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<span>Subtypes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subtypes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cohabitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cohabitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cohabitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cohabitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Division_of_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Division_of_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Division of powers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Division_of_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advantages_and_disadvantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages_and_disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Advantages and disadvantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages_and_disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republics_with_a_semi-presidential_system_of_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republics_with_a_semi-presidential_system_of_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Republics with a semi-presidential system of government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Republics_with_a_semi-presidential_system_of_government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Republics with a semi-presidential system of government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Republics_with_a_semi-presidential_system_of_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Premier-presidential_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Premier-presidential_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Premier-presidential systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Premier-presidential_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-President-parliamentary_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President-parliamentary_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>President-parliamentary systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-President-parliamentary_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_semi-presidential_republics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_semi-presidential_republics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Former semi-presidential republics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_semi-presidential_republics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Semi-presidential republic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%B1%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="نظام شبه رئاسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام شبه رئاسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_semipresidencialista" title="Sistema semipresidencialista – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sistema semipresidencialista" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mburuvichavy_rape" title="Mburuvichavy rape – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mburuvichavy rape" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yar%C4%B1_prezident_respublikas%C4%B1" title="Yarı prezident respublikası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yarı prezident respublikası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="অর্ধ-রাষ্ট্রপতিশাসিত শাসনব্যবস্থা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অর্ধ-রাষ্ট্রপতিশাসিত শাসনব্যবস্থা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Зьмяшаная рэспубліка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Зьмяшаная рэспубліка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Полупрезидентска република – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Полупрезидентска република" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_semipresidencialista" title="Sistema semipresidencialista – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sistema semipresidencialista" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloprezidentsk%C3%A1_republika" title="Poloprezidentská republika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Poloprezidentská republika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semipr%C3%A4sidentielles_Regierungssystem" title="Semipräsidentielles Regierungssystem – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Semipräsidentielles Regierungssystem" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%82%DE%A8%DE%9E%DE%B0%DE%8A%DE%AA-%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%A7%DE%90%DE%A9_%DE%82%DE%A8%DE%92%DE%A7%DE%89%DE%AA" title="ނިޞްފު-ރިޔާސީ ނިޒާމު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ނިޞްފު-ރިޔާސީ ނިޒާމު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poolpresidentaalne_vabariik" title="Poolpresidentaalne vabariik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Poolpresidentaalne vabariik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Ημιπροεδρικό σύστημα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ημιπροεδρικό σύστημα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semipresidencialismo" title="Semipresidencialismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Semipresidencialismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duonprezidenta_sistemo" title="Duonprezidenta sistemo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Duonprezidenta sistemo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_erdipresidentzialista" title="Sistema erdipresidentzialista – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sistema erdipresidentzialista" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="نظام نیمه‌ریاستی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نظام نیمه‌ریاستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9gime_semi-pr%C3%A9sidentiel" title="Régime semi-présidentiel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Régime semi-présidentiel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corys_lieh-eaghtyraneagh" title="Corys lieh-eaghtyraneagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Corys lieh-eaghtyraneagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_semipresidencialista" title="República semipresidencialista – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="República semipresidencialista" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Ch%C3%BAng-th%C3%BAng-ch%E1%B9%B3" title="Pan Chúng-thúng-chṳ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pan Chúng-thúng-chṳ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%9B%90%EC%A7%91%EC%A0%95%EB%B6%80%EC%A0%9C" title="이원집정부제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이원집정부제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Կիսանախագահական համակարգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կիսանախագահական համակարգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="अर्ध-अध्यक्षीय प्रणाली – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अर्ध-अध्यक्षीय प्रणाली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polupredsjedni%C4%8Dki_sustav" title="Polupredsjednički sustav – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Polupredsjednički sustav" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_semipresidensial" title="Sistem semipresidensial – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sistem semipresidensial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D1%80%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%B3%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%C3%A6" title="Æрдæгпрезидентон системæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æрдæгпрезидентон системæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forseta%C3%BEingr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Forsetaþingræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Forsetaþingræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubblica_semipresidenziale" title="Repubblica semipresidenziale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Repubblica semipresidenziale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A8_%D7%97%D7%A6%D7%99-%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99" title="משטר חצי-נשיאותי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משטר חצי-נשיאותי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Аралас республика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аралас республика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergala_n%C3%AEvserokatiy%C3%AA" title="Pergala nîvserokatiyê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pergala nîvserokatiyê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B4%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%9A%E0%BB%8D%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B5" title="ສາທາລະນະລັດເຄິ່ງປະທານາທິບໍດີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສາທາລະນະລັດເຄິ່ງປະທານາທິບໍດີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusprezident%C4%81lisms" title="Pusprezidentālisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pusprezidentālisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusiau_prezidentinis_valdymas" title="Pusiau prezidentinis valdymas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pusiau prezidentinis valdymas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republega_semipresidenzial" title="Republega semipresidenzial – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Republega semipresidenzial" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9leln%C3%B6ki_rendszer" title="Félelnöki rendszer – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Félelnöki rendszer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%B1%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="نظام شبه رئاسي – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نظام شبه رئاسي" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_separa-presiden" title="Sistem separa-presiden – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sistem separa-presiden" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Холимог засаглалын систем – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Холимог засаглалын систем" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%90%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="သမ္မတတစ်ပိုင်းစနစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သမ္မတတစ်ပိုင်းစနစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semipresidentieel_systeem" title="Semipresidentieel systeem – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Semipresidentieel systeem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="अर्ध राष्ट्रपतिय प्रणाली – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अर्ध राष्ट्रपतिय प्रणाली" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%A4%A7%E7%B5%B1%E9%A0%98%E5%88%B6" title="半大統領制 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="半大統領制" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semipresidentsystem" title="Semipresidentsystem – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Semipresidentsystem" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semipresidentialisme" title="Semipresidentialisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Semipresidentialisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sist%C3%A8ma_semipresidencial" title="Sistèma semipresidencial – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sistèma semipresidencial" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_semiprezydencki" title="System semiprezydencki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="System semiprezydencki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semipresidencialismo" title="Semipresidencialismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Semipresidencialismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic%C4%83_semipreziden%C8%9Bial%C4%83" title="Republică semiprezidențială – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Republică semiprezidențială" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Смешанная республика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Смешанная республика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential_seestem" title="Semi-presidential seestem – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Semi-presidential seestem" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_gjysm%C3%AB_presidenciale" title="Republika gjysmë presidenciale – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Republika gjysmë presidenciale" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" title="Semi-presidential system – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Semi-presidential system" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85" title="نیم صدارتی نظام – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نیم صدارتی نظام" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloprezidentsk%C3%A1_republika" title="Poloprezidentská republika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Poloprezidentská republika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Полупредсједнички систем – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Полупредсједнички систем" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polupredsjedni%C4%8Dki_sistem" title="Polupredsjednički sistem – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Polupredsjednički sistem" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semipresidentialismi" title="Semipresidentialismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Semipresidentialismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semipresidentialism" title="Semipresidentialism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Semipresidentialism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistemang_semi-presidensyal" title="Sistemang semi-presidensyal – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sistemang semi-presidensyal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" title="Semi-presidential system – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="Semi-presidential system" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B6%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5" title="ระบบกึ่งประธานาธิบดี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระบบกึ่งประธานาธิบดี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%91%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%A3" title="Низоми нимариёсатӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Низоми нимариёсатӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yar%C4%B1_ba%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1k_sistemi" title="Yarı başkanlık sistemi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yarı başkanlık sistemi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Змішана республіка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Змішана республіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81" title="نیم صدارتی جمہوریہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نیم صدارتی جمہوریہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%B9blega_semipresidensia%C5%82e" title="Repùblega semipresidensiałe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Repùblega semipresidensiałe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1n_t%E1%BB%95ng_th%E1%BB%91ng_ch%E1%BA%BF" title="Bán tổng thống chế – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bán tổng thống chế" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%88%B6" title="半总统制 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="半总统制" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%88%B6" title="半總統制 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="半總統制" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%88%B6" title="半总统制 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="半总统制" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q49890#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage 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system</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">System of government</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Semi-parliamentary_system" title="Semi-parliamentary system">Semi-parliamentary system</a> or <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential system</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forms_of_government.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Forms_of_government.svg/370px-Forms_of_government.svg.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Forms_of_government.svg/555px-Forms_of_government.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Forms_of_government.svg/740px-Forms_of_government.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption><b>World's states coloured by systems of <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a></b>: <hr /> <b><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary systems</a>:</b> Head of government is elected or nominated by and accountable to the legislature <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#db060b; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional monarchy</a> with a ceremonial monarch</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f4a637; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary republic</a> with a ceremonial president</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#4db264; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government#Parliamentary_republics_with_an_executive_president" title="List of countries by system of government">Parliamentary republic with an executive president</a></div> <hr /> <b><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential system</a>:</b> Head of government (president) is popularly elected and independent of the legislature <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1965b0; color:white;"> </span> Presidential republic</div> <hr /> <b>Hybrid systems:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f7f057; color:black;"> </span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Semi-presidential republic</a>: Executive president is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7bb0df; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government#Assembly-independent_republics" title="List of countries by system of government">Assembly-independent republic</a>: Head of government (president or directory) is elected by the legislature, but is not accountable to it</div> <hr /> <b>Other systems:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#177817; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocratic</a> republic: <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a> holds significant executive and legislative power</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ae76a3; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Semi-constitutional monarchy</a>: Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#882e72; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a>: Monarch has unlimited power</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#71190e; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a>: Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#cae1ac; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">Military junta</a>: Committee of military leaders controls the government; constitutional provisions are suspended</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#777777; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_government" title="Provisional government">Provisional government</a>: No constitutionally defined basis to current regime</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Primary topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline of political science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index of politics articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics by country">Politics by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_country_subdivisions" title="Politics of country subdivisions">Politics by subdivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">Political systems</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessional system">Confessional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">Hybrid regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-parliamentary_system" title="Semi-parliamentary system">Semi-parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">Semi-presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Academic disciplines</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scientists" title="List of political scientists">political scientists</a>)</span></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">theory</a>)</span></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_science" title="Election science">Election science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psephology" title="Psephology">Political analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_studies" title="Policy studies">Policy studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Street-level_bureaucracy" title="Street-level bureaucracy">street-level</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li>Service <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">Public</a> / <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">Policy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Public_policy_doctrine" title="Public policy doctrine">doctrine</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy" title="Domestic policy">Domestic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest">Public interest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Government branches</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_commission" title="Election commission">Election commission</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">Polity</a> / <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_political_behavior" title="Theories of political behavior">Theories of political behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_political_orientation" title="Biology and political orientation">Biology and political orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_organisation" title="Political organisation">Political organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Subseries</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">voting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">forms</a> / <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">Governance</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_sidebar" title="Template:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:20.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">the Politics series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive government</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee;"> <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_leader" title="Supreme leader">Supreme leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_council_of_state" title="President of the council of state">President of the council of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictator" title="Dictator">Dictator</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee;"> <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Head of government</a></b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor" title="Chancellor">Chancellor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_(gubernatorial)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief executive (gubernatorial)">Chief executive</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_minister" title="Chief minister">Chief minister</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/First_minister" title="First minister">First minister</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Minister-president" title="Minister-president">Minister-president</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Premier" title="Premier">Premier</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">Prime minister</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Council_of_Ministers" title="President of the Council of Ministers">President of the Council of Ministers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_government" title="President of the government">President of the government</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">Cabinet</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Government_formation" title="Government formation">Government formation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_collective_responsibility" title="Cabinet collective responsibility">Cabinet collective responsibility</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ministry_(collective_executive)" title="Ministry (collective executive)">Ministry</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_secretary" title="Cabinet secretary">Secretary</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)" title="Ministry (government department)">Ministry</a></b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State" title="Minister of State">State</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Crown" title="Minister of the Crown">Crown</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state" title="Secretary of state">Secretary</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b>Other</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissary" title="Commissary">Commissary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner" title="Commissioner">Commissioner</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Governor" title="Governor">Governor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">Mayor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency" title="Presidency">Presidency</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee;"> <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Systems</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-parliamentary_system" title="Semi-parliamentary system">Semi-parliamentary</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Aut_simul_stabunt_aut_simul_cadent" title="Aut simul stabunt aut simul cadent"><i>simul simul</i></a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">Semi-presidential</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Cohabitation_(government)" title="Cohabitation (government)">cohabitational</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee;"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_governments" title="List of national governments">National governments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government" title="List of current heads of state and government">Heads of state and government</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#eee;"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Executive" title="Template:Executive"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Executive" title="Template talk:Executive"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Executive" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Executive"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>semi-presidential republic</b>, or <b>dual executive republic</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> in which a <a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">president</a> exists alongside a <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">cabinet</a>, with the latter two being responsible to the legislature of the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a>. It differs from a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> in that it has an <a href="/wiki/Executive_president" title="Executive president">executive president</a> independent of the <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a>; and from the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential system</a> in that the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">cabinet</a>, although named by the president, is responsible to the legislature, which may force the cabinet to resign through a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">motion of no confidence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Duverger1980_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duverger1980-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Veser1997_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veser1997-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pouvoirs1996_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pouvoirs1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DuvergerRevisited_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuvergerRevisited-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> (1919–1933) and <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> (from 1919 to 2000) exemplified early semi-presidential systems, the term "semi-presidential" was first introduced in 1959 in an article by journalist <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Beuve-M%C3%A9ry" title="Hubert Beuve-Méry">Hubert Beuve-Méry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and popularized by a 1978 work written by political scientist <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Duverger" title="Maurice Duverger">Maurice Duverger</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Duverger1978_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duverger1978-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both of whom intended to describe the <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">French Fifth Republic</a> (established in 1958).<sup id="cite_ref-Duverger1980_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duverger1980-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Veser1997_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veser1997-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pouvoirs1996_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pouvoirs1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DuvergerRevisited_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuvergerRevisited-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-presidential_republic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Duverger" title="Maurice Duverger">Maurice Duverger</a>'s original definition of semi-presidentialism stated that the president had to be elected, possess significant power, and serve for a fixed term.<sup id="cite_ref-Elgie2013_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elgie2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern definitions merely declare that the head of state has to be elected, and that a separate prime minister that is dependent on parliamentary confidence has to lead the legislative.<sup id="cite_ref-Elgie2013_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elgie2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subtypes">Subtypes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-presidential_republic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Subtypes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two distinct subtypes of semi-presidentialism: premier-presidentialism and president-parliamentarism. </p><p>Under the <b>premier-presidential</b> system, the prime minister and cabinet are exclusively accountable to parliament. The president may choose the prime minister and cabinet, but only the parliament may approve them and remove them from office with a <i>vote of no confidence</i>. This system is much closer to pure parliamentarism. This subtype is used in: <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Neto2010_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neto2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Neto2010_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neto2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beuman2016_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beuman2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> (2013–2018), <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> (<i>de facto</i>, however, according to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Poland" title="Constitution of Poland">Constitution</a>, Poland is a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-McMenamin_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMenamin-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CIA-2021_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-2021-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Neto2010_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neto2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (<i>de facto</i> between 2014 and 2018, until the <a href="/wiki/2017_Turkish_constitutional_referendum" title="2017 Turkish constitutional referendum">constitutional amendment</a> to switch the government to <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> from <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (since 2014; previously, between 2006 and 2010).<sup id="cite_ref-Shugart2005-Draft_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shugart2005-Draft-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shugart2005_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shugart2005-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the <b>president-parliamentary</b> system, the prime minister and cabinet are dually accountable to the president and to the parliament. The president chooses the prime minister and the cabinet, but must have the support of a parliamentary majority for his choice. In order to remove a prime minister, or the whole cabinet, from power, the president can either dismiss them, or the parliament can remove them through a <i>vote of no confidence</i>. This form of semi-presidentialism is much closer to pure presidentialism. It is used in: <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Neto2010_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neto2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. It was also used in Ukraine (first between 1996 and 2005; then from 2010 to 2014), Georgia (from 2004 to 2013), South Korea under the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Republic_of_Korea" title="Fourth Republic of Korea">Fourth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Republic_of_Korea" title="Fifth Republic of Korea">Fifth</a> republics, and in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shugart2005-Draft_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shugart2005-Draft-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shugart2005_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shugart2005-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cohabitation">Cohabitation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-presidential_republic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cohabitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cohabitation_(government)" title="Cohabitation (government)">Cohabitation (government)</a></div> <p>In a semi-presidential system, the president and the prime minister may sometimes be from different political parties. This is called "<a href="/wiki/Cohabitation_(government)" title="Cohabitation (government)">cohabitation</a>", a term which originated in France after the situation first arose in the 1980s. Cohabitation can create either an effective system of <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">checks and balances</a>, or a period of bitter and tense stonewalling, depending on the attitudes of the two leaders, the ideologies of themselves/their parties, and the demands of their supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-JVPoulard1990_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JVPoulard1990-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Division_of_powers">Division of powers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-presidential_republic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Division of powers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The distribution of power between the president and the prime minister can vary greatly between countries. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, for example, in the case of cohabitation, the president oversees <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Defence_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence policy">defense policy</a> (these are generally called <i>les prérogatives présidentielles</i>, presidential prerogatives) and the prime minister is in charge of <a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy" title="Domestic policy">domestic policy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">economic policy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this case, the division of responsibilities between the <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a> and the <a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">president</a> is not explicitly stated in the constitution, but has evolved as a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">political convention</a> based on the constitutional principle that the prime minister is appointed (with the subsequent approval of a parliament majority) and dismissed by the president.<sup id="cite_ref-Larousse_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larousse-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, whenever the president and the prime minister represent the same political party, which leads the cabinet, they tend to exercise <i>de facto</i> control over all fields of policy via the prime minister. However, it is up to the president to decide how much autonomy is left to said prime minister. </p><p>In most cases, cohabitation results from a system in which the two executives are not elected at the same time or for the same term. For example, in 1981, France elected both a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">Socialist</a> president and legislature, which yielded a Socialist premier. But while the president's term of office was for seven years, the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of France">National Assembly</a> only served for five. When, in the <a href="/wiki/1986_French_legislative_election" title="1986 French legislative election">1986 legislative election</a>, the French people elected a right-of-centre assembly, Socialist president <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> was forced into cohabitation with right-wing premier <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JVPoulard1990_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JVPoulard1990-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in 2000, amendments to the <a href="/wiki/French_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="French constitution">French constitution</a> reduced the length of the French president's term to five years. This has significantly lowered the chances of cohabitation occurring, as parliamentary and presidential elections may now be conducted within a shorter span of each other. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages_and_disadvantages">Advantages and disadvantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-presidential_republic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Advantages and disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The incorporation of elements from both presidential and parliamentary republics can bring certain advantageous elements; however, it also creates disadvantages, often related to the confusion produced by mixed authority patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barrington2009_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrington2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be argued that a semi-presidential republic is more likely to engage in <a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">democratic backsliding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Power_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Power struggle">power struggles</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially ones with a president-parliamentary system.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Advantages</b> </p> <ul><li>Parliament has the ability to remove an unpopular prime minister, therefore maintaining stability throughout the president's <a href="/wiki/Mandate_(politics)" title="Mandate (politics)">fixed term</a>.</li> <li>In most semi-presidential systems, important segments of bureaucracy are taken away from the president, creating additional checks and balances where the running of the day-to-day government and its issues are separate from the head of state, and as such, its issues tend to be looked at on their own merits, with their ebbs and flows and not necessarily tied to who the head of state is.</li> <li>Having a separate head of government who needs to command the confidence of the parliament is seen as being more in tune to the political and economic development of the country. Because the head of government is elected from the parliament, there is little potential for political gridlock to occur, since the parliament has the power to remove the head of government if needed.</li></ul> <p><b>Disadvantages</b> </p> <ul><li>The system provides <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">cover</a> for the president, as unpopular policies could be blamed on the prime minister, who runs the day-to-day operations of the government.</li> <li>It creates a sense of confusion towards <a href="/wiki/Accountability" title="Accountability">accountability</a>, as there is no relatively clear sense of who is responsible for policy successes and failures.</li> <li>It creates both confusion and inefficiency in the <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative process</a>, since the capacity of <a href="/wiki/Vote_of_no_confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote of no confidence">votes of confidence</a> makes the prime minister respond to the parliament.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Republics_with_a_semi-presidential_system_of_government">Republics with a semi-presidential system of government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-presidential_republic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Republics with a semi-presidential system of government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government#Semi-presidential_republics" title="List of countries by system of government">List of countries by system of government § Semi-presidential republics</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_system_of_government&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Premier-presidential_systems">Premier-presidential systems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Excerpt&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: Premier-presidential systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a premier-presidential system, the prime minister and cabinet are exclusively accountable to the legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-List_of_countries_by_system_of_government_semi_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-List_of_countries_by_system_of_government_semi-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo, Democratic Republic of the</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><i><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></i></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/23px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/35px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/46px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <p>Non-UN members or observers are in italics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="President-parliamentary_systems">President-parliamentary systems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Excerpt&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: President-parliamentary systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a president-parliamentary system, the prime minister and cabinet are dually accountable to the president and the legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-List_of_countries_by_system_of_government_semi_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-List_of_countries_by_system_of_government_semi-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a><sup id="cite_ref-AT_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AT-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><sup id="cite_ref-List_of_countries_by_system_of_government_Zaznaev_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-List_of_countries_by_system_of_government_Zaznaev-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Congo, Republic of the</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><sup id="cite_ref-List_of_countries_by_system_of_government_Zaznaev_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-List_of_countries_by_system_of_government_Zaznaev-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></i></li> <li><i><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div> Non-UN members or observers are in italics.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_semi-presidential_republics">Former semi-presidential republics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-presidential_republic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Former semi-presidential republics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 290px;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> (2008–2018)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (1990–2000)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> (1940–1976)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> (1919–2000)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> (1991–1995, 2004–2005, 2011–2019)<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (1919–1933)<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (1973–1974)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> (1993–2021)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> (1991–2023)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> (1990–2001)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> (1991–2001)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Draft_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draft-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> (1978–1986)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a> (1991)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> (1960–1969)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (1990–1991)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> (1972–1988)<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-presidential_republic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government" title="List of countries by system of government">List of countries by system of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-parliamentary_system" title="Semi-parliamentary system">Semi-parliamentary system</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-presidential_republic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AT-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AT_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Austria">Republic of Austria</a> is <i>de jure</i> <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential">semi-presidential</a> according to the country's <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Austria" title="Constitution of Austria">Constitution</a>, however behaves more like a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> in practice by <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">constitutional convention</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Austria" title="Chancellor of Austria">Chancellor</a> being the country's leading political figure despite nominally being ranked third according to the Constitution.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">Nominally</a> a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a>; the semi-presidential system is based on <a href="/wiki/Additional_Articles_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China">temporary additional articles</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">Constitution of the Republic of China</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Republic_of_China)" title="National Assembly (Republic of China)">National Assembly</a> indirectly elects the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="President of the Republic of China">President of the Republic</a>, which is the ceremonial figurehead of the state. Executive power rested with the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Premier of the Republic of China">President of the Executive Yuan</a>, who is nominated and appointed by the president, with the consent of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Yuan" title="Legislative Yuan">Legislative Yuan</a>. The additional articles made the President directly elected by the citizens of the <a href="/wiki/Free_area_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Free area of the Republic of China">free area</a> and replaced Legislative Yuan confirmation for Premieral appointments with a conventional <a href="/wiki/Vote_of_no_confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote of no confidence">vote of no confidence</a>, superseding the ordinary constitutional provisions. A <a href="/wiki/Sunset_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunset clause">sunset clause</a> in the additional articles will terminate them in the event of a hypothetical resumption of ROC rule in Mainland China.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary republic</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet member-state</a> in 1990–1991, and after independence it was a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential republic">presidential republic</a> in 1991–2008, a semi-presidential republic in 2008–2018 and has been a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> since 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian SSR">Georgian SSR</a> and after independence, <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary">parliamentary</a> in 1990–1991, <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential">semi-presidential</a> in 1991–1995, <a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">presidential</a> in 1995–2004, <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential">semi-presidential</a> in 2004–2005 and <a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">presidential</a> 2005–2011. <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential">Semi-presidential</a> in 2011–2019 and <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary">parliamentary</a> since 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For more information, see <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Greek_Constitution_of_1973" title="Greek Constitution of 1973">Greek Constitution of 1973</a>, enacted in the waning days of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Junta" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Junta">Greek Junta</a>, provided for a powerful directly-elected president and for a government dependent on Parliamentary confidence. Neither of these provisions were implemented, as the regime collapsed eight month's after the Constitution's promulgation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet member-state</a> in 1936–1990, a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential republic">presidential republic</a> in 1990–1993, a semi-presidential republic in 1993–2010 and a <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> semi-presidential republic; <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> in 2010–2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For more information, see <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Philippine_Republic" title="Fourth Philippine Republic">Fourth Philippine Republic</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Russian_Socialist_Federative_Soviet_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic">Soviet member-state</a> in 1918–1991 and semi-presidential republic in 1991</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">leader</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">state-sponsored party</a> was <a href="/wiki/Article_6_of_the_Soviet_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Article 6 of the Soviet Constitution">supreme</a> in 1918–1990 and a semi-presidential republic in 1990–1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All South Korean constitutions since 1963 provided for a strong executive presidency; in addition, the formally-authoritarian <a href="/wiki/Yushin_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Yushin Constitution">Yushin Constitution</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Republic_of_Korea" title="Fourth Republic of Korea">Fourth Republic</a> established a presidential power to dissolve the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of South Korea">National Assembly</a>, nominally counterbalanced by a binding vote of no confidence. Both of these provisions were retained during the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Republic_of_Korea" title="Fifth Republic of Korea">Fifth Republic</a> but repealed upon the transition to democracy and the establishment of the presidential <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Republic of Korea">Sixth Republic</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-presidential_republic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-presidential_republic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Duverger1980-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duverger1980_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duverger1980_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDuverger1980" class="citation journal cs1">Duverger (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-6765.1980.tb00569.x">"A New Political System Model: Semi-Presidential Government"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/European_Journal_of_Political_Research" title="European Journal of Political Research">European Journal of Political Research</a></i> (quarterly). <b>8</b> (2): 165–187. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-6765.1980.tb00569.x">10.1111/j.1475-6765.1980.tb00569.x</a></span>. <q>The concept of a semi-presidential form of government, as used here, is defined only by the content of the constitution. A political regime is considered as semi-presidential if the constitution which established it, combines three elements: (1) the president of the republic is elected by universal suffrage, (2) he possesses quite considerable powers; (3) he has opposite him, however, a prime minister and ministers who possess executive and governmental power and can stay in office only if the parliament does not show its opposition to them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Political+Research&rft.atitle=A+New+Political+System+Model%3A+Semi-Presidential+Government&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=165-187&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1475-6765.1980.tb00569.x&rft.au=Duverger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1475-6765.1980.tb00569.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-presidential+republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Veser1997-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Veser1997_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Veser1997_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeser1997" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Veser" class="extiw" title="de:Ernst Veser">Veser, Ernst</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rchss.sinica.edu.tw/app/ebook/journal/11-01-1999/11_1_2.pdf">"Semi-Presidentialism-Duverger's concept: A New Political System Model"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal for Humanities and Social Sciences</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 39–60<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+Humanities+and+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Semi-Presidentialism-Duverger%27s+concept%3A+A+New+Political+System+Model&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-60&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Veser&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rchss.sinica.edu.tw%2Fapp%2Febook%2Fjournal%2F11-01-1999%2F11_1_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-presidential+republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pouvoirs1996-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pouvoirs1996_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pouvoirs1996_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuverger1996" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Duverger" title="Maurice Duverger">Duverger, Maurice</a> (September 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revue-pouvoirs.fr/IMG/pdf/78Pouvoirs_p107-120_monarchies_republicaines.pdf">"Les monarchies républicaines"</a> [The Republican Monarchies] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Pouvoirs, revue française d'études constitutionnelles et politiques</i> (in French). No. 78. Paris: Éditions du Seuil. pp. 107–120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-02-030123-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-02-030123-7"><bdi>2-02-030123-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0152-0768">0152-0768</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/909782158">909782158</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pouvoirs%2C+revue+fran%C3%A7aise+d%27%C3%A9tudes+constitutionnelles+et+politiques&rft.atitle=Les+monarchies+r%C3%A9publicaines&rft.issue=78&rft.pages=107-120&rft.date=1996-09&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F909782158&rft.issn=0152-0768&rft.isbn=2-02-030123-7&rft.aulast=Duverger&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revue-pouvoirs.fr%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2F78Pouvoirs_p107-120_monarchies_republicaines.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-presidential+republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DuvergerRevisited-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DuvergerRevisited_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DuvergerRevisited_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahroBayerleinVeser1998" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name">Bahro, Horst; Bayerlein, Bernhard H.; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Veser" class="extiw" title="de:Ernst Veser">Veser, Ernst</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span> (October 1998). "Duverger's concept: Semi-presidential government revisited". <i><a href="/wiki/European_Journal_of_Political_Research" title="European Journal of Political Research">European Journal of Political Research</a></i> (quarterly). <b>34</b> (2): 201–224. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1475-6765.00405">10.1111/1475-6765.00405</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153349701">153349701</a>. <q>The conventional analysis of government in democratic countries by political science and constitutional law starts from the traditional types of presidentialism and parliamentarism. There is, however, a general consensus that governments in the various countries work quite differently. This is why some authors have inserted distinctive features into their analytical approaches, at the same time maintaining the general dichotomy. Maurice Duverger, trying to explain the French Fifth Republic, found that this dichotomy was not adequate for this purpose. He therefore resorted to the concept of 'semi-presidential government': The characteristics of the concept are (Duverger 1974: 122, 1978: 28, 1980: 166):<br />1. the president of the republic is elected by universal suffrage,<br />2. he possesses quite considerable powers and<br />3. he has opposite him a prime minister who possesses executive and governmental powers and can stay in office only if parliament does not express its opposition to him.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Political+Research&rft.atitle=Duverger%27s+concept%3A+Semi-presidential+government+revisited&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=201-224&rft.date=1998-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1475-6765.00405&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153349701%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bahro&rft.aufirst=Horst&rft.au=Bayerlein%2C+Bernhard+H.&rft.au=Veser%2C+Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-presidential+republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Le Monde</i>, 8 January 1959.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duverger1978-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duverger1978_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuverger1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Duverger" title="Maurice Duverger">Duverger, Maurice</a> (1978). <i>Échec au roi</i>. Paris: A. Michel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782226005809" title="Special:BookSources/9782226005809"><bdi>9782226005809</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%89chec+au+roi&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=A.+Michel&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9782226005809&rft.aulast=Duverger&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-presidential+republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elgie2013-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elgie2013_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elgie2013_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElgie2013" class="citation journal cs1">Elgie, Robert (2 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doras.dcu.ie/20746/1/G_and_O_Samuels_and_Shugart_DORAS.pdf">"Presidentialism, Parliamentarism and Semi-Presidentialism: Bringing Parties Back In"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Government and Opposition</i>. <b>46</b> (3): 392–409. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1477-7053.2011.01345.x">10.1111/j.1477-7053.2011.01345.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145748468">145748468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Government+and+Opposition&rft.atitle=Presidentialism%2C+Parliamentarism+and+Semi-Presidentialism%3A+Bringing+Parties+Back+In&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=392-409&rft.date=2013-01-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1477-7053.2011.01345.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145748468%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Elgie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoras.dcu.ie%2F20746%2F1%2FG_and_O_Samuels_and_Shugart_DORAS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-presidential+republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neto2010-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neto2010_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neto2010_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neto2010_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neto2010_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNetoLobo2010" class="citation journal cs1">Neto, Octávio Amorim; Lobo, Marina Costa (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1666842_code1512429.pdf">"Between Constitutional Diffusion and Local Politics: Semi-Presidentialism in Portuguese-Speaking Countries"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>APSA 2010 Annual Meeting Paper</i>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1644026">1644026</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=APSA+2010+Annual+Meeting+Paper&rft.atitle=Between+Constitutional+Diffusion+and+Local+Politics%3A+Semi-Presidentialism+in+Portuguese-Speaking+Countries&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1644026%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Neto&rft.aufirst=Oct%C3%A1vio+Amorim&rft.au=Lobo%2C+Marina+Costa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2FDelivery.cfm%2FSSRN_ID1666842_code1512429.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-presidential+republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beuman2016-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beuman2016_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeuman2016" class="citation book cs1">Beuman, Lydia M. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8GCFCwAAQBAJ"><i>Political Institutions in East Timor: Semi-Presidentialism and Democratisation</i></a>. Abingdon, Oxon: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317362128" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317362128"><bdi>978-1317362128</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2015036590">2015036590</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/983148216">983148216</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2017</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Institutions+in+East+Timor%3A+Semi-Presidentialism+and+Democratisation&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F983148216&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2015036590&rft.isbn=978-1317362128&rft.aulast=Beuman&rft.aufirst=Lydia+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8GCFCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-presidential+republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McMenamin-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McMenamin_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMenamin" class="citation web cs1">McMenamin, Iain. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120212225305/http://webpages.dcu.ie/~mcmenami/Poland_semi-presidentialism_2.pdf">"Semi-Presidentialism and Democratisation in Poland"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. School of Law and Government, <a href="/wiki/Dublin_City_University" title="Dublin City University">Dublin City University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webpages.dcu.ie/~mcmenami/Poland_semi-presidentialism_2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Semi-Presidentialism+and+Democratisation+in+Poland&rft.pub=School+of+Law+and+Government%2C+Dublin+City+University&rft.aulast=McMenamin&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebpages.dcu.ie%2F~mcmenami%2FPoland_semi-presidentialism_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-presidential+republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Poland_2009?lang=en">"Poland 1997 (rev. 2009) Constitution"</a>. <i>Constitute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Constitute&rft.atitle=Poland+1997+%28rev.+2009%29+Constitution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FPoland_2009%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-presidential+republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-2021-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIA-2021_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/poland/#government">"Poland"</a>. <i>The World Factbook</i>. CIA. 22 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Poland&rft.date=2021-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fpoland%2F%23government&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-presidential+republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shugart2005-Draft-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shugart2005-Draft_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shugart2005-Draft_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShugart2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_S%C3%B8berg_Shugart" title="Matthew Søberg Shugart">Shugart, Matthew Søberg</a> (September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080819200307/http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf">"Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Graduate_School_of_International_Relations_and_Pacific_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies">Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies</a></i>. United States: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California, San Diego</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Graduate+School+of+International+Relations+and+Pacific+Studies&rft.atitle=Semi-Presidential+Systems%3A+Dual+Executive+and+Mixed+Authority+Patterns&rft.date=2005-09&rft.aulast=Shugart&rft.aufirst=Matthew+S%C3%B8berg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdss.ucsd.edu%2F~mshugart%2Fsemi-presidentialism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-presidential+republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shugart2005-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shugart2005_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shugart2005_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShugart2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_S%C3%B8berg_Shugart" title="Matthew Søberg Shugart">Shugart, Matthew Søberg</a> (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.fp.8200087.pdf">"Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Graduate_School_of_International_Relations_and_Pacific_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies">Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California, San Diego</a>. <i>French Politics</i>. <b>3</b> (3): 323–351. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.fp.8200087">10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-3427">1476-3427</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6895745903">6895745903</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Politics&rft.atitle=Semi-Presidential+Systems%3A+Dual+Executive+And+Mixed+Authority+Patterns&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=323-351&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6895745903&rft.issn=1476-3427&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fpalgrave.fp.8200087&rft.aulast=Shugart&rft.aufirst=Matthew+S%C3%B8berg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2F10.1057%252Fpalgrave.fp.8200087.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-presidential+republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JVPoulard1990-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JVPoulard1990_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JVPoulard1990_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoulard1990" class="citation journal cs1">Poulard JV (Summer 1990). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psqonline.org/article.cfm?IDArticle=12601">"The French Double Executive and the Experience of Cohabitation"</a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Political_Science_Quarterly" title="Political Science Quarterly">Political Science Quarterly</a></i> (quarterly). <b>105</b> (2): 243–267. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2151025">10.2307/2151025</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-3195">0032-3195</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2151025">2151025</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4951242513">4951242513</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+French+Double+Executive+and+the+Experience+of+Cohabitation&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=243-267&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4951242513&rft.issn=0032-3195&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2151025%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2151025&rft.aulast=Poulard&rft.aufirst=Jean+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psqonline.org%2Farticle.cfm%3FIDArticle%3D12601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-presidential+republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See article 5, title II, of the <a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1958" class="mw-redirect" title="French Constitution of 1958">French Constitution of 1958</a>. Jean Massot, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/conseil-constitutionnel/francais/documentation-publications/dossiers-thematiques/2008-cinquantenaire-la-constitution-en-20-questions/la-constitution-en-20-questions-question-n-6.17355.html">Quelle place la Constitution de 1958 accorde-t-elle au Président de la République?</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Council_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Council of France">Constitutional Council of France</a> website (in French).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Larousse-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Larousse_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Le Petit Larousse 2013 p. 880</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrington2012" class="citation book cs1">Barrington, Lowell (1 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yLLuWYL8gTsC&pg=PA169"><i>Comparative Politics: Structures and Choices</i></a>. Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1111341930" title="Special:BookSources/978-1111341930"><bdi>978-1111341930</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Politics%3A+Structures+and+Choices&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1111341930&rft.aulast=Barrington&rft.aufirst=Lowell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyLLuWYL8gTsC%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-presidential+republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrington2009-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barrington2009_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarringtonBosiaBruhnGiaimo2012" class="citation book cs1">Barrington, Lowell; Bosia, Michael J.; Bruhn, Kathleen; Giaimo, Susan; McHenry, Jr., Dean E. (2012) [2009]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yLLuWYL8gTsC&pg=PA169"><i>Comparative Politics: Structures and Choices</i></a> (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Wadsworth Cengage Learning</a>. pp. 169–170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781111341930" title="Special:BookSources/9781111341930"><bdi>9781111341930</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2011942386">2011942386</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2017</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Politics%3A+Structures+and+Choices&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=169-170&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2011942386&rft.isbn=9781111341930&rft.aulast=Barrington&rft.aufirst=Lowell&rft.au=Bosia%2C+Michael+J.&rft.au=Bruhn%2C+Kathleen&rft.au=Giaimo%2C+Susan&rft.au=McHenry%2C+Jr.%2C+Dean+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyLLuWYL8gTsC%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-presidential+republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAfee2023" class="citation journal cs1">McAfee, Connor (2023-05-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elibrary.law.psu.edu/jlia/vol11/iss2/8/">"Semi-Presidentialism: A Pathway to Democratic Backslide"</a>. <i>Penn State Journal of Law & International Affairs</i>. <b>11</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2168-7951">2168-7951</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Penn+State+Journal+of+Law+%26+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Semi-Presidentialism%3A+A+Pathway+to+Democratic+Backslide&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2023-05-18&rft.issn=2168-7951&rft.aulast=McAfee&rft.aufirst=Connor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felibrary.law.psu.edu%2Fjlia%2Fvol11%2Fiss2%2F8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-presidential+republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElgie2011" class="citation book cs1">Elgie, Robert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/713182510"><i>Semi-presidentialism: sub-types and democratic performance</i></a>. Comparative Politics. Oxford, UK ; New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958598-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958598-4"><bdi>978-0-19-958598-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/713182510">713182510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Semi-presidentialism%3A+sub-types+and+democratic+performance&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK+%3B+New+York&rft.series=Comparative+Politics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F713182510&rft.isbn=978-0-19-958598-4&rft.aulast=Elgie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F713182510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-presidential+republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElgieMcmenamin2008" class="citation journal cs1">Elgie, Robert; Mcmenamin, Iain (2008-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1468109908003162/type/journal_article">"Semi-presidentialism and Democratic Performance"</a>. <i>Japanese Journal of Political Science</i>. <b>9</b> (3): 323–340. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1468109908003162">10.1017/S1468109908003162</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-1099">1468-1099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Semi-presidentialism+and+Democratic+Performance&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=323-340&rft.date=2008-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1468109908003162&rft.issn=1468-1099&rft.aulast=Elgie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Mcmenamin%2C+Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS1468109908003162%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-presidential+republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-List_of_countries_by_system_of_government_semi-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-List_of_countries_by_system_of_government_semi_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-List_of_countries_by_system_of_government_semi_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShugart2005" class="citation journal cs1">Shugart, Matthew Søberg (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.fp.8200087">"Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns"</a>. <i>French Politics</i>. <b>3</b> (3): 323–351. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.fp.8200087">10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Politics&rft.atitle=Semi-Presidential+Systems%3A+Dual+Executive+And+Mixed+Authority+Patterns&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=323-351&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fpalgrave.fp.8200087&rft.aulast=Shugart&rft.aufirst=Matthew+S%C3%B8berg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1057%252Fpalgrave.fp.8200087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-presidential+republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Poland_2009?lang=en">"Poland 1997 (rev. 2009)"</a>. <i>www.constituteproject.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.constituteproject.org&rft.atitle=Poland+1997+%28rev.+2009%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FPoland_2009%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-presidential+republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeser1997" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Veser" class="extiw" title="de:Ernst Veser">Veser, Ernst</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span> (23 September 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rchss.sinica.edu.tw/files_news/11-01-1999/11_1_2.pdf">"Semi-Presidentialism-Duverger's Concept — A New Political System Model"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Department of Education, School of Education, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cologne" title="University of Cologne">University of Cologne</a>, zh. pp. 39–60<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2017</span>. <q>Duhamel has developed the approach further: He stresses that the French construction does not correspond to either parliamentary or the presidential form of government, and then develops the distinction of 'système politique' and 'régime constitutionnel'. While the former comprises the exercise of power that results from the dominant institutional practice, the latter is the totality of the rules for the dominant institutional practice of power. In this way, France appears as 'presidentialist system' endowed with a 'semi-presidential regime' (1983: 587). By this standard, he recognizes Duverger's <i>pléiade</i> as semi-presidential regimes, as well as Poland, Romania, Bulgaria and Lithuania (1993: 87).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Semi-Presidentialism-Duverger%27s+Concept+%E2%80%94+A+New+Political+System+Model&rft.pages=39-60&rft.pub=Department+of+Education%2C+School+of+Education%2C+University+of+Cologne%2C+zh&rft.date=1997-09-23&rft.aulast=Veser&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rchss.sinica.edu.tw%2Ffiles_news%2F11-01-1999%2F11_1_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-presidential+republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-List_of_countries_by_system_of_government_Draft-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-List_of_countries_by_system_of_government_Draft_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShugart2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_S%C3%B8berg_Shugart" title="Matthew Søberg Shugart">Shugart, Matthew Søberg</a> (September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080819200307/http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf">"Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Graduate+School+of+International+Relations+and+Pacific+Studies&rft.atitle=Semi-Presidential+Systems%3A+Dual+Executive+and+Mixed+Authority+Patterns&rft.date=2005-09&rft.aulast=Shugart&rft.aufirst=Matthew+S%C3%B8berg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdss.ucsd.edu%2F~mshugart%2Fsemi-presidentialism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-presidential+republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-List_of_countries_by_system_of_government_Shugart2005-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-List_of_countries_by_system_of_government_Shugart2005_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShugart2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_S%C3%B8berg_Shugart" title="Matthew Søberg Shugart">Shugart, Matthew Søberg</a> (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.fp.8200087.pdf">"Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>French Politics</i>. <b>3</b> (3): 323–351. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.fp.8200087">10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2017</span>. <q>Even if the president has no discretion in the forming of cabinets or the right to dissolve parliament, his or her constitutional authority can be regarded as 'quite considerable' in Duverger's sense if cabinet legislation approved in parliament can be blocked by the people's elected agent. Such powers are especially relevant if an extraordinary majority is required to override a veto, as in Mongolia, Poland, and Senegal. In these cases, while the government is fully accountable to Parliament, it cannot legislate without taking the potentially different policy preferences of the president into account.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Politics&rft.atitle=Semi-Presidential+Systems%3A+Dual+Executive+And+Mixed+Authority+Patterns&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=323-351&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fpalgrave.fp.8200087&rft.aulast=Shugart&rft.aufirst=Matthew+S%C3%B8berg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2F10.1057%252Fpalgrave.fp.8200087.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-presidential+republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-List_of_countries_by_system_of_government_McMenamin-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-List_of_countries_by_system_of_government_McMenamin_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMenamin" class="citation web cs1">McMenamin, Iain. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120212225305/http://webpages.dcu.ie/~mcmenami/Poland_semi-presidentialism_2.pdf">"Semi-Presidentialism and Democratisation in Poland"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ConstitutionNet&rft.atitle=Chad%27s+Proposed+New+Constitution%3A+Between+Hopes+for+Refoundation+and+an+Uncertain+Future&rft.date=2023-10-04&rft.au=Leubnoudji+Tan+Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconstitutionnet.org%2Fnews%2Fchads-proposed-new-constitution-between-hopes-refoundation-and-uncertain-future&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-presidential+republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-AD(2017)010-e">https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-AD(2017)010-e</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeilStahl2014" class="citation book cs1">Keil, S.; Stahl, B. 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(2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8GCFCwAAQBAJ"><i>Political Institutions in East Timor: Semi-Presidentialism and Democratisation</i></a>. Abingdon, Oxon: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317362128" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317362128"><bdi>978-1317362128</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2015036590">2015036590</a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Institutions+in+East+Timor%3A+Semi-Presidentialism+and+Democratisation&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2015036590&rft.isbn=978-1317362128&rft.aulast=Beuman&rft.aufirst=Lydia+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8GCFCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-presidential+republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanas2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vitalino_Canas" title="Vitalino Canas">Canas, Vitalino</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zaoerv.de/64_2004/64_2004_1_a_95_124.pdf">"The Semi-Presidential System"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht</i>. <b>64</b> (1): 95–124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+ausl%C3%A4ndisches+%C3%B6ffentliches+Recht+und+V%C3%B6lkerrecht&rft.atitle=The+Semi-Presidential+System&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=95-124&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Canas&rft.aufirst=Vitalino&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zaoerv.de%2F64_2004%2F64_2004_1_a_95_124.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-presidential+republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuverger1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Duverger" title="Maurice Duverger">Duverger, Maurice</a> (1978). <i><span></span></i>Échec au roi<i><span></span></i>. 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(Oxford Scholarship Online Politics), Oxford University Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199585984" title="Special:BookSources/9780199585984">9780199585984</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrye1997" class="citation journal cs1">Frye, Timothy (October 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/~tmf2/A%20Politics%20of%20Institutional%20Choice.pdf">"A Politics of Institutional Choice: Post-Communist Presidencies"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Comparative_Political_Studies" title="Comparative Political Studies">Comparative Political Studies</a></i>. <b>30</b> (5): 523–552. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0010414097030005001">10.1177/0010414097030005001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18049875">18049875</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Political+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Politics+of+Institutional+Choice%3A+Post-Communist+Presidencies&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=523-552&rft.date=1997-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0010414097030005001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18049875%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2F~tmf2%2FA%2520Politics%2520of%2520Institutional%2520Choice.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-presidential+republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoetz2006" class="citation book cs1">Goetz, Klaus H. (2006). Heywood, Paul; Jones, Erik; Rhodes, Martin; Sedelmeier (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/developmentsineu0000unse/page/368"><i>Developments in European politics</i></a>. Power at the Centre: The Organization of Democratic Systems. Basingstoke England New York: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/developmentsineu0000unse/page/368">368</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230000414" title="Special:BookSources/9780230000414"><bdi>9780230000414</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Developments+in+European+politics&rft.place=Basingstoke+England+New+York&rft.series=Power+at+the+Centre%3A+The+Organization+of+Democratic+Systems&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780230000414&rft.aulast=Goetz&rft.aufirst=Klaus+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdevelopmentsineu0000unse%2Fpage%2F368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-presidential+republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLijphart1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arend_Lijphart" title="Arend Lijphart">Lijphart, Arend</a> (1992). <i>Parliamentary versus presidential government</i>. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198780441" title="Special:BookSources/9780198780441"><bdi>9780198780441</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+versus+presidential+government&rft.place=Oxford+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780198780441&rft.aulast=Lijphart&rft.aufirst=Arend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-presidential+republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNousiainen2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jaakko_Nousiainen" title="Jaakko Nousiainen">Nousiainen, Jaakko</a> (June 2001). "From Semi-presidentialism to Parliamentary Government: Political and Constitutional Developments in Finland". <i><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Political_Studies" title="Scandinavian Political Studies">Scandinavian Political Studies</a></i> (quarterly). <b>24</b> (2): 95–109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-9477.00048">10.1111/1467-9477.00048</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0080-6757">0080-6757</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/715091099">715091099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scandinavian+Political+Studies&rft.atitle=From+Semi-presidentialism+to+Parliamentary+Government%3A+Political+and+Constitutional+Developments+in+Finland&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=95-109&rft.date=2001-06&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F715091099&rft.issn=0080-6757&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-9477.00048&rft.aulast=Nousiainen&rft.aufirst=Jaakko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-presidential+republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPassarelli2010" class="citation journal cs1">Passarelli, Gianluca (December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181002153513/http://paperroom.ipsa.org/papers/paper_595.pdf">"The government in two semi-presidential systems: France and Portugal in a comparative perspective"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>French Politics</i>. <b>8</b> (4): 402–428. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Ffp.2010.21">10.1057/fp.2010.21</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-3427">1476-3427</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/300271555">300271555</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55204235">55204235</a></span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paperroom.ipsa.org/papers/paper_595.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on Oct 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Politics&rft.atitle=The+government+in+two+semi-presidential+systems%3A+France+and+Portugal+in+a+comparative+perspective&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=402-428&rft.date=2010-12&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F300271555&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55204235%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1476-3427&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Ffp.2010.21&rft.aulast=Passarelli&rft.aufirst=Gianluca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpaperroom.ipsa.org%2Fpapers%2Fpaper_595.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-presidential+republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._A._W._Rhodes" title="R. A. W. Rhodes">Rhodes, R. A. W.</a> (1995). "From Prime Ministerial power to core executive". In <a href="/wiki/R._A._W._Rhodes" title="R. A. W. Rhodes">Rhodes, R. A. W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Dunleavy" title="Patrick Dunleavy">Dunleavy, Patrick</a> (eds.). <i><span></span></i>Prime minister, cabinet, and core executive<i><span></span></i>. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 11–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333555286" title="Special:BookSources/9780333555286"><bdi>9780333555286</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Prime+Ministerial+power+to+core+executive&rft.btitle=Prime+minister%2C+cabinet%2C+and+core+executive&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=11-37&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780333555286&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=R.+A.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-presidential+republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoper2002" class="citation journal cs1">Roper, Steven D. (April 2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271784045">"Are All Semipresidential Regimes the Same? A Comparison of Premier-Presidential Regimes"</a></span>. <i>Comparative Politics</i>. <b>34</b> (3): 253–272. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4146953">10.2307/4146953</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4146953">4146953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Politics&rft.atitle=Are+All+Semipresidential+Regimes+the+Same%3F+A+Comparison+of+Premier-Presidential+Regimes&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=253-272&rft.date=2002-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4146953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4146953%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Roper&rft.aufirst=Steven+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F271784045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-presidential+republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSartori1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Sartori" title="Giovanni Sartori">Sartori, Giovanni</a> (1997). <i>Comparative constitutional engineering: an inquiry into structures, incentives, and outcomes</i> (2nd ed.). Washington Square, New York: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333675090" title="Special:BookSources/9780333675090"><bdi>9780333675090</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+constitutional+engineering%3A+an+inquiry+into+structures%2C+incentives%2C+and+outcomes&rft.place=Washington+Square%2C+New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780333675090&rft.aulast=Sartori&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-presidential+republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoesmith2003" class="citation journal cs1">Shoesmith, Dennis (March–April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028024520/http://espace.cdu.edu.au/view/cdu:1248">"Timor-Leste: Divided Leadership in a Semi-Presidential System"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Asian_Survey" title="Asian Survey">Asian Survey</a></i> (bimonthly). <b>43</b> (2): 231–252. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fas.2003.43.2.231">10.1525/as.2003.43.2.231</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-4687">0004-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/905451085">905451085</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://espace.cdu.edu.au/view/cdu:1248">the original</a> on Oct 28, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=Timor-Leste%3A+Divided+Leadership+in+a+Semi-Presidential+System&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=231-252&rft.date=2003-03%2F2003-04&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F905451085&rft.issn=0004-4687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fas.2003.43.2.231&rft.aulast=Shoesmith&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fespace.cdu.edu.au%2Fview%2Fcdu%3A1248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-presidential+republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShugart2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_S%C3%B8berg_Shugart" title="Matthew Søberg Shugart">Shugart, Matthew Søberg</a> (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.fp.8200087.pdf">"Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Graduate_School_of_International_Relations_and_Pacific_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies">Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California, San Diego</a>. <i>French Politics</i>. <b>3</b> (3): 323–351. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.fp.8200087">10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-3427">1476-3427</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6895745903">6895745903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Politics&rft.atitle=Semi-Presidential+Systems%3A+Dual+Executive+And+Mixed+Authority+Patterns&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=323-351&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6895745903&rft.issn=1476-3427&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fpalgrave.fp.8200087&rft.aulast=Shugart&rft.aufirst=Matthew+S%C3%B8berg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2F10.1057%252Fpalgrave.fp.8200087.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-presidential+republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShugartCarey1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_S%C3%B8berg_Shugart" title="Matthew Søberg Shugart">Shugart, Matthew Søberg</a>; Carey, John M. 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(Presidential, Parliamentary and Hybrid Systems)</a>, United Nations Development Programme (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100210183450/http://www.undp.org/governance/docs/Parl-Pub-govern.htm">Archived</a> 10 February 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Kristiadi2008" class="citation web cs1">J. Kristiadi (April 22, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080421223256/http://old.thejakartapost.com/Outlook/pol06b.asp">"Indonesia Outlook 2007: Toward strong, democratic governance"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jakarta_Post" title="The Jakarta Post">The Jakarta Post</a></i>. PT Bina Media Tenggara. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.thejakartapost.com/Outlook/pol06b.asp">the original</a> on 21 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Indonesia+Outlook+2007%3A+Toward+strong%2C+democratic+governance&rft.date=2008-04-22&rft.au=J.+Kristiadi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.thejakartapost.com%2FOutlook%2Fpol06b.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemi-presidential+republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.semipresidentialism.com/">The Semi-Presidential One</a>, blog of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Elgie_(academic)" title="Robert Elgie (academic)">Robert Elgie</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidential-power.net/">Presidential Power</a> blog with posts written by several political scientists, including Robert Elgie.</li></ul> <div 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