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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>A <b>residential cluster development</b>, or <b>open space development</b>, is the grouping of residential properties on a <a href="/wiki/Land_development" title="Land development">development</a> site to use the extra land as <a href="/wiki/Urban_open_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban open space">open space</a>, recreation or agriculture. It is increasingly becoming popular in <a href="/wiki/Subdivision_(land)" title="Subdivision (land)">subdivision development</a> because it allows the developer to spend much less on land and obtain much the same price per unit as for detached houses. The shared garden areas can be a source of conflict, however. Claimed advantages include more green/<a href="/wiki/Public_space" title="Public space">public space</a>, closer community, and an optimal storm water management. Cluster development often encounters planning objections.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/William_H._Whyte" title="William H. Whyte">William H. Whyte</a>, the author of “Cluster Development”<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte1964_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte1964-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there are two types of cluster development: <a href="/wiki/Townhouse" title="Townhouse">townhouse</a> development and super development. Examples of townhouse development include <a href="/wiki/Morrell_Park,_Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Morrell Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">Morrell Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</a>, Hartshone in Richmond, and Dudley Square in Shreveport. Examples of super development include <a href="/wiki/Reston,_Virginia" title="Reston, Virginia">Reston, Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crofton,_Maryland" title="Crofton, Maryland">Crofton, Maryland</a>, and Americana Fairfax in Virginia. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Residential_cluster_development&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although similar styles of development existed in contexts ranging from medieval villages to the <a href="/wiki/New_England_town" title="New England town">New England town</a>, cluster development was formalized as a modern concept only by the onset of <a href="/wiki/Suburban_sprawl" class="mw-redirect" title="Suburban sprawl">suburban sprawl</a> and ubiquity of <a href="/wiki/Detached_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Detached house">detached house</a> developments. The idea of a cluster development was created as the alternative to the conventional subdivision. </p><p>The first conscious application of a cluster development was in <a href="/wiki/Radburn,_New_Jersey" title="Radburn, New Jersey">Radburn, New Jersey</a>, in 1928. It was based on English planning and <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Howard" title="Ebenezer Howard">Ebenezer Howard</a>’s <a href="/wiki/Garden_City_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden City movement">Garden City movement</a> but used principles of cluster development. Following Radburn, many other towns in New Jersey applied those principles to their planning notably the village green in <a href="/wiki/Hillsborough,_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Hillsborough, New Jersey">Hillsborough, New Jersey</a>, and Brunswick Hill in South Brunswick. In the rest of the country the use of cluster development grew in principally in Maryland and Virginia, notably in Reston and American Fairfax County. </p><p>Currently cluster development is applied all over the United States. There is particularly a strong push for it in the Midwestern States that have had significant problems with <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a>, such as Minnesota, Illinois, Ohio, and Wisconsin. </p><p>Cluster development, also known as <a href="/wiki/Conservation_development" title="Conservation development">conservation development</a>, is a site planning approach that is an alternative to conventional subdivision development. It is a practice of low-impact development that groups residential properties in a proposed subdivision closer together in order to utilize the rest of the land for open space, recreation or agriculture. Cluster development differs from a <a href="/wiki/Planned_unit_development" title="Planned unit development">planned unit development</a> (PUD), which contains a mix of residential, commercial, industrial, or other uses, but the cluster development primarily focuses on residential areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte1964_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte1964-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Residential_cluster_development&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The purpose of cluster development is to: </p> <ol><li>promote integrated site design that is considerate to the natural features and topography</li> <li>protect environmentally sensitive areas of the development site, as well as permanently preserve important natural features, prime agricultural land, and <a href="/wiki/Urban_open_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban open space">open space</a></li> <li>minimize non-point source pollution through reducing the area of <a href="/wiki/Impervious_surface" title="Impervious surface">impervious surfaces</a> on site</li> <li>encourage <a href="/wiki/Cost_saving" class="mw-redirect" title="Cost saving">saving costs</a> on infrastructure and maintenance through practices such as decreasing the area that needs to be paved and the decreasing distance that utilities need to be run</li> <li>the primary purpose is to create more area for open space, recreation and more social interaction<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPA2009_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPA2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application">Application</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Residential_cluster_development&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Application"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The model ordinance for cluster development is section 4.7 in the Smart Growth Codes,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPA2009_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPA2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> issued by the <a href="/wiki/American_Planning_Association" title="American Planning Association">American Planning Association</a>. Along with introducing the concept of residential cluster development, the ordinance outlines the process of application, <a href="/wiki/Site_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Site planning">site planning</a> and implementation. </p><p>The primary requisites for application of cluster development are that all principal or accessory uses are allowed and that multifamily dwelling, duplexes, and townhouses are permitted. As well the application of maximal lot coverage, floor area ratios, building height, and parking requirements to the entire site as opposed to the individual lot. Provisions of a cluster development require that the site is at least 2 to 5 acres (20,000 m<sup>2</sup>) and there is no minimum to lot dimensions; furthermore each house can be no more than 12 feet (3.7 m) from the street with yard that is at least 25 feet (7.6 m). There also needs to be the ability to place more than one principal building on each lot, and lastly no less than 25% of the site is used for open space. </p><p>Included in the application, the site plan is required to consist of the street and sidewalk layout, the maximum number and type of dwelling units proposed, and how much area they will occupy, with calculations; as well as the area of parking, open space, and other accessories. To calculate the permitted amount of dwellings, one must measure the gross area of the site in acres and tenths of an acre, then subtract the gross area of the public and private streets and public dedicated improvement; the remainder will be the build able area. Then divide the net build able area by the smallest minimum lot size; round this number to the nearest lower number and the figure will be the maximum number of units. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_features">Design features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Residential_cluster_development&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Design features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are various distinct design features in cluster development notably: the consideration of <a href="/wiki/Natural_feature" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural feature">natural features</a>/<a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a>, smaller lot size, the use of cul-de-sacs, and the use of certain waste/<a href="/wiki/Storm_water_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Storm water management">storm water management</a> techniques. </p><p>Along with site design, waste/storm water management design features are a principle aspect of cluster development. By the maximizing of over land water flow and the strategic use of landforms and plants to slow, hold, and treat runoff, most stormwater can be handled. As well, there many options to deal with wastewater. Techniques such as community <a href="/wiki/Drain_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Drain field">drain fields</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irrigation_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrigation system">irrigation systems</a>, and package plants can dramatically reduce the cost of infrastructure and improve the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMegaLukermannSykes1998_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMegaLukermannSykes1998-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Residential_cluster_development&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte1964-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte1964_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte1964_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhyte1964">Whyte 1964</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAPA2009-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPA2009_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAPA2009_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAPA2009">APA 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMegaLukermannSykes1998-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMegaLukermannSykes1998_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMegaLukermannSykes1998">Mega, Lukermann & Sykes 1998</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWhyte1964" class="citation book cs1">Whyte, William (1964). <i>Cluster Development</i>. New York: American Conservation Association, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cluster+Development&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=American+Conservation+Association%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Whyte%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResidential+cluster+development" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3733&context=nrj">book review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAPA2009" class="citation book cs1"><i>Smart Codes: Model Land-Development Regulations</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Planning_Association" title="American Planning Association">American Planning Association</a> (APA). 2009. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932364-70-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932364-70-5"><bdi>978-1-932364-70-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smart+Codes%3A+Model+Land-Development+Regulations&rft.pub=American+Planning+Association+%28APA%29&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-932364-70-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResidential+cluster+development" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2019" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Larz T. (2019). <i>Planning the Built Environment</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781351179430">10.4324/9781351179430</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351179430" title="Special:BookSources/9781351179430"><bdi>9781351179430</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planning+the+Built+Environment&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781351179430&rft.isbn=9781351179430&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Larz+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResidential+cluster+development" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMegaLukermannSykes1998" class="citation web cs1">Mega, Mathew; Lukermann, Barbara; Sykes, Robert (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120224065943/http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/naturalresources/components/7059-01.html">"Residential Cluster Development: Overview of Key Issues"</a>. Regents of the University of Minnesota. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/naturalresources/components/7059-01.html">the original</a> on 24 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Residential+Cluster+Development%3A+Overview+of+Key+Issues&rft.pub=Regents+of+the+University+of+Minnesota&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Mega&rft.aufirst=Mathew&rft.au=Lukermann%2C+Barbara&rft.au=Sykes%2C+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.extension.umn.edu%2Fdistribution%2Fnaturalresources%2Fcomponents%2F7059-01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResidential+cluster+development" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Residential_cluster_development&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_Unit_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned Unit Development">Planned Unit Development</a> – American urban planning process<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Planning">Environmental Planning</a> – Considering environment in developing land<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a> – Urban design movement promoting sustainable land use</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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title="Public housing">Public housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airpark" title="Airpark">Residential airpark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_area" title="Residential area">Residential area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_community" title="Retirement community">Retirement community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_house" title="Revenue house">Revenue house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooming_house" title="Rooming house">Rooming house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-room_occupancy" title="Single-room occupancy">Single-room occupancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivision_(land)" title="Subdivision (land)">Subdivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tract_housing" title="Tract housing">Tract housing</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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developments">Municipal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_center" title="Civic center">Civic center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">Garden city movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_village" title="Model village">Model village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planned_cities" title="List of planned cities">Planned cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_community" title="Planned community">Planned community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_green_space" title="Urban green space">Urban green space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">parks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">Buildings</a> (<a 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