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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><meta charset="utf-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/g62918890/famous-philosophers"/><meta name="X-UA-Compatible" http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrom=1"/><meta name="msapplication-tap-highlight" content="no"/><title>11 Philosophers Who Made the World Stop and Think</title><meta name="title" content="11 Philosophers Who Made the World Stop and Think"/><meta name="description" content="Famous philosophers like Socrates, Karl Marx, W.E.B. Du Bois, and Ayn Rand have challenged the way we consider the world and our place in it."/><meta name="keywords" content/><meta name="theme-color" content="#000000"/><link href="/_assets/design-tokens/biography/static/images/favicon.3635572.ico" rel="icon"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Biography"/><meta name="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/Biography" property="article:publisher"/><meta name="twitter:site" content="@biography"/><meta property="og:title" content="11 Philosophers Who Made the World Stop and Think"/><meta property="og:description" content="Famous philosophers like Jean-Paul Sartre, Socrates, and Ayn Rand have challenged the way we consider the world and our place in it."/><meta name="parsely-metadata" content="{"socialHeadline":"11 Philosophers Who Made the World Stop and Think"}"/><meta name="robots" content="noarchive,noai,noimageai,max-image-preview:large,max-snippet:-1,max-video-preview:30"/><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Biography - Famous Scholars & Educators" href="/rss/scholars-educators.xml"/><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Biography" href="/rss/all.xml"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/the-philosopher-jean-paul-sartre-france-about-1946-news-photo-1731685135.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.697xh;0,0.0290xh&resize=1200:*"/><meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"/><meta property="og:image:height" content="600"/><meta name="thumbnail" content="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/the-philosopher-jean-paul-sartre-france-about-1946-news-photo-1731685135.jpg?crop=0.498xw:0.693xh;0.0176xw,0.0200xh&resize=320:*"/><meta name="sailthru.image.full" content="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/the-philosopher-jean-paul-sartre-france-about-1946-news-photo-1731685135.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.697xh;0,0.0290xh&resize=320:*"/><meta name="sailthru.image.thumb" content="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/the-philosopher-jean-paul-sartre-france-about-1946-news-photo-1731685135.jpg?crop=0.498xw:0.693xh;0.0176xw,0.0200xh"/><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/the-philosopher-jean-paul-sartre-france-about-1946-news-photo-1731685135.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.697xh;0,0.0290xh&resize=640:*"/><meta content="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/g62918890/famous-philosophers" property="og:url"/><meta name="auto-publish" content="timely"/><meta property="og:type" content="article"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta name="article:opinion" property="article:opinion" content="false"/><meta content="Famous Scholars & Educators" property="article:section"/><meta content="2024-11-21T15:32:00Z" property="article:modified_time"/><meta content="2024-11-21T15:32:00Z" property="article:published_time"/><meta name="sailthru.excerpt" content="<p>While some people make history for <a href="https://www.biography.com/inventors/g43350734/famous-inventors">changing how we do routine tasks</a>, others make history for changing how we think. From ancient civilization through today, the world’s leading philosophers have challenged the way we consider society, the economy, the role of government, and even our own existence. </p><p>Their ability and steadfast determination to question what we believe we know about reality is something the philosophers from long ago—<a href="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/socrates">Socrates</a>, <a href="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/plato">Plato</a>, and <a href="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/aristotle">Aristotle</a>, to name a few—have in common with those from modern history, like <a href="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/rene-descartes">René Descartes</a> and <a href="https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/ayn-rand">Ayn Rand</a>. By helping us understand the universe and the concept of reality, groundbreaking philosophers have influenced politics, transformed the social order, inspired critical thinking, and shaped how we function as a society. </p><p>For World Philosophy Day on November 21, here are 11 philosophers from ancient times through the 20<sup>th</sup> century whose theories had a lasting influence on human thought.</p><p class="body-tip">Related: <a href="https://www.biography.com/history-culture/g45485839/best-books-about-philosophers">The Best Books About Philosophers and Philosophy</a></p>"/><meta name="sailthru.tags" content="scholars-educators,Famous Scholars & Educators,Biography-US"/><meta name="sailthru.date" content="2024-11-21 15:32:00"/><meta name="sailthru.socialtitle" content="11 Philosophers Who Made the World Stop and Think"/><meta name="sailthru.contenttype" content="listicle"/><meta id="m1" name="m1" itemprop="cssSelector " content=".content-hed"/><meta id="m2" name="m2" 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type="application/ld+json">{"@type":"NewsArticle","thumbnailUrl":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/the-philosopher-jean-paul-sartre-france-about-1946-news-photo-1731685135.jpg?crop=0.498xw:0.693xh;0.0176xw,0.0200xh&resize=100:*","datePublished":"2024-11-15T16:17:37.692835Z","headline":"11 Philosophers Who Made the World Stop and Think","articleBody":"While some people make history for changing how we do routine tasks, others make history for changing how we think. From ancient civilization through today, the world’s leading philosophers have challenged the way we consider society, the economy, the role of government, and even our own existence. Their ability and steadfast determination to question what we believe we know about reality is something the philosophers from long ago—Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, to name a few—have in common with those from modern history, like René Descartes and Ayn Rand. By helping us understand the universe and the concept of reality, groundbreaking philosophers have influenced politics, transformed the social order, inspired critical thinking, and shaped how we function as a society. For World Philosophy Day on November 21, here are 11 philosophers from ancient times through the 20th century whose theories had a lasting influence on human thought.Related: The Best Books About Philosophers and Philosophy Socrates 470 BCE-399 BCESocrates is a name you probably have heard time and time again. That’s because he helped lay the foundation for Western thought and moral philosophy with the development of his Socratic method. The Grecian thinker’s approach to logical argumentation involved asking a series of questions to encourage dialogue about complex ideas. At the time, it was lauded by some but infuriated others because it could make them appear foolish. Socrates used this method to challenge widely accepted beliefs about the role of gods in society, the nature of democracy, and the relationship between appointed leaders and the people. He was put on trial for his theories in 399 BCE, convicted by a jury, and sentenced to death, but it was too late to contain his revolutionary ideas.Read More About Socrates Aristotle 384 BCE-322 BCEYou’re likely also familiar with Aristotle, the ancient Greek philosopher and scientist described as one of the greatest thinkers in politics, psychology, and ethics. Dubbed the “father of Western logic,” Aristotle developed a universal system of deductive reasoning that aimed to help humans understand everything they possibly could about reality. He believed the validity of an argument is determined by its structure rather than its content and that deduction and inference could be used to collect information to support an argument. His estimated 200 works influenced over seven centuries of philosophy and laid the groundwork for modern-day logic.Read More About Aristotle René Descartes 1596-1650A French philosopher, Descartes’ ideas went against the prevailing Aristotelian and Scholastic philosophies of the 1600s that depended mostly on sensory perception as our main source of truth. He believed in clearing all preconceived and inherited notions and starting anew. With this approach, Descartes came to the conclusion that, if we are able to doubt our own existence, then we must exist, leading to his famous quote: ”I think, therefore I am.” He published these words—a fundamental principle of his philosophy—in Discourse on the Method (1637), which had a major influence on modern philosophy and recognized the importance of mathematics and scientific thinking in the field.Read More About René Descartes John Locke 1632-1704Locke was known for his works on political philosophy, epistemology, and education, with perhaps his most influential being 1689’s Two Treatises of Government. This was the publication that brought forth the idea of a “social contract” in which the consent of the governed is essential for legitimate rule. Born in England, Locke worked with Lord Ashley early on in his medical studies; Ashley became Earl of Shaftesbury and greatly influenced Locke’s political outlook. In his works, Locke denounced the concept of tyranny and argued that everyone has the right to life, liberty, and property. His philosophies influenced the leaders of the American and French revolutions, who made direct connections between Locke’s principles and their own.Read More About John Locke Adam Smith 1723-1790A Scottish philosopher and economist, Smith introduced the concept of a political economy with his publication of The Wealth of Nations in 1776. A country’s wealth, he argued, isn’t measured by the quantity of gold and silver in its possession, but rather, by the total of its production and commerce—a metric we know today as gross domestic product (GDP). Smith also argued in favor of free-market economies and an economic system driven by people’s self-interest, led by an “invisible hand” that allows the economy to regulate itself. The Wealth of Nations is often considered a foundational work of classical economics.Read More About Adam Smith Mary Wollstonecraft 1759-1797In her 38 years of life (she died 10 days after giving birth to Frankenstein author Mary Shelley), Wollstonecraft cemented her lasting impact as a British philosopher and writer. She is best known for publishing A Vindication of the Rights of Woman in 1792, arguing that the educational system was designed to turn women into helpless ornaments of the household. Her call for women to have access to the same opportunities as men was revolutionary in her time but also stirred tremendous controversy. By the 19th and 20th centuries, however, Wollstonecraft’s feminist philosophy came to inspire crusaders of the women’s rights movements in both the United States and Britain.Read More About Mary WollstonecraftKeep Reading: The Women Behind the 19th Amendment Karl Marx 1818-1883The anticapitalist works of German philosopher and socialist Karl Marx form the basis of Marxism, a political and economic ideology driven by a set of theories that predict the rise of a classless society where workers share ownership of the means of production. As the founder of a Communist Correspondence Committee, Marx published the political pamphlet commonly known as The Communist Manifesto in 1848.Marx also went on to author the first volume of Das Kapital in 1867 after shifting his focus more to capitalism and economic theory. Initially, his ideas had little impact, but by 1950, nearly half of the global population lived under Marxist governments.Read More About Karl Marx W.E.B. Du Bois 1868-1963Among many things, Du Bois was a philosopher, economic historian, sociologist, and leader in the African American rights movement of the first half of the 20th century. His 1903 collection of 14 essays, The Souls of Black Folk, is among his most influential works in the history of sociology. In it, Du Bois describes the “double consciousness” of African Americans, in which their identities as people of both African and American descent creates a distinct experience from either individual background. Philosophers and scholars have continued to expand on Du Bois’ concept of double consciousness in the decades since.Read More About W.E.B. Du BoisRelated: How W.E.B. Du Bois Helped Create the NAACP Jean-Paul Sartre 1905-1980French philosopher Sartre caused us to think more deeply about why we exist and the meaning of life. He wrote his most influential work, Being and Nothingness (1943), while spending nine months as a prisoner of war after being drafted into the French army, and he drew upon his wartime experiences to write the book. As part of his existentialist philosophy, Sartre proposed that humans can and should make their own meaningful decisions in life, without help from external forces, and that we have no predetermined purpose. His works greatly influenced 20th century sociology, postcolonial theories, and other disciplines as we know them today.Read More About Jean-Paul Sartre Ayn Rand 1905-1982Although Rand’s philosophy of objectivism was poorly received during her lifetime, it ultimately became widely influential in how we think about the concept of reality. The Russian-born American author of both fiction and nonfiction encouraged the pursuit of rational self-interest in a world where reality and the nature of events occur independent of human thought, feelings, and beliefs.Rand often integrated her philosophy into her novels, including the widely known The Fountainhead (1943) and Atlas Shrugged (1957). Her philosophy continues to influence advocates of individual reason and economic freedom, and her books are still in print today.Read More About Ayn Rand Simone De Beauvoir 1908-1986The modern feminist movement can trace its roots, in part, to the works of French philosopher De Beauvoir, whose nearly 1,000-page The Second Sex, published in 1949, challenges the patriarchal status quo and the lower status granted to women. While now known as one of the most influential early feminist works, at the time its publication led to great controversy; some critics went so far as to label the book as pornography. Before she died in 1986, De Beauvoir challenged gender norms, called for equality, and helped women view their place in society differently.Read More About Simone De Beauvoir","wordCount":null,"articleSection":"Famous Scholars & Educators","image":[{"@type":"ImageObject","height":1200,"thumbnail":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/the-philosopher-jean-paul-sartre-france-about-1946-news-photo-1731685135.jpg?crop=0.498xw:0.693xh;0.0176xw,0.0200xh&resize=100:*","url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/the-philosopher-jean-paul-sartre-france-about-1946-news-photo-1731685135.jpg?crop=0.498xw:0.693xh;0.0176xw,0.0200xh&resize=1200:*","width":1200},{"@type":"ImageObject","height":900,"thumbnail":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/the-philosopher-jean-paul-sartre-france-about-1946-news-photo-1731685135.jpg?crop=0.498xw:0.693xh;0.0176xw,0.0200xh&resize=100:*","url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/the-philosopher-jean-paul-sartre-france-about-1946-news-photo-1731685135.jpg?crop=0.95813xw:1xh;center,top&resize=1200:*","width":1200},{"@type":"ImageObject","height":675,"thumbnail":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/the-philosopher-jean-paul-sartre-france-about-1946-news-photo-1731685135.jpg?crop=0.498xw:0.693xh;0.0176xw,0.0200xh&resize=100:*","url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/the-philosopher-jean-paul-sartre-france-about-1946-news-photo-1731685135.jpg?crop=1xw:0.78277xh;center,top&resize=1200:*","width":1200}],"mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/g62918890/famous-philosophers","@type":"WebPage"},"publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","name":"Biography","sameAs":["https://twitter.com/biography","https://www.facebook.com/Biography","https://www.instagram.com/biography/"],"logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://www.biography.com/_assets/design-tokens/biography/static/images/logos/logo-jsonld.736cd17.png","width":312,"height":60},"parentOrganization":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","name":"Hearst Corporation"}},"keywords":["content-type: Round-up: General","locale: US","displayType: listicle"],"url":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/g62918890/famous-philosophers","isBasedOn":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/g62918890/famous-philosophers","dateModified":"2024-11-21T15:32:00Z","description":"Famous philosophers like Socrates, Karl Marx, W.E.B. 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He believed the validity of an argument is determined by its structure rather than its content and that deduction and inference could be used to collect information to support an argument. His estimated 200 works influenced over seven centuries of philosophy and laid the groundwork for modern-day logic.Read More About Aristotle","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/bust-of-aristotle-greek-philosopher-and-scientist-marble-news-photo-1731683348.jpg"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"René Descartes","url":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/g62918890/famous-philosophers#slide-3","description":"1596-1650A French philosopher, Descartes’ ideas went against the prevailing Aristotelian and Scholastic philosophies of the 1600s that depended mostly on sensory perception as our main source of truth. He believed in clearing all preconceived and inherited notions and starting anew. 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This was the publication that brought forth the idea of a “social contract” in which the consent of the governed is essential for legitimate rule. Born in England, Locke worked with Lord Ashley early on in his medical studies; Ashley became Earl of Shaftesbury and greatly influenced Locke’s political outlook. In his works, Locke denounced the concept of tyranny and argued that everyone has the right to life, liberty, and property. 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Smith also argued in favor of free-market economies and an economic system driven by people’s self-interest, led by an “invisible hand” that allows the economy to regulate itself. The Wealth of Nations is often considered a foundational work of classical economics.Read More About Adam Smith","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/adam-smith-scottish-economist-and-philosopher-professor-of-news-photo-1731683776.jpg"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":6,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"Mary Wollstonecraft","url":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/g62918890/famous-philosophers#slide-6","description":"1759-1797In her 38 years of life (she died 10 days after giving birth to Frankenstein author Mary Shelley), Wollstonecraft cemented her lasting impact as a British philosopher and writer. She is best known for publishing A Vindication of the Rights of Woman in 1792, arguing that the educational system was designed to turn women into helpless ornaments of the household. Her call for women to have access to the same opportunities as men was revolutionary in her time but also stirred tremendous controversy. By the 19th and 20th centuries, however, Wollstonecraft’s feminist philosophy came to inspire crusaders of the women’s rights movements in both the United States and Britain.Read More About Mary WollstonecraftKeep Reading: The Women Behind the 19th Amendment","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/english-feminist-writer-mary-wollstonecraft-godwin-author-news-photo-1731684030.jpg"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":7,"item":{"@type":"Thing","name":"Karl Marx","url":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/g62918890/famous-philosophers#slide-7","description":"1818-1883The anticapitalist works of German philosopher and socialist Karl Marx form the basis of Marxism, a political and economic ideology driven by a set of theories that predict the rise of a classless society where workers share ownership of the means of production. 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He wrote his most influential work, Being and Nothingness (1943), while spending nine months as a prisoner of war after being drafted into the French army, and he drew upon his wartime experiences to write the book. As part of his existentialist philosophy, Sartre proposed that humans can and should make their own meaningful decisions in life, without help from external forces, and that we have no predetermined purpose. 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a{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;padding:0.9375rem 1.2rem;-webkit-transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:color 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-15eyev a::after{-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;color:#D4D4D4;content:"|";display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;left:1rem;position:relative;}.css-15eyev nav:last-child>a:after{display:none;}.css-15eyev a:hover{color:#737373;}.css-1cjybzt{padding:0.9375rem 0;min-width:45.5rem;text-align:center;z-index:2000000;position:relative;display:none;background-color:#E5E5E5;color:#000;width:100%;}@media(max-width: 40.625rem){.css-1cjybzt{position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:calc(var(--mobile-sticky-header-height, 0px) + var(--sticky-secondary-header-height, 0px));padding-bottom:0.9375rem;}}@media(min-width: 48rem){.css-1cjybzt{min-height:121px;}}@media(min-width: 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data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators" class="e3morl60 css-93j5lg e1c1bym14"><span itemprop="name">Famous Scholars & Educators</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="1"/></li><li itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem" class="css-huh8md e3morl61"><a data-theme-key="base-link" itemprop="item" href="/scholars-educators/g62918890/famous-philosophers" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Breadcrumbs" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="11 Philosophers Who Made the World Stop and Think" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/g62918890/famous-philosophers" class="e3morl60 css-93j5lg e1c1bym14"><span itemprop="name">11 Philosophers Who Made the World Stop and Think</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="2"/></li></ol></nav><h1 class="css-1sffik3 e1f1sunr8"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span>11 Philosophers Who Made the World Stop and Think<span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h1><div class="css-zndjyc e1f1sunr6"><p>Famous philosophers like Jean-Paul Sartre, Socrates, and Ayn Rand have challenged the way we consider the world and our place in it.</p></div><div class="css-1dbl5je e1f1sunr5"><address class="css-h18ss9 e1v8cotw2"><span data-theme-key="by-line-name" class="css-1anrfx5 e1v8cotw1">By Jordan Friedman</span><time class="css-gzal4i e1f1sunr4">Updated: Nov 21, 2024 10:32 AM EST</time></address></div><div class="no-print css-17vu5fu e1f1sunr11"><div data-journey-blur="true" class="content-header-actions css-18jz25a e1f1sunr10"></div></div></div></div></section></header><div data-journey-body="listicle" data-journey-hide="true" class="listicle-container content-container listicle-body-content css-4rmlxi e13lia4i20"><section data-ad-index="0" class="css-t6ry6e e13lia4i18"><section class="listicle-header css-eejppf e13lia4i17"><div class="css-1bw2h88 e13lia4i16"><div class="css-19di9js e13lia4i15"><div data-journey-blur="true" class="content-lead-image css-sm2oir e17huqc62"><div class="css-96439d e17huqc61"><picture class="css-1oxikel e1i0vlu30"><source srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/the-philosopher-jean-paul-sartre-france-about-1946-news-photo-1731685135.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.699xh;0,0.0290xh&resize=1200:*" media="(min-width: 73.75rem)"/><source srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/the-philosopher-jean-paul-sartre-france-about-1946-news-photo-1731685135.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.699xh;0,0.0290xh&resize=1024:*" media="(min-width: 64rem)"/><source srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/the-philosopher-jean-paul-sartre-france-about-1946-news-photo-1731685135.jpg?crop=0.500xw:0.695xh;0.0176xw,0.0200xh&resize=980:*" media="(min-width: 48rem)"/><source srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/the-philosopher-jean-paul-sartre-france-about-1946-news-photo-1731685135.jpg?crop=0.500xw:0.695xh;0.0176xw,0.0200xh&resize=640:*" media="(max-width: 48rem)"/><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/the-philosopher-jean-paul-sartre-france-about-1946-news-photo-1731685135.jpg?crop=0.500xw:0.695xh;0.0176xw,0.0200xh&resize=640:*" alt="jean paul sartre sits in a three piece suit and tie and points one finger out to the right" title="Jean-Paul Sartre, circa1946" width="3543" height="2546" decoding="async" fetchPriority="high" sizes="100vw"/></picture></div><section data-lazy-id="P0-7"><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption-lead-image" class="css-wgijip e1g9hcy40"><span class="css-wuot6e e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption></section></div><div data-journey-listicle-introduction="true" class="listicle-intro css-1mdnnmm e13lia4i13"><p data-journey-content="true" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">While some people make history for <a href="https://www.biography.com/inventors/g43350734/famous-inventors" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/inventors/g43350734/famous-inventors" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="changing how we do routine tasks" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">changing how we do routine tasks</a>, others make history for changing how we think. From ancient civilization through today, the world’s leading philosophers have challenged the way we consider society, the economy, the role of government, and even our own existence. </p><p data-journey-content="true" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Their ability and steadfast determination to question what we believe we know about reality is something the philosophers from long ago—<a href="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/socrates" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/socrates" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Socrates" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Socrates</a>, <a href="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/plato" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/plato" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Plato" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Plato</a>, and <a href="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/aristotle" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/aristotle" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Aristotle" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Aristotle</a>, to name a few—have in common with those from modern history, like <a href="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/rene-descartes" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/rene-descartes" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="René Descartes" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">René Descartes</a> and <a href="https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/ayn-rand" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/ayn-rand" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Ayn Rand" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Ayn Rand</a>. By helping us understand the universe and the concept of reality, groundbreaking philosophers have influenced politics, transformed the social order, inspired critical thinking, and shaped how we function as a society. </p><p data-journey-content="true" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">For World Philosophy Day on November 21, here are 11 philosophers from ancient times through the 20<sup>th</sup> century whose theories had a lasting influence on human thought.</p><p data-journey-content="true" class="body-tip css-i3xjyl emevuu60">Related: <a href="https://www.biography.com/history-culture/g45485839/best-books-about-philosophers" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/history-culture/g45485839/best-books-about-philosophers" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="The Best Books About Philosophers and Philosophy" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">The Best Books About Philosophers and Philosophy</a></p></div></div></div></section><div class="css-1jh7ofx e13lia4i12"><div class="css-65qmx2 e13lia4i11"><div class="standard-article-vertical-ad e13lia4i10 css-8d4de6 e19qkiag2"><div id="gpt-ad-vertical-top" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div></div><section id="slide-1" data-anchor-id="slide-1" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-13j5f4r e16kmapv7"><div class="css-1l3nada e16kmapv6"><h2 class="css-l1abp1 e16kmapv5">Socrates</h2><div class="css-ihgp0w eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/socrates-was-a-classical-greek-athenian-philosopher-news-photo-1731683246.jpg?crop=0.867xw:0.676xh;0.0760xw,0.0397xh&resize=480:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/socrates-was-a-classical-greek-athenian-philosopher-news-photo-1731683246.jpg?crop=0.867xw:0.676xh;0.0760xw,0.0397xh&resize=980:* 980w" alt="bust of socrates" data-cy="slide-image-1" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/socrates-was-a-classical-greek-athenian-philosopher-news-photo-1731683246.jpg?crop=0.867xw:0.676xh;0.0760xw,0.0397xh&resize=980:*" title="Bust of Socrates" width="638" height="1024" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span class="css-wuot6e e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-18oiw2p e16kmapv3"><div class="css-pd960 e16kmapv4"><blockquote class="css-3jv8o3 emevuu60">470 BCE-399 BCE</blockquote><p class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Socrates is a name you probably have heard time and time again. That’s because he helped lay the foundation for Western thought and moral philosophy with the development of his Socratic method. The Grecian thinker’s approach to logical argumentation involved asking a series of questions to encourage dialogue about complex ideas. At the time, it was lauded by some but infuriated others because it could make them appear foolish. </p><p class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Socrates used this method to challenge widely accepted beliefs about <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/news/socrates-was-guilty-as-charged" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.cam.ac.uk/news/socrates-was-guilty-as-charged" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="the role of gods" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">the role of gods</a> in society, the nature of <a href="https://philosophy.northwestern.edu/documents/cv-resume/kraut-richard/philosophy-people-kraut-richard-greekdemoc.pdf" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://philosophy.northwestern.edu/documents/cv-resume/kraut-richard/philosophy-people-kraut-richard-greekdemoc.pdf" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="democracy" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">democracy</a>, and the <a href="https://philosophy.northwestern.edu/documents/cv-resume/kraut-richard/philosophy-people-kraut-richard-greekdemoc.pdf" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://philosophy.northwestern.edu/documents/cv-resume/kraut-richard/philosophy-people-kraut-richard-greekdemoc.pdf" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="relationship" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">relationship</a> between appointed leaders and the people. He was put on trial for his theories in 399 BCE, convicted by a jury, and sentenced to death, but it was too late to contain his revolutionary ideas.</p><p class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60"><a href="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/socrates" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/socrates" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Read More about Socrates" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" class="body-btn-link css-3jb2lm emevuu60">Read More About Socrates</a></p></div></div></div></div></section><section id="slide-2" data-anchor-id="slide-2" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-13j5f4r e16kmapv7"><div class="css-1l3nada e16kmapv6"><h2 class="css-l1abp1 e16kmapv5">Aristotle</h2><div class="css-ihgp0w eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/bust-of-aristotle-greek-philosopher-and-scientist-marble-news-photo-1731683348.jpg?crop=0.998xw:1.00xh;0.00205xw,0&resize=480:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/bust-of-aristotle-greek-philosopher-and-scientist-marble-news-photo-1731683348.jpg?crop=0.998xw:1.00xh;0.00205xw,0&resize=980:* 980w" alt="bust of aristotle" data-cy="slide-image-2" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/bust-of-aristotle-greek-philosopher-and-scientist-marble-news-photo-1731683348.jpg?crop=0.998xw:1.00xh;0.00205xw,0&resize=980:*" title="Bust of Aristotle" width="2695" height="3351" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span class="css-wuot6e e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-18oiw2p e16kmapv3"><div class="css-pd960 e16kmapv4"><blockquote class="css-3jv8o3 emevuu60">384 BCE-322 BCE</blockquote><p class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">You’re likely also familiar with Aristotle, the ancient Greek philosopher and scientist described as one of the greatest thinkers in politics, psychology, and ethics. <a href="https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Dubbed" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Dubbed</a> the “father of Western logic,” Aristotle developed a universal system of deductive reasoning that aimed to help humans understand everything they possibly could about reality. </p><p class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">He believed the validity of an argument is determined by its structure rather than its content and that deduction and inference could be used to collect information to support an argument. His estimated 200 works influenced over seven centuries of philosophy and laid the groundwork for modern-day logic.</p><p class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60"><a href="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/aristotle" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/aristotle" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Read More About Aristotle" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" class="body-btn-link css-3jb2lm emevuu60">Read More About Aristotle</a></p></div></div></div></div></section></section><div data-journey-unblur="true"><div data-journey-unblur="true" class="gpt-breaker-container breaker-ad breaker-ad listicle-slide-list-ad eutn2uj1 css-vroe5m e1spmc110"><div class="ad-disclaimer no-print css-11y3v87 e1caqep90">Advertisement - Continue Reading Below</div><div id="listicle-ad-breaker-0" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div><section data-ad-index="1" class="css-t6ry6e e13lia4i18"><section id="slide-3" data-anchor-id="slide-3" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-13j5f4r e16kmapv7"><div class="css-1l3nada e16kmapv6"><h2 class="css-l1abp1 e16kmapv5">René Descartes</h2><div class="css-ihgp0w eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/portrait-of-french-mathematician-and-philosopher-rene-news-photo-1731683475.jpg?crop=0.918xw:0.935xh;0.00411xw,0.0652xh&resize=480:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/portrait-of-french-mathematician-and-philosopher-rene-news-photo-1731683475.jpg?crop=0.918xw:0.935xh;0.00411xw,0.0652xh&resize=980:* 980w" alt="portrait of rene descartes looking over his shoulder at the painter, he wears a black outfit with a white collared shirt" data-cy="slide-image-3" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/portrait-of-french-mathematician-and-philosopher-rene-news-photo-1731683475.jpg?crop=0.918xw:0.935xh;0.00411xw,0.0652xh&resize=980:*" title="Portrait of Rene Descartes" width="833" height="1024" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span class="css-wuot6e e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-18oiw2p e16kmapv3"><div class="css-pd960 e16kmapv4"><blockquote class="css-3jv8o3 emevuu60">1596-1650</blockquote><p class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">A French philosopher, Descartes’ ideas <a href="https://iep.utm.edu/rene-descartes/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://iep.utm.edu/rene-descartes/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="went against" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">went against</a> the prevailing Aristotelian and Scholastic philosophies of the 1600s that depended mostly on sensory perception as our main source of truth. He believed in clearing all preconceived and inherited notions and starting anew. </p><p class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">With this approach, Descartes came to the conclusion that, if we are able to doubt our own existence, then we must exist, leading to his famous quote: ”I think, therefore I am.” He published these words—a fundamental principle of his philosophy—in <em>Discourse on the Method</em> (1637), which had a major influence on modern philosophy and <a href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="recognized" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">recognized</a> the importance of mathematics and scientific thinking in the field.</p><p class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60"><a href="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/rene-descartes" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/rene-descartes" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Read More About René Descartes" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" class="body-btn-link css-3jb2lm emevuu60">Read More About René Descartes</a></p></div></div></div></div></section><section id="slide-4" data-anchor-id="slide-4" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-13j5f4r e16kmapv7"><div class="css-1l3nada e16kmapv6"><h2 class="css-l1abp1 e16kmapv5">John Locke</h2><div class="css-ihgp0w eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/circa-1680-english-philosopher-john-locke-known-as-the-news-photo-1731683647.jpg?crop=0.957xw:0.931xh;0.0287xw,0.0688xh&resize=480:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/circa-1680-english-philosopher-john-locke-known-as-the-news-photo-1731683647.jpg?crop=0.957xw:0.931xh;0.0287xw,0.0688xh&resize=980:* 980w" alt="portrait of john locke looking to the left and sitting in front of a bookshelf, he wears a brown jacket and white collared shirt" data-cy="slide-image-4" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/circa-1680-english-philosopher-john-locke-known-as-the-news-photo-1731683647.jpg?crop=0.957xw:0.931xh;0.0287xw,0.0688xh&resize=980:*" title="John Locke, circa 1680" width="797" height="1024" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span class="css-wuot6e e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-18oiw2p e16kmapv3"><div class="css-pd960 e16kmapv4"><blockquote class="css-3jv8o3 emevuu60">1632-1704</blockquote><p class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Locke was known for his works on political philosophy, epistemology, and education, with perhaps his most influential being 1689’s <em>Two Treatises of Government</em>. This was the publication that brought forth the idea of a “social contract” in which the consent of the governed is essential for legitimate rule. </p><p class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Born in England, Locke worked with Lord Ashley early on in his medical studies; Ashley became Earl of Shaftesbury and greatly influenced Locke’s political outlook. In his works, Locke <a href="https://fee.org/resources/john-locke-natural-rights-to-life-liberty-and-property" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://fee.org/resources/john-locke-natural-rights-to-life-liberty-and-property" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="denounced" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">denounced</a> the concept of tyranny and argued that everyone has the right to life, liberty, and property. His philosophies influenced the leaders of the American and French revolutions, who made direct connections between Locke’s principles and their own.</p><p class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60"><a href="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/john-locke" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/john-locke" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Read More About John Locke" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" class="body-btn-link css-3jb2lm emevuu60">Read More About John Locke</a></p></div></div></div></div></section><div class="css-1sirylr eutn2uj0"><div class="vertical-ad right-rail-ad listicle--ad-rail css-80uhvq e13lia4i5"><div class="e13lia4i6 css-4z3bwe e19qkiag2"><div id="listicle-ad-rail-0" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div></div></section><div data-journey-unblur="true"><div data-journey-unblur="true" class="gpt-breaker-container breaker-ad breaker-ad listicle-slide-list-ad eutn2uj1 css-vroe5m e1spmc110"><div class="ad-disclaimer no-print css-11y3v87 e1caqep90">Advertisement - Continue Reading Below</div><div id="listicle-ad-breaker-1" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div><section data-ad-index="2" class="css-t6ry6e e13lia4i18"><section id="slide-5" data-anchor-id="slide-5" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-13j5f4r e16kmapv7"><div class="css-1l3nada e16kmapv6"><h2 class="css-l1abp1 e16kmapv5">Adam Smith</h2><div class="css-ihgp0w eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/adam-smith-scottish-economist-and-philosopher-professor-of-news-photo-1731683776.jpg?crop=0.733xw:0.581xh;0.142xw,0.0730xh&resize=480:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/adam-smith-scottish-economist-and-philosopher-professor-of-news-photo-1731683776.jpg?crop=0.733xw:0.581xh;0.142xw,0.0730xh&resize=980:* 980w" alt="portrait of adam smith standing at a table and looking to the right, he wears a hat and long coat and holds a cane, his hand rests on a book on the table" data-cy="slide-image-5" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/adam-smith-scottish-economist-and-philosopher-professor-of-news-photo-1731683776.jpg?crop=0.733xw:0.581xh;0.142xw,0.0730xh&resize=980:*" title="Adam Smith, circa 1780" width="649" height="1024" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span class="css-wuot6e e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-18oiw2p e16kmapv3"><div class="css-pd960 e16kmapv4"><blockquote class="css-3jv8o3 emevuu60">1723-1790</blockquote><p class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">A Scottish philosopher and economist, Smith introduced the concept of a political economy with his publication of <em>The Wealth of Nations</em> in 1776. A country’s wealth, he argued, isn’t measured by the quantity of gold and silver in its possession, but rather, by the total of its production and commerce—a metric we know today as gross domestic product (GDP). </p><p class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Smith also argued in favor of free-market economies and an economic system driven by people’s self-interest, led by an “invisible hand” that allows the economy to regulate itself. <em>The Wealth of Nations</em> is often considered a foundational work of classical economics.</p><p class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60"><a href="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/adam-smith" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/adam-smith" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Read More About Adam Smith" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" class="body-btn-link css-3jb2lm emevuu60">Read More About Adam Smith</a></p></div></div></div></div></section><section id="slide-6" data-anchor-id="slide-6" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-13j5f4r e16kmapv7"><div class="css-1l3nada e16kmapv6"><h2 class="css-l1abp1 e16kmapv5">Mary Wollstonecraft</h2><div class="css-ihgp0w eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/english-feminist-writer-mary-wollstonecraft-godwin-author-news-photo-1731684030.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.919xh;0,0.0256xh&resize=480:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/english-feminist-writer-mary-wollstonecraft-godwin-author-news-photo-1731684030.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.919xh;0,0.0256xh&resize=980:* 980w" alt="portrait of mary wollstonecraft looking to the left, she wears a long sleeve dress" data-cy="slide-image-6" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/english-feminist-writer-mary-wollstonecraft-godwin-author-news-photo-1731684030.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.919xh;0,0.0256xh&resize=980:*" title="Mary Wollstonecraft, circa 1797" width="2638" height="3595" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span class="css-wuot6e e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-18oiw2p e16kmapv3"><div class="css-pd960 e16kmapv4"><blockquote class="css-3jv8o3 emevuu60">1759-1797</blockquote><p class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">In her 38 years of life (she died 10 days after giving birth to <em>Frankenstein</em> author <a href="https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/mary-shelley" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/mary-shelley" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Mary Shelley" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Mary Shelley</a>), Wollstonecraft cemented her lasting impact as a British philosopher and writer. She is best known for publishing <em>A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</em> in 1792, <a href="https://lib.msu.edu/exhibits/women-msu/rights-education" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://lib.msu.edu/exhibits/women-msu/rights-education" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="arguing" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">arguing</a> that the educational system was designed to turn women into helpless ornaments of the household. </p><p class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Her call for women to have access to the same opportunities as men was revolutionary in her time but also stirred tremendous controversy. By the 19<sup>th</sup> and 20<sup>th</sup> centuries, however, Wollstonecraft’s feminist philosophy came to <a href="https://fee.org/articles/mary-wollstonecraft-equal-rights-for-women/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://fee.org/articles/mary-wollstonecraft-equal-rights-for-women/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="inspire" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">inspire</a> crusaders of the <a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/abolitionists/seneca-falls-convention-leaders" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/abolitionists/seneca-falls-convention-leaders" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="women’s rights movements" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">women’s rights movements</a> in both the United States and Britain.</p><p class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60"><a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/mary-wollstonecraft" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/mary-wollstonecraft" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Read More About Mary Wollstonecraft" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" class="body-btn-link css-3jb2lm emevuu60">Read More About Mary Wollstonecraft</a></p><p class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60"><em>Keep Reading: <a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/19th-amendment-famous-suffragists" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/19th-amendment-famous-suffragists" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="The Women Behind the 19th Amendment" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">The Women Behind the 19<sup>th</sup> Amendment</a></em></p></div></div></div></div></section><div class="css-1sirylr eutn2uj0"><div class="vertical-ad right-rail-ad listicle--ad-rail css-80uhvq e13lia4i5"><div class="e13lia4i6 css-4z3bwe e19qkiag2"><div id="listicle-ad-rail-1" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div></div></section><div data-journey-unblur="true"><div data-journey-unblur="true" class="gpt-breaker-container breaker-ad breaker-ad listicle-slide-list-ad eutn2uj1 css-vroe5m e1spmc110"><div class="ad-disclaimer no-print css-11y3v87 e1caqep90">Advertisement - Continue Reading Below</div><div id="listicle-ad-breaker-2" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div><section data-ad-index="3" class="css-t6ry6e e13lia4i18"><section id="slide-7" data-anchor-id="slide-7" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-13j5f4r e16kmapv7"><div class="css-1l3nada e16kmapv6"><h2 class="css-l1abp1 e16kmapv5">Karl Marx</h2><div class="css-ihgp0w eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/karl-marx-german-socialist-philospher-and-author-of-das-news-photo-1731684277.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.917xh;0,0.0633xh&resize=480:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/karl-marx-german-socialist-philospher-and-author-of-das-news-photo-1731684277.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.917xh;0,0.0633xh&resize=980:* 980w" alt="karl marx sits for a photo, he wears a suit and magnifying glass on a chain around his neck" data-cy="slide-image-7" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/karl-marx-german-socialist-philospher-and-author-of-das-news-photo-1731684277.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.917xh;0,0.0633xh&resize=980:*" title="Karl Marx" width="2662" height="3635" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span class="css-wuot6e e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-18oiw2p e16kmapv3"><div class="css-pd960 e16kmapv4"><blockquote class="css-3jv8o3 emevuu60">1818-1883</blockquote><p class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">The anticapitalist works of German philosopher and socialist Karl Marx form the basis of Marxism, a political and economic ideology driven by a set of theories that <a href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/communism/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/communism/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="predict" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">predict</a> the rise of a classless society where workers share ownership of the means of production. As the founder of a Communist Correspondence Committee, Marx published the political pamphlet commonly known as <em>The Communist Manifesto</em> in 1848.</p><p class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Marx also went on to author the first volume of <em>Das Kapital</em> in 1867 after shifting his focus more to capitalism and economic theory. Initially, his ideas had little impact, but by 1950, <a href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/marx-publishes-manifesto" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/marx-publishes-manifesto" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="nearly half of the global population" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">nearly half of the global population</a> lived under Marxist governments.</p><p class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60"><a href="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/karl-marx" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/karl-marx" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Read More About Karl Marx" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" class="body-btn-link css-3jb2lm emevuu60">Read More About Karl Marx</a></p></div></div></div></div></section><section id="slide-8" data-anchor-id="slide-8" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-13j5f4r e16kmapv7"><div class="css-1l3nada e16kmapv6"><h2 class="css-l1abp1 e16kmapv5">W.E.B. Du Bois</h2><div class="css-ihgp0w eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/dubois-sociologist-scholar-and-cofounder-of-the-naacp-circa-news-photo-1731684433.jpg?crop=0.928xw:1.00xh;0.0719xw,0&resize=480:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/dubois-sociologist-scholar-and-cofounder-of-the-naacp-circa-news-photo-1731684433.jpg?crop=0.928xw:1.00xh;0.0719xw,0&resize=980:* 980w" alt="web dubois sits in front of a bookshelf, he wears a suit jacket, collared shirt, striped tie, and pocket square" data-cy="slide-image-8" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/dubois-sociologist-scholar-and-cofounder-of-the-naacp-circa-news-photo-1731684433.jpg?crop=0.928xw:1.00xh;0.0719xw,0&resize=980:*" title="W.E.B. DuBois, circa 1946" width="884" height="1024" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span class="css-wuot6e e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-18oiw2p e16kmapv3"><div class="css-pd960 e16kmapv4"><blockquote class="css-3jv8o3 emevuu60">1868-1963</blockquote><p class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Among many things, Du Bois was a philosopher, economic historian, sociologist, and leader in the African American rights movement of the first half of the 20<sup>th</sup> century. His 1903 collection of 14 essays, <em>The Souls of Black Folk</em>, is among his most influential works in the history of sociology. In it, Du Bois describes the “double consciousness” of African Americans, in which their identities as people of both African and American descent creates a distinct experience from either individual background. Philosophers and scholars have continued to <a href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/double-consciousness/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/double-consciousness/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="expand" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">expand</a> on Du Bois’ concept of double consciousness in the decades since.</p><p class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60"><a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/web-du-bois" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/web-du-bois" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Read More About W.E.B. Du Bois" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" class="body-btn-link css-3jb2lm emevuu60">Read More About W.E.B. Du Bois</a></p><p class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60"><em>Related: <a href="https://www.biography.com/activists/web-du-bois-naacp" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/activists/web-du-bois-naacp" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="How W.E.B. Du Bois Helped Create the NAACP" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">How W.E.B. Du Bois Helped Create the NAACP</a></em></p></div></div></div></div></section><div class="css-1sirylr eutn2uj0"><div class="vertical-ad right-rail-ad listicle--ad-rail css-80uhvq e13lia4i5"><div class="e13lia4i6 css-4z3bwe e19qkiag2"><div id="listicle-ad-rail-2" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div></div></section><div data-journey-unblur="true"></div><section data-ad-index="4" class="css-t6ry6e e13lia4i18"><section id="slide-9" data-anchor-id="slide-9" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-13j5f4r e16kmapv7"><div class="css-1l3nada e16kmapv6"><h2 class="css-l1abp1 e16kmapv5">Jean-Paul Sartre</h2><div class="css-ihgp0w eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/portrait-de-jean-paul-sartre-chez-lui-dans-son-bureau-c3-a0-news-photo-1731684611.jpg?crop=0.534xw:1.00xh;0.257xw,0&resize=480:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/portrait-de-jean-paul-sartre-chez-lui-dans-son-bureau-c3-a0-news-photo-1731684611.jpg?crop=0.534xw:1.00xh;0.257xw,0&resize=980:* 980w" alt="jean paul sartre sits in an armchair in front of a bookshelf, he wears glasses, a navy shirt and dark pants" data-cy="slide-image-9" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/portrait-de-jean-paul-sartre-chez-lui-dans-son-bureau-c3-a0-news-photo-1731684611.jpg?crop=0.534xw:1.00xh;0.257xw,0&resize=980:*" title="Jean-Paul Sartre" width="1024" height="680" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span class="css-wuot6e e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-18oiw2p e16kmapv3"><div class="css-pd960 e16kmapv4"><blockquote class="css-3jv8o3 emevuu60">1905-1980</blockquote><p class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">French philosopher Sartre caused us to think more deeply about why we exist and the meaning of life. He wrote his most influential work, <em>Being and Nothingness</em> (1943), while spending nine months as a prisoner of war after being drafted into the French army, and he drew upon his wartime experiences to write the book. As part of his existentialist philosophy, Sartre <a href="https://philarchive.org/archive/AKIJSE" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://philarchive.org/archive/AKIJSE" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="proposed" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">proposed</a> that humans can and should make their own meaningful decisions in life, without help from external forces, and that we have no predetermined purpose. His works greatly <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1964/sartre/facts/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1964/sartre/facts/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="influenced" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">influenced</a> 20<sup>th</sup> century sociology, postcolonial theories, and other disciplines as we know them today.</p><p class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60"><a href="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/jean-paul-sartre" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/jean-paul-sartre" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Read More About Jean-Paul Sartre" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" class="body-btn-link css-3jb2lm emevuu60">Read More About Jean-Paul Sartre</a></p></div></div></div></div></section><section id="slide-10" data-anchor-id="slide-10" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-13j5f4r e16kmapv7"><div class="css-1l3nada e16kmapv6"><h2 class="css-l1abp1 e16kmapv5">Ayn Rand</h2><div class="css-ihgp0w eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/russian-born-american-author-and-philosopher-ayn-rand-news-photo-1731683936.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.880xh;0,0.0520xh&resize=480:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/russian-born-american-author-and-philosopher-ayn-rand-news-photo-1731683936.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.880xh;0,0.0520xh&resize=980:* 980w" alt="ayn rand stands with her arms crossed, smiling and looking to the left, behind here is grand central station in new york city" data-cy="slide-image-10" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/russian-born-american-author-and-philosopher-ayn-rand-news-photo-1731683936.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.880xh;0,0.0520xh&resize=980:*" title="Ayn Rand in 1957" width="720" height="1024" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span class="css-wuot6e e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-18oiw2p e16kmapv3"><div class="css-pd960 e16kmapv4"><blockquote class="css-3jv8o3 emevuu60">1905-1982</blockquote><p class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Although Rand’s philosophy of objectivism was poorly received during her lifetime, it ultimately became widely influential in how we think about the concept of reality. The Russian-born American author of both fiction and nonfiction encouraged the pursuit of rational self-interest in a world where reality and the nature of events occur independent of human thought, feelings, and beliefs.</p><p class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Rand often integrated her philosophy into her novels, including the widely known <em>The Fountainhead</em> (1943) and <em>Atlas Shrugged</em> (1957). Her philosophy continues to <a href="https://studentsforliberty.org/blog/what-makes-ayn-rand-so-significant/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://studentsforliberty.org/blog/what-makes-ayn-rand-so-significant/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="influence" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">influence</a> advocates of individual reason and economic freedom, and her books are still in print today.</p><p class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60"><a href="https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/ayn-rand" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/ayn-rand" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Read More About Ayn Rand" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" class="body-btn-link css-3jb2lm emevuu60">Read More About Ayn Rand</a></p></div></div></div></div></section><div class="css-1sirylr eutn2uj0"><div class="vertical-ad right-rail-ad listicle--ad-rail css-80uhvq e13lia4i5"><div class="e13lia4i6 css-4z3bwe e19qkiag2"><div id="listicle-ad-rail-3" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div></div></section><div data-journey-unblur="true"><div data-journey-unblur="true" class="gpt-breaker-container breaker-ad breaker-ad listicle-slide-list-ad eutn2uj1 css-vroe5m e1spmc110"><div class="ad-disclaimer no-print css-11y3v87 e1caqep90">Advertisement - Continue Reading Below</div><div id="listicle-ad-breaker-4" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div><section data-ad-index="5" class="css-t6ry6e e13lia4i18"><section id="slide-11" data-anchor-id="slide-11" data-journey-listicle-slide="true" class="css-1rz4ih8 e16kmapv8"><div data-journey-content="true" class="listicle-slides css-13j5f4r e16kmapv7"><div class="css-1l3nada e16kmapv6"><h2 class="css-l1abp1 e16kmapv5">Simone De Beauvoir</h2><div class="css-ihgp0w eutn2uj2"><div class="css-7jdyxr e1nfup6f1"><img srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/portrait-of-french-author-and-philosopher-simone-de-news-photo-1731684815.jpg?crop=0.934xw:0.786xh;0,0.214xh&resize=480:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/portrait-of-french-author-and-philosopher-simone-de-news-photo-1731684815.jpg?crop=0.934xw:0.786xh;0,0.214xh&resize=980:* 980w" alt="simone de beauvoir looks over her shoulder at the camera as she sits at a desk and looks at papers, the desk has several stacks of books and a lamp, photographs hang on the wall behind" data-cy="slide-image-11" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/portrait-of-french-author-and-philosopher-simone-de-news-photo-1731684815.jpg?crop=0.934xw:0.786xh;0,0.214xh&resize=980:*" title="Simone De Beauvoir in 1958" width="688" height="1024" decoding="async" loading="lazy"/><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span class="css-wuot6e e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption></div></div><div class="css-18oiw2p e16kmapv3"><div class="css-pd960 e16kmapv4"><blockquote class="css-3jv8o3 emevuu60">1908-1986</blockquote><p class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">The modern feminist movement can trace its roots, in part, to the works of French philosopher De Beauvoir, whose nearly 1,000-page <em>The Second Sex</em>, published in 1949, <a href="https://contemporarythinkers.org/simone-de-beauvoir/introduction/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://contemporarythinkers.org/simone-de-beauvoir/introduction/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="challenges" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">challenges</a> the patriarchal status quo and the lower status granted to women. While now known as one of the most influential early feminist works, at the time its publication led to great controversy; some critics went so far as to label the book as pornography. Before she died in 1986, De Beauvoir challenged gender norms, called for equality, and helped women view their place in society differently.</p><p class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60"><a href="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/simone-de-beauvoir" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/simone-de-beauvoir" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Read More About Simone De Beauvoir" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" class="body-btn-link css-3jb2lm emevuu60">Read More About Simone De Beauvoir</a></p></div></div></div></div></section><div class="css-1sirylr eutn2uj0"><div class="vertical-ad right-rail-ad listicle--ad-rail css-80uhvq e13lia4i5"><div class="e13lia4i6 css-4z3bwe e19qkiag2"><div id="listicle-ad-rail-4" class="ad-container css-rbetrv ewg5wdb1"></div></div></div></div></section><section class="css-t6ry6e e13lia4i18"><div data-journey-blur="partial" class="css-1e54vvi e13lia4i9"><div class="css-16s525c e13lia4i8"></div></div></section></div><section 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james"},"source":{}}],"slug":"william-james","display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"display_id":42600479,"legacy_id":58076171,"metadata":{"dek":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam James was a philosopher who was the first educator to offer a psychology course in the United States, earning him the title 'Father of American psychology.'\u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"William James","index_title":"William James","social_dek":"\u003cp\u003eWilliam James was a philosopher who was the first educator to offer a psychology course in the United States, earning him the title 'Father of American 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Stuart Mill","seo_meta_description":"john stuart mill"},"source":{}}],"slug":"john-stuart-mill","display_type":{"title":"Standard Article"},"display_id":42600031,"legacy_id":26905614,"metadata":{"dek":"\u003cp\u003eJohn Stuart Mill, who has been called the most influential English-speaking philosopher of the 19th century, was a British philosopher, economist, and moral and political theorist.\u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"John Stuart Mill","index_title":"John Stuart Mill","social_dek":"\u003cp\u003eJohn Stuart Mill, who has been called the most influential English-speaking philosopher of the 19th century, was a British philosopher, economist, and moral and political 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paul sartre sits in a three piece suit and tie and points one finger out to the right","seo_meta_title":"Jean-Paul Sartre, circa1946"},"image_id":"6fddb063-2867-460b-a89c-f27f1d50683b","height":2546,"pathname":"/images/the-philosopher-jean-paul-sartre-france-about-1946-news-photo-1731685135.jpg","width":3543,"created_at":"2024-11-15T15:38:56.769333Z","source":{"title":"Getty Images"}},{"role":12,"media_type":"image","metadata":{}}],"publish_source":{"title":"Biography"},"originally_published_at":"2024-11-15T16:17:37.692835Z","publish_from":"2024-11-21T15:32:00Z","updated_at":"2024-11-21T15:32:15.366340Z","slug":"famous-philosophers","display_type":{"title":"Listicle","slug":"listicle"},"content_type":{"title":"Round-up: General"},"metadata":{"auto_social":1,"hide_list_number":"1","custom_editors":"['Jordan Friedman']","dek":"\u003cp\u003eFamous philosophers like Jean-Paul Sartre, Socrates, and Ayn Rand have challenged the way we consider the world and our place in it.\u003c/p\u003e","display_instagram_embeds":1,"social_dek":"\u003cp\u003eFamous philosophers like Jean-Paul Sartre, Socrates, and Ayn Rand have challenged the way we consider the world and our place in it.\u003c/p\u003e","short_title":"11 Philosophers Who Made the World Stop and Think","index_title":"11 Philosophers Who Made the World Stop and Think","introductory_text":"\u003cp\u003eWhile some people make history for \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/inventors/g43350734/famous-inventors\"\u003echanging how we do routine tasks\u003c/a\u003e, others make history for changing how we think. From ancient civilization through today, the world’s leading philosophers have challenged the way we consider society, the economy, the role of government, and even our own existence. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTheir ability and steadfast determination to question what we believe we know about reality is something the philosophers from long ago—\u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/socrates\"\u003eSocrates\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/plato\"\u003ePlato\u003c/a\u003e, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/aristotle\"\u003eAristotle\u003c/a\u003e, to name a few—have in common with those from modern history, like \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/rene-descartes\"\u003eRené Descartes\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/ayn-rand\"\u003eAyn Rand\u003c/a\u003e. By helping us understand the universe and the concept of reality, groundbreaking philosophers have influenced politics, transformed the social order, inspired critical thinking, and shaped how we function as a society. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor World Philosophy Day on November 21, here are 11 philosophers from ancient times through the 20\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e century whose theories had a lasting influence on human thought.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp class=\"body-tip\"\u003eRelated: \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/history-culture/g45485839/best-books-about-philosophers\"\u003eThe Best Books About Philosophers and Philosophy\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","social_title":"11 Philosophers Who Made the World Stop and Think","seo_meta_description":"Famous philosophers like Socrates, Karl Marx, W.E.B. 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tasks","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/inventors/g43350734/famous-inventors","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/inventors/g43350734/famous-inventors","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"changing how we do routine tasks","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":", others make history for changing how we think. From ancient civilization through today, the world’s leading philosophers have challenged the way we consider society, the economy, the role of government, and even our own existence. ","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{"data-journey-content":true},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"Their ability and steadfast determination to question what we believe we know about reality is something the philosophers from long ago—","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Socrates","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/socrates","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/socrates","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Socrates","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":", ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Plato","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/plato","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/plato","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Plato","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":", and ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Aristotle","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/aristotle","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/aristotle","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Aristotle","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":", to name a few—have in common with those from modern history, like ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"René Descartes","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/rene-descartes","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/rene-descartes","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"René Descartes","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" and ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Ayn Rand","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/ayn-rand","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/ayn-rand","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Ayn Rand","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":". By helping us understand the universe and the concept of reality, groundbreaking philosophers have influenced politics, transformed the social order, inspired critical thinking, and shaped how we function as a society. ","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{"data-journey-content":true},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"For World Philosophy Day on November 21, here are 11 philosophers from ancient times through the 20","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"th","type":"text"}],"name":"sup","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" century whose theories had a lasting influence on human thought.","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{"data-journey-content":true},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"Related: ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"The Best Books About Philosophers and Philosophy","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/history-culture/g45485839/best-books-about-philosophers","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/history-culture/g45485839/best-books-about-philosophers","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"The Best Books About Philosophers and Philosophy","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}}],"name":"p","attribs":{"class":"body-tip","data-journey-content":true},"type":"tag"}],"type":"root"},"slides":[{"image_id":"70caa139-3291-4f3c-94af-95260f19c950","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/socrates-was-a-classical-greek-athenian-philosopher-news-photo-1731683246.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":1024,"role":1,"pathname":"/images/socrates-was-a-classical-greek-athenian-philosopher-news-photo-1731683246.jpg","media_type":"image","width":638,"created_at":"2024-11-15T15:07:27.152282Z","metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"0.714xw:0.445xh;0,0.0356xh","2x1":"1xw:0.31152xh;center,top","3x1":"1xw:0.20768xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.46729xh;center,top","4x6":"1xw:0.93457xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.12461xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.41536xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.07788xh;center,top","10x2":"1xw:0.12461xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.18691xh;center,top","10x5":"1xw:0.31152xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.35046xh;center,top","8x10":"0.867xw:0.676xh;0.0760xw,0.0397xh","9x16":"0.90282xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.38075xh;center,top","freeform":"1xw:1xh;center,top"},"dek":"\u003cblockquote\u003e470 BCE-399 BCE\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocrates is a name you probably have heard time and time again. That’s because he helped lay the foundation for Western thought and moral philosophy with the development of his Socratic method. The Grecian thinker’s approach to logical argumentation involved asking a series of questions to encourage dialogue about complex ideas. At the time, it was lauded by some but infuriated others because it could make them appear foolish. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocrates used this method to challenge widely accepted beliefs about \u003ca href=\"https://www.cam.ac.uk/news/socrates-was-guilty-as-charged\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ethe role of gods\u003c/a\u003e in society, the nature of \u003ca href=\"https://philosophy.northwestern.edu/documents/cv-resume/kraut-richard/philosophy-people-kraut-richard-greekdemoc.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"\u003edemocracy\u003c/a\u003e, and the \u003ca href=\"https://philosophy.northwestern.edu/documents/cv-resume/kraut-richard/philosophy-people-kraut-richard-greekdemoc.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"\u003erelationship\u003c/a\u003e between appointed leaders and the people. He was put on trial for his theories in 399 BCE, convicted by a jury, and sentenced to death, but it was too late to contain his revolutionary ideas.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/socrates\" class=\"body-btn-link\" data-vars-ga-outbound-link=\"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/socrates\" data-vars-ga-call-to-action=\"Read More about Socrates\"\u003eRead More About Socrates\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","headline":"Socrates","selected_crop":"8x10","slide_image_link_url":"","slide_image_link_title":"","slide_image_link_new_tab":"0","slide_image_link_nofollow":"1","skip_slide_numbering":"0","hide_social":true,"dekDom":{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"470 BCE-399 BCE","type":"text"}],"name":"blockquote","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"Socrates is a name you probably have heard time and time again. That’s because he helped lay the foundation for Western thought and moral philosophy with the development of his Socratic method. The Grecian thinker’s approach to logical argumentation involved asking a series of questions to encourage dialogue about complex ideas. At the time, it was lauded by some but infuriated others because it could make them appear foolish. ","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"Socrates used this method to challenge widely accepted beliefs about ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"the role of gods","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.cam.ac.uk/news/socrates-was-guilty-as-charged","target":"_blank","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.cam.ac.uk/news/socrates-was-guilty-as-charged","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"the role of gods","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" in society, the nature of ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"democracy","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://philosophy.northwestern.edu/documents/cv-resume/kraut-richard/philosophy-people-kraut-richard-greekdemoc.pdf","target":"_blank","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://philosophy.northwestern.edu/documents/cv-resume/kraut-richard/philosophy-people-kraut-richard-greekdemoc.pdf","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"democracy","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":", and the ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"relationship","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://philosophy.northwestern.edu/documents/cv-resume/kraut-richard/philosophy-people-kraut-richard-greekdemoc.pdf","target":"_blank","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://philosophy.northwestern.edu/documents/cv-resume/kraut-richard/philosophy-people-kraut-richard-greekdemoc.pdf","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"relationship","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" between appointed leaders and the people. He was put on trial for his theories in 399 BCE, convicted by a jury, and sentenced to death, but it was too late to contain his revolutionary ideas.","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"Read More About Socrates","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/socrates","class":"body-btn-link","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/socrates","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Read More about Socrates","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink"},"type":"tag","response":{}}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"type":"root"},"headlineDom":{"children":[{"data":"Socrates","type":"text"}],"type":"root"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Bust of Socrates","seo_meta_description":"bust of socrates"},"source":{"title":"Getty Images"},"id":"70caa139-3291-4f3c-94af-95260f19c950","media_id":"1c79ab35-c075-4e64-8e6c-9392098b76ad"},{"image_id":"e77ac721-2cbe-4038-bddf-cf2e4a26466c","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/bust-of-aristotle-greek-philosopher-and-scientist-marble-news-photo-1731683348.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":3351,"role":1,"pathname":"/images/bust-of-aristotle-greek-philosopher-and-scientist-marble-news-photo-1731683348.jpg","media_type":"image","width":2695,"created_at":"2024-11-15T15:09:11.147300Z","metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1xw:0.80424xh;center,top","2x1":"1xw:0.40212xh;center,top","3x1":"1xw:0.26808xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.60318xh;center,top","4x6":"0.82894xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.16085xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.53616xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.10053xh;center,top","10x2":"1xw:0.16085xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.24127xh;center,top","10x5":"1xw:0.40212xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.45238xh;center,top","8x10":"0.998xw:1.00xh;0.00205xw,0","9x16":"0.69942xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.49148xh;center,top","freeform":"1xw:1xh;center,top"},"dek":"\u003cblockquote\u003e384 BCE-322 BCE\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eYou’re likely also familiar with Aristotle, the ancient Greek philosopher and scientist described as one of the greatest thinkers in politics, psychology, and ethics. \u003ca href=\"https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eDubbed\u003c/a\u003e the “father of Western logic,” Aristotle developed a universal system of deductive reasoning that aimed to help humans understand everything they possibly could about reality. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHe believed the validity of an argument is determined by its structure rather than its content and that deduction and inference could be used to collect information to support an argument. His estimated 200 works influenced over seven centuries of philosophy and laid the groundwork for modern-day logic.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/aristotle\" class=\"body-btn-link\" data-vars-ga-outbound-link=\"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/aristotle\" data-vars-ga-call-to-action=\"Read More About Aristotle\"\u003eRead More About Aristotle\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","headline":"Aristotle","selected_crop":"8x10","slide_image_link_url":"","slide_image_link_title":"","slide_image_link_new_tab":"0","slide_image_link_nofollow":"1","skip_slide_numbering":"0","hide_social":true,"dekDom":{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"384 BCE-322 BCE","type":"text"}],"name":"blockquote","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"You’re likely also familiar with Aristotle, the ancient Greek philosopher and scientist described as one of the greatest thinkers in politics, psychology, and ethics. ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Dubbed","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle/","target":"_blank","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle/","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Dubbed","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" the “father of Western logic,” Aristotle developed a universal system of deductive reasoning that aimed to help humans understand everything they possibly could about reality. ","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"He believed the validity of an argument is determined by its structure rather than its content and that deduction and inference could be used to collect information to support an argument. His estimated 200 works influenced over seven centuries of philosophy and laid the groundwork for modern-day logic.","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"Read More About Aristotle","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/aristotle","class":"body-btn-link","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/aristotle","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Read More About Aristotle","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink"},"type":"tag","response":{}}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"type":"root"},"headlineDom":{"children":[{"data":"Aristotle","type":"text"}],"type":"root"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Bust of Aristotle","seo_meta_description":"bust of aristotle"},"source":{"title":"Getty Images"},"id":"e77ac721-2cbe-4038-bddf-cf2e4a26466c","media_id":"354c220e-6b25-4164-9205-1b8976e67da2"},{"image_id":"972eb296-82ad-41b2-b67f-28de1c2bd238","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/portrait-of-french-mathematician-and-philosopher-rene-news-photo-1731683475.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":1024,"role":1,"pathname":"/images/portrait-of-french-mathematician-and-philosopher-rene-news-photo-1731683475.jpg","media_type":"image","width":833,"created_at":"2024-11-15T15:11:16.508732Z","metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1xw:0.81348xh;center,top","2x1":"1xw:0.40674xh;center,top","3x1":"1xw:0.27116xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.61011xh;center,top","4x6":"0.81953xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.1627xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.54232xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.10168xh;center,top","10x2":"1xw:0.1627xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.24404xh;center,top","10x5":"1xw:0.40674xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.45758xh;center,top","8x10":"0.918xw:0.935xh;0.00411xw,0.0652xh","9x16":"0.69148xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.49712xh;center,top","freeform":"1xw:1xh;center,top"},"dek":"\u003cblockquote\u003e1596-1650\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eA French philosopher, Descartes’ ideas \u003ca href=\"https://iep.utm.edu/rene-descartes/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ewent against\u003c/a\u003e the prevailing Aristotelian and Scholastic philosophies of the 1600s that depended mostly on sensory perception as our main source of truth. He believed in clearing all preconceived and inherited notions and starting anew. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith this approach, Descartes came to the conclusion that, if we are able to doubt our own existence, then we must exist, leading to his famous quote: ”I think, therefore I am.” He published these words—a fundamental principle of his philosophy—in \u003cem\u003eDiscourse on the Method\u003c/em\u003e (1637), which had a major influence on modern philosophy and \u003ca href=\"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003erecognized\u003c/a\u003e the importance of mathematics and scientific thinking in the field.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/rene-descartes\" class=\"body-btn-link\" data-vars-ga-outbound-link=\"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/rene-descartes\" data-vars-ga-call-to-action=\"Read More About René Descartes\"\u003eRead More About René Descartes\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","headline":"René Descartes","selected_crop":"8x10","slide_image_link_url":"","slide_image_link_title":"","slide_image_link_new_tab":"0","slide_image_link_nofollow":"1","skip_slide_numbering":"0","hide_social":true,"dekDom":{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"1596-1650","type":"text"}],"name":"blockquote","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"A French philosopher, Descartes’ ideas ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"went against","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://iep.utm.edu/rene-descartes/","target":"_blank","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://iep.utm.edu/rene-descartes/","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"went against","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" the prevailing Aristotelian and Scholastic philosophies of the 1600s that depended mostly on sensory perception as our main source of truth. He believed in clearing all preconceived and inherited notions and starting anew. ","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"With this approach, Descartes came to the conclusion that, if we are able to doubt our own existence, then we must exist, leading to his famous quote: ”I think, therefore I am.” He published these words—a fundamental principle of his philosophy—in ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Discourse on the Method","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" (1637), which had a major influence on modern philosophy and ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"recognized","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes/","target":"_blank","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes/","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"recognized","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" the importance of mathematics and scientific thinking in the field.","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"Read More About René Descartes","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/rene-descartes","class":"body-btn-link","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/rene-descartes","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Read More About René Descartes","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink"},"type":"tag","response":{}}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"type":"root"},"headlineDom":{"children":[{"data":"René Descartes","type":"text"}],"type":"root"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Portrait of Rene Descartes","seo_meta_description":"portrait of rene descartes looking over his shoulder at the painter, he wears a black outfit with a white collared shirt"},"source":{"title":"Getty Images"},"id":"972eb296-82ad-41b2-b67f-28de1c2bd238","media_id":"52ae776b-06f9-48aa-8288-33dabffd3d58"},{"image_id":"1e2c54d1-a019-4ce1-8628-71d524ace595","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/circa-1680-english-philosopher-john-locke-known-as-the-news-photo-1731683647.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":1024,"role":1,"pathname":"/images/circa-1680-english-philosopher-john-locke-known-as-the-news-photo-1731683647.jpg","media_type":"image","width":797,"created_at":"2024-11-15T15:14:08.423513Z","metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1xw:0.77832xh;center,top","2x1":"1xw:0.38916xh;center,top","3x1":"1xw:0.25944xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.58374xh;center,top","4x6":"0.85655xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.15566xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.51888xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.09729xh;center,top","10x2":"1xw:0.15566xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.2335xh;center,top","10x5":"1xw:0.38916xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.43781xh;center,top","8x10":"0.957xw:0.931xh;0.0287xw,0.0688xh","9x16":"0.72271xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.47564xh;center,top","freeform":"1xw:1xh;center,top"},"dek":"\u003cblockquote\u003e1632-1704\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eLocke was known for his works on political philosophy, epistemology, and education, with perhaps his most influential being 1689’s \u003cem\u003eTwo Treatises of Government\u003c/em\u003e. This was the publication that brought forth the idea of a “social contract” in which the consent of the governed is essential for legitimate rule. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBorn in England, Locke worked with Lord Ashley early on in his medical studies; Ashley became Earl of Shaftesbury and greatly influenced Locke’s political outlook. In his works, Locke \u003ca href=\"https://fee.org/resources/john-locke-natural-rights-to-life-liberty-and-property\" target=\"_blank\"\u003edenounced\u003c/a\u003e the concept of tyranny and argued that everyone has the right to life, liberty, and property. His philosophies influenced the leaders of the American and French revolutions, who made direct connections between Locke’s principles and their own.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/john-locke\" class=\"body-btn-link\" data-vars-ga-outbound-link=\"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/john-locke\" data-vars-ga-call-to-action=\"Read More About John Locke\"\u003eRead More About John Locke\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","headline":"John Locke","selected_crop":"8x10","slide_image_link_url":"","slide_image_link_title":"","slide_image_link_new_tab":"0","slide_image_link_nofollow":"1","skip_slide_numbering":"0","hide_social":true,"dekDom":{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"1632-1704","type":"text"}],"name":"blockquote","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"Locke was known for his works on political philosophy, epistemology, and education, with perhaps his most influential being 1689’s ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Two Treatises of Government","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":". This was the publication that brought forth the idea of a “social contract” in which the consent of the governed is essential for legitimate rule. ","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"Born in England, Locke worked with Lord Ashley early on in his medical studies; Ashley became Earl of Shaftesbury and greatly influenced Locke’s political outlook. In his works, Locke ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"denounced","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://fee.org/resources/john-locke-natural-rights-to-life-liberty-and-property","target":"_blank","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://fee.org/resources/john-locke-natural-rights-to-life-liberty-and-property","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"denounced","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" the concept of tyranny and argued that everyone has the right to life, liberty, and property. His philosophies influenced the leaders of the American and French revolutions, who made direct connections between Locke’s principles and their own.","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"Read More About John Locke","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/john-locke","class":"body-btn-link","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/john-locke","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Read More About John Locke","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink"},"type":"tag","response":{}}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"type":"root"},"headlineDom":{"children":[{"data":"John Locke","type":"text"}],"type":"root"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"John Locke, circa 1680","seo_meta_description":"portrait of john locke looking to the left and sitting in front of a bookshelf, he wears a brown jacket and white collared shirt"},"source":{"title":"Getty Images"},"id":"1e2c54d1-a019-4ce1-8628-71d524ace595","media_id":"e978e2c3-2100-4e86-97e2-dd98d8e86597"},{"image_id":"ca15c3bc-0373-44a6-bf7c-36335473c806","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/adam-smith-scottish-economist-and-philosopher-professor-of-news-photo-1731683776.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":1024,"role":1,"pathname":"/images/adam-smith-scottish-economist-and-philosopher-professor-of-news-photo-1731683776.jpg","media_type":"image","width":649,"created_at":"2024-11-15T15:16:17.665620Z","metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1xw:0.63379xh;center,top","2x1":"1xw:0.31689xh;center,top","3x1":"1xw:0.21126xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.47534xh;center,top","4x6":"1xw:0.95068xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.12676xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.42253xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.07922xh;center,top","10x2":"1xw:0.12676xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.19014xh;center,top","10x5":"1xw:0.31689xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.35651xh;center,top","8x10":"0.733xw:0.581xh;0.142xw,0.0730xh","9x16":"0.88752xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.38732xh;center,top","freeform":"1xw:1xh;center,top"},"dek":"\u003cblockquote\u003e1723-1790\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eA Scottish philosopher and economist, Smith introduced the concept of a political economy with his publication of \u003cem\u003eThe Wealth of Nations\u003c/em\u003e in 1776. A country’s wealth, he argued, isn’t measured by the quantity of gold and silver in its possession, but rather, by the total of its production and commerce—a metric we know today as gross domestic product (GDP). \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSmith also argued in favor of free-market economies and an economic system driven by people’s self-interest, led by an “invisible hand” that allows the economy to regulate itself. \u003cem\u003eThe Wealth of Nations\u003c/em\u003e is often considered a foundational work of classical economics.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/adam-smith\" class=\"body-btn-link\" data-vars-ga-outbound-link=\"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/adam-smith\" data-vars-ga-call-to-action=\"Read More About Adam Smith\"\u003eRead More About Adam Smith\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","headline":"Adam Smith","selected_crop":"8x10","slide_image_link_url":"","slide_image_link_title":"","slide_image_link_new_tab":"0","slide_image_link_nofollow":"1","skip_slide_numbering":"0","hide_social":true,"dekDom":{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"1723-1790","type":"text"}],"name":"blockquote","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"A Scottish philosopher and economist, Smith introduced the concept of a political economy with his publication of ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"The Wealth of Nations","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" in 1776. A country’s wealth, he argued, isn’t measured by the quantity of gold and silver in its possession, but rather, by the total of its production and commerce—a metric we know today as gross domestic product (GDP). ","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"Smith also argued in favor of free-market economies and an economic system driven by people’s self-interest, led by an “invisible hand” that allows the economy to regulate itself. ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"The Wealth of Nations","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" is often considered a foundational work of classical economics.","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"Read More About Adam Smith","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/adam-smith","class":"body-btn-link","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/adam-smith","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Read More About Adam Smith","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink"},"type":"tag","response":{}}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"type":"root"},"headlineDom":{"children":[{"data":"Adam Smith","type":"text"}],"type":"root"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Adam Smith, circa 1780","seo_meta_description":"portrait of adam smith standing at a table and looking to the right, he wears a hat and long coat and holds a cane, his hand rests on a book on the table"},"source":{"title":"Getty Images"},"id":"ca15c3bc-0373-44a6-bf7c-36335473c806","media_id":"d7d9ba7c-3fd2-4d34-ad26-46c9f9122f6a"},{"image_id":"a2e45b13-8897-4e21-b12a-82c42f2d5707","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/english-feminist-writer-mary-wollstonecraft-godwin-author-news-photo-1731684030.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":3595,"role":1,"pathname":"/images/english-feminist-writer-mary-wollstonecraft-godwin-author-news-photo-1731684030.jpg","media_type":"image","width":2638,"created_at":"2024-11-15T15:20:32.003051Z","metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1xw:0.7338xh;center,top","2x1":"1xw:0.3669xh;center,top","3x1":"1xw:0.2446xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.55035xh;center,top","4x6":"0.90852xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.14676xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.4892xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.09172xh;center,top","10x2":"1xw:0.14676xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.22014xh;center,top","10x5":"1xw:0.3669xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.41276xh;center,top","8x10":"1.00xw:0.919xh;0,0.0256xh","9x16":"0.76656xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.44843xh;center,top","freeform":"1xw:1xh;center,top"},"dek":"\u003cblockquote\u003e1759-1797\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn her 38 years of life (she died 10 days after giving birth to \u003cem\u003eFrankenstein\u003c/em\u003e author \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/mary-shelley\"\u003eMary Shelley\u003c/a\u003e), Wollstonecraft cemented her lasting impact as a British philosopher and writer. She is best known for publishing \u003cem\u003eA Vindication of the Rights of Woman\u003c/em\u003e in 1792, \u003ca href=\"https://lib.msu.edu/exhibits/women-msu/rights-education\" target=\"_blank\"\u003earguing\u003c/a\u003e that the educational system was designed to turn women into helpless ornaments of the household. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHer call for women to have access to the same opportunities as men was revolutionary in her time but also stirred tremendous controversy. By the 19\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e and 20\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e centuries, however, Wollstonecraft’s feminist philosophy came to \u003ca href=\"https://fee.org/articles/mary-wollstonecraft-equal-rights-for-women/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003einspire\u003c/a\u003e crusaders of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/abolitionists/seneca-falls-convention-leaders\"\u003ewomen’s rights movements\u003c/a\u003e in both the United States and Britain.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/mary-wollstonecraft\" class=\"body-btn-link\" data-vars-ga-outbound-link=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/mary-wollstonecraft\" data-vars-ga-call-to-action=\"Read More About Mary Wollstonecraft\"\u003eRead More About Mary Wollstonecraft\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKeep Reading: \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/19th-amendment-famous-suffragists\"\u003eThe Women Behind the 19\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e Amendment\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","headline":"Mary Wollstonecraft","selected_crop":"8x10","slide_image_link_url":"","slide_image_link_title":"","slide_image_link_new_tab":"0","slide_image_link_nofollow":"1","skip_slide_numbering":"0","hide_social":true,"dekDom":{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"1759-1797","type":"text"}],"name":"blockquote","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"In her 38 years of life (she died 10 days after giving birth to ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Frankenstein","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" author ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Mary Shelley","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/mary-shelley","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/mary-shelley","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Mary Shelley","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":"), Wollstonecraft cemented her lasting impact as a British philosopher and writer. She is best known for publishing ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"A Vindication of the Rights of Woman","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" in 1792, ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"arguing","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://lib.msu.edu/exhibits/women-msu/rights-education","target":"_blank","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://lib.msu.edu/exhibits/women-msu/rights-education","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"arguing","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" that the educational system was designed to turn women into helpless ornaments of the household. ","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"Her call for women to have access to the same opportunities as men was revolutionary in her time but also stirred tremendous controversy. By the 19","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"th","type":"text"}],"name":"sup","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" and 20","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"th","type":"text"}],"name":"sup","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" centuries, however, Wollstonecraft’s feminist philosophy came to ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"inspire","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://fee.org/articles/mary-wollstonecraft-equal-rights-for-women/","target":"_blank","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://fee.org/articles/mary-wollstonecraft-equal-rights-for-women/","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"inspire","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" crusaders of the ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"women’s rights movements","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/activists/abolitionists/seneca-falls-convention-leaders","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/activists/abolitionists/seneca-falls-convention-leaders","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"women’s rights movements","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" in both the United States and Britain.","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"Read More About Mary Wollstonecraft","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/activists/mary-wollstonecraft","class":"body-btn-link","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/activists/mary-wollstonecraft","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Read More About Mary Wollstonecraft","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink"},"type":"tag","response":{}}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"Keep Reading: ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"The Women Behind the 19","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"th","type":"text"}],"name":"sup","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" Amendment","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/activists/19th-amendment-famous-suffragists","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/activists/19th-amendment-famous-suffragists","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"The Women Behind the 19th Amendment","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"type":"root"},"headlineDom":{"children":[{"data":"Mary Wollstonecraft","type":"text"}],"type":"root"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Mary Wollstonecraft, circa 1797","seo_meta_description":"portrait of mary wollstonecraft looking to the left, she wears a long sleeve dress"},"source":{"title":"Getty Images"},"id":"a2e45b13-8897-4e21-b12a-82c42f2d5707","media_id":"f2430254-26a7-4020-a07a-69c0a53f4f0b"},{"image_id":"0d127f9c-34c5-443e-a7ff-a0943032b658","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/karl-marx-german-socialist-philospher-and-author-of-das-news-photo-1731684277.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":3635,"role":1,"pathname":"/images/karl-marx-german-socialist-philospher-and-author-of-das-news-photo-1731684277.jpg","media_type":"image","width":2662,"created_at":"2024-11-15T15:24:39.417594Z","metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1xw:0.73232xh;center,top","2x1":"1xw:0.36616xh;center,top","3x1":"1xw:0.24411xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.54924xh;center,top","4x6":"0.91034xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.14646xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.48822xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.09154xh;center,top","10x2":"1xw:0.14646xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.2197xh;center,top","10x5":"1xw:0.36616xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.41193xh;center,top","8x10":"1.00xw:0.917xh;0,0.0633xh","9x16":"0.7681xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.44753xh;center,top","freeform":"1xw:1xh;center,top"},"dek":"\u003cblockquote\u003e1818-1883\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe anticapitalist works of German philosopher and socialist Karl Marx form the basis of Marxism, a political and economic ideology driven by a set of theories that \u003ca href=\"https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/communism/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003epredict\u003c/a\u003e the rise of a classless society where workers share ownership of the means of production. As the founder of a Communist Correspondence Committee, Marx published the political pamphlet commonly known as \u003cem\u003eThe Communist Manifesto\u003c/em\u003e in 1848.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarx also went on to author the first volume of \u003cem\u003eDas Kapital\u003c/em\u003e in 1867 after shifting his focus more to capitalism and economic theory. Initially, his ideas had little impact, but by 1950, \u003ca href=\"https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/marx-publishes-manifesto\" target=\"_blank\"\u003enearly half of the global population\u003c/a\u003e lived under Marxist governments.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/karl-marx\" class=\"body-btn-link\" data-vars-ga-outbound-link=\"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/karl-marx\" data-vars-ga-call-to-action=\"Read More About Karl Marx\"\u003eRead More About Karl Marx\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","headline":"Karl Marx","selected_crop":"8x10","slide_image_link_url":"","slide_image_link_title":"","slide_image_link_new_tab":"0","slide_image_link_nofollow":"1","skip_slide_numbering":"0","hide_social":true,"dekDom":{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"1818-1883","type":"text"}],"name":"blockquote","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"The anticapitalist works of German philosopher and socialist Karl Marx form the basis of Marxism, a political and economic ideology driven by a set of theories that ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"predict","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/communism/","target":"_blank","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/communism/","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"predict","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" the rise of a classless society where workers share ownership of the means of production. As the founder of a Communist Correspondence Committee, Marx published the political pamphlet commonly known as ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"The Communist Manifesto","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" in 1848.","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"Marx also went on to author the first volume of ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Das Kapital","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" in 1867 after shifting his focus more to capitalism and economic theory. Initially, his ideas had little impact, but by 1950, ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"nearly half of the global population","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/marx-publishes-manifesto","target":"_blank","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/marx-publishes-manifesto","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"nearly half of the global population","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" lived under Marxist governments.","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"Read More About Karl Marx","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/karl-marx","class":"body-btn-link","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/karl-marx","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Read More About Karl Marx","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink"},"type":"tag","response":{}}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"type":"root"},"headlineDom":{"children":[{"data":"Karl Marx","type":"text"}],"type":"root"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Karl Marx","seo_meta_description":"karl marx sits for a photo, he wears a suit and magnifying glass on a chain around his neck"},"source":{"title":"Getty Images"},"id":"0d127f9c-34c5-443e-a7ff-a0943032b658","media_id":"cf23facf-2c4c-4df9-95b3-c00b3ebd2e51"},{"image_id":"d0ebc6f0-fa2e-47ff-bcda-90e83022756b","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/dubois-sociologist-scholar-and-cofounder-of-the-naacp-circa-news-photo-1731684433.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":1024,"role":1,"pathname":"/images/dubois-sociologist-scholar-and-cofounder-of-the-naacp-circa-news-photo-1731684433.jpg","media_type":"image","width":884,"created_at":"2024-11-15T15:27:14.899308Z","metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1xw:0.86328xh;center,top","2x1":"1xw:0.43164xh;center,top","3x1":"1xw:0.28776xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.64746xh;center,top","4x6":"0.77225xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.17266xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.57552xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.10791xh;center,top","10x2":"1xw:0.17266xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.25898xh;center,top","10x5":"1xw:0.43164xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.4856xh;center,top","8x10":"0.928xw:1.00xh;0.0719xw,0","9x16":"0.65158xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.52756xh;center,top","freeform":"1xw:1xh;center,top"},"dek":"\u003cblockquote\u003e1868-1963\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmong many things, Du Bois was a philosopher, economic historian, sociologist, and leader in the African American rights movement of the first half of the 20\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e century. His 1903 collection of 14 essays, \u003cem\u003eThe Souls of Black Folk\u003c/em\u003e, is among his most influential works in the history of sociology. In it, Du Bois describes the “double consciousness” of African Americans, in which their identities as people of both African and American descent creates a distinct experience from either individual background. Philosophers and scholars have continued to \u003ca href=\"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/double-consciousness/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eexpand\u003c/a\u003e on Du Bois’ concept of double consciousness in the decades since.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/web-du-bois\" class=\"body-btn-link\" data-vars-ga-outbound-link=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/web-du-bois\" data-vars-ga-call-to-action=\"Read More About W.E.B. Du Bois\"\u003eRead More About W.E.B. Du Bois\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRelated: \u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/activists/web-du-bois-naacp\"\u003eHow W.E.B. Du Bois Helped Create the NAACP\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","headline":"W.E.B. Du Bois","selected_crop":"8x10","slide_image_link_url":"","slide_image_link_title":"","slide_image_link_new_tab":"0","slide_image_link_nofollow":"1","skip_slide_numbering":"0","hide_social":true,"dekDom":{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"1868-1963","type":"text"}],"name":"blockquote","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"Among many things, Du Bois was a philosopher, economic historian, sociologist, and leader in the African American rights movement of the first half of the 20","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"th","type":"text"}],"name":"sup","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" century. His 1903 collection of 14 essays, ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"The Souls of Black Folk","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":", is among his most influential works in the history of sociology. In it, Du Bois describes the “double consciousness” of African Americans, in which their identities as people of both African and American descent creates a distinct experience from either individual background. Philosophers and scholars have continued to ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"expand","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/double-consciousness/","target":"_blank","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/double-consciousness/","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"expand","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" on Du Bois’ concept of double consciousness in the decades since.","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"Read More About W.E.B. Du Bois","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/activists/web-du-bois","class":"body-btn-link","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/activists/web-du-bois","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Read More About W.E.B. Du Bois","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink"},"type":"tag","response":{}}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"Related: ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"How W.E.B. Du Bois Helped Create the NAACP","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/activists/web-du-bois-naacp","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/activists/web-du-bois-naacp","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"How W.E.B. Du Bois Helped Create the NAACP","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"type":"root"},"headlineDom":{"children":[{"data":"W.E.B. Du Bois","type":"text"}],"type":"root"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"W.E.B. DuBois, circa 1946","seo_meta_description":"web dubois sits in front of a bookshelf, he wears a suit jacket, collared shirt, striped tie, and pocket square"},"source":{"title":"Getty Images"},"id":"d0ebc6f0-fa2e-47ff-bcda-90e83022756b","media_id":"b0e7c36a-9936-44b0-b57e-093cc70eadff"},{"image_id":"4d625223-f9aa-4027-9389-992549b52198","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/portrait-de-jean-paul-sartre-chez-lui-dans-son-bureau-c3-a0-news-photo-1731684611.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":680,"role":1,"pathname":"/images/portrait-de-jean-paul-sartre-chez-lui-dans-son-bureau-c3-a0-news-photo-1731684611.jpg","media_type":"image","width":1024,"created_at":"2024-11-15T15:30:12.291504Z","metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"0.66406xw:1xh;center,top","2x1":"1xw:0.75294xh;center,top","3x1":"1xw:0.50196xh;center,top","4x3":"0.88542xw:1xh;center,top","4x6":"0.44271xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.30118xh;center,top","6x4":"0.99609xw:1xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.18824xh;center,top","10x2":"1xw:0.30118xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.45176xh;center,top","10x5":"1xw:0.75294xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.84706xh;center,top","8x10":"0.534xw:1.00xh;0.257xw,0","9x16":"0.37354xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.92026xh;center,top","freeform":"1xw:1xh;center,top"},"dek":"\u003cblockquote\u003e1905-1980\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrench philosopher Sartre caused us to think more deeply about why we exist and the meaning of life. He wrote his most influential work, \u003cem\u003eBeing and Nothingness\u003c/em\u003e (1943), while spending nine months as a prisoner of war after being drafted into the French army, and he drew upon his wartime experiences to write the book. As part of his existentialist philosophy, Sartre \u003ca href=\"https://philarchive.org/archive/AKIJSE\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eproposed\u003c/a\u003e that humans can and should make their own meaningful decisions in life, without help from external forces, and that we have no predetermined purpose. His works greatly \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1964/sartre/facts/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003einfluenced\u003c/a\u003e 20\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e century sociology, postcolonial theories, and other disciplines as we know them today.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/jean-paul-sartre\" class=\"body-btn-link\" data-vars-ga-outbound-link=\"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/jean-paul-sartre\" data-vars-ga-call-to-action=\"Read More About Jean-Paul Sartre\"\u003eRead More About Jean-Paul Sartre\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","headline":"Jean-Paul Sartre","selected_crop":"8x10","slide_image_link_url":"","slide_image_link_title":"","slide_image_link_new_tab":"0","slide_image_link_nofollow":"1","skip_slide_numbering":"0","hide_social":true,"dekDom":{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"1905-1980","type":"text"}],"name":"blockquote","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"French philosopher Sartre caused us to think more deeply about why we exist and the meaning of life. He wrote his most influential work, ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Being and Nothingness","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" (1943), while spending nine months as a prisoner of war after being drafted into the French army, and he drew upon his wartime experiences to write the book. As part of his existentialist philosophy, Sartre ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"proposed","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://philarchive.org/archive/AKIJSE","target":"_blank","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://philarchive.org/archive/AKIJSE","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"proposed","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" that humans can and should make their own meaningful decisions in life, without help from external forces, and that we have no predetermined purpose. His works greatly ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"influenced","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1964/sartre/facts/","target":"_blank","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1964/sartre/facts/","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"influenced","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" 20","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"th","type":"text"}],"name":"sup","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" century sociology, postcolonial theories, and other disciplines as we know them today.","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"Read More About Jean-Paul Sartre","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/jean-paul-sartre","class":"body-btn-link","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/jean-paul-sartre","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Read More About Jean-Paul Sartre","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink"},"type":"tag","response":{}}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"type":"root"},"headlineDom":{"children":[{"data":"Jean-Paul Sartre","type":"text"}],"type":"root"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Jean-Paul Sartre","seo_meta_description":"jean paul sartre sits in an armchair in front of a bookshelf, he wears glasses, a navy shirt and dark pants"},"source":{"title":"Getty Images"},"id":"4d625223-f9aa-4027-9389-992549b52198","media_id":"24629c2c-2244-4557-b71d-40c712c4854f"},{"image_id":"bd5868b5-ddc1-42cc-8bfa-6cca342920e4","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/russian-born-american-author-and-philosopher-ayn-rand-news-photo-1731683936.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":1024,"role":1,"pathname":"/images/russian-born-american-author-and-philosopher-ayn-rand-news-photo-1731683936.jpg","media_type":"image","width":720,"created_at":"2024-11-15T15:18:57.216539Z","metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1xw:0.70313xh;center,top","2x1":"1xw:0.35156xh;center,top","3x1":"1xw:0.23438xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.52734xh;center,top","4x6":"0.94815xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.14063xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.46875xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.08789xh;center,top","10x2":"1xw:0.14063xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.21094xh;center,top","10x5":"1xw:0.35156xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.39551xh;center,top","8x10":"1.00xw:0.880xh;0,0.0520xh","9x16":"0.8xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.42969xh;center,top","freeform":"1xw:1xh;center,top"},"dek":"\u003cblockquote\u003e1905-1982\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlthough Rand’s philosophy of objectivism was poorly received during her lifetime, it ultimately became widely influential in how we think about the concept of reality. The Russian-born American author of both fiction and nonfiction encouraged the pursuit of rational self-interest in a world where reality and the nature of events occur independent of human thought, feelings, and beliefs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRand often integrated her philosophy into her novels, including the widely known \u003cem\u003eThe Fountainhead\u003c/em\u003e (1943) and \u003cem\u003eAtlas Shrugged\u003c/em\u003e (1957). Her philosophy continues to \u003ca href=\"https://studentsforliberty.org/blog/what-makes-ayn-rand-so-significant/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003einfluence\u003c/a\u003e advocates of individual reason and economic freedom, and her books are still in print today.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/ayn-rand\" class=\"body-btn-link\" data-vars-ga-outbound-link=\"https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/ayn-rand\" data-vars-ga-call-to-action=\"Read More About Ayn Rand\"\u003eRead More About Ayn Rand\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","headline":"Ayn Rand","selected_crop":"8x10","slide_image_link_url":"","slide_image_link_title":"","slide_image_link_new_tab":"0","slide_image_link_nofollow":"1","skip_slide_numbering":"0","hide_social":true,"dekDom":{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"1905-1982","type":"text"}],"name":"blockquote","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"Although Rand’s philosophy of objectivism was poorly received during her lifetime, it ultimately became widely influential in how we think about the concept of reality. The Russian-born American author of both fiction and nonfiction encouraged the pursuit of rational self-interest in a world where reality and the nature of events occur independent of human thought, feelings, and beliefs.","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"Rand often integrated her philosophy into her novels, including the widely known ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"The Fountainhead","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" (1943) and ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"Atlas Shrugged","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":" (1957). Her philosophy continues to ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"influence","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://studentsforliberty.org/blog/what-makes-ayn-rand-so-significant/","target":"_blank","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://studentsforliberty.org/blog/what-makes-ayn-rand-so-significant/","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"influence","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" advocates of individual reason and economic freedom, and her books are still in print today.","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"Read More About Ayn Rand","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/ayn-rand","class":"body-btn-link","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/ayn-rand","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Read More About Ayn Rand","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink"},"type":"tag","response":{}}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"type":"root"},"headlineDom":{"children":[{"data":"Ayn Rand","type":"text"}],"type":"root"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Ayn Rand in 1957","seo_meta_description":"ayn rand stands with her arms crossed, smiling and looking to the left, behind here is grand central station in new york city"},"source":{"title":"Getty Images"},"id":"bd5868b5-ddc1-42cc-8bfa-6cca342920e4","media_id":"bad5aadb-66bf-4ae5-8976-cdcbf77f642b"},{"image_id":"b114d06b-3906-4974-915a-51066ee082b9","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/portrait-of-french-author-and-philosopher-simone-de-news-photo-1731684815.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","height":1024,"role":1,"pathname":"/images/portrait-of-french-author-and-philosopher-simone-de-news-photo-1731684815.jpg","media_type":"image","width":688,"created_at":"2024-11-15T15:33:36.250120Z","metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"1xw:0.67188xh;center,top","2x1":"1xw:0.33594xh;center,top","3x1":"1xw:0.22396xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.50391xh;center,top","4x6":"0.99225xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.13438xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.44792xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.08398xh;center,top","10x2":"1xw:0.13438xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.20156xh;center,top","10x5":"1xw:0.33594xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.37793xh;center,top","8x10":"0.934xw:0.786xh;0,0.214xh","9x16":"0.83721xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.41059xh;center,top","freeform":"1xw:1xh;center,top"},"dek":"\u003cblockquote\u003e1908-1986\u003c/blockquote\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe modern feminist movement can trace its roots, in part, to the works of French philosopher De Beauvoir, whose nearly 1,000-page \u003cem\u003eThe Second Sex\u003c/em\u003e, published in 1949, \u003ca href=\"https://contemporarythinkers.org/simone-de-beauvoir/introduction/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003echallenges\u003c/a\u003e the patriarchal status quo and the lower status granted to women. While now known as one of the most influential early feminist works, at the time its publication led to great controversy; some critics went so far as to label the book as pornography. Before she died in 1986, De Beauvoir challenged gender norms, called for equality, and helped women view their place in society differently.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/simone-de-beauvoir\" class=\"body-btn-link\" data-vars-ga-outbound-link=\"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/simone-de-beauvoir\" data-vars-ga-call-to-action=\"Read More About Simone De Beauvoir\"\u003eRead More About Simone De Beauvoir\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","headline":"Simone De Beauvoir","selected_crop":"8x10","slide_image_link_url":"","slide_image_link_title":"","slide_image_link_new_tab":"0","slide_image_link_nofollow":"1","skip_slide_numbering":"0","hide_social":true,"dekDom":{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"1908-1986","type":"text"}],"name":"blockquote","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"data":"The modern feminist movement can trace its roots, in part, to the works of French philosopher De Beauvoir, whose nearly 1,000-page ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"The Second Sex","type":"text"}],"name":"em","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"data":", published in 1949, ","type":"text"},{"children":[{"data":"challenges","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://contemporarythinkers.org/simone-de-beauvoir/introduction/","target":"_blank","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://contemporarythinkers.org/simone-de-beauvoir/introduction/","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"challenges","class":"body-link"},"type":"tag","response":{}},{"data":" the patriarchal status quo and the lower status granted to women. While now known as one of the most influential early feminist works, at the time its publication led to great controversy; some critics went so far as to label the book as pornography. Before she died in 1986, De Beauvoir challenged gender norms, called for equality, and helped women view their place in society differently.","type":"text"}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"},{"children":[{"children":[{"data":"Read More About Simone De Beauvoir","type":"text"}],"name":"a","attribs":{"href":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/simone-de-beauvoir","class":"body-btn-link","data-vars-ga-outbound-link":"https://www.biography.com/scholars-educators/simone-de-beauvoir","data-vars-ga-call-to-action":"Read More About Simone De Beauvoir","data-vars-ga-ux-element":"Hyperlink"},"type":"tag","response":{}}],"name":"p","attribs":{},"type":"tag"}],"type":"root"},"headlineDom":{"children":[{"data":"Simone De Beauvoir","type":"text"}],"type":"root"}},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_title":"Simone De Beauvoir in 1958","seo_meta_description":"simone de beauvoir looks over her shoulder at the camera as she sits at a desk and looks at papers, the desk has several stacks of books and a lamp, photographs hang on the wall behind"},"source":{"title":"Getty Images"},"id":"b114d06b-3906-4974-915a-51066ee082b9","media_id":"f73072f3-d7e1-4ea9-b182-5468976b0075"}],"hasContentProducts":false,"hasContentProductLinks":false,"introductoryText":"While some people make history for changing how we do routine tasks, others make history for changing how we think. From ancient civilization through today, the world’s leading philosophers have challenged the way we consider society, the economy, the role of government, and even our own existence. Their ability and steadfast determination to question what we believe we know about reality is something the philosophers from long ago—Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, to name a few—have in common with those from modern history, like René Descartes and Ayn Rand. By helping us understand the universe and the concept of reality, groundbreaking philosophers have influenced politics, transformed the social order, inspired critical thinking, and shaped how we function as a society. For World Philosophy Day on November 21, here are 11 philosophers from ancient times through the 20th century whose theories had a lasting influence on human thought.Related: The Best Books About Philosophers and Philosophy","contentProductLinks":{},"products":{},"template":{"variants":{"ContentHeaderTextareaContainer":"content-header-text-only-lead-image","ContentHeaderPublishDate":"left-align-publish-date","ContentHeaderByLineContainer":"left-align-byline-container-text-only","ActionBlock":"left-align-action-block","BreadcrumbsList":"left-align-breadcrumb","ByLineName":"left-align-byline","ContentDek":"left-align-content-dek","AffiliateDisclaimerBar":"repositioned-disclaimer"},"leadImageDefaultCrop":"2x1","addHiddenBreadcrumbsItem":true}},"__N_SSP":true,"appProps":{"providerData":{"scopeManager":{"scopes":{"@site":"biography_en-us","@locale":"en-us","@brand":"biography","@client":"hdm","@app":"fre"},"asset":"/_assets/design-tokens","media":"/design-tokens","selected":{"865286506898551173":{"scope":"biography","hash":"3635572","metadata":{}},"1079308378848759106":{"scope":"(NOT_SET)"},"794597151848759106":{"scope":"(NOT_SET)"},"1621037567848759106":{"scope":"(NOT_SET)"},"948601947898551173":{"scope":"fre","hash":"f1c199c","metadata":{}},"622986035898551173":{"scope":"fre","hash":"1ceaaeb","metadata":{}},"544524768848759106":{"scope":"biography","hash":"02461fe","metadata":{"fallbacks":{"mobile":{"fallbackFont":"Roboto","sizeAdjust":["105.76%","100.23%"],"ascentOverride":["89.45%","94.38%"],"descentOverride":["24.87%","26.24%"]},"sansSerif":{"fallbackFont":"Arial","sizeAdjust":["106.07%","92.87%"],"ascentOverride":["89.18%","101.86%"],"descentOverride":["24.79%","28.32%"]},"serif":{"fallbackFont":"Georgia","sizeAdjust":["106.77%","93.40%"],"ascentOverride":["88.60%","101.29%"],"descentOverride":["24.63%","28.16%"]}}}},"2141149703898551173":{"scope":"fre","hash":"38e3324","metadata":{}},"350512797848759106":{"scope":"fre","hash":"c8ad008","metadata":{"fallbacks":{"mobile":{"fallbackFont":"Roboto","sizeAdjust":["107.32%","106.36%"],"ascentOverride":["90.27%","91.08%"],"descentOverride":["22.50%","22.70%"]},"sansSerif":{"fallbackFont":"Arial","sizeAdjust":["107.64%","98.55%"],"ascentOverride":["90.00%","98.30%"],"descentOverride":["22.43%","24.50%"]},"serif":{"fallbackFont":"Georgia","sizeAdjust":["108.35%","99.11%"],"ascentOverride":["89.41%","97.75%"],"descentOverride":["22.29%","24.37%"]}}}},"588148124898551173":{"scope":"fre","hash":"cf1782e","metadata":{}},"14425694531966502534":{"scope":"biography","hash":"5ec9b18","metadata":{}},"154714574898551173":{"scope":"biography","hash":"375b5d3","metadata":{"fallbacks":{"mobile":{"fallbackFont":"Roboto","sizeAdjust":["106.28%","100.55%"],"ascentOverride":["89.85%","94.98%"],"descentOverride":["25.40%","26.85%"]},"sansSerif":{"fallbackFont":"Arial","sizeAdjust":["106.60%","93.17%"],"ascentOverride":["89.58%","102.50%"],"descentOverride":["25.33%","28.98%"]},"serif":{"fallbackFont":"Georgia","sizeAdjust":["107.31%","93.69%"],"ascentOverride":["89.00%","101.93%"],"descentOverride":["25.16%","28.82%"]}}}},"111209233898551173":{"scope":"biography","hash":"63c7dd0","metadata":{"fallbacks":{"mobile":{"fallbackFont":"Roboto","sizeAdjust":["109.54%","112.70%"],"ascentOverride":["94.94%","92.28%"],"descentOverride":["31.95%","31.06%"]},"sansSerif":{"fallbackFont":"Arial","sizeAdjust":["109.87%","104.42%"],"ascentOverride":["94.66%","99.60%"],"descentOverride":["31.86%","33.52%"]},"serif":{"fallbackFont":"Georgia","sizeAdjust":["110.60%","105.01%"],"ascentOverride":["94.04%","99.04%"],"descentOverride":["31.65%","33.33%"]}}}},"202596398360358643":{"scope":"biography","hash":"736cd17","metadata":{}},"1780745863898551173":{"scope":"fre","hash":"c08ce2c","metadata":{"fallbacks":{"mobile":{"fallbackFont":"Roboto","sizeAdjust":["94.46%","97.03%"],"ascentOverride":["103.74%","101.00%"],"descentOverride":["30.13%","29.34%"]},"sansSerif":{"fallbackFont":"Arial","sizeAdjust":["94.75%","89.90%"],"ascentOverride":["103.43%","109.00%"],"descentOverride":["30.04%","31.66%"]},"serif":{"fallbackFont":"Georgia","sizeAdjust":["95.37%","90.41%"],"ascentOverride":["102.75%","108.39%"],"descentOverride":["29.85%","31.49%"]}}}},"410495278898551173":{"scope":"fre","hash":"c4cafa4","metadata":{"fallbacks":{"mobile":{"fallbackFont":"Roboto","sizeAdjust":["105.20%","104.03%"],"ascentOverride":["93.53%","94.57%"],"descentOverride":["28.31%","28.63%"]},"sansSerif":{"fallbackFont":"Arial","sizeAdjust":["105.51%","96.39%"],"ascentOverride":["93.25%","102.07%"],"descentOverride":["28.23%","30.90%"]},"serif":{"fallbackFont":"Georgia","sizeAdjust":["106.21%","96.94%"],"ascentOverride":["92.64%","101.50%"],"descentOverride":["28.04%","30.73%"]}}}},"237689033848759106":{"scope":"fre","hash":"dd7387f","metadata":{"fallbacks":{"mobile":{"fallbackFont":"Roboto","sizeAdjust":["98.60%","100.86%"],"ascentOverride":["99.39%","97.17%"],"descentOverride":["28.87%","28.23%"]},"sansSerif":{"fallbackFont":"Arial","sizeAdjust":["98.90%","93.45%"],"ascentOverride":["99.09%","104.87%"],"descentOverride":["28.78%","30.46%"]},"serif":{"fallbackFont":"Georgia","sizeAdjust":["99.55%","93.98%"],"ascentOverride":["98.44%","104.28%"],"d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