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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_diversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_diversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distribution and diversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_diversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>General description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-General_description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle General description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-General_description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coloration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coloration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Coloration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coloration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Biology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Behaviour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Behaviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Life cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sex_ratios" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex_ratios"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Sex ratios</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sex_ratios-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Flight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flight_speed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flight_speed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.1</span> <span>Flight speed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flight_speed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motion_camouflage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motion_camouflage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.2</span> <span>Motion camouflage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motion_camouflage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temperature_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperature_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Temperature control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperature_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Feeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eyesight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eyesight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Eyesight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eyesight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Predators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parasites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parasites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Parasites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parasites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dragonflies_and_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dragonflies_and_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Dragonflies and humans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dragonflies_and_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dragonflies and humans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dragonflies_and_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>In culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_poetry_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_poetry_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>In poetry and literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_poetry_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>In technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>General and cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dragonfly</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 98 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-98" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">98 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naaldekoker" title="Naaldekoker – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Naaldekoker" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A8" title="يعسوب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يعسوب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="ফৰিং – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ফৰিং" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisoptera" title="Anisoptera – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Anisoptera" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capung" title="Capung – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Capung" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="ফড়িং – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফড়িং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisiur" title="Sisiur – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Sisiur" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%C3%A2n-e%E2%81%BF" title="Chhân-eⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhân-eⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinjeng" title="Kinjeng – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Kinjeng" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Разнакрылыя стракозы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Разнакрылыя стракозы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibangbang" title="Alibangbang – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Alibangbang" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anis%C3%B2pters" title="Anisòpters – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Anisòpters" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handanaw" title="Handanaw – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Handanaw" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%AFznok%C5%99%C3%ADdlice" title="Různokřídlice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Různokřídlice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atombolombo" title="Atombolombo – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Atombolombo" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukonikoni" title="Mukonikoni – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mukonikoni" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwas_neidr" title="Gwas neidr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwas neidr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulilia" title="Kulilia – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Kulilia" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86gte_guldsmede" title="Ægte guldsmede – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ægte guldsmede" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Flibellen" title="Großlibellen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Großlibellen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1niil%CA%BC%C3%A1%C3%AD" title="Tániilʼáí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tániilʼáí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eristiivalised" title="Eristiivalised – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eristiivalised" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B1" title="Λιβελούλα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λιβελούλα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisoptera" title="Anisoptera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anisoptera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisoptera" title="Anisoptera – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Anisoptera" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burruntzi" title="Burruntzi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Burruntzi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A8%DA%A9" title="آسیابک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آسیابک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisoptera" title="Anisoptera – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anisoptera" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sn%C3%A1thaid_mh%C3%B3r" title="Snáthaid mhór – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Snáthaid mhór" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9lula" title="Libélula – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Libélula" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%99%B0%E8%99%B0" title="虰虰 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="虰虰" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B2ng-m%C3%AE" title="Yòng-mî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yòng-mî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A0%EC%9E%90%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%98%EB%AA%A9" title="잠자리하목 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="잠자리하목" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="व्याध पतंग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="व्याध पतंग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nejednakokrilci" title="Nejednakokrilci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nejednakokrilci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libelulo" title="Libelulo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Libelulo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capung" title="Capung – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Capung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drekaflugur" title="Drekaflugur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Drekaflugur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisoptera" title="Anisoptera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anisoptera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שפיריות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפיריות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinjeng" title="Kinjeng – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kinjeng" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%95%DA%98%D9%86" title="سٕژن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سٕژن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serte%C5%9F%C3%AE" title="Serteşî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Serteşî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisoptera" title="Anisoptera – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anisoptera" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C5%BE%C4%81dsp%C4%81rnu_sp%C4%81res" title="Dažādspārnu spāres – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dažādspārnu spāres" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skirtingasparniai_%C5%BEirgeliai" title="Skirtingasparniai žirgeliai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Skirtingasparniai žirgeliai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazauwu" title="Mazauwu – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Mazauwu" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massapreve" title="Massapreve – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Massapreve" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyenl%C5%91tlen_sz%C3%A1rny%C3%BA_szitak%C3%B6t%C5%91k" title="Egyenlőtlen szárnyú szitakötők – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Egyenlőtlen szárnyú szitakötők" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF" title="കല്ലൻതുമ്പി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കല്ലൻതുമ്പി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95)" title="चतुर (कीटक) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चतुर (कीटक)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A8" title="يعسوب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يعسوب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepatung" title="Pepatung – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pepatung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipatung" title="Sipatung – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Sipatung" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0-h%C3%B9" title="Mà-hù – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mà-hù" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echte_libellen" title="Echte libellen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Echte libellen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="गाइने किरा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गाइने किरा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9C%E4%BA%9C%E7%9B%AE" title="トンボ亜目 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トンボ亜目" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libeller" title="Libeller – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Libeller" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88" title="ਡਰੈਗਨਫਲਾਈ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡਰੈਗਨਫਲਾਈ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="انیسوپٹیرا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انیسوپٹیرا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86" title="ستن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ستن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89dmo%C3%A9selle_(Anisoptera)" title="Édmoéselle (Anisoptera) – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Édmoéselle (Anisoptera)" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echte_Goldpeer" title="Echte Goldpeer – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Echte Goldpeer" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wa%C5%BCki_r%C3%B3%C5%BCnoskrzyd%C5%82e" title="Ważki różnoskrzydłe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ważki różnoskrzydłe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9lula" title="Libélula – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Libélula" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libelul%C4%83" title="Libelulă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Libelulă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Разнокрылые стрекозы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Разнокрылые стрекозы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/beded" title="beded – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="beded" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predi_de_arr%C3%ACu" title="Predi de arrìu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Predi de arrìu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonfly" title="Dragonfly – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dragonfly" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%80%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="بنڀوري – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بنڀوري" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0idl%C3%A1" title="Šidlá – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Šidlá" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raznokrili_ka%C4%8Dji_pastirji" title="Raznokrili kačji pastirji – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Raznokrili kačji pastirji" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravi_vilini_konjici" title="Pravi vilini konjici – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Pravi vilini konjici" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papatong" title="Papatong – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Papatong" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitosudenkorennot" title="Aitosudenkorennot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aitosudenkorennot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egentliga_trollsl%C3%A4ndor" title="Egentliga trollsländor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Egentliga trollsländor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutubi" title="Tutubi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tutubi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="தட்டாரப்பூச்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தட்டாரப்பூச்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timzer%C9%A3elt" title="Timzerɣelt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Timzerɣelt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%97" title="తూనీగ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తూనీగ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" 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<div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Anisoptera" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Anisoptera" hreflang="en"><span>Wikispecies</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikijunior:Insect_Alphabet/D" hreflang="en"><span>Wikibooks</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q80066" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Predatory winged insects</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the insect. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Dragonfly (disambiguation)">Dragonfly (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Anisoptera" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Anisoptera_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Anisoptera (disambiguation)">Anisoptera (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Dragonfly<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Toarcian" title="Toarcian">Toarcian</a>–<a href="/wiki/Recent" class="mw-redirect" title="Recent">Recent</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:157.65538461538px; width:62.344615384615px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:157.65538461538px; width:62.344615384615px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:158.65538461538px; width:60.344615384615px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemeine_Heidelibelle_(Sympetrum_vulgatum)_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gemeine_Heidelibelle_%28Sympetrum_vulgatum%29_4.jpg/220px-Gemeine_Heidelibelle_%28Sympetrum_vulgatum%29_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gemeine_Heidelibelle_%28Sympetrum_vulgatum%29_4.jpg/330px-Gemeine_Heidelibelle_%28Sympetrum_vulgatum%29_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gemeine_Heidelibelle_%28Sympetrum_vulgatum%29_4.jpg/440px-Gemeine_Heidelibelle_%28Sympetrum_vulgatum%29_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1359" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Vagrant_darter" title="Vagrant darter">Vagrant darter</a><br /><i>Sympetrum vulgatum</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Anisoptera" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insecta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Odonata" title="Odonata">Odonata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suborder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epiprocta" title="Epiprocta">Epiprocta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Infraorder: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anisoptera</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Edmond_de_Selys_Longschamps" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmond de Selys Longschamps">Selys</a>, 1854<sup id="cite_ref-Selys_1854_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selys_1854-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Families<sup id="cite_ref-Dijkstra_2013_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dijkstra_2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-World_Odonata_List_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Odonata_List-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeshnoidea" title="Aeshnoidea">Aeshnoidea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeshnidae" title="Aeshnidae">Aeshnidae</a> (hawkers or darners)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austropetaliidae" title="Austropetaliidae">Austropetaliidae</a></li></ul></li> <li>Gomphoidea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gomphidae" title="Gomphidae">Gomphidae</a> (clubtails)</li></ul></li> <li>Petaluroidea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petaluridae" title="Petaluridae">Petaluridae</a> (petaltails)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordulegastroidea" title="Cordulegastroidea">Cordulegastroidea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorogomphidae" title="Chlorogomphidae">Chlorogomphidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordulegastridae" title="Cordulegastridae">Cordulegastridae</a> (spiketails)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopetaliidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopetaliidae">Neopetaliidae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libelluloidea" title="Libelluloidea">Libelluloidea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libellulidae" title="Libellulidae">Libellulidae</a> (skimmers, etc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduliidae" title="Corduliidae">Corduliidae</a> (skimmers, etc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macromiidae" title="Macromiidae">Macromiidae</a> (cruisers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthemistidae" title="Synthemistidae">Synthemistidae</a> (tigertails)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><sup>$</sup><i>Not a clade</i></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>A <b>dragonfly</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Flying_insect" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying insect">flying insect</a> belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Infraorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Infraorder">infraorder</a> <b>Anisoptera</b> below the <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> <a href="/wiki/Odonata" title="Odonata">Odonata</a>. About 3,000 extant species of dragonflies are known. Most are <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropical</a>, with fewer species in <a href="/wiki/Temperate_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate regions">temperate regions</a>. Loss of <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetland</a> habitat threatens dragonfly populations around the world. Adult dragonflies are characterised by a pair of large, multifaceted, <a href="/wiki/Compound_eye" title="Compound eye">compound eyes</a>, two pairs of strong, transparent <a href="/wiki/Insect_wing" title="Insect wing">wings</a>, sometimes with coloured patches, and an elongated body. Many dragonflies have brilliant <a href="/wiki/Iridescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridescent">iridescent</a> or metallic colours produced by <a href="/wiki/Structural_coloration" title="Structural coloration">structural coloration</a>, making them conspicuous in flight. An adult dragonfly's <a href="/wiki/Arthropod_eye" title="Arthropod eye">compound eyes</a> have nearly 24,000 <a href="/wiki/Ommatidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ommatidia">ommatidia</a> each. </p><p>Dragonflies can be mistaken for the closely related <a href="/wiki/Damselflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Damselflies">damselflies</a>, which make up the other odonatan infraorder (<a href="/wiki/Zygoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Zygoptera">Zygoptera</a>) and are similar in <a href="/wiki/Body_plan" title="Body plan">body plan</a>, though usually lighter in build; however, the wings of most dragonflies are held flat and away from the body, while damselflies hold their wings folded at rest, along or above the abdomen. Dragonflies are agile fliers, while damselflies have a weaker, fluttery flight. Dragonflies make use of <a href="/wiki/Motion_camouflage" title="Motion camouflage">motion camouflage</a> when attacking prey or rivals. </p><p>Dragonflies are <a href="/wiki/Predatory_insect" class="mw-redirect" title="Predatory insect">predatory insects</a>, both in their aquatic <a href="/wiki/Nymph_(biology)" title="Nymph (biology)">nymphal</a> stage (also known as "naiads") and as adults. In some species, the nymphal stage lasts up to five years, and the adult stage may be as long as 10 weeks, but most species have an adult lifespan in the order of five weeks or less, and some survive for only a few days.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are fast, agile fliers capable of highly accurate aerial ambush, sometimes migrating across oceans, and often live near water. They have a uniquely complex mode of reproduction involving indirect insemination, delayed fertilisation, and <a href="/wiki/Sperm_competition" title="Sperm competition">sperm competition</a>. During mating, the male grasps the female at the back of the head, and the female curls her abdomen under her body to pick up sperm from the male's secondary genitalia at the front of his abdomen, forming the "heart" or "wheel" posture. </p><p>Fossils of very large dragonfly-like insects, sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Meganisoptera" title="Meganisoptera">griffinflies</a>, are found from 325 million years ago (Mya) in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Carboniferous" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Carboniferous">Upper Carboniferous</a> rocks; these had wingspans up to about 750 mm (30 in), though they were only distant relatives, not true dragonflies which first appeared during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" title="Early Jurassic">Early Jurassic</a>. </p><p>Dragonflies are represented in human culture on artefacts such as pottery, rock paintings, statues, and <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> jewellery. They are used in traditional medicine in Japan and China, and caught for food in Indonesia. They are symbols of courage, strength, and happiness in Japan, but seen as sinister in European folklore. Their bright colours and agile flight are admired in the poetry of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Tennyson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Tennyson">Lord Tennyson</a> and the prose of <a href="/wiki/H._E._Bates" title="H. E. Bates">H. E. Bates</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragonfly&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The infraorder Anisoptera comes from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">ἄνισος</span></span> <i>anisos</i> "unequal"<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">πτερόν</span></span> <i>pteron</i> "wing"<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because dragonflies' <a href="/wiki/Hindwing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindwing">hindwings</a> are broader than their <a href="/wiki/Forewing" class="mw-redirect" title="Forewing">forewings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragonfly&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meganeura_monyi_au_Museum_de_Toulouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Meganeura_monyi_au_Museum_de_Toulouse.jpg/220px-Meganeura_monyi_au_Museum_de_Toulouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Meganeura_monyi_au_Museum_de_Toulouse.jpg/330px-Meganeura_monyi_au_Museum_de_Toulouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Meganeura_monyi_au_Museum_de_Toulouse.jpg/440px-Meganeura_monyi_au_Museum_de_Toulouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7357" data-file-height="4626" /></a><figcaption>The giant <a href="/wiki/Upper_Carboniferous" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Carboniferous">Upper Carboniferous</a> dragonfly relative, <i><a href="/wiki/Meganeura_monyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Meganeura monyi">Meganeura monyi</a></i>, attained a wingspan around 680 millimetres (27 inches).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Museum of Toulouse)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mesurupetala,_dragonfly,_Late_Late_Jurassic,_Tithonian_Age,_Solnhofen_Lithographic_Limestone,_Solnhofen,_Bavaria,_Germany_-_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_-_DSC01817.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Mesurupetala%2C_dragonfly%2C_Late_Late_Jurassic%2C_Tithonian_Age%2C_Solnhofen_Lithographic_Limestone%2C_Solnhofen%2C_Bavaria%2C_Germany_-_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_-_DSC01817.JPG/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Mesurupetala%2C_dragonfly%2C_Late_Late_Jurassic%2C_Tithonian_Age%2C_Solnhofen_Lithographic_Limestone%2C_Solnhofen%2C_Bavaria%2C_Germany_-_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_-_DSC01817.JPG/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Mesurupetala%2C_dragonfly%2C_Late_Late_Jurassic%2C_Tithonian_Age%2C_Solnhofen_Lithographic_Limestone%2C_Solnhofen%2C_Bavaria%2C_Germany_-_Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science_-_DSC01817.JPG/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesurupetala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesurupetala (page does not exist)">Mesurupetala</a></i>, Late Jurassic (<a href="/wiki/Tithonian" title="Tithonian">Tithonian</a>), <a href="/wiki/Solnhofen_limestone" class="mw-redirect" title="Solnhofen limestone">Solnhofen limestone</a> (Germany)</figcaption></figure> <p>Dragonflies and their relatives are similar in structure to an ancient group, the <a href="/wiki/Meganisoptera" title="Meganisoptera">Meganisoptera</a> or griffinflies, from the 325 <a href="/wiki/Million_years_ago" title="Million years ago">Mya</a> Upper <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> of Europe, a group that included one of the largest insects that ever lived, <i><a href="/wiki/Meganeuropsis_permiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Meganeuropsis permiana">Meganeuropsis permiana</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Cisuralian" title="Cisuralian">Early Permian</a>, with a wingspan around 750 mm (30 in).<sup id="cite_ref-Carde2009_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carde2009-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Protanisoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Protanisoptera">Protanisoptera</a>, another ancestral group that lacks certain wing-vein characters found in modern Odonata, lived in the <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Huguet_Nel_2002_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huguet_Nel_2002-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anisoptera first appeared during the <a href="/wiki/Toarcian" title="Toarcian">Toarcian</a> age of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" title="Early Jurassic">Early Jurassic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the crown group developed in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Jurassic" title="Middle Jurassic">Middle Jurassic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They retain some traits of their distant predecessors, and are in a group known as the <a href="/wiki/Palaeoptera" title="Palaeoptera">Palaeoptera</a>, meaning 'ancient-winged'. Like the gigantic griffinflies, dragonflies lack the ability to fold their wings up against their bodies in the way modern insects do, although some evolved their own different way to do so. The forerunners of modern Odonata are included in a clade called the Panodonata, which include the basal Zygoptera (damselflies) and the Anisoptera (true dragonflies).<sup id="cite_ref-grimaldi_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grimaldi-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, some 3,000 species are extant around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relationships of anisopteran families are not fully resolved as of 2021, but all the families are <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a> except the <a href="/wiki/Corduliidae" title="Corduliidae">Corduliidae</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Austropetaliidae" title="Austropetaliidae">Austropetaliidae</a> are sister to the <a href="/wiki/Aeshnoidea" title="Aeshnoidea">Aeshnoidea</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Bybee_2021_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bybee_2021-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> Anisoptera  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Austropetaliidae" title="Austropetaliidae">Austropetaliidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Aeshnoidea" title="Aeshnoidea">Aeshnoidea</a> (hawkers) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Petaluridae" title="Petaluridae">Petaluridae</a> (petaltails) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Gomphidae" title="Gomphidae">Gomphidae</a> (clubtails) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Neopetaliidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopetaliidae">Neopetaliidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Cordulegastridae" title="Cordulegastridae">Cordulegastridae</a> (goldenrings) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Chlorogomphidae" title="Chlorogomphidae">Chlorogomphidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> <a href="/wiki/Libelluloidea" title="Libelluloidea">Libelluloidea</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Synthemistidae" title="Synthemistidae">Synthemistidae</a> (tigertails) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <i>many Synthemistidae genera, <a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">incertae sedis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Macromiidae" title="Macromiidae">Macromiidae</a> (cruisers) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> "<a href="/wiki/Corduliidae" title="Corduliidae">Corduliidae</a>" (emeralds) <span style="color:gray">[<i>not a true clade</i>]</span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Libellulidae" title="Libellulidae">Libellulidae</a> (skimmers) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_diversity">Distribution and diversity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragonfly&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Distribution and diversity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>About 3,012 species of dragonflies were known in 2010; these are classified into <span class="nowrap">348 genera</span> in <span class="nowrap">11 families</span>. The distribution of diversity within the biogeographical regions are summarized below (the world numbers are not ordinary totals, as overlaps in species occur).<sup id="cite_ref-diversity_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diversity-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:86%"> <th>Family </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Indomalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Indomalaya">Indomalaya</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Neotropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotropical">Neotropical</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasian</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Afrotropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrotropical">Afrotropical</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palaearctic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaearctic">Palaearctic</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nearctic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nearctic">Nearctic</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Pacific</a> </th> <th>World </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aeshnidae" title="Aeshnidae">Aeshnidae</a></td> <td>149</td> <td>129</td> <td>78</td> <td>44</td> <td>58</td> <td>40</td> <td>13</td> <td>456 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Austropetaliidae" title="Austropetaliidae">Austropetaliidae</a></td> <td></td> <td>7</td> <td>4</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Petaluridae" title="Petaluridae">Petaluridae</a></td> <td></td> <td>1</td> <td>6</td> <td></td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td></td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gomphidae" title="Gomphidae">Gomphidae</a></td> <td>364</td> <td>277</td> <td>42</td> <td>152</td> <td>127</td> <td>101</td> <td></td> <td>980 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlorogomphidae" title="Chlorogomphidae">Chlorogomphidae</a></td> <td>46</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>5</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>47 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cordulegastridae" title="Cordulegastridae">Cordulegastridae</a></td> <td>23</td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>18</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>46 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neopetaliidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopetaliidae">Neopetaliidae</a></td> <td></td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Corduliidae" title="Corduliidae">Corduliidae</a></td> <td>23</td> <td>20</td> <td>33</td> <td>6</td> <td>18</td> <td>51</td> <td>12</td> <td>154 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Libellulidae" title="Libellulidae">Libellulidae</a></td> <td>192</td> <td>354</td> <td>184</td> <td>251</td> <td>120</td> <td>105</td> <td>31</td> <td>1037 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Macromiidae" title="Macromiidae">Macromiidae</a></td> <td>50</td> <td>2</td> <td>17</td> <td>37</td> <td>7</td> <td>10</td> <td></td> <td>125 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Synthemistidae" title="Synthemistidae">Synthemistidae</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>37</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>9</td> <td>46 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></td> <td>37</td> <td>24</td> <td>21</td> <td>15</td> <td>2</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>99 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PantalaFlavescensTalakaveri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/PantalaFlavescensTalakaveri.jpg/170px-PantalaFlavescensTalakaveri.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/PantalaFlavescensTalakaveri.jpg/255px-PantalaFlavescensTalakaveri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/PantalaFlavescensTalakaveri.jpg/340px-PantalaFlavescensTalakaveri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>An aggregation of globe skimmers, <i><a href="/wiki/Pantala_flavescens" title="Pantala flavescens">Pantala flavescens</a></i>, during <a href="/wiki/Insect_migration" title="Insect migration">migration</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Dragonflies live on every continent except Antarctica. In contrast to the damselflies (Zygoptera), which tend to have restricted distributions, some genera and species are spread across continents. For example, the blue-eyed darner <i><a href="/wiki/Rhionaeschna_multicolor" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhionaeschna multicolor">Rhionaeschna multicolor</a></i> lives all across North America, and in Central America;<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> emperors <i><a href="/wiki/Anax_(dragonfly)" title="Anax (dragonfly)">Anax</a></i> live throughout the Americas from as far north as Newfoundland to as far south as Bahia Blanca in Argentina,<sup id="cite_ref-GarrisonEllenrieder2006_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GarrisonEllenrieder2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> across Europe to central Asia, North Africa, and the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The globe skimmer <i><a href="/wiki/Pantala_flavescens" title="Pantala flavescens">Pantala flavescens</a></i> is probably the most widespread dragonfly species in the world; it is cosmopolitan, occurring on all continents in the warmer regions. Most Anisoptera species are tropical, with far fewer species in temperate regions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell19999_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell19999-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some dragonflies, including libellulids and aeshnids, live in desert pools, for example in the <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a>, where they are active in shade temperatures between 18 and 45 °C (64 and 113 °F); these insects were able to survive body temperatures above the thermal death point of insects of the same species in cooler places.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dragonflies live from sea level up to the mountains, decreasing in species diversity with altitude.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their altitudinal limit is about 3700 m, represented by a species of <i>Aeshna</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Pamirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamirs">Pamirs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mani1968_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mani1968-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dragonflies become scarce at higher latitudes. They are not native to <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, but individuals are occasionally swept in by strong winds, including a <i><a href="/wiki/Hemianax_ephippiger" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemianax ephippiger">Hemianax ephippiger</a></i> native to North Africa, and an unidentified darter species.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamchatka">Kamchatka</a>, only a few species of dragonfly including the treeline emerald <i><a href="/wiki/Somatochlora_arctica" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatochlora arctica">Somatochlora arctica</a></i> and some aeshnids such as <i><a href="/wiki/Aeshna_subarctica" title="Aeshna subarctica">Aeshna subarctica</a></i> are found, possibly because of the low temperature of the lakes there.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treeline emerald also lives in northern <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, within the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a>, making it the most northerly of all dragonflies.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_description">General description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragonfly&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: General description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Damselfly_October_2007_Osaka_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Damselfly_October_2007_Osaka_Japan.jpg/220px-Damselfly_October_2007_Osaka_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Damselfly_October_2007_Osaka_Japan.jpg/330px-Damselfly_October_2007_Osaka_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Damselfly_October_2007_Osaka_Japan.jpg/440px-Damselfly_October_2007_Osaka_Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2835" data-file-height="1929" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Damselflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Damselflies">Damselflies</a>, like this <i><a href="/wiki/Ischnura_senegalensis" title="Ischnura senegalensis">Ischnura senegalensis</a></i>, are slenderer in build than dragonflies, and most hold their wings closed over their bodies.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_dragonfly_-_Caldas_de_Monchique_-_The_Algarve,_Portugal_(1388550112).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Red_dragonfly_-_Caldas_de_Monchique_-_The_Algarve%2C_Portugal_%281388550112%29.jpg/220px-Red_dragonfly_-_Caldas_de_Monchique_-_The_Algarve%2C_Portugal_%281388550112%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Red_dragonfly_-_Caldas_de_Monchique_-_The_Algarve%2C_Portugal_%281388550112%29.jpg/330px-Red_dragonfly_-_Caldas_de_Monchique_-_The_Algarve%2C_Portugal_%281388550112%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Red_dragonfly_-_Caldas_de_Monchique_-_The_Algarve%2C_Portugal_%281388550112%29.jpg/440px-Red_dragonfly_-_Caldas_de_Monchique_-_The_Algarve%2C_Portugal_%281388550112%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1068" /></a><figcaption>Red dragonfly, <a href="/wiki/Caldas_de_Monchique" title="Caldas de Monchique">Caldas de Monchique</a>, Portugal</figcaption></figure> <p>Dragonflies (suborder Anisoptera) are heavy-bodied, strong-flying insects that hold their wings horizontally both in flight and at rest. By contrast, damselflies (suborder Zygoptera) have slender bodies and fly more weakly; most species fold their wings over the abdomen when stationary, and the eyes are well separated on the sides of the head.<sup id="cite_ref-diversity_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diversity-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An adult dragonfly has three distinct segments, the head, thorax, and abdomen, as in all insects. It has a <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitinous</a> exoskeleton of hard plates held together with flexible membranes. The head is large with very short <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(biology)" title="Antenna (biology)">antennae</a>. It is dominated by the two compound eyes, which cover most of its surface. The compound eyes are made up of <a href="/wiki/Ommatidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ommatidia">ommatidia</a>, the numbers being greater in the larger species. <i>Aeshna interrupta</i> has 22650 ommatidia of two varying sizes, 4500 being large. The facets facing downward tend to be smaller. <i><a href="/wiki/Petalura_gigantea" title="Petalura gigantea">Petalura gigantea</a></i> has 23890 ommatidia of just one size. These facets provide complete vision in the frontal hemisphere of the dragonfly.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The compound eyes meet at the top of the head (except in the Petaluridae and Gomphidae, as also in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Epiophlebia" title="Epiophlebia">Epiophlebia</a></i>). Also, they have three <a href="/wiki/Simple_eye_in_invertebrates" title="Simple eye in invertebrates">simple eyes</a> or ocelli. The mouthparts are adapted for biting with a toothed jaw; the flap-like <a href="/wiki/Labrum_(arthropod_mouthpart)" title="Labrum (arthropod mouthpart)">labrum</a>, at the front of the mouth, can be shot rapidly forward to catch <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">prey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UCMP-Berkeley_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCMP-Berkeley-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger20045–6_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger20045–6-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The head has a system for locking it in place that consists of muscles and small hairs on the back of the head that grip structures on the front of the first thoracic segment. This arrester system is unique to the Odonata, and is activated when feeding and during tandem flight.<sup id="cite_ref-diversity_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diversity-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dragonfly_anatomy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Dragonfly_anatomy.svg/440px-Dragonfly_anatomy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Dragonfly_anatomy.svg/660px-Dragonfly_anatomy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Dragonfly_anatomy.svg/880px-Dragonfly_anatomy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>Anatomy of a dragonfly</figcaption></figure> <p>The thorax consists of three segments as in all insects. The <a href="/wiki/Prothorax" title="Prothorax">prothorax</a> is small and flattened dorsally into a shield-like disc, which has two transverse ridges. The <a href="/wiki/Mesothorax" title="Mesothorax">mesothorax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metathorax" title="Metathorax">metathorax</a> are fused into a rigid, box-like structure with internal bracing, and provide a robust attachment for the powerful wing muscles inside.<sup id="cite_ref-Needham_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Needham-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The thorax bears two pairs of wings and three pairs of legs. The wings are long, veined, and membranous, narrower at the tip and wider at the base. The hindwings are broader than the forewings and the venation is different at the base.<sup id="cite_ref-Paulson2011_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paulson2011-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The veins carry <a href="/wiki/Haemolymph" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemolymph">haemolymph</a>, which is analogous to blood in vertebrates, and carries out many similar functions, but which also serves a hydraulic function to expand the body between nymphal stages (<a href="/wiki/Instar" title="Instar">instars</a>) and to expand and stiffen the wings after the adult emerges from the final nymphal stage. The leading edge of each wing has a node where other veins join the marginal vein, and the wing is able to flex at this point. In most large species of dragonflies, the wings of females are shorter and broader than those of males.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger20045–6_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger20045–6-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legs are rarely used for walking, but are used to catch and hold prey, for perching, and for climbing on plants. Each has two short basal joints, two long joints, and a three-jointed foot, armed with a pair of claws. The long leg joints bear rows of spines, and in males, one row of spines on each front leg is modified to form an "eyebrush", for cleaning the surface of the compound eye.<sup id="cite_ref-Needham_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Needham-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_migrant_hawker_dragonfly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/A_migrant_hawker_dragonfly.jpg/150px-A_migrant_hawker_dragonfly.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/A_migrant_hawker_dragonfly.jpg/225px-A_migrant_hawker_dragonfly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/A_migrant_hawker_dragonfly.jpg/300px-A_migrant_hawker_dragonfly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="1870" /></a><figcaption>Migrant hawker, <i><a href="/wiki/Aeshna_mixta" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeshna mixta">Aeshna mixta</a></i>, has the long, slender abdomen of <a href="/wiki/Aeshnidae" title="Aeshnidae">aeshnid</a> dragonflies.</figcaption></figure> <p>The abdomen is long and slender and consists of 10 segments. Three <a href="/wiki/Cercus" title="Cercus">terminal appendages</a> are on segment 10; a pair of superiors (claspers) and an inferior. The second and third segments are enlarged, and in males, the underside of the second segment has a cleft, forming the secondary genitalia consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Lamina_(anatomy)" title="Lamina (anatomy)">lamina</a>, hamule, genital lobe, and penis. There are remarkable variations in the presence and the form of the penis and the related structures, the <a href="/wiki/Flagellum" title="Flagellum">flagellum</a>, cornua, and genital lobes. Sperm is produced at the 9th segment, and is transferred to the secondary genitalia prior to mating. The male holds the female behind the head using a pair of claspers on the terminal segment. In females, the genital opening is on the underside of the eighth segment, and is covered by a simple flap (vulvar lamina) or an <a href="/wiki/Ovipositor" title="Ovipositor">ovipositor</a>, depending on species and the method of egg-laying. Dragonflies having simple flaps shed the eggs in water, mostly in flight. Dragonflies having ovipositors use them to puncture soft tissues of plants and place the eggs singly in each puncture they make.<sup id="cite_ref-Needham_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Needham-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Miller_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Miller2_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Battin_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Battin-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dragonfly nymphs vary in form with species, and are loosely classed into claspers, sprawlers, hiders, and burrowers.<sup id="cite_ref-diversity_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diversity-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first instar is known as a prolarva, a relatively inactive stage from which it quickly moults into the more active nymphal form.<sup id="cite_ref-resh_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resh-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The general body plan is similar to that of an adult, but the nymph lacks wings and reproductive organs. The lower jaw has a huge, extensible <a href="/wiki/Insect_mouthparts#Labium" title="Insect mouthparts">labium</a>, armed with hooks and spines, which is used for catching prey. This labium is folded under the body at rest and struck out at great speed by hydraulic pressure created by the abdominal muscles.<sup id="cite_ref-diversity_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diversity-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both damselfly and dragonfly nymphs ventilate the rectum, but just some damselfly nymphs have a rectal epithelium that is rich in <a href="/wiki/Trachea#Invertebrates" title="Trachea">trachea</a>, relying mostly on three feathery external <a href="/wiki/Gill" title="Gill">gills</a> as their major source of respiration. Only dragonfly nymphs have internal gills, called a branchial chamber, located around the fourth and fifth abdominal segments. These internal gills consist originally of six longitudinal folds, each side supported by cross-folds. But this system has been modified in several families. Water is pumped in and out of the abdomen through an opening at the tip. The naiads of some clubtails (<a href="/wiki/Gomphidae" title="Gomphidae">Gomphidae</a>) that burrow into the sediment, have a snorkel-like tube at the end of the abdomen enabling them to draw in clean water while they are buried in mud. Naiads can forcefully expel a jet of water to propel themselves with great rapidity.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawlor_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawlor-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coloration">Coloration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragonfly&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Coloration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Big_Eyes_(8753086631).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Big_Eyes_%288753086631%29.jpg/220px-Big_Eyes_%288753086631%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Big_Eyes_%288753086631%29.jpg/330px-Big_Eyes_%288753086631%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Big_Eyes_%288753086631%29.jpg/440px-Big_Eyes_%288753086631%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Iridescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridescent">Iridescent</a> <a href="/wiki/Structural_coloration" title="Structural coloration">structural coloration</a> in a dragonfly's eyes</figcaption></figure> <p>Many adult dragonflies have brilliant <a href="/wiki/Iridescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridescent">iridescent</a> or metallic colours produced by <a href="/wiki/Structural_colouration" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural colouration">structural colouration</a>, making them conspicuous in flight. Their overall <a href="/wiki/Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">coloration</a> is often a combination of yellow, red, brown, and black pigments, with structural colours. Blues are typically created by microstructures in the cuticle that reflect blue light. Greens often combine a structural blue with a yellow pigment. Freshly emerged adults, known as tenerals, are often pale, and obtain their typical colours after a few days.<sup id="cite_ref-Paulson2011_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paulson2011-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have their bodies covered with a pale blue, waxy powderiness called pruinosity; it wears off when scraped during mating, leaving darker areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell1999102_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell1999102-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Img_041538_mating_anax_junius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Img_041538_mating_anax_junius.jpg/220px-Img_041538_mating_anax_junius.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Img_041538_mating_anax_junius.jpg/330px-Img_041538_mating_anax_junius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Img_041538_mating_anax_junius.jpg/440px-Img_041538_mating_anax_junius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3375" data-file-height="2625" /></a><figcaption>Male green darner, <i><a href="/wiki/Anax_junius" class="mw-redirect" title="Anax junius">Anax junius</a></i> has noniridescent structural blue; the female (below) lacks the colour.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some dragonflies, such as the green darner, <i><a href="/wiki/Anax_junius" class="mw-redirect" title="Anax junius">Anax junius</a></i>, have a noniridescent blue that is produced structurally by scatter from arrays of tiny spheres in the <a href="/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum" title="Endoplasmic reticulum">endoplasmic reticulum</a> of epidermal cells underneath the cuticle.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wings of dragonflies are generally clear, apart from the dark veins and pterostigmata. In the chasers (Libellulidae), however, many genera have areas of colour on the wings: for example, groundlings (<i><a href="/wiki/Brachythemis" title="Brachythemis">Brachythemis</a></i>) have brown bands on all four wings, while some scarlets (<i><a href="/wiki/Crocothemis" title="Crocothemis">Crocothemis</a></i>) and dropwings (<i><a href="/wiki/Trithemis" title="Trithemis">Trithemis</a></i>) have bright orange patches at the wing bases. Some aeshnids such as the brown hawker (<i><a href="/wiki/Aeshna_grandis" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeshna grandis">Aeshna grandis</a></i>) have translucent, pale yellow wings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDijkstra200626–35_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDijkstra200626–35-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dragonfly nymphs are usually a well-<a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflaged</a> blend of dull brown, green, and grey.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawlor_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawlor-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biology">Biology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragonfly&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecology">Ecology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragonfly&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dragonflies and damselflies are predatory both in the aquatic nymphal and adult stages. Nymphs feed on a range of freshwater invertebrates and larger ones can prey on <a href="/wiki/Tadpole" title="Tadpole">tadpoles</a> and small <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDijkstra20068–9_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDijkstra20068–9-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naiads of one species, <i><a href="/wiki/Phanogomphus_militaris" title="Phanogomphus militaris">Phanogomphus militaris</a></i>, may even act as parasites, feeding on the gills of gravid freshwater mussels.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adults capture insect prey in the air, making use of their acute vision and highly controlled flight. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Dragonfly_catches_flying_prey.webm/220px-seek%3D0-Dragonfly_catches_flying_prey.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="59" data-mwtitle="Dragonfly_catches_flying_prey.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Dragonfly_catches_flying_prey.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Dragonfly_catches_flying_prey.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/58/Dragonfly_catches_flying_prey.webm/Dragonfly_catches_flying_prey.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/58/Dragonfly_catches_flying_prey.webm/Dragonfly_catches_flying_prey.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/58/Dragonfly_catches_flying_prey.webm/Dragonfly_catches_flying_prey.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/58/Dragonfly_catches_flying_prey.webm/Dragonfly_catches_flying_prey.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/58/Dragonfly_catches_flying_prey.webm/Dragonfly_catches_flying_prey.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/58/Dragonfly_catches_flying_prey.webm/Dragonfly_catches_flying_prey.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/58/Dragonfly_catches_flying_prey.webm/Dragonfly_catches_flying_prey.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Dragonfly returns to same perch each time it darts out to catch very small flying prey.</figcaption></figure> <p>The mating system of dragonflies is complex, and they are among the few insect groups that have a system of indirect sperm transfer along with sperm storage, delayed fertilisation, and sperm competition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDijkstra20068–9_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDijkstra20068–9-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adult males vigorously defend territories near water; these areas provide suitable habitat for the nymphs to develop, and for females to lay their eggs. Swarms of feeding adults aggregate to prey on swarming prey such as emerging flying ants or termites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDijkstra20068–9_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDijkstra20068–9-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Libellula_quadrimaculata_m1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Libellula_quadrimaculata_m1.jpg/220px-Libellula_quadrimaculata_m1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Libellula_quadrimaculata_m1.jpg/330px-Libellula_quadrimaculata_m1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Libellula_quadrimaculata_m1.jpg/440px-Libellula_quadrimaculata_m1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Habitat preference: A four-spotted chaser, <i><a href="/wiki/Libellula_quadrimaculata" class="mw-redirect" title="Libellula quadrimaculata">Libellula quadrimaculata</a></i> on an <a href="/wiki/Emergent_vegetation" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergent vegetation">emergent plant</a>, the water violet <i><a href="/wiki/Hottonia_palustris" title="Hottonia palustris">Hottonia palustris</a></i>, with submerged vegetation in the background</figcaption></figure> <p>Dragonflies as a group occupy a considerable variety of habitats, but many species, and some families, have their own specific environmental requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDijkstra200613–14_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDijkstra200613–14-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species prefer flowing waters, while others prefer standing water. For example, the Gomphidae (clubtails) live in running water, and the Libellulidae (skimmers) live in still water.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDijkstra200613–14_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDijkstra200613–14-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species live in temporary water pools and are capable of tolerating changes in water level, desiccation, and the resulting variations in temperature, but some genera such as <i><a href="/wiki/Sympetrum" title="Sympetrum">Sympetrum</a></i> (darters) have eggs and nymphs that can resist drought and are stimulated to grow rapidly in warm, shallow pools, also often benefiting from the absence of predators there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDijkstra200613–14_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDijkstra200613–14-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vegetation and its characteristics including submerged, floating, emergent, or waterside are also important. Adults may require emergent or waterside plants to use as perches; others may need specific submerged or floating plants on which to lay eggs. Requirements may be highly specific, as in <i><a href="/wiki/Aeshna_viridis" title="Aeshna viridis">Aeshna viridis</a></i> (green hawker), which lives in swamps with the water-soldier, <i><a href="/wiki/Stratiotes_aloides" title="Stratiotes aloides">Stratiotes aloides</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDijkstra200613–14_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDijkstra200613–14-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chemistry of the water, including its trophic status (degree of enrichment with nutrients) and <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> can also affect its use by dragonflies. Most species need moderate conditions, not too <a href="/wiki/Eutrophic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutrophic">eutrophic</a>, not too acidic;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDijkstra200613–14_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDijkstra200613–14-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a few species such as <i><a href="/wiki/Sympetrum_danae" title="Sympetrum danae">Sympetrum danae</a></i> (black darter) and <i><a href="/wiki/Libellula_quadrimaculata" class="mw-redirect" title="Libellula quadrimaculata">Libellula quadrimaculata</a></i> (four-spotted chaser) prefer acidic waters such as peat bogs,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDijkstra2006243,_272_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDijkstra2006243,_272-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others such as <i><a href="/wiki/Libellula_fulva" class="mw-redirect" title="Libellula fulva">Libellula fulva</a></i> (scarce chaser) need slow-moving, eutrophic waters with reeds or similar waterside plants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDijkstra2006246_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDijkstra2006246-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ratcliffe2012_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ratcliffe2012-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Behaviour">Behaviour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragonfly&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Behaviour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Small_pincertail_(Onychogomphus_forcipatus)_male_Bulgaria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Small_pincertail_%28Onychogomphus_forcipatus%29_male_Bulgaria.jpg/220px-Small_pincertail_%28Onychogomphus_forcipatus%29_male_Bulgaria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Small_pincertail_%28Onychogomphus_forcipatus%29_male_Bulgaria.jpg/330px-Small_pincertail_%28Onychogomphus_forcipatus%29_male_Bulgaria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Small_pincertail_%28Onychogomphus_forcipatus%29_male_Bulgaria.jpg/440px-Small_pincertail_%28Onychogomphus_forcipatus%29_male_Bulgaria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4350" data-file-height="2900" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Onychogomphus_forcipatus" title="Onychogomphus forcipatus">Onychogomphus forcipatus</a></i> male in Bulgaria</figcaption></figure> <p>Many dragonflies, particularly males, are <a href="/wiki/Territory_(animal)" title="Territory (animal)">territorial</a>. Some defend a territory against others of their own species, some against other species of dragonfly and a few against insects in unrelated groups. A particular perch may give a dragonfly a good view over an insect-rich feeding ground; males of many species such as the <a href="/wiki/Blue_dasher" title="Blue dasher"><i>Pachydiplax longipennis</i></a> (blue dasher) jostle other dragonflies to maintain the right to alight there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger200432–34_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger200432–34-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defending a breeding territory is common among male dragonflies, especially in species that congregate around ponds. The territory contains desirable features such as a sunlit stretch of shallow water, a special plant species, or the preferred <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(biology)" title="Substrate (biology)">substrate</a> for egg-laying. The territory may be small or large, depending on its quality, the time of day, and the number of competitors, and may be held for a few minutes or several hours. Dragonflies including <a href="/wiki/Black_saddlebags" title="Black saddlebags"><i>Tramea lacerata</i></a> (black saddlebags) may notice landmarks that assist in defining the boundaries of the territory. Landmarks may reduce the costs of territory establishment, or might serve as a spatial reference.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some dragonflies signal ownership with striking colours on the face, abdomen, legs, or wings. The <a href="/wiki/Common_whitetail" title="Common whitetail"><i>Plathemis lydia</i></a> (common whitetail) dashes towards an intruder holding its white abdomen aloft like a flag. Other dragonflies engage in aerial dogfights or high-speed chases. A female must mate with the territory holder before laying her eggs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger200432–34_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger200432–34-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also <a href="/wiki/Sexual_conflict" title="Sexual conflict">conflict</a> between the males and females. Females may sometimes be harassed by males to the extent that it affects their normal activities including foraging and in some dimorphic species females have evolved multiple forms with some forms appearing deceptively like males.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some species females have evolved behavioural responses such as feigning death to escape the attention of males.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, selection of habitat by adult dragonflies is not random, and terrestrial habitat patches may be held for up to 3 months. A species tightly linked to its birth site utilises a foraging area that is several orders of magnitude larger than the birth site.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragonfly&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orthetrum_luzonicum_mating_of_Kadavoor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Orthetrum_luzonicum_mating_of_Kadavoor.jpg/170px-Orthetrum_luzonicum_mating_of_Kadavoor.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Orthetrum_luzonicum_mating_of_Kadavoor.jpg/255px-Orthetrum_luzonicum_mating_of_Kadavoor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Orthetrum_luzonicum_mating_of_Kadavoor.jpg/340px-Orthetrum_luzonicum_mating_of_Kadavoor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Mating pair of marsh skimmers, <i><a href="/wiki/Orthetrum_luzonicum" title="Orthetrum luzonicum">Orthetrum luzonicum</a></i>, forming a "heart"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Dragonflies_on_pond.webm/220px-seek%3D148-Dragonflies_on_pond.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="183" data-mwtitle="Dragonflies_on_pond.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Dragonflies_on_pond.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Dragonflies_on_pond.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1280" data-height="960" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/25/Dragonflies_on_pond.webm/Dragonflies_on_pond.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/25/Dragonflies_on_pond.webm/Dragonflies_on_pond.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="960" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/25/Dragonflies_on_pond.webm/Dragonflies_on_pond.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/25/Dragonflies_on_pond.webm/Dragonflies_on_pond.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/25/Dragonflies_on_pond.webm/Dragonflies_on_pond.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/25/Dragonflies_on_pond.webm/Dragonflies_on_pond.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Dragonflies over a pond (including female inserting eggs below the water surface.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mating in dragonflies is a complex, precisely choreographed process. First, the male has to attract a female to his territory, continually driving off rival males. When he is ready to mate, he transfers a packet of sperm from his primary genital opening on segment 9, near the end of his abdomen, to his secondary genitalia on segments 2–3, near the base of his abdomen. The male then grasps the female by the head with the claspers at the end of his abdomen; the structure of the claspers varies between species, and may help to prevent interspecific mating.<sup id="cite_ref-Cordero_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cordero-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pair flies in tandem with the male in front, typically perching on a twig or plant stem. The female then curls her abdomen downwards and forwards under her body to pick up the sperm from the male's secondary genitalia, while the male uses his "tail" claspers to grip the female behind the head: this distinctive posture is called the "heart" or "wheel";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDijkstra20068–9_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDijkstra20068–9-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruemanRowe2009Life_Cycle_and_Behavior_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruemanRowe2009Life_Cycle_and_Behavior-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the pair may also be described as being "in cop".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Egg-laying (ovipositing) involves not only the female darting over floating or waterside vegetation to deposit eggs on a suitable substrate, but also the male hovering above her or continuing to clasp her and flying in tandem. This behaviour following the transfer of sperm is termed as mate guarding and the guarding male attempts to increase the probability of his sperm fertilising eggs. <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">Sexual selection</a> with sperm competition occurs within the spermatheca of the female and sperm can remain viable for at least 12 days in some species.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carde_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carde-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Females can fertilise their eggs using sperm from the spermatheca at any time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDijkstra20068–9_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDijkstra20068–9-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruemanRowe2009Life_Cycle_and_Behavior_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruemanRowe2009Life_Cycle_and_Behavior-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cordero_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cordero-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Males use their penis and associated genital structures to compress or scrape out sperm from previous matings; this activity takes up much of the time that a copulating pair remains in the heart posture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger200439_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger200439-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flying in tandem has the advantage that less effort is needed by the female for flight and more can be expended on egg-laying, and when the female submerges to deposit eggs, the male may help to pull her out of the water.<sup id="cite_ref-Carde_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carde-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Egg-laying takes two different forms depending on the species. The female in some families (Aeshnidae, Petaluridae) has a sharp-edged ovipositor with which she slits open a stem or leaf of a plant on or near the water, so she can push her eggs inside. In other families such as clubtails (Gomphidae), cruisers (Macromiidae), emeralds (Corduliidae), and skimmers (Libellulidae), the female lays eggs by tapping the surface of the water repeatedly with her abdomen, by shaking the eggs out of her abdomen as she flies along, or by placing the eggs on vegetation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger200439_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger200439-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a few species, the eggs are laid on emergent plants above the water, and development is delayed until these have withered and become immersed.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawlor_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawlor-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_cycle">Life cycle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragonfly&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Life cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Larve_d%27Anax_empereur.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Larve_d%27Anax_empereur.JPG/220px-Larve_d%27Anax_empereur.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Larve_d%27Anax_empereur.JPG/330px-Larve_d%27Anax_empereur.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Larve_d%27Anax_empereur.JPG/440px-Larve_d%27Anax_empereur.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2188" data-file-height="1615" /></a><figcaption>Nymph of emperor dragonfly, <i><a href="/wiki/Anax_imperator" class="mw-redirect" title="Anax imperator">Anax imperator</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dragonfly_naiad_mask.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Dragonfly_naiad_mask.jpg/200px-Dragonfly_naiad_mask.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Dragonfly_naiad_mask.jpg/300px-Dragonfly_naiad_mask.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Dragonfly_naiad_mask.jpg/400px-Dragonfly_naiad_mask.jpg 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of a naiad with mask extended</figcaption></figure> <p>Dragonflies are <a href="/wiki/Hemimetabolism" title="Hemimetabolism">hemimetabolous</a> insects; they do not have a <a href="/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa">pupal</a> stage and undergo an incomplete <a href="/wiki/Metamorphosis" title="Metamorphosis">metamorphosis</a> with a series of nymphal stages from which the adult emerges.<sup id="cite_ref-IFAS_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IFAS-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eggs laid inside plant tissues are usually shaped like grains of rice, while other eggs are the size of a pinhead, ellipsoidal, or nearly spherical. A clutch may have as many as 1500 eggs, and they take about a week to hatch into aquatic <a href="/wiki/Nymph_(biology)" title="Nymph (biology)">nymphs</a> or naiads which moult between six and 15 times (depending on species) as they grow.<sup id="cite_ref-diversity_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diversity-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of a dragonfly's life is spent as a nymph, beneath the water's surface. The nymph extends its hinged labium (a toothed mouthpart similar to a lower mandible, which is sometimes termed as a "mask" as it is normally folded and held before the face) that can extend forward and retract rapidly to capture prey such as <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquito</a> larvae, <a href="/wiki/Tadpole" title="Tadpole">tadpoles</a>, and small fish.<sup id="cite_ref-IFAS_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IFAS-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They breathe through gills in their <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a>, and can rapidly propel themselves by suddenly expelling water through the anus.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some naiads, such as the later stages of <i><a href="/wiki/Antipodophlebia_asthenes" title="Antipodophlebia asthenes">Antipodophlebia asthenes</a></i>, hunt on land.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anax_Imperator_2(loz).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anax_Imperator_2%28loz%29.JPG/170px-Anax_Imperator_2%28loz%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anax_Imperator_2%28loz%29.JPG/255px-Anax_Imperator_2%28loz%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anax_Imperator_2%28loz%29.JPG/340px-Anax_Imperator_2%28loz%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2502" data-file-height="3754" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ecdysis" title="Ecdysis">Ecdysis</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emperor_(dragonfly)" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor (dragonfly)">Emperor dragonfly</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Anax_imperator" class="mw-redirect" title="Anax imperator">Anax imperator</a></i>, newly emerged and still soft, holding on to its dry <a href="/wiki/Exuvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Exuvia">exuvia</a>, and expanding its wings</figcaption></figure> <p>The nymph stage of dragonflies lasts up to five years in large species, and between two months and three years in smaller species. When the naiad is ready to metamorphose into an adult, it stops feeding and makes its way to the surface, generally at night. It remains stationary with its head out of the water, while its respiration system adapts to breathing air, then climbs up a <a href="/wiki/Phragmites" title="Phragmites">reed</a> or other emergent plant, and moults (<a href="/wiki/Ecdysis" title="Ecdysis">ecdysis</a>). Anchoring itself firmly in a vertical position with its claws, its <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">exoskeleton</a> begins to split at a weak spot behind the head. The adult dragonfly crawls out of its nymph <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">exoskeleton</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Exuvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Exuvia">exuvia</a>, arching backwards when all but the tip of its abdomen is free, to allow its exoskeleton to harden. Curling back upwards, it completes its emergence, swallowing air, which plumps out its body, and pumping <a href="/wiki/Haemolymph" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemolymph">haemolymph</a> into its wings, which causes them to expand to their full extent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger200410–11_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger200410–11-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dragonflies in temperate areas can be categorized into two groups: an early group and a later one. In any one area, individuals of a particular "spring species" emerge within a few days of each other. The <a href="/wiki/Basiaeschna" title="Basiaeschna">springtime darner</a> (<i>Basiaeschna janata</i>), for example, is suddenly very common in the spring, but disappears a few weeks later and is not seen again until the following year. By contrast, a "summer species" emerges over a period of weeks or months, later in the year. They may be seen on the wing for several months, but this may represent a whole series of individuals, with new adults hatching out as earlier ones complete their lifespans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger20049_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger20049-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sex_ratios">Sex ratios</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragonfly&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sex ratios"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sex_ratio" title="Sex ratio">sex ratio</a> of male to female dragonflies varies both temporally and spatially. Adult dragonflies have a high male-biased ratio at breeding habitats. The male-bias ratio has contributed partially to the females using different habitats to avoid male harassment. As seen in Hine's emerald dragonfly (<i><a href="/wiki/Somatochlora_hineana" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatochlora hineana">Somatochlora hineana</a></i>), male populations use wetland habitats, while females use dry meadows and marginal breeding habitats, only migrating to the wetlands to lay their eggs or to find mating partners. Unwanted mating is energetically costly for females because it affects the amount of time that they are able to spend foraging.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brown_Hawker_Dragonfly_in_flight_7_(3877783853).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Brown_Hawker_Dragonfly_in_flight_7_%283877783853%29.jpg/220px-Brown_Hawker_Dragonfly_in_flight_7_%283877783853%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Brown_Hawker_Dragonfly_in_flight_7_%283877783853%29.jpg/330px-Brown_Hawker_Dragonfly_in_flight_7_%283877783853%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Brown_Hawker_Dragonfly_in_flight_7_%283877783853%29.jpg/440px-Brown_Hawker_Dragonfly_in_flight_7_%283877783853%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>Brown hawker, <i><a href="/wiki/Aeshna_grandis" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeshna grandis">Aeshna grandis</a></i> in flight: The hindwings are about 90° <a href="/wiki/Out_of_phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Out of phase">out of phase</a> with the forewings at this instant, suggesting fast flight.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flight">Flight</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragonfly&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Flight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voo_nupcial_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Voo_nupcial_detail.jpg/170px-Voo_nupcial_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Voo_nupcial_detail.jpg/255px-Voo_nupcial_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Voo_nupcial_detail.jpg/340px-Voo_nupcial_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1011" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Red-veined darters (<i><a href="/wiki/Sympetrum_fonscolombii" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympetrum fonscolombii">Sympetrum fonscolombii</a></i>) in <a href="/wiki/Mate_guarding" title="Mate guarding">mate guarding</a> position with male above clasping the female behind the neck</figcaption></figure> <p>Dragonflies are powerful and agile fliers, capable of <a href="/wiki/Insect_migration" title="Insect migration">migrating</a> across the sea, moving in any direction, and changing direction suddenly. In flight, the adult dragonfly can propel itself in six directions: upward, downward, forward, backward, to left and to right.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have four different styles of flight.<sup id="cite_ref-TOL-flight_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOL-flight-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Counter-stroking, with forewings beating 180° <a href="/wiki/Out_of_phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Out of phase">out of phase</a> with the hindwings, is used for hovering and slow flight. This style is efficient and generates a large amount of lift.</li> <li>Phased-stroking, with the hindwings beating 90° ahead of the forewings, is used for fast flight. This style creates more thrust, but less lift than counter-stroking.</li> <li>Synchronised-stroking, with forewings and hindwings beating together, is used when changing direction rapidly, as it maximises thrust.</li> <li>Gliding, with the wings held out, is used in three situations: free gliding, for a few seconds in between bursts of powered flight; gliding in the updraft at the crest of a hill, effectively hovering by falling at the same speed as the updraft; and in certain dragonflies such as darters, when "in cop" with a male, the female sometimes simply glides while the male pulls the pair along by beating his wings.<sup id="cite_ref-TOL-flight_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOL-flight-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dragonfly_in_flight_5_(1351481586).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Dragonfly_in_flight_5_%281351481586%29.jpg/220px-Dragonfly_in_flight_5_%281351481586%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Dragonfly_in_flight_5_%281351481586%29.jpg/330px-Dragonfly_in_flight_5_%281351481586%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Dragonfly_in_flight_5_%281351481586%29.jpg/440px-Dragonfly_in_flight_5_%281351481586%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1767" data-file-height="1290" /></a><figcaption>Southern hawker, <i><a href="/wiki/Aeshna_cyanea" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeshna cyanea">Aeshna cyanea</a></i>: its wings at this instant are synchronised for agile flight.</figcaption></figure> <p>The wings are <a href="/wiki/Insect_flight#Direct_flight" title="Insect flight">powered directly</a>, unlike most families of insects, with the flight muscles attached to the wing bases. Dragonflies have a high power/weight ratio, and have been documented accelerating at 4 G linearly and 9 G in sharp turns while pursuing prey.<sup id="cite_ref-TOL-flight_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOL-flight-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dragonflies generate lift in at least four ways at different times, including classical <a href="/wiki/Lift_(force)" title="Lift (force)">lift</a> like an aircraft <a href="/wiki/Wing" title="Wing">wing</a>; supercritical lift with the wing above the critical angle, generating high lift and using very short strokes to avoid stalling; and <a href="/wiki/Vortex_shedding" title="Vortex shedding">creating and shedding vortices</a>. Some families appear to use special mechanisms, as for example the Libellulidae which take off rapidly, their wings beginning pointed far forward and twisted almost vertically. Dragonfly wings behave highly dynamically during flight, flexing and twisting during each beat. Among the variables are wing curvature, length and speed of stroke, <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_attack" title="Angle of attack">angle of attack</a>, forward/back position of wing, and phase relative to the other wings.<sup id="cite_ref-TOL-flight_68-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOL-flight-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flight_speed">Flight speed</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragonfly&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Flight speed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Old and unreliable claims are made that dragonflies such as the <a href="/wiki/Austrophlebia_costalis" title="Austrophlebia costalis">southern giant darner</a> can fly up to 97 km/h (60 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the greatest reliable flight speed records are for other types of insects.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, large dragonflies like the hawkers have a maximum speed of 36–54 km/h (22–34 mph) with average cruising speed of about 16 km/h (9.9 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-FAQ_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAQ-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dragonflies can travel at 100 body-lengths per second in forward flight, and three lengths per second backwards.<sup id="cite_ref-UCMP-Berkeley_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCMP-Berkeley-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Motion_camouflage">Motion camouflage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragonfly&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Motion camouflage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Motion_camouflage" title="Motion camouflage">Motion camouflage</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Motion_Camouflage_Principle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Motion_Camouflage_Principle.svg/330px-Motion_Camouflage_Principle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Motion_Camouflage_Principle.svg/495px-Motion_Camouflage_Principle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Motion_Camouflage_Principle.svg/660px-Motion_Camouflage_Principle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="906" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>The principle of <a href="/wiki/Motion_camouflage" title="Motion camouflage">motion camouflage</a> as used by fighting dragonflies </figcaption></figure> <p>In high-speed territorial battles between male <a href="/wiki/Australian_emperor" title="Australian emperor">Australian emperors</a> (<i>Hemianax papuensis</i>), the fighting dragonflies adjust their flight paths to appear stationary to their rivals, minimizing the chance of being detected as they approach.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NatureNews_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatureNews-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mizutani_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mizutani-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To achieve the effect, the attacking dragonfly flies towards his rival, choosing his path to remain on a line between the rival and the start of his attack path. The attacker thus <a href="/wiki/Looming" title="Looming">looms</a> larger as he closes on the rival, but does not otherwise appear to move. Researchers found that six of 15 encounters involved <a href="/wiki/Motion_camouflage" title="Motion camouflage">motion camouflage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Glendinning_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glendinning-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temperature_control">Temperature control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragonfly&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Temperature control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The flight muscles need to be kept at a suitable temperature for the dragonfly to be able to fly. Being <a href="/wiki/Ectotherm" title="Ectotherm">cold-blooded</a>, they can raise their temperature by basking in the sun. Early in the morning, they may choose to perch in a vertical position with the wings outstretched, while in the middle of the day, a horizontal stance may be chosen. Another method of warming up used by some larger dragonflies is wing-whirring, a rapid vibration of the wings that causes heat to be generated in the flight muscles. The <a href="/wiki/Green_darner" title="Green darner">green darner</a> (<i>Anax junius</i>) is known for its long-distance migrations, and often resorts to wing-whirring before dawn to enable it to make an early start.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger200444–46_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger200444–46-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Becoming too hot is another hazard, and a sunny or shady position for perching can be selected according to the ambient temperature. Some species have dark patches on the wings which can provide shade for the body, and a few use the <a href="/wiki/Obelisk_posture" title="Obelisk posture">obelisk posture</a> to avoid overheating. This behaviour involves doing a "<a href="/wiki/Handstand" title="Handstand">handstand</a>", perching with the body raised and the abdomen pointing towards the sun, thus minimising the amount of solar radiation received. On a hot day, dragonflies sometimes adjust their body temperature by skimming over a water surface and briefly touching it, often three times in quick succession. This may also help to avoid desiccation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger200444–46_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger200444–46-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feeding">Feeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragonfly&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Feeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gomphus_vulgatissimus_with_a_prey_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gomphus_vulgatissimus_with_a_prey_002.jpg/220px-Gomphus_vulgatissimus_with_a_prey_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gomphus_vulgatissimus_with_a_prey_002.jpg/330px-Gomphus_vulgatissimus_with_a_prey_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Gomphus_vulgatissimus_with_a_prey_002.jpg/440px-Gomphus_vulgatissimus_with_a_prey_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Common clubtail, <i><a href="/wiki/Gomphus_vulgatissimus" title="Gomphus vulgatissimus">Gomphus vulgatissimus</a></i>, with prey</figcaption></figure> <p>Adult dragonflies hunt on the wing using their exceptionally acute eyesight and strong, agile flight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruemanRowe2009Life_Cycle_and_Behavior_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruemanRowe2009Life_Cycle_and_Behavior-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are almost exclusively carnivorous, eating a wide variety of insects ranging from small <a href="/wiki/Midge" title="Midge">midges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquitoes</a> to <a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterflies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">moths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damselfly" title="Damselfly">damselflies</a>, and smaller dragonflies.<sup id="cite_ref-FAQ_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAQ-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large prey item is subdued by being bitten on the head and is carried by the legs to a perch. Here, the wings are discarded and the prey usually ingested head first.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger200431_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger200431-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A dragonfly may consume as much as a fifth of its body weight in prey per day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell199912_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell199912-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dragonflies are also some of the insect world's most efficient hunters, catching up to 95% of the prey they pursue.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nymphs are voracious predators, eating most living things that are smaller than they are. Their staple diet is mostly <a href="/wiki/Chironomidae" title="Chironomidae">bloodworms</a> and other insect larvae, but they also feed on <a href="/wiki/Tadpole" title="Tadpole">tadpoles</a> and small fish.<sup id="cite_ref-FAQ_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAQ-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few species, especially those that live in temporary waters, are likely to leave the water to feed. Nymphs of <i><a href="/wiki/Cordulegaster_bidentata" title="Cordulegaster bidentata">Cordulegaster bidentata</a></i> sometimes hunt small arthropods on the ground at night, while some species in the <i><a href="/wiki/Anax_(dragonfly)" title="Anax (dragonfly)">Anax</a></i> genus have even been observed leaping out of the water to attack and kill full-grown tree frogs.<sup id="cite_ref-diversity_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diversity-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eyesight">Eyesight</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragonfly&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Eyesight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dragonfly vision is thought to be like slow motion for humans. Dragonflies see faster than humans do; they see around 200 images per second.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A dragonfly can see in 360 degrees, and nearly 80 per cent of the insect's brain is dedicated to its sight.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Predators">Predators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragonfly&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Predators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Hornbill_eating_insect.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Red_Hornbill_eating_insect.jpg/220px-Red_Hornbill_eating_insect.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Red_Hornbill_eating_insect.jpg/330px-Red_Hornbill_eating_insect.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Red_Hornbill_eating_insect.jpg/440px-Red_Hornbill_eating_insect.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Southern_red-billed_hornbill" title="Southern red-billed hornbill">Southern red-billed hornbill</a> with a captured dragonfly in its bill</figcaption></figure> <p>Although dragonflies are swift and agile fliers, some predators are fast enough to catch them. These include falcons such as the <a href="/wiki/American_kestrel" title="American kestrel">American kestrel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Merlin_(bird)" title="Merlin (bird)">merlin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger200448–49_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger200448–49-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Hobby_(bird)" title="Hobby (bird)">hobby</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nighthawk" title="Nighthawk">nighthawks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swift_(bird)" title="Swift (bird)">swifts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_World_flycatcher" title="Old World flycatcher">flycatchers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swallow" title="Swallow">swallows</a> also take some adults; some species of wasps, too, prey on dragonflies, using them to provision their nests, laying an egg on each captured insect. In the water, various species of ducks and herons eat dragonfly nymphs<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger200448–49_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger200448–49-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they are also preyed on by newts, frogs, fish, and water spiders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeister200116_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeister200116-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amur_falcon" title="Amur falcon">Amur falcons</a>, which migrate over the Indian Ocean at a period that coincides with the migration of the globe skimmer dragonfly, <i><a href="/wiki/Pantala_flavescens" title="Pantala flavescens">Pantala flavescens</a>,</i> may actually be feeding on them while on the wing.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parasites">Parasites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragonfly&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Parasites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_Dasher_(Pachydiplax_longipennis)_with_water_mites_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Blue_Dasher_%28Pachydiplax_longipennis%29_with_water_mites_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Blue_Dasher_%28Pachydiplax_longipennis%29_with_water_mites_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Blue_Dasher_%28Pachydiplax_longipennis%29_with_water_mites_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Blue_Dasher_%28Pachydiplax_longipennis%29_with_water_mites_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Blue_Dasher_%28Pachydiplax_longipennis%29_with_water_mites_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Blue_Dasher_%28Pachydiplax_longipennis%29_with_water_mites_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption>Blue dasher, <i><a href="/wiki/Pachydiplax_longipennis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pachydiplax longipennis">Pachydiplax longipennis</a></i>, with water mites massed on the underside of its body</figcaption></figure> <p>Dragonflies are affected by three groups of <a href="/wiki/Parasites" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasites">parasites</a>: <a href="/wiki/Water_mite" class="mw-redirect" title="Water mite">water mites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregarinasina" title="Gregarinasina">gregarine protozoa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trematode" class="mw-redirect" title="Trematode">trematode</a> flatworms (flukes). Water mites, <i><a href="/wiki/Hydracarina" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydracarina">Hydracarina</a></i>, can kill smaller dragonfly nymphs, and may also be seen on adults.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gregarines infect the gut and may cause blockage and secondary infection.<sup id="cite_ref-Córdoba-Aguilar2008_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Córdoba-Aguilar2008-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trematodes are parasites of <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> such as frogs, with complex <a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">life cycles</a> often involving a period as a stage called a <a href="/wiki/Trematode_lifecycle_stages" class="mw-redirect" title="Trematode lifecycle stages">cercaria</a> in a secondary host, a snail. Dragonfly nymphs may swallow cercariae, or these may tunnel through a nymph's body wall; they then enter the gut and form a cyst or metacercaria, which remains in the nymph for the whole of its development. If the nymph is eaten by a frog, the amphibian becomes infected by the adult or fluke stage of the trematode.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dragonflies_and_humans">Dragonflies and humans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragonfly&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Dragonflies and humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservation">Conservation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragonfly&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Dragonflies_-_oze_national_park_-_2021_8_2.ogg/220px--Dragonflies_-_oze_national_park_-_2021_8_2.ogg.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="39" data-mwtitle="Dragonflies_-_oze_national_park_-_2021_8_2.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Dragonflies_-_oze_national_park_-_2021_8_2.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/22/Dragonflies_-_oze_national_park_-_2021_8_2.ogg/Dragonflies_-_oze_national_park_-_2021_8_2.ogg.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/22/Dragonflies_-_oze_national_park_-_2021_8_2.ogg/Dragonflies_-_oze_national_park_-_2021_8_2.ogg.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/22/Dragonflies_-_oze_national_park_-_2021_8_2.ogg/Dragonflies_-_oze_national_park_-_2021_8_2.ogg.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Dragonflies_-_oze_national_park_-_2021_8_2.ogg" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/22/Dragonflies_-_oze_national_park_-_2021_8_2.ogg/Dragonflies_-_oze_national_park_-_2021_8_2.ogg.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/22/Dragonflies_-_oze_national_park_-_2021_8_2.ogg/Dragonflies_-_oze_national_park_-_2021_8_2.ogg.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/22/Dragonflies_-_oze_national_park_-_2021_8_2.ogg/Dragonflies_-_oze_national_park_-_2021_8_2.ogg.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/22/Dragonflies_-_oze_national_park_-_2021_8_2.ogg/Dragonflies_-_oze_national_park_-_2021_8_2.ogg.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Dragonflies in <a href="/wiki/Oze_National_Park" title="Oze National Park">Oze National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Most odonatologists live in temperate areas and the dragonflies of North America and Europe have been the subject of much research. However, the majority of species live in tropical areas and have been little studied. With the destruction of rainforest habitats, many of these species are in danger of becoming extinct before they have even been named. The greatest cause of decline is forest clearance with the consequent drying up of streams and pools which become clogged with silt. The damming of rivers for hydroelectric schemes and the drainage of low-lying land has reduced suitable habitat, as has pollution and the introduction of alien species.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997, the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> set up a status survey and conservation action plan for dragonflies. This proposes the establishment of protected areas around the world and the management of these areas to provide suitable habitat for dragonflies. Outside these areas, encouragement should be given to modify forestry, agricultural, and industrial practices to enhance conservation. At the same time, more research into dragonflies needs to be done, consideration should be given to pollution control and the public should be educated about the importance of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Habitat degradation has reduced dragonfly populations across the world, for example in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 60% of Japan's wetlands were lost in the 20th century, so its dragonflies now depend largely on rice fields, ponds, and creeks. Dragonflies feed on pest insects in rice, acting as a natural pest control.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dragonflies are steadily declining in Africa, and represent a conservation priority.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dragonfly's long lifespan and low population density makes it vulnerable to disturbance, such as from collisions with vehicles on roads built near wetlands. Species that fly low and slow may be most at risk.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dragonflies are attracted to shiny surfaces that produce polarization which they can mistake for water, and they have been known to aggregate close to polished gravestones, solar panels, automobiles, and other such structures on which they attempt to lay eggs. These can have a local impact on dragonfly populations; methods of reducing the attractiveness of structures such as solar panels are under experimentation.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_culture">In culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragonfly&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: In culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A blue-glazed <a href="/wiki/Faience" title="Faience">faience</a> dragonfly <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">amulet</a> was found by <a href="/wiki/Flinders_Petrie" title="Flinders Petrie">Flinders Petrie</a> at Lahun, from the Late <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the <a href="/wiki/Navajo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo people">Navajo</a>, dragonflies symbolize pure water. Often stylized in a double-barred cross design, dragonflies are a common motif in <a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a> pottery, as well as <a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a> rock art and <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pueblo people">Pueblo</a> necklaces.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20–26">: 20–26 </span></sup> </p><p>As a seasonal symbol in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, dragonflies are associated with the season of autumn.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Japan, they are symbols of rebirth, courage, strength, and happiness. They are also depicted frequently in Japanese art and literature, especially <i><a href="/wiki/Haiku" title="Haiku">haiku</a></i> poetry. Japanese children catch large dragonflies as a game, using a hair with a small pebble tied to each end, which they throw into the air. The dragonfly mistakes the pebbles for prey, gets tangled in the hair, and is dragged to the ground by the weight.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 38">: 38 </span></sup> </p><p>In both <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and Japan, dragonflies have been used in traditional medicine. In <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, adult dragonflies are caught on poles made sticky with <a href="/wiki/Birdlime" title="Birdlime">birdlime</a>, then fried in oil as a delicacy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbet1999559_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbet1999559-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Images of dragonflies are common in <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a>, especially in jewellery designs.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have also been used as a decorative motif on fabrics and home furnishings.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_(motorcycles)" title="Douglas (motorcycles)">Douglas</a>, a British motorcycle manufacturer based in Bristol, named its innovatively designed postwar 350-cc flat-twin model the <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Dragonfly" title="Douglas Dragonfly">Dragonfly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the classical <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Japan" title="Names of Japan">names of Japan</a> are <i>Akitsukuni</i> (秋津国), <i>Akitsushima</i> (秋津島), <i>Toyo-akitsushima</i> (豊秋津島). <i>Akitsu</i> is an old word for dragonfly, so one interpretation of <i>Akitsushima</i> is "Dragonfly Island".<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is attributed to a legend in which Japan's mythical founder, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jimmu" title="Emperor Jimmu">Emperor Jimmu</a>, was bitten by a <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquito</a>, which was then eaten by a dragonfly.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Europe, dragonflies have often been seen as sinister. Some English vernacular names, such as "horse-stinger",<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">devil</a>'s darning needle", and "ear cutter", link them with evil and injury.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbet1999559–561_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbet1999559–561-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these reference the popular misconception that dragonflies can bite or sting humans.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> folklore holds that the devil uses dragonflies to weigh people's souls.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25–27">: 25–27 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> name for dragonflies is <i>Øyenstikker</i> ("eye-poker"), and in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, they are sometimes called <i>tira-olhos</i> ("eyes-snatcher"). They are often associated with <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a>, as in the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> name <i>gwas-y-neidr</i>, "<a href="/wiki/Vipera_berus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipera berus">adder</a>'s servant".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbet1999559–561_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbet1999559–561-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a> terms "snake doctor" and "snake feeder" refer to a folk belief that dragonflies catch insects for snakes or follow snakes around and stitch them back together if they are injured.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The watercolourist <a href="/wiki/Moses_Harris" title="Moses Harris">Moses Harris</a> (1731–1785), known for his <i>The Aurelian or natural history of English insects</i> (1766), published in 1780, the first scientific descriptions of several Odonata including the banded demoiselle, <i><a href="/wiki/Calopteryx_splendens" class="mw-redirect" title="Calopteryx splendens">Calopteryx splendens</a></i>. He was the first English artist to make illustrations of dragonflies accurate enough to be identified to species (<i>Aeshna grandis</i> at top left of plate illustrated), though his rough drawing of a nymph (at lower left) with the mask extended appears to be plagiarised.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Orr_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orr-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, dragonfly watching has become popular in America as some birdwatchers seek new groups to observe.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a>, like other winged insects, the dragonfly is typically depicted <a href="/wiki/Recursant" title="Recursant">tergiant</a> (with its back facing the viewer), with its head to chief (at the top).<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dragonfly_amulet_MET_DP228725_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Faience amulets from Memphite region, ancient Egypt Middle Kingdom, 12-13 Dynasty"><img alt="Faience amulets from Memphite region, ancient Egypt Middle Kingdom, 12-13 Dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dragonfly_amulet_MET_DP228725_%28cropped%29.jpg/173px-Dragonfly_amulet_MET_DP228725_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dragonfly_amulet_MET_DP228725_%28cropped%29.jpg/260px-Dragonfly_amulet_MET_DP228725_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dragonfly_amulet_MET_DP228725_%28cropped%29.jpg/347px-Dragonfly_amulet_MET_DP228725_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1461" data-file-height="1685" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Faience <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">amulets</a> from Memphite region, ancient Egypt Middle Kingdom, 12-13 Dynasty</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikyatkibowlwithdragonfly.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Dragonfly symbol on a Hopi bowl from Sikyátki, Arizona, c. 1400–1625"><img alt="Dragonfly symbol on a Hopi bowl from Sikyátki, Arizona, c. 1400–1625" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sikyatkibowlwithdragonfly.png/200px-Sikyatkibowlwithdragonfly.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sikyatkibowlwithdragonfly.png/300px-Sikyatkibowlwithdragonfly.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sikyatkibowlwithdragonfly.png/400px-Sikyatkibowlwithdragonfly.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dragonfly symbol on a <a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a> bowl from <a href="/wiki/Siky%C3%A1tki" title="Sikyátki">Sikyátki</a>, Arizona, c. 1400–1625</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_dragonflies_(Libellul%C3%A6_species);_adults_and_larva._Colou_Wellcome_V0022479EL.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Accurately drawn dragonflies by Moses Harris, 1780: At top left, the brown hawker, Aeshna grandis (described by Linnaeus, 1758); the nymph at lower left is shown with the "mask" extended."><img alt="Accurately drawn dragonflies by Moses Harris, 1780: At top left, the brown hawker, Aeshna grandis (described by Linnaeus, 1758); the nymph at lower left is shown with the "mask" extended." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Two_dragonflies_%28Libellul%C3%A6_species%29%3B_adults_and_larva._Colou_Wellcome_V0022479EL.jpg/161px-Two_dragonflies_%28Libellul%C3%A6_species%29%3B_adults_and_larva._Colou_Wellcome_V0022479EL.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Two_dragonflies_%28Libellul%C3%A6_species%29%3B_adults_and_larva._Colou_Wellcome_V0022479EL.jpg/241px-Two_dragonflies_%28Libellul%C3%A6_species%29%3B_adults_and_larva._Colou_Wellcome_V0022479EL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Two_dragonflies_%28Libellul%C3%A6_species%29%3B_adults_and_larva._Colou_Wellcome_V0022479EL.jpg/322px-Two_dragonflies_%28Libellul%C3%A6_species%29%3B_adults_and_larva._Colou_Wellcome_V0022479EL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1670" data-file-height="2076" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Accurately drawn dragonflies by <a href="/wiki/Moses_Harris" title="Moses Harris">Moses Harris</a>, 1780: At top left, the brown hawker, <i><a href="/wiki/Aeshna_grandis" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeshna grandis">Aeshna grandis</a></i> (described by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a>); the nymph at lower left is shown with the "mask" extended.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:After_Kitagawa_Utamaro_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Woodcut on paper, after Kitagawa Utamaro, 1788"><img alt="Woodcut on paper, after Kitagawa Utamaro, 1788" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/After_Kitagawa_Utamaro_001.jpg/200px-After_Kitagawa_Utamaro_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/After_Kitagawa_Utamaro_001.jpg/300px-After_Kitagawa_Utamaro_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/After_Kitagawa_Utamaro_001.jpg/400px-After_Kitagawa_Utamaro_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2381" data-file-height="1790" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Woodcut on paper, after <a href="/wiki/Kitagawa_Utamaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitagawa Utamaro">Kitagawa Utamaro</a>, 1788</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiffany_and_Company_-_Vase_-_Walters_571706_-_Profile.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tiffany & Co. Japonism vase with dragonfly handles, c. 1879, Walters Art Museum"><img alt="Tiffany & Co. Japonism vase with dragonfly handles, c. 1879, Walters Art Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Tiffany_and_Company_-_Vase_-_Walters_571706_-_Profile.jpg/147px-Tiffany_and_Company_-_Vase_-_Walters_571706_-_Profile.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Tiffany_and_Company_-_Vase_-_Walters_571706_-_Profile.jpg/220px-Tiffany_and_Company_-_Vase_-_Walters_571706_-_Profile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Tiffany_and_Company_-_Vase_-_Walters_571706_-_Profile.jpg/293px-Tiffany_and_Company_-_Vase_-_Walters_571706_-_Profile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1047" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tiffany_%26_Co." title="Tiffany & Co.">Tiffany & Co.</a> <a href="/wiki/Japonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Japonism">Japonism</a> vase with dragonfly handles, c. 1879, <a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiffany_dragonfly_hg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tiffany dragonfly pendant lamp, designed c. 1903"><img alt="Tiffany dragonfly pendant lamp, designed c. 1903" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Tiffany_dragonfly_hg.jpg/200px-Tiffany_dragonfly_hg.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Tiffany_dragonfly_hg.jpg/300px-Tiffany_dragonfly_hg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Tiffany_dragonfly_hg.jpg/400px-Tiffany_dragonfly_hg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tiffany dragonfly pendant lamp, designed c. 1903</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_-_Tsuba_with_a_Dragonfly_-_Walters_51254.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japanese tsuba with a dragonfly, 1931: Shibuichi with gold and silver, Walters Art Museum"><img alt="Japanese tsuba with a dragonfly, 1931: Shibuichi with gold and silver, Walters Art Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Japanese_-_Tsuba_with_a_Dragonfly_-_Walters_51254.jpg/152px-Japanese_-_Tsuba_with_a_Dragonfly_-_Walters_51254.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Japanese_-_Tsuba_with_a_Dragonfly_-_Walters_51254.jpg/228px-Japanese_-_Tsuba_with_a_Dragonfly_-_Walters_51254.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Japanese_-_Tsuba_with_a_Dragonfly_-_Walters_51254.jpg/304px-Japanese_-_Tsuba_with_a_Dragonfly_-_Walters_51254.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Japanese <i><a href="/wiki/Tsuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsuba">tsuba</a></i> with a dragonfly, 1931: <a href="/wiki/Shibuichi" title="Shibuichi">Shibuichi</a> with gold and silver, Walters Art Museum</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_poetry_and_literature">In poetry and literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragonfly&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: In poetry and literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lafcadio_Hearn" title="Lafcadio Hearn">Lafcadio Hearn</a> wrote in his 1901 book <i>A Japanese Miscellany</i> that Japanese poets had created dragonfly <i>haiku</i> "almost as numerous as are the dragonflies themselves in the early autumn."<sup id="cite_ref-Waldbauer2009_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waldbauer2009-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poet <a href="/wiki/Matsuo_Bash%C5%8D" title="Matsuo Bashō">Matsuo Bashō</a> (1644–1694) wrote <i>haiku</i> such as "Crimson pepper pod / add two pairs of wings, and look / darting dragonfly", relating the autumn season to the dragonfly.<sup id="cite_ref-MitchellLasswell2005_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MitchellLasswell2005-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hori_Bakusui" title="Hori Bakusui">Hori Bakusui</a> (1718–1783) similarly wrote "Dyed he is with the / Colour of autumnal days, / O red dragonfly."<sup id="cite_ref-Waldbauer2009_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waldbauer2009-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The poet <a href="/wiki/Lord_Tennyson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Tennyson">Lord Tennyson</a>, described a dragonfly splitting its old skin and emerging shining metallic blue like "<a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">sapphire</a> <a href="/wiki/Chain_mail" title="Chain mail">mail</a>" in his 1842 poem "The Two Voices", with the lines "An inner impulse rent the veil / Of his old husk: from head to tail / Came out clear plates of sapphire mail."<sup id="cite_ref-Tennyson2013_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tennyson2013-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The novelist <a href="/wiki/H._E._Bates" title="H. E. Bates">H. E. Bates</a> described the rapid, agile flight of dragonflies in his 1937 nonfiction book<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Down the River</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell19997_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell19997-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I saw, once, an endless procession, just over an area of water-lilies, of small sapphire dragonflies, a continuous play of blue gauze over the snowy flowers above the sun-glassy water. It was all confined, in true dragonfly fashion, to one small space. It was a continuous turning and returning, an endless darting, poising, striking and hovering, so swift that it was often lost in sunlight.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_technology">In technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragonfly&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: In technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A dragonfly has been <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically modified">genetically modified</a> with light-sensitive "steering neurons" in its nerve cord to create a <a href="/wiki/Cyborg" title="Cyborg">cyborg</a>-like "DragonflEye". The <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a> contain <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a> like those in the eye to make them sensitive to light. Miniature sensors, a computer chip, and a <a href="/wiki/Solar_panel" title="Solar panel">solar panel</a> were fitted in a "backpack" over the insect's thorax in front of its wings. Light is sent down flexible light-pipes named optrodes<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the backpack into the nerve cord to give steering commands to the insect. The result is a "micro-aerial vehicle that's smaller, lighter and stealthier than anything else that's manmade".<sup id="cite_ref-Draper_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draper-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragonfly&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is not to say that other species may not use the same technique, only that this species has been studied.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Reviewing his artwork, the odonatologists <a href="/wiki/Albert_Orr" title="Albert Orr">Albert Orr</a> and Matti Hämäläinen comment that his drawing of a 'large brown' (<i><a href="/wiki/Aeshna_grandis" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeshna grandis">Aeshna grandis</a></i>, top left of image) was "superb", while the "perfectly natural colours of the eyes indicate that Harris had examined living individuals of these aeshnids and either coloured the printed copper plates himself or supervised the colourists." However, they consider the nymph on the same plate far less good, "a very stiff dorso-lateral view of an aeshnid larva with mask extended. No attempt has been made to depict the eyes, antennae or hinge on the mask or labial palps, all inconceivable omissions for an artist of Harris' talent had he actually examined a specimen", and they suggest he copied it from <a href="/wiki/August_Johann_R%C3%B6sel_von_Rosenhof" title="August Johann Rösel von Rosenhof">August Johann Rösel von Rosenhof</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Orr_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orr-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Optrode is a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau word">portmanteau</a> of "optical electrode".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragonfly&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragonfly&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Selys_1854-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Selys_1854_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSelys-Longchamps1854" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Selys-Longchamps, E. (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2687180"><i>Monographie des caloptérygines</i></a> (in French). Vol. t.9e. Brussels and Leipzig: C. Muquardt. pp. 1–291 [1–2]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.60461">10.5962/bhl.title.60461</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monographie+des+calopt%C3%A9rygines&rft.place=Brussels+and+Leipzig&rft.pages=1-291+1-2&rft.pub=C.+Muquardt&rft.date=1854&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5962%2Fbhl.title.60461&rft.aulast=Selys-Longchamps&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F2687180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragonfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dijkstra_2013-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dijkstra_2013_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDijkstraBechlyBybeeDow2013" class="citation journal cs1">Dijkstra, Klaas-Douwe B.; Bechly, Günter; Bybee, Seth M.; Dow, Rory A.; Dumont, Henri J.; Fleck, Günther; Garrison, Rosser W.; Hämäläinen, Matti; Kalkman, Vincent J.; Karube, Haruki; May, Michael L.; Orr, Albert G.; Paulson, Dennis R.; Rehn, Andrew C.; Theischinger, Günther; Trueman, John W.H.; Van Tol, Jan; von Ellenrieder, Natalia; Ware, Jessica (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.3703.1.9">"The classification and diversity of dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata). In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013)"</a>. <i>Zootaxa</i>. <b>3703</b> (1): 36–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.3703.1.9">10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.9</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10072%2F61365">10072/61365</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1175-5334">1175-5334</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zootaxa&rft.atitle=The+classification+and+diversity+of+dragonflies+and+damselflies+%28Odonata%29.+In%3A+Zhang%2C+Z.-Q.+%28Ed.%29+Animal+Biodiversity%3A+An+Outline+of+Higher-level+Classification+and+Survey+of+Taxonomic+Richness+%28Addenda+2013%29&rft.volume=3703&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=36-45&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10072%2F61365&rft.issn=1175-5334&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11646%2Fzootaxa.3703.1.9&rft.aulast=Dijkstra&rft.aufirst=Klaas-Douwe+B.&rft.au=Bechly%2C+G%C3%BCnter&rft.au=Bybee%2C+Seth+M.&rft.au=Dow%2C+Rory+A.&rft.au=Dumont%2C+Henri+J.&rft.au=Fleck%2C+G%C3%BCnther&rft.au=Garrison%2C+Rosser+W.&rft.au=H%C3%A4m%C3%A4l%C3%A4inen%2C+Matti&rft.au=Kalkman%2C+Vincent+J.&rft.au=Karube%2C+Haruki&rft.au=May%2C+Michael+L.&rft.au=Orr%2C+Albert+G.&rft.au=Paulson%2C+Dennis+R.&rft.au=Rehn%2C+Andrew+C.&rft.au=Theischinger%2C+G%C3%BCnther&rft.au=Trueman%2C+John+W.H.&rft.au=Van+Tol%2C+Jan&rft.au=von+Ellenrieder%2C+Natalia&rft.au=Ware%2C+Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmapress.com%2Fzt%2Farticle%2Fview%2Fzootaxa.3703.1.9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragonfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_Odonata_List-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-World_Odonata_List_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulsonSchorrAbbottBota-Sierra2024" class="citation web cs1">Paulson, D.; Schorr, M.; Abbott, J.; Bota-Sierra, C.; Deliry, C.; Dijkstra, K.-D.; Lozano, F. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.odonatacentral.org/app/#/wol/">"World Odonata List"</a>. OdonataCentral, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama" title="University of Alabama">University of Alabama</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Odonata+List&rft.pub=OdonataCentral%2C+University+of+Alabama&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Paulson&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Schorr%2C+M.&rft.au=Abbott%2C+J.&rft.au=Bota-Sierra%2C+C.&rft.au=Deliry%2C+C.&rft.au=Dijkstra%2C+K.-D.&rft.au=Lozano%2C+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.odonatacentral.org%2Fapp%2F%23%2Fwol%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragonfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanningsStuart1977" class="citation book cs1">Cannings, Robert A.; Stuart, Kathleen M. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://a100.gov.bc.ca/pub/eirs/finishDownloadDocument.do?subdocumentId=1326"><i>The Dragonflies of British Columbia</i></a> (first ed.). Victoria, British Columbia, Canada: British Columbia Provincial Museum. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dragonflies+of+British+Columbia&rft.place=Victoria%2C+British+Columbia%2C+Canada&rft.pages=19&rft.edition=first&rft.pub=British+Columbia+Provincial+Museum&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Cannings&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft.au=Stuart%2C+Kathleen+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fa100.gov.bc.ca%2Fpub%2Feirs%2FfinishDownloadDocument.do%3FsubdocumentId%3D1326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragonfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScott1940" class="citation web cs1">Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)/nisos">"ἄνισος"</a>. <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>. Perseus Digital Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Greek-English+Lexicon&rft.atitle=%E1%BC%84%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Liddell&rft.aufirst=Henry+George&rft.au=Scott%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da%29%2Fnisos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragonfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScott1940" class="citation web cs1">Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=ptero/n">"πτερόν"</a>. <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>. Perseus Digital Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Greek-English+Lexicon&rft.atitle=%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Liddell&rft.aufirst=Henry+George&rft.au=Scott%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dptero%2Fn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragonfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordhHeadrick2011" class="citation book cs1">Gordh, G.; Headrick, D. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9IcmCeAjp6cC&dq=anisoptera&pg=PA74"><i>A dictionary of entomology</i></a> (2nd ed.). CABI Books. pp. 74–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-542-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-542-9"><bdi>978-1-84593-542-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+entomology&rft.pages=74-75&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=CABI+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84593-542-9&rft.aulast=Gordh&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Headrick%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9IcmCeAjp6cC%26dq%3Danisoptera%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragonfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J584AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA324"><i>The Biology of Dragonflies</i></a>. CUP Archive. 2018-10-13. p. 324. GGKEY:0Z7A1R071DD. <q>No dragonfly at present existing can compare with the immense <i>Meganeura monyi</i> of the Upper Carboniferous, whose expanse of wing was somewhere about 27 inches.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biology+of+Dragonflies&rft.pages=324&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=2018-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ584AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragonfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carde2009-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carde2009_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReshCardé2009" class="citation book cs1">Resh, Vincent H.; Cardé, Ring T. (22 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jk0Hym1yF0cC&pg=PA722"><i>Encyclopedia of Insects</i></a>. 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Experts say the pair is now 'in cop'."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinhardt2005" class="citation journal cs1">Reinhardt, Klaus (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worlddragonfly.org/article/13887890-2005-9748242/">"Sperm numbers, sperm storage duration and fertility limitation in the Odonata"</a>. <i>International Journal of Odonatology</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 45–58. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005IJOdo...8...45R">2005IJOdo...8...45R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13887890.2005.9748242">10.1080/13887890.2005.9748242</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1388-7890">1388-7890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Odonatology&rft.atitle=Sperm+numbers%2C+sperm+storage+duration+and+fertility+limitation+in+the+Odonata&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45-58&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=1388-7890&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13887890.2005.9748242&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005IJOdo...8...45R&rft.aulast=Reinhardt&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworlddragonfly.org%2Farticle%2F13887890-2005-9748242%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragonfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carde-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carde_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carde_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardé,_Ring_T.Resh,_Vincent_H.2012" class="citation book cs1">Cardé, Ring T.; Resh, Vincent H. 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"Ecological traps for dragonflies in a cemetery: the attraction of Sympetrum species (Odonata: Libellulidae)by horizontally polarizing black gravestones". <i>Freshwater Biology</i>. <b>52</b> (9): 1700–1709. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007FrBio..52.1700H">2007FrBio..52.1700H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2427.2007.01798.x">10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01798.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Freshwater+Biology&rft.atitle=Ecological+traps+for+dragonflies+in+a+cemetery%3A+the+attraction+of+Sympetrum+species+%28Odonata%3A+Libellulidae%29by+horizontally+polarizing+black+gravestones&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1700-1709&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2427.2007.01798.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007FrBio..52.1700H&rft.aulast=Horvath&rft.aufirst=Gabor&rft.au=Malik%2C+Peter&rft.au=Kriska%2C+Gyorgy&rft.au=Wildermuth%2C+Hansruedi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragonfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170916063302/http://petriecat.museums.ucl.ac.uk/detail.aspx">"Beads UC7549"</a>. <i>Petrie Museum Catalogue</i>. The Petrie Museum, UCL. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://petriecat.museums.ucl.ac.uk/detail.aspx#">the original</a> on 16 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Petrie+Museum+Catalogue&rft.atitle=Beads+UC7549&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpetriecat.museums.ucl.ac.uk%2Fdetail.aspx%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragonfly" class="Z3988"></span> There is a photograph in the catalogue; it is free for non-commercial usage.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitchell-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell_99-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchellLasswell,_James_L.2005" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Forrest L.; Lasswell, James L. (2005). <i>A Dazzle of Dragonflies</i>. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-459-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-459-5"><bdi>978-1-58544-459-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dazzle+of+Dragonflies&rft.place=College+Station%2C+TX&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58544-459-5&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Forrest+L.&rft.au=Lasswell%2C+James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragonfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaird2001" class="citation book cs1">Baird, Merrily (2001). <i>Symbols of Japan: Thematic Motifs in Art and Design</i>. New York: Rizzoli. pp. 108–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-2361-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-2361-1"><bdi>978-0-8478-2361-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symbols+of+Japan%3A+Thematic+Motifs+in+Art+and+Design&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=108-9&rft.pub=Rizzoli&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8478-2361-1&rft.aulast=Baird&rft.aufirst=Merrily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragonfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbet1999559-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbet1999559_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorbet1999">Corbet 1999</a>, p. 559.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoonan1999" class="citation news cs1">Moonan, Wendy (August 13, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/13/arts/antiques-dragonflies-shimmering-as-jewelry.html">"Dragonflies Shimmering as Jewelry"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. pp. E2:38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dragonflies+Shimmering+as+Jewelry&rft.pages=E2%3A38&rft.date=1999-08-13&rft.aulast=Moonan&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F08%2F13%2Farts%2Fantiques-dragonflies-shimmering-as-jewelry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragonfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarge1999" class="citation news cs1">Large, Elizabeth (June 27, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/1999/06/27/the-latest-buzz-in-the-world-of-design-dragonflies-are-flying-high-focus-on-style/">"The latest buzz; In the world of design, dragonflies are flying high"</a>. <i>The Sun (Baltimore, MD)</i>. pp. 6N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150223172615/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-06-27/news/9906300323_1_dragonfly-gifts-and-accessories-bug">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-02-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-09-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sun+%28Baltimore%2C+MD%29&rft.atitle=The+latest+buzz%3B+In+the+world+of+design%2C+dragonflies+are+flying+high&rft.pages=6N&rft.date=1999-06-27&rft.aulast=Large&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2F1999%2F06%2F27%2Fthe-latest-buzz-in-the-world-of-design-dragonflies-are-flying-high-focus-on-style%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragonfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2007" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Roland (November–December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.motorcycleclassics.com/motorcycle-reviews/1955-douglas-dragonfly.aspx?page=4">"1955 Douglas Dragonfly"</a>. Motorcycle Classics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1955+Douglas+Dragonfly&rft.pub=Motorcycle+Classics&rft.date=2007-11%2F2007-12&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.motorcycleclassics.com%2Fmotorcycle-reviews%2F1955-douglas-dragonfly.aspx%3Fpage%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragonfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNussbaumKäthe_Roth2005" class="citation book cs1">Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric; Käthe Roth (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC">"Akitsushima"</a>. <i>Japan Encyclopedia</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674017535" title="Special:BookSources/9780674017535"><bdi>9780674017535</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Akitsushima&rft.btitle=Japan+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780674017535&rft.aulast=Nussbaum&rft.aufirst=Louis+Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft.au=K%C3%A4the+Roth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp2QnPijAEmEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragonfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nihontomessageboard.com/nmb//viewtopic.php?f=9&t=6663">Nihonto</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF杉浦洋一_(Youichi_Sugiura)John_K._Gillespie_(ジョン・K・ギレスピー)1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">杉浦洋一 (Youichi Sugiura); John K. Gillespie (ジョン・K・ギレスピー) (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.natsume.co.jp"><i>日本文化を英語で紹介する事典</i></a> [<i>A Bilingual Handbook on Japanese Culture</i>] (in Japanese and English). Chiyoda, Tokyo: Natsume Group. p. 305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-8163-2646-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-8163-2646-2"><bdi>978-4-8163-2646-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Wildlife&rft.atitle=Do+dragonflies+bite+or+sting+humans%3F&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discoverwildlife.com%2Fanimal-facts%2Finsects-invertebrates%2Fdo-dragonflies-bite-humans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragonfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHand1973" class="citation journal cs1">Hand, Wayland D. (1973). "From Idea to Word: Folk Beliefs and Customs Underlying Folk Speech". <i>American Speech</i>. <b>48</b> (1/2): 67–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3087894">10.2307/3087894</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3087894">3087894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Speech&rft.atitle=From+Idea+to+Word%3A+Folk+Beliefs+and+Customs+Underlying+Folk+Speech&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=67-76&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3087894&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3087894%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hand&rft.aufirst=Wayland+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragonfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton2008" class="citation web cs1">Newton, Blake (16 August 2008) [2004]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uky.edu/Ag/CritterFiles/casefile/insects/dragonflies/dragonflies.htm">"Dragonflies"</a>. University of Kentucky Entomology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dragonflies&rft.pub=University+of+Kentucky+Entomology&rft.date=2008-08-16&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Blake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uky.edu%2FAg%2FCritterFiles%2Fcasefile%2Finsects%2Fdragonflies%2Fdragonflies.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragonfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orr-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Orr_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orr_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrrHämäläinen2014" class="citation journal cs1">Orr, Albert G.; Hämäläinen, Matti (July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265208677">"Plagiarism or pragmatism – who cares? An analysis of some 18th century dragonfly illustrations"</a>. <i>Agrion</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 26–30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agrion&rft.atitle=Plagiarism+or+pragmatism+%E2%80%93+who+cares%3F+An+analysis+of+some+18th+century+dragonfly+illustrations&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=26-30&rft.date=2014-07&rft.aulast=Orr&rft.aufirst=Albert+G.&rft.au=H%C3%A4m%C3%A4l%C3%A4inen%2C+Matti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F265208677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragonfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2012" class="citation journal cs1">Adams, Jill U. (July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.audubon.org/magazine/july-august-2012/chasing-dragonflies-and-damselflies">"Chasing Dragonflies and Damselflies"</a>. <i>Audubon</i> (July–August 2012)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Audubon&rft.atitle=Chasing+Dragonflies+and+Damselflies&rft.issue=July%E2%80%93August+2012&rft.date=2012-07&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Jill+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.audubon.org%2Fmagazine%2Fjuly-august-2012%2Fchasing-dragonflies-and-damselflies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragonfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mistholme.com/dictionary/insects/">"Insects"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Insects&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmistholme.com%2Fdictionary%2Finsects%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragonfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waldbauer2009-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Waldbauer2009_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Waldbauer2009_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldbauer2009" class="citation book cs1">Waldbauer, Gilbert (30 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P3vFM3-52i0C&pg=PA247"><i>A Walk around the Pond: insects in and over the water</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04477-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04477-7"><bdi>978-0-674-04477-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Walk+around+the+Pond%3A+insects+in+and+over+the+water&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009-06-30&rft.isbn=978-0-674-04477-7&rft.aulast=Waldbauer&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP3vFM3-52i0C%26pg%3DPA247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragonfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MitchellLasswell2005-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MitchellLasswell2005_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchellLasswell2005" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Forrest Lee; Lasswell, James (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C6g_0ibafjcC&pg=PA36"><i>A Dazzle Of Dragonflies</i></a>. Texas A&M University Press. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-459-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-459-5"><bdi>978-1-58544-459-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dazzle+Of+Dragonflies&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58544-459-5&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Forrest+Lee&rft.au=Lasswell%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC6g_0ibafjcC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragonfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tennyson2013-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tennyson2013_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTennyson2013" class="citation book cs1">Tennyson, Alfred, Lord (17 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eWcbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT545"><i>Delphi Complete Works of Alfred, Lord Tennyson (Illustrated)</i></a>. Delphi Classics. pp. 544–545. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909496-24-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-909496-24-8"><bdi>978-1-909496-24-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Delphi+Complete+Works+of+Alfred%2C+Lord+Tennyson+%28Illustrated%29&rft.pages=544-545&rft.pub=Delphi+Classics&rft.date=2013-11-17&rft.isbn=978-1-909496-24-8&rft.aulast=Tennyson&rft.aufirst=Alfred%2C+Lord&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeWcbAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragonfly" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hebates.com/library/down-the-river">"Down the River"</a>. <i>H. E. Bates official author website</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210909102501/https://hebates.com/library/down-the-river">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=H.+E.+Bates+official+author+website&rft.atitle=Down+the+River&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhebates.com%2Flibrary%2Fdown-the-river&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragonfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell19997-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell19997_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowell1999">Powell 1999</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBates1937" class="citation magazine cs1">Bates, H. E. (12 February 1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/12th-february-1937/17/country-life">"Country Life: Pike and Dragonflies"</a>. <i>The Spectator</i>. No. 5668. p. 269 (online p. 17).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=Country+Life%3A+Pike+and+Dragonflies&rft.issue=5668&rft.pages=269+%28online+p.+17%29&rft.date=1937-02-12&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=H.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2F12th-february-1937%2F17%2Fcountry-life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragonfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Draper-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Draper_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.draper.com/news-releases/equipping-insects-special-service">"Equipping Insects for Special Service"</a>. Draper. 19 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Equipping+Insects+for+Special+Service&rft.pub=Draper&rft.date=2017-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.draper.com%2Fnews-releases%2Fequipping-insects-special-service&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragonfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckerman2017" class="citation web cs1">Ackerman, Evan (1 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/drapers-genetically-modified-cyborg-dragonfleye-takes-flight">"Draper's Genetically Modified Cyborg DragonflEye Takes Flight"</a>. IEEE Spectrum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Draper%27s+Genetically+Modified+Cyborg+DragonflEye+Takes+Flight&rft.pub=IEEE+Spectrum&rft.date=2017-06-01&rft.aulast=Ackerman&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fdrapers-genetically-modified-cyborg-dragonfleye-takes-flight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragonfly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragonfly&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: General and cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2004" class="citation book cs1">Berger, Cynthia (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dragonflieswildg00cynt"><i>Dragonflies</i></a></span>. Stackpole Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dragonflieswildg00cynt/page/2">2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-2971-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-2971-0"><bdi>978-0-8117-2971-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dragonflies&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-2971-0&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdragonflieswildg00cynt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragonfly" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbet1999" class="citation book cs1">Corbet, Phillip S. (1999). <i>Dragonflies: Behavior and Ecology of Odonata</i>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. 559–561. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-2592-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-2592-9"><bdi>978-0-8014-2592-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dragonflies%3A+Behavior+and+Ecology+of+Odonata&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pages=559-561&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-2592-9&rft.aulast=Corbet&rft.aufirst=Phillip+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragonfly" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDijkstra2006" class="citation book cs1">Dijkstra, Klaas-Douwe B. (2006). <i>Field Guide to the Dragonflies of Britain and Europe</i>. British Wildlife Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9531399-4-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9531399-4-1"><bdi>978-0-9531399-4-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+Guide+to+the+Dragonflies+of+Britain+and+Europe&rft.pub=British+Wildlife+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-9531399-4-1&rft.aulast=Dijkstra&rft.aufirst=Klaas-Douwe+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragonfly" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeister2001" class="citation book cs1">Meister, Cari (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dragonflies0000meis"><i>Dragonflies</i></a></span>. ABDO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dragonflies0000meis/page/16">16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57765-461-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57765-461-2"><bdi>978-1-57765-461-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dragonflies&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=ABDO&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57765-461-2&rft.aulast=Meister&rft.aufirst=Cari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdragonflies0000meis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragonfly" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1999" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Dan (1999). <i>A Guide to the Dragonflies of Great Britain</i>. Arlequin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-900-15901-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-900-15901-2"><bdi>978-1-900-15901-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+the+Dragonflies+of+Great+Britain&rft.pub=Arlequin+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-900-15901-2&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragonfly" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruemanRowe2009" class="citation web cs1">Trueman, John W. H.; Rowe, Richard J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/Odonata/8266">"Odonata"</a>. Tree of Life<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Odonata&rft.pub=Tree+of+Life&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Trueman&rft.aufirst=John+W.+H.&rft.au=Rowe%2C+Richard+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftolweb.org%2FOdonata%2F8266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADragonfly" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragonfly&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dragonfly" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:dragonfly"><i>dragonfly</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anisoptera" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Anisoptera">Anisoptera</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/27px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span> Data related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Anisoptera" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Anisoptera">Anisoptera</a> at Wikispecies</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Odonata" title="Odonata">Odonata</a> families</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insecta</a></li> <li>Subclass: <a href="/wiki/Pterygota" title="Pterygota">Pterygota</a></li> <li>Superorder: <a href="/wiki/Odonatoptera" title="Odonatoptera">Odonatoptera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Zygoptera" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Damselfly" title="Damselfly">Zygoptera</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Calopterygoidea" title="Calopterygoidea">Calopterygoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanipodagrionidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Amanipodagrionidae">Amanipodagrionidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphipterygidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphipterygidae">Amphipterygidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argiolestidae" title="Argiolestidae">Argiolestidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calopterygidae" title="Calopterygidae">Calopterygidae <small>(jewelwings or demoiselles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorocyphidae" title="Chlorocyphidae">Chlorocyphidae <small>(jewels)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadattidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Devadattidae">Devadattidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicteriadidae" title="Dicteriadidae">Dicteriadidae <small>(barelegs)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphaeidae" title="Euphaeidae">Euphaeidae <small>(gossamerwings)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteragrionidae" title="Heteragrionidae">Heteragrionidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypolestidae" title="Hypolestidae">Hypolestidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lestoideidae" title="Lestoideidae">Lestoideidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megapodagrionidae" title="Megapodagrionidae">Megapodagrionidae <small>(flatwings)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesagrionidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesagrionidae">Mesagrionidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopodagrionidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopodagrionidae">Mesopodagrionidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentaphlebiidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentaphlebiidae (page does not exist)">Pentaphlebiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philogangidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Philogangidae">Philogangidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philogeniidae" title="Philogeniidae">Philogeniidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosinidae" title="Philosinidae">Philosinidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polythoridae" title="Polythoridae">Polythoridae <small>(bannerwings)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Priscagrionidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Priscagrionidae (page does not exist)">Priscagrionidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protolestidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Protolestidae">Protolestidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudolestidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudolestidae">Pseudolestidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhipidolestidae" title="Rhipidolestidae">Rhipidolestidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimanellidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rimanellidae">Rimanellidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatocnemididae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatocnemididae">Tatocnemididae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumatoneuridae" title="Thaumatoneuridae">Thaumatoneuridae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Coenagrionoidea" title="Coenagrionoidea">Coenagrionoidea</a><br /><span style="color:#696969"></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coenagrionidae" title="Coenagrionidae">Coenagrionidae <small>(narrow-winged or pond damselflies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isostictidae" title="Isostictidae">Isostictidae <small>(narrow-wings)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platycnemididae" title="Platycnemididae">Platycnemididae <small>(white-legged damselflies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Lestoidea_(superfamily)" title="Lestoidea (superfamily)">Lestoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemiphlebia_mirabilis" title="Hemiphlebia mirabilis">Hemiphlebiidae <small>(ancient greenling)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lestidae" title="Lestidae">Lestidae <small>(spreadwings)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilestidae" title="Perilestidae">Perilestidae <small>(shortwings)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synlestidae" title="Synlestidae">Synlestidae <small>(sylphs or malachites)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Platystictoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Platystictoidea">Platystictoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platystictidae" title="Platystictidae">Platystictidae <small>(shadowdamsels)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Anisozygoptera" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Anisozygoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisozygoptera">Anisozygoptera</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Epiophlebiidae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Epiophlebiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiophlebiidae">Epiophlebiidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epiophlebia" title="Epiophlebia">Epiophlebia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Anisoptera" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anisoptera</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Aeshnoidea" title="Aeshnoidea">Aeshnoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeshnidae" title="Aeshnidae">Aeshnidae <small>(hawkers or darners)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austropetaliidae" title="Austropetaliidae">Austropetaliidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Cordulegastroidea" title="Cordulegastroidea">Cordulegastroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorogomphidae" title="Chlorogomphidae">Chlorogomphidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordulegastridae" title="Cordulegastridae">Cordulegastridae <small>(spiketails)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopetalia_punctata" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopetalia punctata">Neopetaliidae <small>(<i>Neopetalia punctata</i>)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Gomphoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Gomphoidea">Gomphoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gomphidae" title="Gomphidae">Gomphidae <small>(clubtail dragonflies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Libelluloidea" title="Libelluloidea">Libelluloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corduliidae" title="Corduliidae">Corduliidae <small>(emerald dragonflies or green-eyed skimmers)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libellulidae" title="Libellulidae">Libellulidae <small>(skimmers or perchers)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macromiidae" title="Macromiidae">Macromiidae <small>(cruisers or skimmers)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthemistidae" title="Synthemistidae">Synthemistidae <small>(tigertails)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Petaluroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Petaluroidea">Petaluroidea </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petaluridae" title="Petaluridae">Petaluridae <small>(giant dragonfly and relatives)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_interactions_with_insects" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Insects_in_culture" title="Template:Insects in culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Insects_in_culture" title="Template talk:Insects in culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Insects_in_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Insects in culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_interactions_with_insects" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_interactions_with_insects" title="Human interactions with insects">Human interactions with insects</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects<br />of <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a><br />in culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_art" title="Insects in art">Insects in art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beetlewing" title="Beetlewing">Beetlewing</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musca_depicta" title="Musca depicta">Musca depicta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropods_in_film" title="Arthropods in film">Arthropods in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_literature" title="Insects in literature">Insects in literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_music" title="Insects in music">Insects in music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_insect-inspired_songs" title="List of insect-inspired songs">List of insect-inspired songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_on_stamps" title="Insects on stamps">Insects on stamps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In fishing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_bait" title="Fishing bait">Fishing bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_fishing" title="Fly fishing">Fly fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_fly" title="Artificial fly">Artificial fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_tying" title="Fly tying">Fly tying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_medicine" title="Insects in medicine">In medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apitherapy" title="Apitherapy">Apitherapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apitoxin" title="Apitoxin">Apitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melittin" title="Melittin">Melittin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lytta_vesicatoria" title="Lytta vesicatoria">Spanish fly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantharidin" title="Cantharidin">Cantharidin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_mythology" title="Insects in mythology">In mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bees_in_mythology" title="Bees in mythology">Bees in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicadas_in_mythology" title="Cicadas in mythology">Cicadas in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">Scarab (artifact)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomimetics" title="Biomimetics">Biomimicry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockroach_racing" title="Cockroach racing">Cockroach racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockroaches_in_popular_culture" title="Cockroaches in popular culture">Cockroaches in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_fighting" title="Cricket fighting">Cricket fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomological_warfare" title="Entomological warfare">Entomological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomophagy_in_humans" title="Entomophagy in humans">Entomophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flea_circus" title="Flea circus">Flea circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_ethics" title="Insects in ethics">Insects in ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_religion" title="Insects in religion">Insects in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingzhe" title="Jingzhe">Jingzhe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_entomology" title="Economic entomology">Economic<br />entomology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneficial_insect" title="Beneficial insect">Beneficial insect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pest_control" title="Biological pest control">Biological pest control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beekeeping" title="Beekeeping">Beekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bee_pollen" title="Bee pollen">Bee pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crop_plants_pollinated_by_bees" title="List of crop plants pollinated by bees">List of crop plants pollinated by bees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">Beeswax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis">Propolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_jelly" title="Royal jelly">Royal jelly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmine" title="Carmine">Carmine/Cochineal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cochineal" title="Polish cochineal">Polish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">Chitin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermes_(dye)" title="Kermes (dye)">Kermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sericulture" title="Sericulture">Sericulture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">Model organism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)#Insects" title="Pest (organism)">Harmful<br />insects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insect_bites_and_stings" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect bites and stings">Insect bites and stings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_sting_allergy" title="Insect sting allergy">Insect sting allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed_bug" title="Bed bug">Bed bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworm" title="Woodworm">Woodworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home-stored_product_entomology" title="Home-stored product entomology">Home-stored product entomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothes_moth" title="Clothes moth">Clothes moth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Jan Swammerdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Fabre" title="Jean-Henri Fabre">Jean-Henri Fabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Zinsser" title="Hans Zinsser">Hans Zinsser</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Rats,_Lice_and_History" title="Rats, Lice and History">Rats, Lice and History</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafcadio_Hearn" title="Lafcadio Hearn">Lafcadio Hearn</a> (<i>Insect Literature</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concerns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bees_and_toxic_chemicals" title="Bees and toxic chemicals">Bees and toxic chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">Colony collapse disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_insects" title="List of endangered insects">List of endangered insects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">Insecticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonicotinoid" title="Neonicotinoid">Neonicotinoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees" title="Pesticide toxicity to bees">Pesticide toxicity to bees</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories,<br />templates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Insects_and_humans" title="Category:Insects and humans">Insects and humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Insecticides" title="Template:Insecticides">Insecticides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Pesticides" title="Template:Pesticides">Pesticides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beetle_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/25px-Beetle_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/38px-Beetle_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/50px-Beetle_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="143" data-file-height="159" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Insects" title="Portal:Insects">Insects portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Anisoptera</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80066" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q80066">Q80066</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Anisoptera" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Anisoptera">Anisoptera</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Anisoptera">Anisoptera</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id1609">1609</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/BugGuide" title="BugGuide">BugGuide</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bugguide.net/node/view/191">191</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/WFY">WFY</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/2762968">2762968</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:11840">11840</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/5f9c5721-70dd-45c4-a824-75f147769146">5f9c5721-70dd-45c4-a824-75f147769146</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/9747581">9747581</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/47927">47927</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=101594">101594</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0100009406">NBNSYS0100009406</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=6962">6962</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/b71483be-3d07-4244-b43f-8bcd8de50001">b71483be-3d07-4244-b43f-8bcd8de50001</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=107094">107094</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=890522">890522</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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