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Executed, Birth Year: 1915, Birth City: New York, Industry/Interest Area: Crime and Terrorism, Industry/Interest Area: World War II, Birth State: New York, Life Events/Experience: Were Arrested, Death Month: 6, Death State: New York, Death Country: United States, Birth Month: 9, Birth Country: United States, Astrological Sign: Libra"/><meta name="theme-color" content="#000000"/><link href="/_assets/design-tokens/biography/static/images/favicon.3635572.ico" rel="icon"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Biography"/><meta name="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/Biography" property="article:publisher"/><meta name="twitter:site" content="@biography"/><meta property="og:title" content="Julius and Ethel Rosenberg: Their Case, Trial and Death"/><meta property="og:description" content="The New York City couple were executed for conspiracy to commit espionage in 1953, sparking decades of conspiracy talk that produced new twists in the 21st century."/><meta 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controversial executions of the couple that left their young children orphaned.READ MORE: Charlie Chaplin and 6 Other Artists Who Were Blacklisted in Hollywood During the Red ScareThe Rosenbergs recruited a family member to relay Atomic secretsEthel Greenglass and Julius Rosenberg were both born into immigrant Jewish families in New York City during World War I. Their time at high school intersected briefly – Ethel was nearly three years older – but they became acquainted through their devotion to the Young Communist League and were married in 1939.Julius became a civilian engineer with the U.S. Army Signal Corps and cut formal ties with communist organizations, but by late 1942 he was working with Soviet intermediaries to relay military secrets to the then-American ally.By 1945, he had assembled an espionage ring of engineers, scientists and machinists that included his old City College classmate Morton Sobell. It also included his brother-in-law David Greenglass, who was then involved with the Manhattan Project – the creation of the atomic bomb – at a facility in Los Alamos, New Mexico.The apprehension of a British spy set off a string of arrestsThe first shoe to drop in the case came with the arrest of German-born British physicist Klaus Fuchs on February 2, 1950. Fuchs had also worked at Los Alamos and passed along information to the Soviets independently of the Rosenbergs, though they shared a crucial link with their courier, Harry Gold.In May the FBI hauled in Gold, who pointed his finger at another common denominator, Greenglass. The dominoes continued to fall with Julius' apprehension in July and Ethel's arrest in August, with Sobell discovered to be hiding in Mexico at that time.After Greenglass pleaded guilty, the trial for the Rosenbergs and Sobell began on March 6, 1951, in the Southern District of New York. Making little attempt to portray himself as impartial, Judge Irving R. Kaufman opened the proceedings by declaring: \"The evidence will show that the loyalty and alliance of the Rosenbergs and Sobell were not to our country, but that it was to Communism.\"Greenglass provided crucial testimony against the RosenbergsThe case against the Rosenbergs largely hinged on the testimonies of Gold and Greenglass. Gold recalled how he had met Greenglass in Albuquerque, New Mexico, in June 1945, with the passcode \"I come from Julius.\" After each confirmed the shared allegiance by producing a \"passport\" of a cut-off Jell-O box top, Gold paid $500 for information on the atomic bomb. Greenglass testified that the Rosenbergs began lobbying his wife, Ruth, to get her husband involved in the espionage ring by November 1944. He returned to New York City on furlough in January 1945, at which point he showed Julius his notes and a sketch of a high-explosive lens.Even more damning, Greenglass described another meeting at the Rosenbergs' New York City apartment in September 1945, during which time Ethel typed up his shoddy, hastily scribbled notes.To this point, the government's case against Ethel was largely nonexistent; now, her brother had portrayed her as a willing co-conspirator. Chief prosecutor Irving H. Saypol leaped all over this account, dramatically telling the jury how she \"sat at that typewriter and struck the keys, blow by blow, against her own country in the interests of the Soviets.\"Julius and Ethel took the stand in their defense, but other than denying the charges, they largely evoked the Fifth Amendment on matters of espionage and their involvement in the Communist Party, their silence amplifying the testimony against them.Albert Einstein and the Pope led calls for clemencyOn March 29, 1951, the jury returned a verdict of guilty against the trio charged. Judge Kaufman imposed the death penalty on Julius and Ethel, telling them, \"I consider your crimes worse than murder.\" He spared the life of Sobell, who was not involved in the passage of atomic secrets and sentenced him to 30 years in prison.A death sentence, especially for the parents of two young boys, became a major source for debate, with Albert Einstein and Pope Pius XII among the influential figures who urged the U.S. government to show mercy. However, the legal appeals and requests for clemency, to President Truman and then-President Eisenhower, all fizzled.After a last-minute stay of execution was overturned, on June 19, 1953, Julius and Ethel were electrocuted at Sing Sing Prison in Ossining, New York, making them the first American civilians to be executed for espionage during peacetime.Greenglass later admitted to lying on the standThe case remained a source of intrigue for scholars who argued about the evidence against the Rosenbergs, the clear bias of the presiding judge and the harshness of the verdict.But there were more twists to be uncovered. In 1995, the National Security Agency released a half-century-old trove of decrypted Soviet messages from the Venona Project which provided clear evidence of Julius' espionage.Four years later, Sam Roberts' The Brother: The Untold Story of the Rosenberg Case contained new bombshells from the reclusive Greenglass, including the admission that his wife possibly typed up the notes during the infamous September 1945 meeting, and that he told a different story on the witness stand to protect his immediate family.The release of grand jury testimony in 2008 seemingly confirmed that account, while also providing inconsistencies between what Gold said in private and in public. That year, Sobell also went on record to confess to his and Julius' involvement with the Soviets, though he insisted that his colleague's information was useless to the Eastern power, and that Ethel was guilty only of \"being Julius' wife.\"The various revelations have prompted the Rosenbergs' surviving sons, Michael and Robert Meeropol, to launch an effort to have their mother formally exonerated. They were unable to win over President Obama, but there may be more chapters to come in this long-running Cold War saga.","wordCount":1023,"articleSection":"Notorious 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Figures</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="1"/></li><li itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem" class="css-huh8md e3morl61"><a data-theme-key="base-link" itemprop="item" href="/crime/julius-ethel-rosenberg-espionage-trial-death" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Breadcrumbs" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Julius and Ethel Rosenberg: Their Case, Trial and Death" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/crime/julius-ethel-rosenberg-espionage-trial-death" class="e3morl60 css-93j5lg e1c1bym14"><span itemprop="name">Julius and Ethel Rosenberg: Their Case, Trial and Death</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="2"/></li></ol></nav><h1 class="css-1sffik3 e1f1sunr8"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span>Julius and Ethel Rosenberg: Their Case, Trial and Death<span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h1><div class="css-zndjyc e1f1sunr6">The New York City couple were executed for conspiracy to commit espionage in 1953, sparking decades of conspiracy talk that produced new twists in the 21st century.</div><div class="css-xst9cf e1f1sunr5"><address class="css-h18ss9 e1v8cotw2"><span data-theme-key="by-line-name" class="css-1anrfx5 e1v8cotw1">By Tim Ott</span><time class="css-gzal4i e1f1sunr4">Published: Mar 25, 2020 10:42 AM EDT</time></address></div><div class="no-print css-17mvcka e1f1sunr11"><div data-journey-blur="true" class="content-header-actions css-18jz25a e1f1sunr10"></div></div></div></div></section></header><div data-journey-hide="true" class="css-k008qs et2g3wt0"><div class="standard-container content-container article-container css-1q1kaac et2g3wt3"><div class="content-lead css-1f8o566 et2g3wt5"><div data-journey-blur="true" class="content-lead-image css-sm2oir e17huqc62"><div class="css-96439d e17huqc61"><section data-lazy-id="P0-7"><div class="css-p7qblm e1mlxuuw0"><picture class="css-1oxikel e1i0vlu30"><source srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-113633245-1.jpg?resize=1200:*" media="(min-width: 73.75rem)"/><source srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-113633245-1.jpg?resize=1024:*" media="(min-width: 64rem)"/><source srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-113633245-1.jpg?crop=0.8685454545454545xw:1xh;center,top&resize=980:*" media="(min-width: 48rem)"/><source srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-113633245-1.jpg?crop=0.8685454545454545xw:1xh;center,top&resize=640:*" media="(max-width: 48rem)"/><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-113633245-1.jpg?crop=0.8685454545454545xw:1xh;center,top&resize=640:*" alt="Ethel and Julius Rosenberg" title="Ethel and Julius Rosenberg" width="5500" height="4777" decoding="async" fetchPriority="high" sizes="100vw"/></picture><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-theme-key="base-link" href="//pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https://www.biography.com/crime/julius-ethel-rosenberg-espionage-trial-death&description=&media=https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-113633245-1.jpg?resize=1600:*" class="pinterest css-on9hn5 e1c1bym14"><img data-dynamic-svg="true" src="/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/social/pinterest.e8cf655.svg?primary=%2523ffffff" loading="lazy" data-testid="dynamic-svg-base" height="auto" width="auto" alt="pinterest" class="css-4lml0h e1mlxuuw1"/></a></div></section></div><section data-lazy-id="P0-8"><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption-lead-image" class="css-wgijip e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-wuot6e e1geg53v2">Photo: Universal History Archive/Getty Images</span></figcaption></section></div></div><div data-journey-body="standard-article" class="article-body-content article-body standard-body-content css-4oaay7 et2g3wt6"> <p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="1" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">The story of <a href="https://www.biography.com/crime/julius-rosenberg" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/crime/julius-rosenberg" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Julius" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Julius</a> and <a href="https://www.biography.com/crime/ethel-rosenberg" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/crime/ethel-rosenberg" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Ethel Rosenberg" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Ethel Rosenberg</a>, who were convicted of conspiracy to commit espionage in 1951, reads like something out of a John le Carré novel with its components of shadowy spies, corrupted trial proceedings and family betrayal.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="2" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">It also captures the real-world dangers that were rife in these days of <a href="https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war" rel="nofollow" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Cold War" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Cold War</a> paranoia, the threat of a <a href="https://www.biography.com/artists/artists-blacklisted-hollywood-red-scare" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/artists/artists-blacklisted-hollywood-red-scare" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Red Scare" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Red Scare</a> powerful enough to bring about the controversial executions of the couple that left their young children orphaned.</p><section data-embed="watch-next" data-lazy-id="P0-9" data-node-id="3" class="embed"></section><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="4" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60"><a href="https://www.biography.com/artists/artists-blacklisted-hollywood-red-scare" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/artists/artists-blacklisted-hollywood-red-scare" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="READ MORE: Charlie Chaplin and 6 Other Artists Who Were Blacklisted in Hollywood During the Red Scare" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">READ MORE: Charlie Chaplin and 6 Other Artists Who Were Blacklisted in Hollywood During the Red Scare</a></p><h2 data-node-id="5" class="css-1aenskv emevuu60">The Rosenbergs recruited a family member to relay Atomic secrets</h2><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="6" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Ethel Greenglass and Julius Rosenberg were both born into immigrant Jewish families in New York City during <a href="https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i" rel="nofollow" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="World War I" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">World War I</a>. Their time at high school intersected briefly – Ethel was nearly three years older – but they became acquainted through their devotion to the Young Communist League and were married in 1939.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="7" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Julius became a civilian engineer with the U.S. Army Signal Corps and cut formal ties with communist organizations, but by late 1942 he was working with Soviet intermediaries to relay military secrets to the then-American ally.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="8" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">By 1945, he had assembled an espionage ring of engineers, scientists and machinists that included his old City College classmate Morton Sobell. It also included his brother-in-law David Greenglass, who was then involved with the <a href="https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/the-manhattan-project" rel="nofollow" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/the-manhattan-project" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Manhattan Project" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Manhattan Project</a> – the creation of the <a href="https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/atomic-bomb-history" rel="nofollow" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/atomic-bomb-history" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="atomic bomb" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">atomic bomb</a> – at a facility in Los Alamos, New Mexico.</p><section data-embed="body-image" data-lazy-id="P0-10" data-node-id="9" class="embed"><div size="medium" data-embed="body-image" class="align-center size-medium embed css-6i9ia4 e1fodxfw4"><div class="css-uwraif e1fodxfw3"><img alt="Ethel and Julius Rosenberg following their arrest by the FBI in New York City for espionage, 1950." title="Ethel and Julius Rosenberg following their arrest by the FBI in New York City for espionage, 1950." loading="lazy" width="3594" height="3600" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;width:100%;height:auto;" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-1197146285.jpg?resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-1197146285.jpg?resize=768:* 980w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-1197146285.jpg?resize=980:* 1120w" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-1197146285.jpg?resize=980:*" class="css-0 e193vzwj0"/><div class="css-swqnqv e1fodxfw2"><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-wuot6e e1geg53v2">Ethel and Julius Rosenberg following their arrest by the FBI in New York City for espionage, 1950.; Photo: Kypros/Getty Images</span></figcaption></div></div></div></section><p data-node-id="10" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60"></p><p data-node-id="11" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60"></p><h2 data-node-id="12" class="css-1aenskv emevuu60">The apprehension of a British spy set off a string of arrests</h2><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="13" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">The first shoe to drop in the case came with the arrest of German-born British physicist Klaus Fuchs on February 2, 1950. Fuchs had also worked at Los Alamos and passed along information to the Soviets independently of the Rosenbergs, though they shared a crucial link with their courier, Harry Gold.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="14" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">In May the FBI hauled in Gold, who pointed his finger at another common denominator, Greenglass. The dominoes continued to fall with Julius' apprehension in July and Ethel's arrest in August, with Sobell discovered to be hiding in Mexico at that time.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="15" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">After Greenglass pleaded guilty, the trial for the Rosenbergs and Sobell began on March 6, 1951, in the Southern District of New York. Making little attempt to portray himself as impartial, Judge Irving R. Kaufman opened the proceedings by declaring: "The evidence will show that the loyalty and alliance of the Rosenbergs and Sobell were not to our country, but that it was to Communism."</p><h2 data-node-id="16" class="css-1aenskv emevuu60">Greenglass provided crucial testimony against the Rosenbergs</h2><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="17" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">The case against the Rosenbergs largely hinged on the <a href="https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/atom-spy-caserosenbergs" rel="nofollow" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/atom-spy-caserosenbergs" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="testimonies" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">testimonies</a> of Gold and Greenglass. Gold recalled how he had met Greenglass in Albuquerque, New Mexico, in June 1945, with the passcode "I come from Julius." After each confirmed the shared allegiance by producing a "passport" of a cut-off Jell-O box top, Gold paid $500 for information on the atomic bomb. </p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="18" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Greenglass testified that the Rosenbergs began lobbying his wife, Ruth, to get her husband involved in the espionage ring by November 1944. He returned to New York City on furlough in January 1945, at which point he showed Julius his notes and a sketch of a high-explosive lens.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="19" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Even more damning, Greenglass described another meeting at the Rosenbergs' New York City apartment in September 1945, during which time Ethel typed up his shoddy, hastily scribbled notes.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="20" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">To this point, the government's case against Ethel was largely nonexistent; now, her brother had portrayed her as a willing co-conspirator. Chief prosecutor Irving H. Saypol leaped all over this account, dramatically telling the jury how she "sat at that typewriter and struck the keys, blow by blow, against her own country in the interests of the Soviets."</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="21" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Julius and Ethel took the stand in their defense, but other than denying the charges, they largely evoked the Fifth Amendment on matters of espionage and their involvement in the Communist Party, their silence amplifying the testimony against them.</p><section data-embed="body-image" data-lazy-id="P0-11" data-node-id="22" class="embed"><div size="medium" data-embed="body-image" class="align-center size-medium embed css-6i9ia4 e1fodxfw4"><div class="css-uwraif e1fodxfw3"><img alt="Ethel and Julius Rosenberg at the courthouse" title="Ethel and Julius Rosenberg at the courthouse" loading="lazy" width="3762" height="3042" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;width:100%;height:auto;" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-515384968-1.jpg?resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-515384968-1.jpg?resize=768:* 980w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-515384968-1.jpg?resize=980:* 1120w" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-515384968-1.jpg?resize=980:*" class="css-0 e193vzwj0"/><div class="css-swqnqv e1fodxfw2"><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span data-theme-key="photo-credit-creditor" class="css-wuot6e e1geg53v2">Ethel and Julius Rosenberg at the courthouse; Photo: Bettmann/Getty Images</span></figcaption></div></div></div></section><p data-node-id="23" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60"></p><p data-node-id="24" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60"></p><h2 data-node-id="25" class="css-1aenskv emevuu60">Albert Einstein and the Pope led calls for clemency</h2><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="26" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">On March 29, 1951, the jury returned a verdict of guilty against the trio charged. Judge Kaufman imposed the death penalty on Julius and Ethel, telling them, "I consider your crimes worse than murder." He spared the life of Sobell, who was not involved in the passage of atomic secrets and sentenced him to 30 years in prison.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="27" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">A death sentence, especially for the parents of two young boys, became a major source for debate, with <a href="https://www.biography.com/scientists/albert-einstein" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scientists/albert-einstein" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Albert Einstein" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Albert Einstein</a> and Pope Pius XII among the influential figures who urged the U.S. government to show mercy. However, the legal appeals and requests for clemency, to <a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/harry-s-truman" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/harry-s-truman" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="President Truman" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">President Truman</a> and then-<a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/dwight-d-eisenhower" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/dwight-d-eisenhower" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="President Eisenhower" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">President Eisenhower</a>, all fizzled.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="28" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">After a last-minute stay of execution was overturned, on June 19, 1953, Julius and Ethel were electrocuted at Sing Sing Prison in Ossining, New York, making them the first American civilians to be executed for espionage during peacetime.</p><h2 data-node-id="29" class="css-1aenskv emevuu60">Greenglass later admitted to lying on the stand</h2><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="30" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">The case remained a source of intrigue for scholars who argued about the evidence against the Rosenbergs, the clear bias of the presiding judge and the harshness of the verdict.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="31" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">But there were more twists to be uncovered. In 1995, the National Security Agency released a half-century-old trove of decrypted Soviet messages from the <a href="https://www.nsa.gov/news-features/declassified-documents/venona/" rel="nofollow" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.nsa.gov/news-features/declassified-documents/venona/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Venona Project" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Venona Project</a> which provided clear evidence of Julius' espionage.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="32" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Four years later, Sam Roberts' <em>The Brother: The Untold Story of the Rosenberg Case </em>contained new bombshells from the reclusive Greenglass, including the <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/15/us/david-greenglass-spy-who-helped-seal-the-rosenbergs-doom-dies-at-92.html" rel="nofollow" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/15/us/david-greenglass-spy-who-helped-seal-the-rosenbergs-doom-dies-at-92.html" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="admission" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">admission</a> that his wife possibly typed up the notes during the infamous September 1945 meeting, and that he told a different story on the witness stand to protect his immediate family.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="33" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">The release of grand jury testimony in 2008 seemingly confirmed that account, while also providing inconsistencies between what Gold said in private and in public. That year, Sobell also <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/12/nyregion/12spy.html" rel="nofollow" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/12/nyregion/12spy.html" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="went on record" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">went on record</a> to confess to his and Julius' involvement with the Soviets, though he insisted that his colleague's information was useless to the Eastern power, and that Ethel was guilty only of "being Julius' wife."</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="34" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">The various revelations have prompted the Rosenbergs' surviving sons, Michael and Robert Meeropol, to launch an effort to have their mother formally exonerated. They were unable to win over <a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/barack-obama" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/barack-obama" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="President Obama" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">President Obama</a>, but there may be more chapters to come in this long-running Cold War saga.</p><section data-embed="editorial-link" data-lazy-id="P0-12" data-node-id="35" class="embed"></section><section data-embed="editorial-link" data-lazy-id="P0-13" data-node-id="36" class="embed"></section><p data-node-id="37" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60"></p></div></div></div><section data-lazy-id="P0-14"><div data-embed="watch-next" class="css-es6uyf e1a8voem5"><div data-journey-blur="partial" class="css-14vh9p e1a8voem4"><div class="css-1sowyjy e1a8voem3"><h6 class="css-1wso6i7 e1a8voem2"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span 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Their time at high school intersected briefly – Ethel was nearly three years older – but they became acquainted through their devotion to the Young Communist League and were married in 1939.","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{"data-journey-content":true},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"Julius became a civilian engineer with the U.S. Army Signal Corps and cut formal ties with communist organizations, but by late 1942 he was working with Soviet intermediaries to relay military secrets to the then-American ally.","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{"data-journey-content":true},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"By 1945, he had assembled an espionage ring of engineers, scientists and machinists that included his old City College classmate Morton Sobell. 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