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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role_in_city_revitalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_city_revitalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Role in city revitalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_city_revitalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_for_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_for_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Design for safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_for_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Active_and_passive_recreation_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Active_and_passive_recreation_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Active and passive recreation areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Active_and_passive_recreation_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation_of_biodiversity_in_parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_of_biodiversity_in_parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Conservation of biodiversity in parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation_of_biodiversity_in_parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks_owned_or_operated_by_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_owned_or_operated_by_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Parks owned or operated by government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Parks_owned_or_operated_by_government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Parks owned or operated by government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Parks_owned_or_operated_by_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>National parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sub-national_parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sub-national_parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sub-national parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sub-national_parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Urban parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linear_parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linear_parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Linear parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linear_parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Country_parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Country_parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Country parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Country_parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Military parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Private parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_park_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_park_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Other park types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_park_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Park</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%87" title="متنزه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="متنزه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parque" title="Parque – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Parque" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parque" title="Parque – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Parque" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park" title="Park – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Park" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="پارک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پارک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="উদ্যান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উদ্যান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong-hn%CC%82g" title="Kong-hn̂g – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kong-hn̂g" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Парк – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Парк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Парк – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Парк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Парк – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Парк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park" title="Park – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Park" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc" title="Parc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Parc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park" title="Park – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Park" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimuka" title="Rimuka – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Rimuka" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park" title="Park – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Park" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park" title="Park – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Park" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park" title="Park – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Park" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BF" title="Πάρκο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πάρκο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parque" title="Parque – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Parque" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parko" title="Parko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Parko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parke" title="Parke – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Parke" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9)" title="بوستان (پارک) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بوستان (پارک)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc" title="Parc – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parc" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park" title="Park – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Park" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0irce" title="Pàirce – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pàirce" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parque" title="Parque – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Parque" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EC%9B%90" title="공원 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masha%C6%99ata" title="Mashaƙata – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mashaƙata" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%A2%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A3%D5%AB" title="Զբոսայգի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Զբոսայգի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="उद्यान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उद्यान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park" title="Park – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Park" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parko" title="Parko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Parko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_lingkungan" title="Taman lingkungan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Taman lingkungan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parco" title="Parco – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Parco" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc" title="Parc – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Parc" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPaki" title="IPaki – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IPaki" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7" title="פארק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פארק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_alam" title="Taman alam – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Taman alam" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಉದ್ಯಾನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉದ್ಯಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariki" title="Pariki – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Pariki" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak_(rez%C3%A8v_natir%C3%A8l)" title="Pak (rezèv natirèl) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pak (rezèv natirèl)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park" title="Park – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Park" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B0" title="ສວນສາທາລະນະ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສວນສາທາລະນະ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viridarium" title="Viridarium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Viridarium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parks" title="Parks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Parks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkas" title="Parkas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Parkas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park" title="Park – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Park" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Парк – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Парк" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="پارک – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پارک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin%C4%81ncalli" title="Chināncalli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Chināncalli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park" title="Park – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Park" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92" title="公園 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="公園" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park" title="Park – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Park" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park" title="Park – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Park" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park" title="Park – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Park" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95" title="ਪਾਰਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਾਰਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AD" title="میدان تفریح – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="میدان تفریح" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="پارک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پارک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park" title="Park – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Park" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parque" title="Parque – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Parque" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc" title="Parc – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Parc" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%27umir_pampa" title="Q'umir pampa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Q'umir pampa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Парк – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Парк" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Парк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Парк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/aidangan" title="aidangan – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="aidangan" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pairk" title="Pairk – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pairk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parku" title="Parku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Parku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park" title="Park – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Park" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park" title="Park – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Park" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park" title="Park – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Park" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Парк – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Парк" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park" title="Park – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Park" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puisto" title="Puisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Puisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park" title="Park – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Park" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liwasan" title="Liwasan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Liwasan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="பூங்கா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பூங்கா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Парк – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Парк" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0" title="สวนสาธารณะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สวนสาธารณะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park" title="Park – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Park" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Парк – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Парк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AD" title="میدان تفریح – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="میدان تفریح" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_vi%C3%AAn" title="Công viên – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công viên" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD" title="公园 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="公园" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92" title="公園 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="公園" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD" title="公园 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="公园" data-language-autonym="中文" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Area of naturally occurring land set aside for visitor enjoyment and other purposes</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the act of stopping a vehicle, see <a href="/wiki/Parking" title="Parking">parking</a>. For other uses of Park or Parks, see <a href="/wiki/Park_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Park (disambiguation)">Park (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Recreation ground" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Recreation_ground_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Recreation ground (disambiguation)">Recreation ground (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halleyparknovember_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Halleyparknovember_b.jpg/300px-Halleyparknovember_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Halleyparknovember_b.jpg/450px-Halleyparknovember_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Halleyparknovember_b.jpg/600px-Halleyparknovember_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3833" data-file-height="2474" /></a><figcaption>Halley Park in <a href="/wiki/Bentleigh,_Victoria" title="Bentleigh, Victoria">Bentleigh, Victoria, Australia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antalya,_Turkey_March_2022_-_D%C3%BCden_Park_Sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Antalya%2C_Turkey_March_2022_-_D%C3%BCden_Park_Sign.jpg/220px-Antalya%2C_Turkey_March_2022_-_D%C3%BCden_Park_Sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Antalya%2C_Turkey_March_2022_-_D%C3%BCden_Park_Sign.jpg/330px-Antalya%2C_Turkey_March_2022_-_D%C3%BCden_Park_Sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Antalya%2C_Turkey_March_2022_-_D%C3%BCden_Park_Sign.jpg/440px-Antalya%2C_Turkey_March_2022_-_D%C3%BCden_Park_Sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2691" /></a><figcaption>Düden Park sign in <a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Antalya, Turkey</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>park</b> is an area of natural, semi-natural or planted space set aside for human enjoyment and <a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">recreation</a> or for the protection of wildlife or natural habitats. <a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">Urban parks</a> are <a href="/wiki/Urban_green_space" title="Urban green space">green spaces</a> set aside for recreation inside towns and cities. <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">National parks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Country_park" title="Country park">country parks</a> are green spaces used for recreation in the countryside. <a href="/wiki/State_park" title="State park">State parks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Provincial_park" title="Provincial park">provincial parks</a> are administered by sub-national government states and agencies. Parks may consist of grassy areas, rocks, soil and trees, but may also contain buildings and other artifacts such as <a href="/wiki/Monument" title="Monument">monuments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fountain" title="Fountain">fountains</a> or <a href="/wiki/Playground" title="Playground">playground</a> structures. Many parks have fields for playing sports such as <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Football" title="Football">football</a>, and paved areas for games such as <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>. Many parks have <a href="/wiki/Trails" class="mw-redirect" title="Trails">trails</a> for <a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">walking</a>, biking and other activities. Some parks are built adjacent to bodies of water or watercourses and may comprise a beach or boat dock area. Urban parks often have benches for sitting and may contain <a href="/wiki/Picnic_table" title="Picnic table">picnic tables</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">barbecue</a> grills. </p><p>The largest parks can be vast natural areas of hundreds of thousands of square kilometers (or square miles), with abundant wildlife and natural features such as mountains and rivers. In many large parks, <a href="/wiki/Camping" title="Camping">camping</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tent" title="Tent">tents</a> is allowed with a permit. Many natural parks are protected by law, and users may have to follow restrictions (e.g. rules against open fires or bringing in glass bottles). Large national and sub-national parks are typically overseen by a <a href="/wiki/Park_ranger" title="Park ranger">park ranger</a>. Large parks may have areas for <a href="/wiki/Canoeing" title="Canoeing">canoeing</a> and hiking in the warmer months and, in some northern hemisphere countries, <a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing" title="Cross-country skiing">cross-country skiing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snowshoeing" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowshoeing">snowshoeing</a> in colder months. There are also amusement parks that have live shows, fairground rides, refreshments, and games of chance or skill. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Park&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medieval_Hunting_Park.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Medieval_Hunting_Park.JPG/150px-Medieval_Hunting_Park.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Medieval_Hunting_Park.JPG/225px-Medieval_Hunting_Park.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Medieval_Hunting_Park.JPG/300px-Medieval_Hunting_Park.JPG 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of a medieval hunting park from a 15th-century manuscript</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Deer_park_(England)" title="Deer park (England)">English deer parks</a> were used by the <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> times for game hunting. They had walls or thick hedges around them to keep game animals (e.g., stags) in and people out. It was strictly forbidden for commoners to hunt animals in these deer parks. </p><p>These game preserves evolved into landscaped parks set around <a href="/wiki/Mansion" title="Mansion">mansions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Country_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Country house">country houses</a> from the sixteenth century onwards. These may have served as hunting grounds but they also proclaimed the owner's wealth and status. An aesthetic of landscape design began in these <a href="/wiki/Stately_home" class="mw-redirect" title="Stately home">stately home</a> parks where the <a href="/wiki/Natural_landscape" title="Natural landscape">natural landscape</a> was enhanced by <a href="/wiki/Landscape_architect" title="Landscape architect">landscape architects</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Capability_Brown" title="Capability Brown">Capability Brown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Repton" title="Humphry Repton">Humphry Repton</a>. The <a href="/wiki/French_formal_garden" title="French formal garden">French formal garden</a> such as designed by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Le_N%C3%B4tre" title="André Le Nôtre">André Le Nôtre</a> at <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Versailles</a> is an earlier and elaborate example. As cities became crowded, private hunting grounds became places for the public. </p><p>Early opportunities for the creation of urban parks in both Europe and the United States grew out of medieval practice to secure pasture lands within the safe confines of villages and towns. The most famous US example of a city park that evolved from this practice is the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Common" title="Boston Common">Boston Common</a> in Boston, Massachusetts (1634).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> parks took on a new meaning as areas set aside to preserve a sense of nature in the cities and towns. Sporting activity came to be a major use for these urban parks. Areas of outstanding <a href="/wiki/Natural" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural">natural</a> beauty were also set aside as <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national parks</a> to prevent them from being spoiled by uncontrolled development. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Park&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hatanp%C3%A4%C3%A4_Arboretum_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hatanp%C3%A4%C3%A4_Arboretum_2020.jpg/220px-Hatanp%C3%A4%C3%A4_Arboretum_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hatanp%C3%A4%C3%A4_Arboretum_2020.jpg/330px-Hatanp%C3%A4%C3%A4_Arboretum_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Hatanp%C3%A4%C3%A4_Arboretum_2020.jpg/440px-Hatanp%C3%A4%C3%A4_Arboretum_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hatanp%C3%A4%C3%A4_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatanpää Park">Hatanpää Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%84_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%84_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/220px-%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%84_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%84_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/330px-%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%84_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%84_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/440px-%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%84_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5414" data-file-height="3974" /></a><figcaption>Keukenhof, Royparkal Tulip Park, Netherlands</figcaption></figure> <p>Park design is influenced by the intended purpose and audience, as well as by the available land features. A park intended to provide recreation for children may include a <a href="/wiki/Playground" title="Playground">playground</a>. A park primarily intended for adults may feature walking paths and decorative landscaping. Specific features, such as riding trails, may be included to support specific activities. </p><p>The design of a park may determine who is willing to use it. Walkers might feel unsafe on a <a href="/wiki/Mixed-use_path" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-use path">mixed-use path</a> that is dominated by fast-moving cyclists or horses. Different landscaping and infrastructure may even affect children's rates of park usage according to gender. Redesigns of two parks in Vienna suggested that the creation of multiple semi-enclosed play areas in a park could encourage equal use by boys and girls.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parks are part of the urban infrastructure: for physical activity, for families and communities to gather and socialize, or for a simple respite. Research reveals that people who exercise outdoors in green-space derive greater mental health benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Providing activities for all ages, abilities and income levels is important for the physical and mental well-being of the public.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parks can also benefit <a href="/wiki/Pollinators" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollinators">pollinators</a>, and some parks (such as Saltdean Oval in <a href="/wiki/East_Sussex" title="East Sussex">East Sussex</a>) have been redesigned to accommodate them better.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Xerces_Society" title="Xerces Society">Xerces Society</a> are also promoting this idea.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_city_revitalization">Role in city revitalization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Park&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Role in city revitalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>City parks play a role in improving cities and improving the futures for residents and visitors - for example, Millennium Park in Chicago, Illinois<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the Mill River Park and Green way in Stamford, CT.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One group that is a strong proponent of parks for cities is The American Society of Landscape Architects. They argue that parks are important to the fabric of the community on an individual scale and broader scales such as entire neighborhoods, city districts or city park systems.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design_for_safety">Design for safety</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Park&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Design for safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Veale_Gardens.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Veale_Gardens.JPG/220px-Veale_Gardens.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Veale_Gardens.JPG/330px-Veale_Gardens.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Veale_Gardens.JPG/440px-Veale_Gardens.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Veale_Gardens" title="Veale Gardens">Veale Gardens</a> in <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a>, Australia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Example_of_night_photography_at_The_Garden_of_Five_Senses,_New_Delhi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Example_of_night_photography_at_The_Garden_of_Five_Senses%2C_New_Delhi.JPG/220px-Example_of_night_photography_at_The_Garden_of_Five_Senses%2C_New_Delhi.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Example_of_night_photography_at_The_Garden_of_Five_Senses%2C_New_Delhi.JPG/330px-Example_of_night_photography_at_The_Garden_of_Five_Senses%2C_New_Delhi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Example_of_night_photography_at_The_Garden_of_Five_Senses%2C_New_Delhi.JPG/440px-Example_of_night_photography_at_The_Garden_of_Five_Senses%2C_New_Delhi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1566" data-file-height="1175" /></a><figcaption>A well-lit path in Delhi's <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Five_Senses" title="Garden of Five Senses">Garden of Five Senses</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Parks need to feel safe for people to use them. Research shows that perception of safety can be more significant in influencing human behavior than actual crime statistics.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If citizens perceive a park as unsafe, they might not make use of it at all.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study done in four cities; Albuquerque, NM, Chapel Hill/Durham, NC, Columbus, OH, and Philadelphia, PA, with 3815 survey participants who lived within a half-mile of a park indicated that in addition to safety park facilities also played a significant role in park use and that increasing facilities instead of creating an image of a safe park would increase use of the park.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are a number of features that contribute to whether a park feels safe. Elements in the physical design of a park, such as an open and welcoming entry, good visibility (sight lines), and appropriate lighting and signage can all make a difference. Regular park maintenance, as well as programming and community involvement, can also contribute to a feeling of safety.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While <a href="/wiki/Crime_prevention_through_environmental_design" title="Crime prevention through environmental design">Crime prevention through environmental design</a> (CPTED) has been widely used in facility design, the use of CPTED in parks has not been. Iqbal and Ceccato performed a study in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm, Sweden</a> to determine if it would be useful to apply to parks.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their study indicated that while CPTED could be useful, due to the nature of a park, increasing the look of safety can also have <a href="/wiki/Unintended_consequences" title="Unintended consequences">unintended consequences</a> on the aesthetics of the park. Creating secure areas with bars and locks lowers the beauty of the park, as well as the nature of who is in charge of observing the public space and the feeling of being observed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Active_and_passive_recreation_areas">Active and passive recreation areas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Park&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Active and passive recreation areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portlandskate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Portlandskate.jpg/240px-Portlandskate.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Portlandskate.jpg/360px-Portlandskate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Portlandskate.jpg/480px-Portlandskate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption>Burnside Skatepark in <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a> is one of the world's most recognizable skateparks.</figcaption></figure> <p>Parks can be divided into active and passive <a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">recreation</a> areas. Active recreation is that which has an urban character and requires intensive development. It often involves cooperative or team activity, including <a href="/wiki/Playground" title="Playground">playgrounds</a>, ball fields, swimming pools, gymnasiums, and <a href="/wiki/Skateparks" class="mw-redirect" title="Skateparks">skateparks</a>. Active recreation such as team sports, due to the need to provide substantial space to congregate, typically involves intensive management, maintenance, and high costs. Passive recreation, also called "low-intensity recreation" is that which emphasizes the open-space aspect of a park and allows for the preservation of natural habitat. It usually involves a low level of development, such as rustic picnic areas, benches, and trails. </p><p>Many smaller <i>neighborhood parks</i> are receiving increased attention and valuation as significant community assets and places of refuge in heavily populated urban areas. Neighborhood groups around the world are joining to support local parks that have suffered from <a href="/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">urban decay</a> and government neglect. </p><p>Passive recreation typically requires less management which can be provided at lower costs than active recreation. Some open space managers provide trails for physical activity in the form of walking, running, horse riding, mountain biking, snowshoeing, or cross-country skiing; or activities such as observing nature, bird watching, painting, photography, or picnicking. Limiting park or open space use to passive recreation over all or a portion of the park's area eliminates or reduces the burden of managing active recreation facilities and developed infrastructure. Passive recreation amenities require routine upkeep and maintenance to prevent degradation of the environment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation_of_biodiversity_in_parks">Conservation of biodiversity in parks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Park&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conservation of biodiversity in parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The general principle of how parks and greenspaces assist in the conservation of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> is by creating natural environments for animals in urban areas. Biological diversity, or <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, is the variety of life on Earth in all its forms. <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">Fauna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> are principal biotic components. They include all living species, which consist of plants, animals, and bacteria. Around half of the greenhouse gases in the Earth’s <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> get absorbed by the floral components of the <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, providing nature-based aid in the fight against the <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When processes such as the decay of wood, winter dieback or succession are allowed to happen the natural cycle helps with <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> conservation. The amount of <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> can be increased more <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a> to parks – <a href="/wiki/Wildflower" title="Wildflower">wildflowers</a>, long grass areas, <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a>, and trees.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In parks located in <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban areas</a> the conservation of native <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a> is tied to preservation of insects and mammals in the area. Tall trees and bushes create shadow for bodies of water with fish. Having all the animals co-existing together in a regulated environment generates a natural cycle of life where decaying bodies assist in the <a href="/wiki/Fertilisation" title="Fertilisation">fertilization</a> of the ground. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.greencitytimes.com/making-cities-a-haven-for-wildlife/">[1]</a> </p><p>Alongside the preservation of <a href="/wiki/Native_species" title="Native species">native species</a> parks with exotic fauna and flora drive diversity in natural <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>, aiding in the adaptation to urban environment. Richness of a park’s nature is associated with its age and size, with the older ones having a larder variety of breeds and greenery. <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">Vegetation</a> in parks can indirectly reduce air temperature and directly reduce levels of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> by storing it as a <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> and due to the trees’ ability to absorb over 95% of ultraviolet radiation the aid in the reduction of <a href="/wiki/Skin_cancer" title="Skin cancer">skin cancer</a> is a factor that is largely considered<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Meaning unclear (January 2025)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> when new greenspaces are built. <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parks_owned_or_operated_by_government">Parks owned or operated by government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Park&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Parks owned or operated by government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_parks">National parks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Park&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: National parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zackenberg.4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Zackenberg.4.jpg/220px-Zackenberg.4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Zackenberg.4.jpg/330px-Zackenberg.4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Zackenberg.4.jpg/440px-Zackenberg.4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>Northeast Greenland National Park, the world's largest national park</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">National park</a></div> <p>A national park is a reserve of land, usually, but not always declared and owned by a national <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>, protected from most human development and pollution. Although this may be so, it is not likely that the government of a specific area owns it, rather the community itself. National parks are a <a href="/wiki/Protected_area" title="Protected area">protected area</a> of <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> <a href="/wiki/IUCN_protected_area_categories" title="IUCN protected area categories">Category II</a>. This implies that they are wilderness areas, but unlike pure nature reserves, they are established with the expectation of a certain degree of human visitation and supporting infrastructure. </p><p>While this type of national park had been proposed previously, the United States established the first "public park or pleasuring-ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people", <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a>, in 1872,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although Yellowstone was not gazetted as a national park. The first officially designated national park was <a href="/wiki/Mackinac_National_Park" title="Mackinac National Park">Mackinac Island</a>, gazetted in 1875. <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Park" title="Royal National Park">Royal National Park</a>, established in 1879, was the world's second officially established national park.<sup id="cite_ref-StevensBertram_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StevensBertram-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest national park in the world is the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Greenland_National_Park" title="Northeast Greenland National Park">Northeast Greenland National Park</a>, which was established in 1974 and currently protects 972,001 km<sup>2</sup> (375,000 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sub-national_parks">Sub-national parks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Park&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sub-national parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/State_park" title="State park">State park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Provincial_park" title="Provincial park">Provincial park</a></div> <p>In some <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federal systems</a>, many parks are managed by the sub-national levels of government. In <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and some states in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">the Australian state of Victoria</a>, these are known as state parks, whereas in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, they are known as provincial or territorial parks. In the United States, it is also common for individual <a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a> to run parks, these are known as <b>county parks</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_parks">Urban parks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Park&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Urban parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yoyogi_Park_from_Hyatt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Yoyogi_Park_from_Hyatt.jpg/240px-Yoyogi_Park_from_Hyatt.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Yoyogi_Park_from_Hyatt.jpg/360px-Yoyogi_Park_from_Hyatt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Yoyogi_Park_from_Hyatt.jpg/480px-Yoyogi_Park_from_Hyatt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4150" data-file-height="2819" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yoyogi_Park" title="Yoyogi Park">Yoyogi Park</a> is a large urban park in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">Urban park</a></div> <p>A park is an area of open space provided for recreational use, usually owned and maintained by a local government. Parks commonly resemble <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savannas</a> or open <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">woodlands</a>, the types of <a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">landscape</a> that human beings find most relaxing. <a href="/wiki/Grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass">Grass</a> is typically kept short to discourage <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insect</a> pests and to allow for the enjoyment of <a href="/wiki/Picnic" title="Picnic">picnics</a> and sporting activities. Trees are chosen for their beauty and to provide <a href="/wiki/Shade_(shadow)" title="Shade (shadow)">shade</a>. </p><p>Some early parks include the <a href="/wiki/La_Alameda,_Seville" class="mw-redirect" title="La Alameda, Seville">la Alameda de Hércules</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, a promenaded public mall, urban garden and park built in 1574, within the historic center of Seville; the <a href="/wiki/City_Park_(Budapest)" title="City Park (Budapest)">City Park</a>, in Budapest, Hungary, which was property of the Batthyány family and was later made public. </p><p>An early purpose built public park was <a href="/wiki/Derby_Arboretum" title="Derby Arboretum">Derby Arboretum</a> which was opened in 1840 by Joseph Strutt for the mill workers and people of the city. This was closely followed by <a href="/wiki/Princes_Park,_Liverpool" class="mw-redirect" title="Princes Park, Liverpool">Princes Park</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> suburb of <a href="/wiki/Toxteth" title="Toxteth">Toxteth</a>, laid out to the designs of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Paxton" title="Joseph Paxton">Joseph Paxton</a> from 1842 and opened in 1843. The land on which the Princes park was built was purchased by Richard Vaughan Yates, an iron merchant and philanthropist, in 1841 for £50,000. The creation of Princes Park showed great foresight and introduced a number of highly influential ideas. First and foremost was the provision of open space for the benefit of townspeople and local residents within an area that was being rapidly built up. Secondly it took the concept of the designed landscape as a setting for the suburban domicile, an idea pioneered by <a href="/wiki/John_Nash_(architect)" title="John Nash (architect)">John Nash</a> at <a href="/wiki/Regent%27s_Park" title="Regent's Park">Regent's Park</a>, and re-fashioned it for the provincial town in a most original way. Nash's remodeling of St James's Park from 1827 and the sequence of processional routes he created to link The Mall with Regent's Park completely transformed the appearance of London's West End. With the establishment of Princes Park in 1842, Joseph Paxton did something similar for the benefit of a provincial town, albeit one of international stature by virtue of its flourishing mercantile contingent. Liverpool had a burgeoning presence on the scene of global maritime trade before 1800 and during the Victorian era its wealth rivaled that of London itself. </p><p>The form and layout of Paxton's ornamental grounds, structured about an informal lake within the confines of a serpentine carriageway, put in place the essential elements of his much imitated design for <a href="/wiki/Birkenhead_Park" title="Birkenhead Park">Birkenhead Park</a>. The latter was commenced in 1843 with the help of public finance and deployed the ideas he pioneered at Princes Park on a more expansive scale. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmsted" title="Frederick Law Olmsted">Frederick Law Olmsted</a> visited Birkenhead Park in 1850 and praised its qualities. Indeed, Paxton is widely credited as having been one of the principal influences on Olmsted and Calvert's design for New York's Central Park of 1857. </p><p>There are around an estimated 27,000 public parks in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, with around 2.6 billion visits to parks each year. Many are of cultural and historical interest, with 300 registered by <a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a> as of national importance. Most public parks have been provided and run by local authorities over the past hundred and seventy years, but these authorities have no statutory duty to fund or maintain these public parks.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016 the <a href="/wiki/National_Lottery_Heritage_Fund" title="National Lottery Heritage Fund">Heritage Lottery Fund</a>'s <i>State of UK Public Parks</i> reported that "92 per cent of park managers report their maintenance budgets have reduced in the past three years and 95 per cent expect their funding will continue to reduce".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NYC_-_Manhattan_-_Central-Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/NYC_-_Manhattan_-_Central-Park.jpg/220px-NYC_-_Manhattan_-_Central-Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/NYC_-_Manhattan_-_Central-Park.jpg/330px-NYC_-_Manhattan_-_Central-Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/NYC_-_Manhattan_-_Central-Park.jpg/440px-NYC_-_Manhattan_-_Central-Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3335" data-file-height="2018" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> is the most-visited urban park in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-CPC_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPC-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Another early public park is the <a href="/wiki/Peel_Park,_Salford" title="Peel Park, Salford">Peel Park, Salford</a>, England opened on August 22, 1846.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another possible claimant for status as the world's first public park is <a href="/wiki/Boston_Common" title="Boston Common">Boston Common</a> (Boston, Massachusetts, US), set aside in 1634, whose first recreational promenade, Tremont Mall, dates from 1728. True park status for the entire common seems to have emerged no later than 1830, when the grazing of cows was ended and renaming the Common as Washington Park was proposed (renaming the bordering Sentry Street to Park Street in 1808 already acknowledged the reality). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linear_parks">Linear parks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Park&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Linear parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Linear_park" title="Linear park">linear park</a> is a park that has a much greater length than width. A typical example of a linear park is a section of a former railway that has been converted into a park called a <a href="/wiki/Rail_trail" title="Rail trail">rail trail</a> or <a href="/wiki/Greenway_(landscape)" title="Greenway (landscape)">greenway</a> (i.e. the tracks removed, vegetation allowed to grow back). Parks are sometimes made out of oddly shaped areas of land, much like the vacant lots that often become city neighborhood parks. Linked parks may form a <a href="/wiki/Greenbelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenbelt">greenbelt</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Country_parks">Country parks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Park&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Country parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Country_park" title="Country park">Country park</a></div> <p>In some countries, especially the United Kingdom, <i>country parks</i> are areas designated for recreation, and managed by <a href="/wiki/Local_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Local authority">local authorities</a>. They are often located near urban populations, but they provide recreational facilities typical of the countryside rather than the town. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_parks">Military parks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Park&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Military parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%B0lham_%C6%8Fliyev_Bak%C4%B1da_H%C9%99rbi_Q%C9%99nim%C9%99tl%C9%99r_Park%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_a%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1nda_(46).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%C4%B0lham_%C6%8Fliyev_Bak%C4%B1da_H%C9%99rbi_Q%C9%99nim%C9%99tl%C9%99r_Park%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_a%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1nda_%2846%29.jpg/220px-%C4%B0lham_%C6%8Fliyev_Bak%C4%B1da_H%C9%99rbi_Q%C9%99nim%C9%99tl%C9%99r_Park%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_a%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1nda_%2846%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%C4%B0lham_%C6%8Fliyev_Bak%C4%B1da_H%C9%99rbi_Q%C9%99nim%C9%99tl%C9%99r_Park%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_a%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1nda_%2846%29.jpg/330px-%C4%B0lham_%C6%8Fliyev_Bak%C4%B1da_H%C9%99rbi_Q%C9%99nim%C9%99tl%C9%99r_Park%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_a%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1nda_%2846%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%C4%B0lham_%C6%8Fliyev_Bak%C4%B1da_H%C9%99rbi_Q%C9%99nim%C9%99tl%C9%99r_Park%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_a%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1nda_%2846%29.jpg/440px-%C4%B0lham_%C6%8Fliyev_Bak%C4%B1da_H%C9%99rbi_Q%C9%99nim%C9%99tl%C9%99r_Park%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_a%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1nda_%2846%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1960" data-file-height="1244" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Military_Trophy_Park_(Baku)" title="Military Trophy Park (Baku)">Baku Military Trophy Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, which sparked uproar due to display of helmets of Armenian troops and wax mannequins of Armenian soldiers of <a href="/wiki/2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war">2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2021, following the <a href="/wiki/2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war">2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Military_Trophy_Park_(Baku)" title="Military Trophy Park (Baku)">Military Trophy Park</a> was opened in <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>'s capital <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, showcasing seized military equipment, as well as the helmets and wax mannequins of Armenian troops.<sup id="cite_ref-independent_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The helmets were reported by international media to belong to dead Armenian soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-independent_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Al_Jazeera_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al_Jazeera-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several international journalists have called the park "barbaric".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> strongly condemned it, accusing Baku of "dishonoring the memory of victims of the war, missing persons and prisoners of war and violating the rights and dignity of their families".<sup id="cite_ref-Al_Jazeera_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al_Jazeera-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armenia's ombudsman called it a "clear manifestation of fascism", saying that it is a "proof of Azerbaijani genocidal policy and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan">state supported Armenophobia</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan stated that such museums are a widely accepted international practice, and the country has a right to commemorate its victory through parades, parks, museums and other means.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Azerbaijani authorities <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2021)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> claimed that the helmets were left behind by retreating Armenian soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-jam-news.net_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jam-news.net-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Azerbaijani historian Altay Goyushov, one of the leaders of liberal democratic opposition, criticized the helmets corridor, he was rebuffed by local journalists and bloggers who justified demonstrating the helmets, one of them going as far as inviting "all who does not feel well looking at them to go and drown in Caspian sea".<sup id="cite_ref-jam-news.net_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jam-news.net-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Private_parks">Private parks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Park&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Private parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Private_park_in_Hercules.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Private_park_in_Hercules.jpg/220px-Private_park_in_Hercules.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Private_park_in_Hercules.jpg/330px-Private_park_in_Hercules.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Private_park_in_Hercules.jpg/440px-Private_park_in_Hercules.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="3472" /></a><figcaption>A private park in <a href="/wiki/Hercules,_California" title="Hercules, California">Hercules, California</a>, United States</figcaption></figure> <p>Private parks are owned by individuals or businesses and are used at the discretion of the owner. There are a few types of private parks, and some which once were privately maintained and used have now been made open to the public. </p><p><i>Hunting parks</i> were originally areas maintained as open space where residences, industry and farming were not allowed, often originally so that nobility might have a place to hunt – see <a href="/wiki/Medieval_deer_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval deer park">medieval deer park</a>. These were known for instance, as <i>deer parks</i> (deer being originally a term meaning any wild animal). Many <a href="/wiki/Country_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Country house">country houses</a> in Great Britain and Ireland still have parks of this sort, which since the 18th century have often been landscaped for aesthetic effect. They are usually a mixture of open grassland with scattered trees and sections of woodland, and are often enclosed by a high wall. The area immediately around the house is the garden. In some cases this will also feature sweeping lawns and scattered trees; the basic difference between a <i>country house's park</i> and its garden is that the park is grazed by animals, but they are excluded from the garden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_park_types">Other park types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Park&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other park types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amusement_park" title="Amusement park">Amusement parks</a> have live shows, fairground rides, refreshments, and games of chance/skill.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_parks" class="mw-redirect" title="Dog parks">Dog parks</a> permit dogs to run off-leash. Parks have differing rules regarding whether dogs can be brought into a park: some parks prohibit dogs; some parks allow them with restrictions (e.g., use of a leash).</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Forest_park"></span><a href="/wiki/Forest_park" title="Forest park">Forest parks</a> are large areas of attractive country with marked paths and special areas for camping.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_park" title="Nature park">Nature park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parklet" title="Parklet">Parklet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_park" title="Pocket park">Pocket park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_park" title="Regional park">Regional park</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Park&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10-Minute_Walk" title="10-Minute Walk">10-Minute Walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_open_space" title="Public open space">Public open space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_forest" title="Royal forest">Royal forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_open_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban open space">Urban open space</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Park&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCaves2004" class="citation book cs1">Caves, R. W. (2004). <i>Encyclopedia of the City</i>. 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April 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Fury+in+Armenia+as+Azerbaijan+displays+war+trophies&rft.date=2021-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F4%2F13%2Ffury-in-armenia-as-azerbaijan-displays-war-trophies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanrahan2021" class="citation web cs1">Hanrahan, Jake (April 15, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/Jake_Hanrahan/status/1382449204967133185">"This is hideous. The Azerbaijan regime has created what is essentially a war crimes theme park for Aliyev. Unbelievable. See this thread"</a>. <i>Twitter</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210419230747/https://twitter.com/Jake_Hanrahan/status/1382449204967133185">Archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Twitter&rft.atitle=This+is+hideous.+The+Azerbaijan+regime+has+created+what+is+essentially+a+war+crimes+theme+park+for+Aliyev.+Unbelievable.+See+this+thread.&rft.date=2021-04-15&rft.aulast=Hanrahan&rft.aufirst=Jake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FJake_Hanrahan%2Fstatus%2F1382449204967133185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFalexmassie2021" class="citation web cs1">alexmassie (April 13, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/alexmassie/status/1381650678431559682">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"You think that a wall as solid as the earth separates civilisation from barbarism. I tell you the division is a thread, a sheet of glass. A touch here, a push there, and you bring back the reign of Saturn." John Buchan"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210419230416/https://twitter.com/alexmassie/status/1381650678431559682">Archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22You+think+that+a+wall+as+solid+as+the+earth+separates+civilisation+from+barbarism.+I+tell+you+the+division+is+a+thread%2C+a+sheet+of+glass.+A+touch+here%2C+a+push+there%2C+and+you+bring+back+the+reign+of+Saturn.%22+John+Buchan.&rft.date=2021-04-13&rft.au=alexmassie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Falexmassie%2Fstatus%2F1381650678431559682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.armradio.am/2021/04/13/international-organizations-cannot-remain-silent-on-bakus-park-of-barbarism-mep-nikos-androulakis/">"International organizations cannot remain silent on Baku's "park of barbarism" – MEP Nikos Androulakis"</a>. <i>Public Radio of Armenia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Public+Radio+of+Armenia&rft.atitle=International+organizations+cannot+remain+silent+on+Baku%27s+%22park+of+barbarism%22+%E2%80%93+MEP+Nikos+Androulakis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.armradio.am%2F2021%2F04%2F13%2Finternational-organizations-cannot-remain-silent-on-bakus-park-of-barbarism-mep-nikos-androulakis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.armradio.am/2021/04/13/bakus-newly-opened-park-a-proof-of-state-supported-armenophobia-ombudsman/#:~:text=The%20so-called%20">"Park",Baku%20on%20April%2012%2C%202021 "Baku's newly-opened "park" a proof of state supported Armenophobia – Ombudsman"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Public_Radio_of_Armenia" title="Public Radio of Armenia">Public Radio of Armenia</a></i>. April 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Public+Radio+of+Armenia&rft.atitle=Baku%27s+newly-opened+%22park%22+a+proof+of+state+supported+Armenophobia+%E2%80%93+Ombudsman&rft.date=2021-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.armradio.am%2F2021%2F04%2F13%2Fbakus-newly-opened-park-a-proof-of-state-supported-armenophobia-ombudsman%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520so-called%2520%22Park%22%2CBaku%2520on%2520April%252012%252C%25202021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNo:131/21" class="citation web cs1">No:131/21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mfa.gov.az/en/news/7288/view">"Commentary of the Press Service Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Azerbaijan"</a>. <i>Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Azerbaijan</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs+of+the+Republic+of+Azerbaijan&rft.atitle=Commentary+of+the+Press+Service+Department+of+the+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs+of+the+Republic+of+Azerbaijan&rft.au=No%3A131%2F21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.az%2Fen%2Fnews%2F7288%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APark" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jam-news.net-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jam-news.net_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jam-news.net_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jam-news.net/ru/парк-военных-трофеев-в-баку-бурное-од/">"Парк военных трофеев" в Баку – бурное одобрение и яростное осуждение</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/forest-park">"Oxford Learner's Dictionaries"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oxford+Learner%27s+Dictionaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fforest-park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Park&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Parks" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Parks">Parks</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlmsted1879" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmsted" title="Frederick Law Olmsted">Olmsted, Frederick Law</a> (1879). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Park"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Park">"Park" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Cyclopædia">The American Cyclopædia</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Park&rft.btitle=The+American+Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Olmsted&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APark" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_park" title="Business park">Business park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_area" title="Commercial area">Commercial area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">Mixed-use development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Office building">Office building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">Port</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inland_port" title="Inland port">inland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_center_(retail)" title="Power center (retail)">Power center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_park" title="Retail park">Retail park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverfront" title="Riverfront">Riverfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_center" title="Shopping center">Shopping center</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shopping_mall" title="Shopping mall">Shopping mall</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_streets_and_districts_by_city" title="List of shopping streets and districts by city">Shopping streets and districts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Planned_industrial_developments" title="Category:Planned industrial developments">Industrial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_cluster" title="Business cluster">Business cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_district" title="Industrial district">Industrial district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_park" title="Industrial park">Industrial park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_technology_centers" title="List of technology centers">Technology centers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Planned_residential_developments" title="Category:Planned residential developments">Residential</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrihood" title="Agrihood">Agrihood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_house" title="Boarding house">Boarding house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungalow_court" title="Bungalow court">Bungalow court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_block" title="City block">City block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_community" title="Closed community">Closed community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_town" title="Company town">Company town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation community">Conservation community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_home" title="Executive home">Executive home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golf_course_community" title="Golf course community">Golf course community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gated_community" title="Gated community">Gated community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_estate" title="Housing estate">Housing estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxury_apartment" title="Luxury apartment">Luxury apartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMansion" title="McMansion">McMansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">Mixed-use development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_dwellings_company" title="Model dwellings company">Model dwellings for the poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifamily_residential" title="Multifamily residential">Multifamily residential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthouse_apartment" title="Penthouse apartment">Penthouse apartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_community" title="Private community">Private community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">Public housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airpark" title="Airpark">Residential airpark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_area" title="Residential area">Residential area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_community" title="Retirement community">Retirement community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_house" title="Revenue house">Revenue house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooming_house" title="Rooming house">Rooming house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-room_occupancy" title="Single-room occupancy">Single-room occupancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivision_(land)" title="Subdivision (land)">Subdivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tract_housing" title="Tract housing">Tract housing</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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href="/wiki/List_of_building_types" title="List of building types">types</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apartment" title="Apartment">Apartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House" title="House">House</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_house_types" title="List of house types">types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">Skyscraper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_block" title="Tower block">Tower block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa" title="Villa">Villa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brownfield_land" title="Brownfield land">Brownfield land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_cluster_development" title="Residential cluster development">Residential cluster development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Context theory">Context theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenfield_land" title="Greenfield land">Greenfield land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greyfield_land" title="Greyfield land">Greyfield land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundscraper" title="Groundscraper">Groundscraper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">Land-use planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-building_structure_types" title="List of non-building structure types">Nonbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIMBY" title="NIMBY">NIMBY</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parking" title="Parking">Parking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Multistorey_car_park" title="Multistorey car park">Multistorey car park</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_permission" title="Planning permission">Planning permission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playground" title="Playground">Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redevelopment" title="Redevelopment">Redevelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_planning" title="Regional planning">Regional planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIMBY" title="YIMBY">YIMBY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22698#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1700" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22698#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1700" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22698#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1053705/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4044673-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85098119">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933025j">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933025j">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00566129">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="parky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115679&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000063659&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007565523005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/007882">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10641211">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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