<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Cells in a haploid part of the plant spontaneously duplicate their chromosomes to produce diploid tissue. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Parasitic_life_cycle">Parasitic life cycle</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Biological_life_cycle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Parasitic life cycle" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Parasites depend on the exploitation of one or more <a href="/wiki/Host_(biology)" title="Host (biology)">hosts</a>. Those that must infect more than one host <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> to complete their life cycles are said to have complex or indirect life cycles. <a href="/wiki/Dirofilaria_immitis" title="Dirofilaria immitis">Dirofilaria immitis</a>, or the heartworm, has an indirect life cycle, for example. The <a href="/wiki/Microfilaria" title="Microfilaria">microfilariae</a> must first be ingested by a female <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquito</a>, where it develops into the infective <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larval</a> stage. The mosquito then bites an animal and transmits the infective larvae into the animal, where they migrate to the <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">pulmonary artery</a> and mature into adults.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Those parasites that infect a single species have direct life cycles. An example of a parasite with a direct life cycle is <a href="/wiki/Ancylostoma_caninum" title="Ancylostoma caninum">Ancylostoma caninum</a>, or the canine hookworm. They develop to the infective larval stage in the environment, then penetrate the skin of the dog directly and mature to adults in the <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] If a parasite has to infect a given host in order to complete its life cycle, then it is said to be an <a href="/wiki/Obligate_parasite" title="Obligate parasite">obligate parasite</a> of that host; sometimes, infection is <a href="/wiki/Facultative_parasite" title="Facultative parasite">facultative</a>—the parasite can survive and complete its life cycle without infecting that particular host species. Parasites sometimes infect hosts in which they cannot complete their life cycles; these are accidental hosts. A host in which parasites reproduce sexually is known as the definitive, final or primary host. In intermediate hosts, parasites either do not reproduce or do so asexually, but the parasite always develops to a new stage in this type of host. In some cases a parasite will infect a host, but not undergo any development, these hosts are known as <a href="/wiki/Paratenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paratenic">paratenic</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> or transport hosts. The paratenic host can be useful in raising the chance that the parasite will be transmitted to the definitive host. For example, the cat lungworm (<a href="/wiki/Aelurostrongylus_abstrusus" title="Aelurostrongylus abstrusus">Aelurostrongylus abstrusus</a>) uses a slug or snail as an intermediate host; the first stage larva enters the mollusk and develops to the third stage larva, which is infectious to the definitive host—the cat. If a mouse eats the slug, the third stage larva will enter the mouse's tissues, but will not undergo any development.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Babesia_life_cycle_human_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Babesia_life_cycle_human_en.svg/220px-Babesia_life_cycle_human_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="559"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 218px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Babesia_life_cycle_human_en.svg/220px-Babesia_life_cycle_human_en.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="218" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Babesia_life_cycle_human_en.svg/330px-Babesia_life_cycle_human_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Babesia_life_cycle_human_en.svg/440px-Babesia_life_cycle_human_en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Life cycle of the <a href="/wiki/Apicomplexan" class="mw-redirect" title="Apicomplexan">apicomplexan</a>, single-celled parasite <a href="/wiki/Babesia" title="Babesia">Babesia</a>, including infection of humans</figcaption></figure> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Biological_life_cycle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Evolution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> The primitive type of life cycle probably had haploid individuals with asexual reproduction.<a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-12">[12]</a> Bacteria and <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a> exhibit a life cycle like this, and some eukaryotes apparently do too (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cryptophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptophyta">Cryptophyta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choanoflagellata" class="mw-redirect" title="Choanoflagellata">Choanoflagellata</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Euglenozoa" title="Euglenozoa">Euglenozoa</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a>, some red algae, some <a href="/wiki/Green_algae" title="Green algae">green algae</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Imperfect_fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperfect fungi">imperfect fungi</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Rotifer" title="Rotifer">rotifers</a> and many other groups, not necessarily haploid).<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> However, these eukaryotes probably are not primitively asexual, but have lost their sexual reproduction, or it just was not observed yet.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Many eukaryotes (including animals and plants) exhibit <a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">asexual reproduction</a>, which may be facultative or obligate in the life cycle, with sexual reproduction occurring more or less frequently.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Individual organisms participating in a biological life cycle ordinarily age and die, while cells from these organisms that connect successive life cycle generations (germ line cells and their descendants) are potentially immortal. The basis for this difference is a fundamental problem in biology. The Russian biologist and historian <a href="/wiki/Zhores_A._Medvedev" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhores A. Medvedev">Zhores A. Medvedev</a><a href="#cite_note-Medvedev1981-30">[30]</a> considered that the accuracy of <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> replicative and other synthetic systems alone cannot explain the immortality of <a href="/wiki/Germline" title="Germline">germlines</a>. Rather Medvedev thought that known features of the biochemistry and genetics of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexual reproduction</a> indicate the presence of unique information maintenance and restoration processes at the <a href="/wiki/Gametogenesis" title="Gametogenesis">gametogenesis</a> stage of the biological life cycle. In particular, Medvedev considered that the most important opportunities for information maintenance of <a href="/wiki/Germ_cell" title="Germ cell">germ cells</a> are created by <a href="/wiki/Genetic_recombination" title="Genetic recombination">recombination during meiosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a>; he saw these as processes within the germ line cells that were capable of restoring the integrity of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a> from the types of damage that cause irreversible ageing in non-germ line cells, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Somatic_cell" title="Somatic cell">somatic cells</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Medvedev1981-30">[30]</a> The ancestry of each present day cell presumably traces back, in an unbroken lineage for over 3 billion years to the <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">origin of life</a>. It is not actually cells that are <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortal</a> but multi-generational cell lineages.<a href="#cite_note-Bernstein2000-31">[31]</a> The immortality of a cell lineage depends on the maintenance of <a href="/wiki/Cell_division" title="Cell division">cell division</a> potential. This potential may be lost in any particular lineage because of cell damage, <a href="/wiki/Cellular_differentiation" title="Cellular differentiation">terminal differentiation</a> as occurs in nerve cells, or programmed cell death (<a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a>) during development. Maintenance of cell division potential of the biological life cycle over successive generations depends on the avoidance and the accurate repair of cellular damage, particularly <a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)" title="DNA damage (naturally occurring)">DNA damage</a>. In sexual organisms, continuity of the <a href="/wiki/Germline" title="Germline">germline</a> over successive cell cycle generations depends on the effectiveness of processes for avoiding DNA damage and <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">repairing those DNA damages</a> that do occur. Sexual processes in <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a> provide an opportunity for effective repair of DNA damages in the germ line by <a href="/wiki/Homologous_recombination" title="Homologous recombination">homologous recombination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bernstein2000-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Biological_life_cycle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 23px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" data-alt="icon" data-width="32" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/48px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/64px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">Alternation of generations</a> – Reproductive cycle of plants and algae</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apomixis" title="Apomixis">Apomixis</a> – Replacement of the normal sexual reproduction by asexual reproduction, without fertilization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haplodiploidy" title="Haplodiploidy">Haplodiploidy</a> – Biological system where sex is determined by the number of sets of chromosomes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasexual_cycle" title="Parasexual cycle">Parasexual cycle</a> – Nonsexual mechanism for transferring genetic material without meiosis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenogenesis" title="Parthenogenesis">Parthenogenesis</a> – Asexual reproduction without fertilization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamorphosis" title="Metamorphosis">Metamorphosis</a> – Profound change in body structure during the postembryonic development of an organism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_biology" title="Reproductive biology">Reproductive biology</a> – Branch of biology studying reproduction</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitotic_recombination" title="Mitotic recombination">Mitotic recombination</a> – Type of genetic recombination</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Biological_life_cycle&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBellKoufopanou1991" class="citation journal cs1">Bell, Graham; Koufopanou, Vassiliki (1991). "The Architecture of the Life Cycle in Small Organisms". Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences. 332 (1262): 81–89. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991RSPTB.332...81B">1991RSPTB.332...81B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.1991.0035">10.1098/rstb.1991.0035</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/55494">55494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Architecture+of+the+Life+Cycle+in+Small+Organisms&rft.volume=332&rft.issue=1262&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F55494%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.1991.0035&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991RSPTB.332...81B&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft.au=Koufopanou%2C+Vassiliki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiological+life+cycle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rodr2014-2"><a href="#cite_ref-rodr2014_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguesGodinhoDe_Souza2014" class="citation book cs1">Rodrigues, Juliany Cola Fernandes; Godinho, Joseane Lima Prado; De Souza, Wanderley (2014). "Biology of Human Pathogenic Trypanosomatids: Epidemiology, Lifecycle and Ultrastructure". Proteins and Proteomics of Leishmania and Trypanosoma. Subcellular Biochemistry. Vol. 74. pp. 1–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-7305-9_1">10.1007/978-94-007-7305-9_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-7304-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-7304-2"><bdi>978-94-007-7304-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24264239">24264239</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biology+of+Human+Pathogenic+Trypanosomatids%3A+Epidemiology%2C+Lifecycle+and+Ultrastructure&rft.btitle=Proteins+and+Proteomics+of+Leishmania+and+Trypanosoma&rft.series=Subcellular+Biochemistry&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24264239&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-7305-9_1&rft.isbn=978-94-007-7304-2&rft.aulast=Rodrigues&rft.aufirst=Juliany+Cola+Fernandes&rft.au=Godinho%2C+Joseane+Lima+Prado&rft.au=De+Souza%2C+Wanderley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiological+life+cycle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dixon73-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Dixon73_3-0">^</a> Dixon, P.S. 1973. Biology of the Rhodophyta. Oliver & Boyd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B05%2B002485%2BX" title="Special:BookSources/0+05+002485+X">0 05 002485 X</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._Skottsberg1961" class="citation cs2">C. Skottsberg (1961), "Nils Eberhard Svedelius. 1873–1960", Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 7: 294–312, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1961.0023">10.1098/rsbm.1961.0023</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Nils+Eberhard+Svedelius.+1873%E2%80%931960&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E294-%3C%2Fspan%3E312&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1961.0023&rft.au=C.+Skottsberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiological+life+cycle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Svedelius, N. 1931. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=3629&Pagina=41">Nuclear Phases and Alternation in the Rhodophyceae.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005061134/http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Libro.php?Libro=3629&Pagina=41">Archived</a> 2013-10-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> In: Beihefte zum Botanischen Centralblatt. Band 48/1: 38–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargulis1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Margulis" title="Lynn Margulis">Margulis, L</a> (6 February 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC40032">"Archaeal-eubacterial mergers in the origin of Eukarya: phylogenetic classification of life"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 93 (3): 1071–1076. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996PNAS...93.1071M">1996PNAS...93.1071M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.93.3.1071">10.1073/pnas.93.3.1071</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC40032">40032</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8577716">8577716</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Archaeal-eubacterial+mergers+in+the+origin+of+Eukarya%3A+phylogenetic+classification+of+life.&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1071-%3C%2Fspan%3E1076&rft.date=1996-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC40032%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8577716&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.93.3.1071&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996PNAS...93.1071M&rft.aulast=Margulis&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC40032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiological+life+cycle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Moselio Schaechter (2009). Encyclopedia of Microbiology. Academic Press. Volume 4, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-Díaz1-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D%C3%ADaz1_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D%C3%ADaz1_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D%C3%ADaz1_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D%C3%ADaz1_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D%C3%ADaz1_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D%C3%ADaz1_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D%C3%ADaz1_8-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D%C3%ADaz1_8-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D%C3%ADaz1_8-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D%C3%ADaz1_8-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D%C3%ADaz1_8-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDíazFernández-CarvajalFernández2004" class="citation book cs1">Díaz, T.E.; Fernández-Carvajal, C.; Fernández, J.A. (2004). Curso de Botánica. Gijón: Trea.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Curso+de+Bot%C3%A1nica&rft.place=Gij%C3%B3n&rft.pub=Trea&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=D%C3%ADaz&rft.aufirst=T.E.&rft.au=Fern%C3%A1ndez-Carvajal%2C+C.&rft.au=Fern%C3%A1ndez%2C+J.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiological+life+cycle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Díaz2-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D%C3%ADaz2_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D%C3%ADaz2_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D%C3%ADaz2_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D%C3%ADaz2_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D%C3%ADaz2_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D%C3%ADaz2_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D%C3%ADaz2_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D%C3%ADaz2_9-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D%C3%ADaz2_9-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D%C3%ADaz2_9-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D%C3%ADaz2_9-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDíaz_GonzálezFernandez-Carvajal_AlvarezFernández_Prieto" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Díaz González, Tomás; Fernandez-Carvajal Alvarez, Mª del Carmen; Fernández Prieto, José Antonio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200514023212/https://www.unioviedo.es/bos/Asignaturas/Botanica/1.htm">"Botánica: Ciclos biológicos de vegetales"</a>. Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unioviedo.es/bos/Asignaturas/Botanica/1.htm">the original</a> on 14 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Departamento+de+Biolog%C3%ADa+de+Organismos+y+Sistemas%2C+Universidad+de+Oviedo&rft.atitle=Bot%C3%A1nica%3A+Ciclos+biol%C3%B3gicos+de+vegetales&rft.aulast=D%C3%ADaz+Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft.aufirst=Tom%C3%A1s&rft.au=Fernandez-Carvajal+Alvarez%2C+M%C2%AA+del+Carmen&rft.au=Fern%C3%A1ndez+Prieto%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Antonio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unioviedo.es%2Fbos%2FAsignaturas%2FBotanica%2F1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiological+life+cycle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSindenHartley1985" class="citation journal cs1">Sinden, R. E.; Hartley, R. H. (November 1985). "Identification of the Meiotic Division of Malarial Parasites". The Journal of Protozoology. 32 (4): 742–744. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1550-7408.1985.tb03113.x">10.1111/j.1550-7408.1985.tb03113.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3906103">3906103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Protozoology&rft.atitle=Identification+of+the+Meiotic+Division+of+Malarial+Parasites&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E742-%3C%2Fspan%3E744&rft.date=1985-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1550-7408.1985.tb03113.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3906103&rft.aulast=Sinden&rft.aufirst=R.+E.&rft.au=Hartley%2C+R.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiological+life+cycle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLahrParfreyMitchellKatz2011" class="citation journal cs1">Lahr, Daniel J. G.; Parfrey, Laura Wegener; Mitchell, Edward A. D.; Katz, Laura A.; Lara, Enrique (22 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3107637">"The chastity of amoebae: re-evaluating evidence for sex in amoeboid organisms"</a>. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 278 (1715): 2081–2090. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2011.0289">10.1098/rspb.2011.0289</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3107637">3107637</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21429931">21429931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+chastity+of+amoebae%3A+re-evaluating+evidence+for+sex+in+amoeboid+organisms&rft.volume=278&rft.issue=1715&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2081-%3C%2Fspan%3E2090&rft.date=2011-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3107637%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21429931&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2011.0289&rft.aulast=Lahr&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.+G.&rft.au=Parfrey%2C+Laura+Wegener&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Edward+A.+D.&rft.au=Katz%2C+Laura+A.&rft.au=Lara%2C+Enrique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3107637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiological+life+cycle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruppert-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ruppert_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruppert_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruppert_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruppert_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruppert_12-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruppert_12-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruppert_12-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruppert_12-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruppert_12-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuppertFoxBarnes2004" class="citation book cs1">Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004). Invertebrate Zoology: A Functional Evolutionary Approach. Thomson-Brooks/Cole. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-025982-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-025982-1"><bdi>978-0-03-025982-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invertebrate+Zoology%3A+A+Functional+Evolutionary+Approach&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Thomson-Brooks%2FCole&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-03-025982-1&rft.aulast=Ruppert&rft.aufirst=Edward+E.&rft.au=Fox%2C+Richard+S.&rft.au=Barnes%2C+Robert+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiological+life+cycle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_den_HoekMannJahns199515-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_den_HoekMannJahns199515_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_den_HoekMannJahns1995">van den Hoek, Mann & Jahns 1995</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1938" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Gilbert M. (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4353174">"Nuclear Phases and Alternation of Generations in the Chlorophyceae"</a>. Botanical Review. 4 (3): 132–139. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1938BotRv...4..132S">1938BotRv...4..132S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02872350">10.1007/BF02872350</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-8101">0006-8101</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4353174">4353174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Botanical+Review&rft.atitle=Nuclear+Phases+and+Alternation+of+Generations+in+the+Chlorophyceae&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E132-%3C%2Fspan%3E139&rft.date=1938&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02872350&rft.issn=0006-8101&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4353174%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1938BotRv...4..132S&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gilbert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4353174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiological+life+cycle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> O. P. Sharma. Textbook of Algae, p. 189 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_den_HoekMannJahns1995207-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_den_HoekMannJahns1995207_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_den_HoekMannJahns1995">van den Hoek, Mann & Jahns 1995</a>, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_den_HoekMannJahns1995124-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_den_HoekMannJahns1995124_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_den_HoekMannJahns1995">van den Hoek, Mann & Jahns 1995</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell1988" class="citation book cs1">Bell, Graham (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0lCengzqXfsC&pg=PA11">Sex and Death in Protozoa: The History of Obsession</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36141-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36141-5"><bdi>978-0-521-36141-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+and+Death+in+Protozoa%3A+The+History+of+Obsession&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36141-5&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0lCengzqXfsC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiological+life+cycle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennici2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bennici, Andrea (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2686025">"Origin and early evolution of land plants: Problems and considerations"</a>. Communicative & Integrative Biology. 1 (2): 212–218. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4161%2Fcib.1.2.6987">10.4161/cib.1.2.6987</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1942-0889">1942-0889</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2686025">2686025</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19513262">19513262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communicative+%26+Integrative+Biology&rft.atitle=Origin+and+early+evolution+of+land+plants%3A+Problems+and+considerations&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E212-%3C%2Fspan%3E218&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2686025%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1942-0889&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19513262&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4161%2Fcib.1.2.6987&rft.aulast=Bennici&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2686025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiological+life+cycle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalvador_SolerGómez_GarretaAntonia_Ribera_Siguan2009" class="citation journal cs1">Salvador Soler, Noemi; Gómez Garreta, Amelia; Antonia Ribera Siguan, M. (August 2009). "Somatic meiosis in the life history of Bonnemaisonia asparagoides and Bonnemaisonia clavata (Bonnemaisoniales, Rhodophyta) from the Iberian peninsula". European Journal of Phycology. 44 (3): 381–393. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EJPhy..44..381S">2009EJPhy..44..381S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09670260902780782">10.1080/09670260902780782</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:217511084">217511084</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Phycology&rft.atitle=Somatic+meiosis+in+the+life+history+of+Bonnemaisonia+asparagoides+and+Bonnemaisonia+clavata+%28Bonnemaisoniales%2C+Rhodophyta%29+from+the+Iberian+peninsula&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E381-%3C%2Fspan%3E393&rft.date=2009-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A217511084%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09670260902780782&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009EJPhy..44..381S&rft.aulast=Salvador+Soler&rft.aufirst=Noemi&rft.au=G%C3%B3mez+Garreta%2C+Amelia&rft.au=Antonia+Ribera+Siguan%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiological+life+cycle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_den_HoekMannJahns199582-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_den_HoekMannJahns199582_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_den_HoekMannJahns1995">van den Hoek, Mann & Jahns 1995</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1996" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis, Raymond J. (January 1996). "Chromosomes of the brown algae". Phycologia. 35 (1): 19–40. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Phyco..35...19L">1996Phyco..35...19L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2216%2Fi0031-8884-35-1-19.1">10.2216/i0031-8884-35-1-19.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phycologia&rft.atitle=Chromosomes+of+the+brown+algae&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=1996-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2216%2Fi0031-8884-35-1-19.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996Phyco..35...19L&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Raymond+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiological+life+cycle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vetfolio.com/learn/article/canine-and-feline-dirofilariasis-life-cycle-pathophysiology-and-diagnosis">"VetFolio"</a>. www.vetfolio.com. Retrieved 2021-05-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vetfolio.com&rft.atitle=VetFolio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vetfolio.com%2Flearn%2Farticle%2Fcanine-and-feline-dirofilariasis-life-cycle-pathophysiology-and-diagnosis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiological+life+cycle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDatz2011" class="citation book cs1">Datz, Craig (2011). "Parasitic and Protozoal Diseases". Small Animal Pediatrics. pp. 154–160. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-1-4160-4889-3.00019-X">10.1016/B978-1-4160-4889-3.00019-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-4889-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-4889-3"><bdi>978-1-4160-4889-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Parasitic+and+Protozoal+Diseases&rft.btitle=Small+Animal+Pediatrics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E154-%3C%2Fspan%3E160&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-1-4160-4889-3.00019-X&rft.isbn=978-1-4160-4889-3&rft.aulast=Datz&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiological+life+cycle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Schmidt and Roberts. 1985. Foundations of Parasitology 3rd Ed. Times Mirror/Mosby College Publishing[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeywood,_P.Magee,_P.T.1976" class="citation journal cs1">Heywood, P.; Magee, P.T. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC413949">"Meiosis in protists. Some structural and physiological aspects of meiosis in algae, fungi, and protozoa"</a>. Bacteriological Reviews. 40 (1): 190–240. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fmmbr.40.1.190-240.1976">10.1128/mmbr.40.1.190-240.1976</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC413949">413949</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/773364">773364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bacteriological+Reviews&rft.atitle=Meiosis+in+protists.+Some+structural+and+physiological+aspects+of+meiosis+in+algae%2C+fungi%2C+and+protozoa&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E190-%3C%2Fspan%3E240&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC413949%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F773364&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2Fmmbr.40.1.190-240.1976&rft.au=Heywood%2C+P.&rft.au=Magee%2C+P.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC413949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiological+life+cycle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShehre-Banoo_MalikArthur_W._PightlingLauren_M._StefaniakAndrew_M._Schurko2008" class="citation journal cs1">Shehre-Banoo Malik; Arthur W. Pightling; Lauren M. Stefaniak; Andrew M. Schurko & John M. Logsdon Jr (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2488364">"An Expanded Inventory of Conserved Meiotic Genes Provides Evidence for Sex in Trichomonas vaginalis"</a>. PLOS ONE. 3 (8): e2879. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PLoSO...3.2879M">2008PLoSO...3.2879M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0002879">10.1371/journal.pone.0002879</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2488364">2488364</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18663385">18663385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=An+Expanded+Inventory+of+Conserved+Meiotic+Genes+Provides+Evidence+for+Sex+in+Trichomonas+vaginalis&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=e2879&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2488364%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18663385&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0002879&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008PLoSO...3.2879M&rft.au=Shehre-Banoo+Malik&rft.au=Arthur+W.+Pightling&rft.au=Lauren+M.+Stefaniak&rft.au=Andrew+M.+Schurko&rft.au=John+M.+Logsdon+Jr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2488364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiological+life+cycle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeijerLukešEliáš2015" class="citation journal cs1">Speijer, Dave; Lukeš, Julius; Eliáš, Marek (21 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4517231">"Sex is a ubiquitous, ancient, and inherent attribute of eukaryotic life"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (29): 8827–8834. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PNAS..112.8827S">2015PNAS..112.8827S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1501725112">10.1073/pnas.1501725112</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4517231">4517231</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26195746">26195746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Sex+is+a+ubiquitous%2C+ancient%2C+and+inherent+attribute+of+eukaryotic+life&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8827-%3C%2Fspan%3E8834&rft.date=2015-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4517231%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26195746&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1501725112&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PNAS..112.8827S&rft.aulast=Speijer&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft.au=Luke%C5%A1%2C+Julius&rft.au=Eli%C3%A1%C5%A1%2C+Marek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4517231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiological+life+cycle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchönMartensDijk2009" class="citation book cs1">Schön, Isa; Martens, Koen; Dijk, Peter van (2009). Lost Sex: The Evolutionary Biology of Parthenogenesis. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-2770-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-2770-2"><bdi>978-90-481-2770-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Sex%3A+The+Evolutionary+Biology+of+Parthenogenesis&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-481-2770-2&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%B6n&rft.aufirst=Isa&rft.au=Martens%2C+Koen&rft.au=Dijk%2C+Peter+van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiological+life+cycle" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Medvedev1981-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Medvedev1981_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medvedev1981_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedvedev1981" class="citation journal cs1">Medvedev, Zhores A. (1981). "On the immortality of the germ line: Genetic and biochemical mechanisms. A review". Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 17 (4): 331–359. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0047-6374%2881%2990052-X">10.1016/0047-6374(81)90052-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6173551">6173551</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35719466">35719466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mechanisms+of+Ageing+and+Development&rft.atitle=On+the+immortality+of+the+germ+line%3A+Genetic+and+biochemical+mechanisms.+A+review&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E331-%3C%2Fspan%3E359&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35719466%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6173551&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0047-6374%2881%2990052-X&rft.aulast=Medvedev&rft.aufirst=Zhores+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiological+life+cycle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernstein2000-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bernstein2000_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bernstein2000_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernsteinBernsteinPayne1999" class="citation book cs1">Bernstein, C.; Bernstein, H.; Payne, C. (1999). "Cell Immortality: Maintenance of Cell Division Potential". Cell Immortalization. Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology. Vol. 24. pp. 23–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-662-06227-2_2">10.1007/978-3-662-06227-2_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-08491-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-08491-1"><bdi>978-3-642-08491-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10547857">10547857</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cell+Immortality%3A+Maintenance+of+Cell+Division+Potential&rft.btitle=Cell+Immortalization&rft.series=Progress+in+Molecular+and+Subcellular+Biology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10547857&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-662-06227-2_2&rft.isbn=978-3-642-08491-1&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Bernstein%2C+H.&rft.au=Payne%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiological+life+cycle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvise1993" class="citation journal cs1">Avise, John C. (October 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1558-5646.1993.tb02155.x">"Perspective: The evolutionary biology of aging, sexual reproduction, and DNA repair"</a>. Evolution. 47 (5): 1293–1301. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1558-5646.1993.tb02155.x">10.1111/j.1558-5646.1993.tb02155.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28564887">28564887</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29262885">29262885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution&rft.atitle=Perspective%3A+The+evolutionary+biology+of+aging%2C+sexual+reproduction%2C+and+DNA+repair&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1293-%3C%2Fspan%3E1301&rft.date=1993-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29262885%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28564887&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1558-5646.1993.tb02155.x&rft.aulast=Avise&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1558-5646.1993.tb02155.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiological+life+cycle" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Biological_life_cycle&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_den_HoekMannJahns1995" class="citation book cs1">van den Hoek, C.; Mann; Jahns, H. M. (1995). Algae: An Introduction to Phycology. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31687-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31687-3"><bdi>978-0-521-31687-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Algae%3A+An+Introduction+to+Phycology&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31687-3&rft.aulast=van+den+Hoek&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Mann&rft.au=Jahns%2C+H.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiological+life+cycle" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Biological_life_cycle&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Life_cycles" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Life cycles">Life cycles</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonner1995" class="citation book cs1">Bonner, John Tyler (1995). Life Cycles: Reflections of an Evolutionary Biologist. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00151-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00151-7"><bdi>978-0-691-00151-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+Cycles%3A+Reflections+of+an+Evolutionary+Biologist&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00151-7&rft.aulast=Bonner&rft.aufirst=John+Tyler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiological+life+cycle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValeroRicherdPerrotDestombe1992" class="citation journal cs1">Valero, Myriam; Richerd, Sophie; Perrot, Véronique; Destombe, Christophe (January 1992). "Evolution of alternation of haploid and diploid phases in life cycles". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 7 (1): 25–29. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992TEcoE...7...25V">1992TEcoE...7...25V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0169-5347%2892%2990195-H">10.1016/0169-5347(92)90195-H</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21235940">21235940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+alternation+of+haploid+and+diploid+phases+in+life+cycles&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=1992-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21235940&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0169-5347%2892%2990195-H&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992TEcoE...7...25V&rft.aulast=Valero&rft.aufirst=Myriam&rft.au=Richerd%2C+Sophie&rft.au=Perrot%2C+V%C3%A9ronique&rft.au=Destombe%2C+Christophe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiological+life+cycle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMableOtto1998" class="citation journal cs1">Mable, Barbara K.; Otto, Sarah P. (1998). "The evolution of life cycles with haploid and diploid phases". BioEssays. 20 (6): 453–462. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28sici%291521-1878%28199806%2920%3A6%3C453%3A%3Aaid-bies3%3E3.0.co%3B2-n">10.1002/(sici)1521-1878(199806)20:6<453::aid-bies3>3.0.co;2-n</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11841044">11841044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioEssays&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+life+cycles+with+haploid+and+diploid+phases&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E453-%3C%2Fspan%3E462&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28sici%291521-1878%28199806%2920%3A6%3C453%3A%3Aaid-bies3%3E3.0.co%3B2-n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11841044%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mable&rft.aufirst=Barbara+K.&rft.au=Otto%2C+Sarah+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiological+life+cycle" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biological_life_cycle&oldid=1268769102">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biological_life_cycle&oldid=1268769102</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Biological_life_cycle&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 11 January 2025, at 13:00 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9_(%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1)" title="دورة حياة (أحياء) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دورة حياة (أحياء)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biolohikong_siklo_nin_buhay" title="Biolohikong siklo nin buhay – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Biolohikong siklo nin buhay" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Кръговрат на живота – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кръговрат на живота" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivotni_ciklus" title="Životni ciklus – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Životni ciklus" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicle_biol%C3%B2gic" title="Cicle biològic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cicle biològic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivotn%C3%AD_cyklus" title="Životní cyklus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Životní cyklus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylchred_bywyd" title="Cylchred bywyd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cylchred bywyd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livscyklus" title="Livscyklus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Livscyklus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eluts%C3%BCkkel" title="Elutsükkel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elutsükkel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%BA%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%B6%CF%89%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Βιολογικός κύκλος της ζωής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιολογικός κύκλος της ζωής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclo_biol%C3%B3gico_de_vida" title="Ciclo biológico de vida – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ciclo biológico de vida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivciklo_(biologio)" title="Vivciklo (biologio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vivciklo (biologio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%87_%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="چرخه زندگی زیستی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چرخه زندگی زیستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_de_vie_(biologie)" title="Cycle de vie (biologie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cycle de vie (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timthriall_na_beatha" title="Timthriall na beatha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Timthriall na beatha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%ED%99%9C%ED%99%98" title="생활환 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생활환" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D6%85%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%AC" title="Կենդանի օրգանիզմի կենսական ցիկլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կենդանի օրգանիզմի կենսական ցիկլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="जीववैज्ञानिक जीवन चक्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जीववैज्ञानिक जीवन चक्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daur_hidup_organisme" title="Daur hidup organisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Daur hidup organisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclo_vitale_biologico" title="Ciclo vitale biologico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ciclo vitale biologico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מחזור חיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מחזור חיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="სასიცოცხლო ციკლი (ბიოლოგია) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სასიცოცხლო ციკლი (ბიოლოგია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyvenimo_ciklas" title="Gyvenimo ciklas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gyvenimo ciklas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicle_de_vive" title="Sicle de vive – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sicle de vive" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81" title="Биолошки животен циклус – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Биолошки животен циклус" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ജീവിതചക്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജീവിതചക്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitaran_hidup_(biologi)" title="Kitaran hidup (biologi) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kitaran hidup (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Эряфонь пинге – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Эряфонь пинге" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levenscyclus" title="Levenscyclus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Levenscyclus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="जीववैज्ञानिक जीवन चक्र – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जीववैज्ञानिक जीवन चक्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E7%92%B0" title="生活環 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="生活環" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayotiy_sikl" title="Hayotiy sikl – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hayotiy sikl" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A_%DA%98%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="د بيالوژيکي ژوند دوران – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د بيالوژيکي ژوند دوران" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cykl_%C5%BCyciowy" title="Cykl życiowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cykl życiowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclo_de_vida" title="Ciclo de vida – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ciclo de vida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Жизненный цикл (биология) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Жизненный цикл (биология)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_cycle" title="Life cycle – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Life cycle" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivotn%C3%BD_cyklus" title="Životný cyklus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Životný cyklus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81" title="Репродуктивни циклус – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Репродуктивни циклус" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinkierto" title="Elinkierto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elinkierto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livscykel" title="Livscykel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Livscykel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="வாழ்க்கை வட்டம் (உயிரியல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வாழ்க்கை வட்டம் (உயிரியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyolojik_ya%C5%9Fam_d%C3%B6ng%C3%BCs%C3%BC" title="Biyolojik yaşam döngüsü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Biyolojik yaşam döngüsü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D1%94%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB" title="Біологічний життєвий цикл – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біологічний життєвий цикл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="دور حیات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دور حیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_k%E1%BB%B3_s%E1%BB%91ng" title="Chu kỳ sống – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chu kỳ sống" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F" title="生物生命週期 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="生物生命週期" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 January 2025, at 13:00 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biological_life_cycle&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-vwnk5","wgBackendResponseTime":225,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.764","walltime":"0.971","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4851,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":88983,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4747,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":121500,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 879.457 1 -total"," 34.68% 305.024 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.49% 145.026 15 Template:Cite_journal"," 16.02% 140.888 7 Template:Annotated_link"," 9.78% 85.999 6 Template:Fix"," 9.61% 84.484 1 Template:Authority_control"," 8.98% 78.982 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.05% 61.978 2 Template:Fact"," 6.66% 58.533 1 Template:Commons_category"," 6.34% 55.798 1 Template:Sister_project"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.506","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19882264,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAvise1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBell1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBellKoufopanou1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBennici2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernsteinBernsteinPayne1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonner1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFC._Skottsberg1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDatz2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDíazFernández-CarvajalFernández2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDíaz_GonzálezFernandez-Carvajal_AlvarezFernández_Prieto\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeywood,_P.Magee,_P.T.1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLahrParfreyMitchellKatz2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMableOtto1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMargulis1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMedvedev1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodriguesGodinhoDe_Souza2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuppertFoxBarnes2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalvador_SolerGómez_GarretaAntonia_Ribera_Siguan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchönMartensDijk2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShehre-Banoo_MalikArthur_W._PightlingLauren_M._StefaniakAndrew_M._Schurko2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSindenHartley1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpeijerLukešEliáš2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValeroRicherdPerrotDestombe1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_den_HoekMannJahns1995\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Annotated link\"] = 7,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 2,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Fact\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Pn\"] = 3,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 4,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Verificationneeded\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-56jl8","timestamp":"20250214041021","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Biological life cycle","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biological_life_cycle","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q513359","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q513359","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-09-16T07:59:13Z","dateModified":"2025-01-11T13:00:03Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/20\/Culex_mosquito_life_cycle_en.svg","headline":"period involving all different generations of a species succeeding each other through means of reproduction"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>