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Комикс – Уикипедия

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<input type="hidden" name="title" value="Специални:Търсене"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Търсене</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Лични инструменти"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Облик"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Облик" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Облик</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_bg.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=bg" class=""><span>Направете дарение</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0&amp;returnto=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Насърчаваме Ви да си създадете сметка и да влезете, въпреки че не е задължително." class=""><span>Създаване на сметка</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&amp;returnto=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Препоръчваме Ви да влезете, въпреки, че не е задължително. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Влизане</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Допълнителни опции" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Лични инструменти" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Лични инструменти</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Потребителско меню" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_bg.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=bg"><span>Направете дарение</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0&amp;returnto=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Насърчаваме Ви да си създадете сметка и да влезете, въпреки че не е задължително."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Създаване на сметка</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&amp;returnto=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Препоръчваме Ви да влезете, въпреки, че не е задължително. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Влизане</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Страници за излезли от системата редактори <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%89:%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" aria-label="Научете повече за редактирането"><span>научете повече</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Списък на промените, направени от този IP адрес [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Приноси</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Дискусия относно редакциите от този адрес [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Беседа</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Съдържание" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Съдържание</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">преместване към страничната лента</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">скриване</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Начало</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Дефиниция" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Дефиниция"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Дефиниция</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Дефиниция-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Произход_и_история" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Произход_и_история"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Произход и история</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Произход_и_история-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Превключване на подраздел Произход и история</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Произход_и_история-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Траяновата_колона" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Траяновата_колона"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Траяновата колона</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Траяновата_колона-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ранни_разкази_(от_15_до_19_век)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ранни_разкази_(от_15_до_19_век)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ранни разкази (от 15 до 19 век)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ранни_разкази_(от_15_до_19_век)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19_век" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19_век"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>19 век</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19_век-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20_и_21_век" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20_и_21_век"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>20 и 21 век</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20_и_21_век-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Формати_и_видове_комикси" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Формати_и_видове_комикси"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Формати и видове комикси</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Формати_и_видове_комикси-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Изследвания_за_комикса" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Изследвания_за_комикса"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Изследвания за комикса</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Изследвания_за_комикса-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Терминология" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Терминология"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Терминология</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Терминология-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Превключване на подраздел Терминология</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Терминология-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Етимология" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Етимология"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Етимология</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Етимология-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Външни_препратки" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Външни_препратки"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Външни препратки</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Външни_препратки-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Източници" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Източници"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Източници</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Източници-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Библиография" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Библиография"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Библиография</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Библиография-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Превключване на подраздел Библиография</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Библиография-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Книги" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Книги"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Книги</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Книги-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Периодика" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Периодика"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Периодика</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Периодика-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Интернет" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Интернет"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Интернет</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Интернет-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Съдържание" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Скриване/показване на съдържанието" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Скриване/показване на съдържанието</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Комикс</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Към статията на друг език. Налична на 134 езика" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-134" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">134 езика</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strokiesverhaal" title="Strokiesverhaal – африканс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Strokiesverhaal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африканс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic" title="Comic – швейцарски немски" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Comic" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="швейцарски немски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3mic" title="Cómic – арагонски" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cómic" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="арагонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="कॉमिक्स – ангика" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कॉमिक्स" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="ангика" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B5_%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="قصص مصورة – арабски" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قصص مصورة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3" title="كوميكس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كوميكس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%9B" title="কমিক্‌ছ – асамски" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কমিক্‌ছ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="асамски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3mic" title="Cómic – астурски" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cómic" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komiks" title="Komiks – азербайджански" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Komiks" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="کومیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کومیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Комикс – башкирски" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Комикс" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="башкирски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuom%C4%97ks%C4%81" title="Kuomėksā – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kuomėksā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Комікс – беларуски" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Комікс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="беларуски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Комікс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Комікс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumik" title="Kumik – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kumik" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B8" title="কমিকস – бенгалски" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কমিকস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banno%C3%B9-treset" title="Bannoù-treset – бретонски" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bannoù-treset" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="бретонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strip" title="Strip – босненски" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Strip" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="босненски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%80%E1%A8%9A%E1%A8%86%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%80%E1%A8%9B" title="ᨀᨚᨆᨗᨀᨛ – бугински" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨀᨚᨆᨗᨀᨛ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="бугински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B2mic" title="Còmic – каталонски" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Còmic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2ng-u%C3%A2" title="Mâng-uâ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mâng-uâ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="کۆمیک – кюрдски (централен)" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆمیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="кюрдски (централен)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figuretta" title="Figuretta – корсикански" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Figuretta" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="корсикански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komiks" title="Komiks – кримскотатарски" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Komiks" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="кримскотатарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komiks" title="Komiks – чешки" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Komiks" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic" title="Comic – уелски" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Comic" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="уелски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegneserie" title="Tegneserie – датски" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tegneserie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="датски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="Добра статия"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic" title="Comic – немски" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Comic" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%82" title="Κόμικς – гръцки" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κόμικς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="гръцки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="Добра статия"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comics" title="Comics – английски" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Comics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="английски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="Добра статия"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bildliteraturo" title="Bildliteraturo – есперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bildliteraturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="есперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historieta" title="Historieta – испански" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historieta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koomiks" title="Koomiks – естонски" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Koomiks" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="естонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komiki" title="Komiki – баски" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Komiki" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="کمیک – персийски" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کمیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarjakuva" title="Sarjakuva – фински" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sarjakuva" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknir%C3%B8%C3%B0" title="Teknirøð – фарьорски" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Teknirøð" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="фарьорски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bande_dessin%C3%A9e" title="Bande dessinée – френски" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bande dessinée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="френски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benda-d%C3%A8ssin%C3%A2" title="Benda-dèssinâ – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Benda-dèssinâ" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilet%C3%A4%C3%A4le" title="Biletääle – северен фризийски" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Biletääle" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="северен фризийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumut" title="Fumut – фриулски" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Fumut" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="фриулски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekenteltsje" title="Tekenteltsje – западнофризийски" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tekenteltsje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="западнофризийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greann%C3%A1in" title="Greannáin – ирландски" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Greannáin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%AA%A8%E5%AD%90%E9%A0%AD%E7%95%AB" title="人骨子頭畫 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="人骨子頭畫" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bann_desin%C3%A9" title="Bann desiné – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Bann desiné" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0ipear-%C3%A8ibhinn" title="Pàipear-èibhinn – шотландски келтски" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pàipear-èibhinn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="шотландски келтски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_dese%C3%B1ada" title="Banda deseñada – галисийски" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Banda deseñada" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Избрана статия"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caslys-skeeal" title="Caslys-skeeal – манкски" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Caslys-skeeal" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="манкски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_dariya" title="Ban dariya – хауса" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ban dariya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="хауса" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-fa" title="Man-fa – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Man-fa" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="קומיקס – иврит" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קומיקס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="कॉमिक्स – хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कॉमिक्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comics" title="Comics – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Comics" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strip" title="Strip – хърватски" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Strip" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хърватски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9preg%C3%A9ny" title="Képregény – унгарски" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Képregény" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="унгарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%BD" title="Կոմիքս – арменски" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոմիքս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="арменски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic" title="Comic – интерлингва" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Comic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="интерлингва" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komik" title="Komik – индонезийски" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Komik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komiks" title="Komiks – илоко" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Komiks" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="илоко" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desegnita_rakonto" title="Desegnita rakonto – идо" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Desegnita rakonto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="идо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teiknimyndasaga" title="Teiknimyndasaga – исландски" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Teiknimyndasaga" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumetto" title="Fumetto – италиански" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fumetto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="италиански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%AB%E7%94%BB" title="漫画 – японски" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="漫画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamik" title="Kamik – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kamik" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komik" title="Komik – явански" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Komik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="явански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="კომიქსი – грузински" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კომიქსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesfift_n_wunu%C9%A3en" title="Tesfift n wunuɣen – кабилски" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tesfift n wunuɣen" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="кабилски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Комикс – казахски" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Комикс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казахски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%ED%99%94" title="만화 – корейски" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="만화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корейски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bondys_delinys" title="Bondys delinys – корнуолски" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bondys delinys" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="корнуолски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Комикс – киргизки" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Комикс" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="киргизки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narratio_picta" title="Narratio picta – латински" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Narratio picta" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comics" title="Comics – люксембургски" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Comics" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="люксембургски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stripverhaol" title="Stripverhaol – лимбургски" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Stripverhaol" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="лимбургски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komiksas" title="Komiksas – литовски" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Komiksas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литовски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komikss" title="Komikss – латвийски" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Komikss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латвийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Комикс – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Комикс" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Стрип – македонски" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Стрип" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A5" title="ചിത്രകഥ – малаялам" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചിത്രകഥ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Комикс – монголски" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Комикс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="монголски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komik" title="Komik – малайски" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Komik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuontas_an_zenhicos" title="Cuontas an zenhicos – мирандийски" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Cuontas an zenhicos" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="мирандийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic" title="Comic – долнонемски" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Comic" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="долнонемски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="कमिक्स – непалски" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कमिक्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="непалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="कमिक – неварски" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कमिक" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="неварски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stripverhaal" title="Stripverhaal – нидерландски" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stripverhaal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teikneserie" title="Teikneserie – норвежки (нюношк)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Teikneserie" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="норвежки (нюношк)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegneserie" title="Tegneserie – норвежки (букмол)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tegneserie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвежки (букмол)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sornette_en_portraits" title="Sornette en portraits – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Sornette en portraits" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benda_dessenhada" title="Benda dessenhada – окситански" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Benda dessenhada" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarjukoomiksu" title="Sarjukoomiksu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Sarjukoomiksu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8" title="ਕੌਮਿਕਸ – пенджабски" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੌਮਿਕਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="пенджабски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bindes_%C3%A0_dessin" title="Bindes à dessin – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Bindes à dessin" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komiks" title="Komiks – полски" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Komiks" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="полски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="کومکس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کومکس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_desenhada" title="Banda desenhada – португалски" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Banda desenhada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siq%27isqa_rikchasapa_willakuy" title="Siq&#039;isqa rikchasapa willakuy – кечуа" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Siq&#039;isqa rikchasapa willakuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="кечуа" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band%C4%83_desenat%C4%83" title="Bandă desenată – румънски" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bandă desenată" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румънски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Комикс – руски" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Комикс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="руски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumetu" title="Fumetu – сардински" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Fumetu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="сардински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumettu" title="Fumettu – сицилиански" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Fumettu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="сицилиански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%DB%81_%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="ھاسيہ رس – синдхи" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ھاسيہ رس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="синдхи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strip" title="Strip – сърбохърватски" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Strip" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сърбохърватски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comics" title="Comics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Comics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komiks" title="Komiks – словашки" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Komiks" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strip" title="Strip – словенски" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Strip" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словенски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stripi" title="Stripi – албански" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Stripi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Стрип – сръбски" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стрип" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сръбски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bieldet%C3%A4lster" title="Bieldetälster – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Bieldetälster" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komik" title="Komik – сундански" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Komik" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="сундански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecknad_serie" title="Tecknad serie – шведски" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tecknad serie" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibonzo" title="Kibonzo – суахили" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kibonzo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="суахили" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88" title="வரைகதை – тамилски" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வரைகதை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамилски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="బొమ్మల కథలు – телугу" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బొమ్మల కథలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="телугу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Комикс – таджикски" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Комикс" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="таджикски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="การ์ตูนช่อง – тайски" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การ์ตูนช่อง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komiks" title="Komiks – тагалог" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Komiks" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="тагалог" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87izgi_roman" title="Çizgi roman – турски" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çizgi roman" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Комикс – татарски" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Комикс" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="татарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Комікс – украински" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Комікс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="کامکس – урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کامکس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komiks" title="Komiks – узбекски" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Komiks" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбекски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumeto" title="Fumeto – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fumeto" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komiks" title="Komiks – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Komiks" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truy%E1%BB%87n_tranh" title="Truyện tranh – виетнамски" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Truyện tranh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="виетнамски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strip" title="Strip – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Strip" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binde_d%27_im%C3%A5djes" title="Binde d&#039; imådjes – валонски" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Binde d&#039; imådjes" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="валонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komix" title="Komix – варай" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Komix" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="варай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%AB%E7%94%BB" title="漫画 – ву китайски" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="漫画" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ву китайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="კომიქსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კომიქსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="קאמיקס – идиш" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאמיקס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="идиш" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%AB%E7%94%BB" title="漫画 – китайски" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="漫画" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="китайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang-%C3%A1-%C5%8De" title="Ang-á-ōe – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ang-á-ōe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%AB%E7%95%AB" title="漫畫 – кантонски" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="漫畫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1004#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Редактиране на междуезиковите препратки" class="wbc-editpage">Редактиране</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Именни пространства"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Преглед на основната страница [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Статия</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">от Уикипедия, свободната енциклопедия</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="bg" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Dubois-BD-Traction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Dubois-BD-Traction.jpg/300px-Dubois-BD-Traction.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Dubois-BD-Traction.jpg/450px-Dubois-BD-Traction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Dubois-BD-Traction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>Комикс</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Комикс</b> (на <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Гръцки език">гръцки</a>: <span lang="el" dir="ltr" style="font-style:italic">κωμικός, kōmikos</span>; на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Латински език">латински</a>: <span lang="la" dir="ltr" style="font-style:italic">cōmicus</span> в превод <i>отнасящо се до комедията</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Soanes,_Stevenson2005_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soanes,_Stevenson2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> е форма на <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Изобразително изкуство">изобразително изкуство</a>, в която думи и рисунки се съчетават, за да предадат <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="История">история</a> или <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Информация">информация</a>. Комиксите се състоят от една или повече илюстрации,<sup id="cite_ref-art_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> често разположени една до друга в панел. Размера и аранжирането на тези квадрати зависи от темпото на повествованието. Изображенията могат да съдържат малко думи или изобщо да нямат такива за по-голямо въздействие на картинката.<sup id="cite_ref-art_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Характерните текстови компоненти на комикса са: речеви балон, различни заглавия, звукоподражателни надписи, полета с информационен текст. <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Карикатура">Карикатурата</a> и другите нейни изобразителни форми са основно художествено-изразително средство в комиксите; например фотокомиксът се състои от различни <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Фотография">фотографии</a>. Обикновените форми на комикса са: стрип комикс, карикатура за редакционни и комедийни издания и комикс книга. От края на 20 век изданията в томове като <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Графична новела">графични новели</a>, комикс албуми и танкубон стават много популярни. През 21 век започват да се разпространяват онлайн <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Уебкомикс">уебкомикси</a>. </p><p>Историята на комикса следва различни пътеки в различните държави. Учените виждат началото на тази форма още в праисторията, пример за това са рисунките в пещерата <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Ласко">Ласко</a>. В средата на 20 век комиксите се развиват в <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Американски комикс">Съединените щати</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Западна Европа">Западна Европа</a> (особено във <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция">Франция</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Белгия">Белгия</a>) и <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Япония">Япония</a>. Историята на европейския комикс може да се проследи до карикатурите на щвейцарския художник <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84_%D0%A2%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Рудолф Тьопфер">Рудолф Тьопфер</a> от 30-те години на 19 век. Комиксът в Европа се популяризира през 30-те години на миналия век със заглавия като „<a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Приключенията на Тентен">Приключенията на Тентен</a>“. В Америка комиксите навлизат в масовата медия в късните 20-те чрез стрип комикса във вестникарските колонки. Следващото десетилетие на американския пазар излизат комикс списанията, които популяризират <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Супергерой">супергероите</a>; персонажът <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Супермен">Супермен</a> се появява през 1938 г. Японският комикс (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Манга">манга</a>) има своя специфичен стил, който води началото си още от 12 век. Модерният стрип комикс навлиза в Япония през 20-те години. Комикс списанията, книги и специализирани томове (танкубон) се развиват след <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Втора световна война">Втората световна война</a> благодарение на художници като Осаму Тецука. През повечето време комиксите са били причислявани към ниската култура, но в края на 20 век към тях се подхожда с по-голяма сериозност, както в академичните така и в обикновените среди. </p><p>Терминът „комикс“ се използва в <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Английски език">английския език</a> като <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Съществително">съществително</a> в единствено число, но се отнася и към множествени, когато става въпрос за определени примери: самостоятелни стрипове или комикс книги. Думата произлиза от хумористичните (комични) произведения, доминиращи в късния комикс стрип от американските вестници, но става стандарт и за работи с некомичен характер. Обикновено в английския терминът се отнася и до комикси от неанглоезичните страни, макар да се използва и названието от оригиналния език, като например „манга“ за японските комикси и „bandes dessinées“ за френско езичните. Няма консенсус между теоретиците и историците относно дефиницията за комикс. Някои подчертават, че последователният характер на рисунките, и преобладаването на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Картина">картини</a> над думите, отличава комиксите от книжките с картинки. Други твърдят, че в действителност това, което отличава комиксите от другите форми на словесните разкази, е присъствието изцяло на картинки, и от друга страна социалния контекст.<sup id="cite_ref-hicksville1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hicksville1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Дефиниция"><span id=".D0.94.D0.B5.D1.84.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Дефиниция</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Редактиране на раздел: Дефиниция" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Дефиниция"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>През 90-те години на 20 век дефиницията на комикси се утвърждава като независима форма на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Комуникация">комуникация</a>, независимо от съдържанието, целевата група и изпълнението. През 1993 г. Скот Макклауд дефинира комикс като „картинни или други знаци, подредени в смислена пространствена последователност, които предават информация и/или създават естетически ефект върху зрителя“.<sup id="cite_ref-richtig_lesen_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richtig_lesen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Той заема определението на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Уил Айзнър">Уил Айзнър</a>. Дитрих Грюнвалд, например, говори за „принцип на картинската история“, чиято модерна форма е комиксът със своите стилистични устройства, разработени около 1900 година. Андреас Платхаус нарича комиксите „най-модерната форма“ в картинната история. Друго определение дефинира комикса в пряка връзка с това на Макклауд като „разказ с най-малко две неподвижни изображения“. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Произход_и_история"><span id=".D0.9F.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.B8.D0.B7.D1.85.D0.BE.D0.B4_.D0.B8_.D0.B8.D1.81.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Произход и история</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Редактиране на раздел: Произход и история" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Произход и история"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Комиксът като форма на изкуство се налага в края на XIX и началото на XX век, заедно с други подобни форми като <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC" title="Филм">филми</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Анимация">анимация</a>. Тези три форми имат някои общи черти, най-забележителната от които е смесване на <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Дума">думи</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Картина">картинки</a>, като и трите дължат развитието си на технологичните скокове, направени по време и след <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Индустриалната революция">индустриалната революция</a>. Въпреки че вестниците и списанията въвеждат и популяризират комиксите за първи път в края на <a href="/wiki/1890" title="1890">1890</a> година, разкази с илюстрации съществуват в продължение на много векове. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Траяновата_колона"><span id=".D0.A2.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.8F.D0.BD.D0.BE.D0.B2.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B0_.D0.BA.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.BD.D0.B0"></span>Траяновата колона</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Редактиране на раздел: Траяновата колона" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Траяновата колона"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="dablink noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/17px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/26px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg/34px-Crystal_Clear_app_xmag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span>&#160;<i>Основна статия&#58; <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Траянова колона">Траянова колона</a></i></div></dd></dl> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Relief_Kolumna_Trajana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Relief_Kolumna_Trajana.jpg/150px-Relief_Kolumna_Trajana.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Relief_Kolumna_Trajana.jpg/225px-Relief_Kolumna_Trajana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Relief_Kolumna_Trajana.jpg/300px-Relief_Kolumna_Trajana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Последователни сцени на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Траянова колона">Траяновата колона</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ранни предшественици на комикса, подобни на днешните, включват <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Траянова колона">Траяновата колона</a> и работата на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Уилям Хогарт">Уилям Хогарт</a>. </p><p>Траяновата колона се намира в <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим">Рим</a>, построена през 113 г. Украсена е със спирален барелеф, който изобразява епизодите от войната и военните действия на римската армия на император <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Траян">Траян</a> в <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дакия">Дакия</a> с даките. Тя е един от ранните оцелели примери на повест, разказана чрез последователни изображения. Релефите дават представа за военните действия на римската армия в Дакия. Изображенията представляват военни сцени и битки, потегляне на армиите в поход, укрепителни дейности, императорът, който държи речи на войниците, жертвоприношения, посланичества и подчинение на победените. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84" title="Египетски йероглиф">Египетските йероглифи</a> и гръцките <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Фриз">фризове</a>, средновековните <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гоблен">гоблени</a> и илюстрираните <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8A%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Ръкопис">ръкописи</a> също комбинират последователни изображения и думи, за да разкажат една история. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ранни_разкази_(от_15_до_19_век)"><span id=".D0.A0.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.BD.D0.B8_.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B7.D0.BA.D0.B0.D0.B7.D0.B8_.28.D0.BE.D1.82_15_.D0.B4.D0.BE_19_.D0.B2.D0.B5.D0.BA.29"></span>Ранни разкази (от 15 до 19 век)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Редактиране на раздел: Ранни разкази (от 15 до 19 век)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Ранни разкази (от 15 до 19 век)"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Версии на <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Библия">Библията</a>, които разчитат предимно на изображения, а не на текст, са широко разпространени в <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Европа">Европа</a>, за да достигнат ученията на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Християнство">християнството</a> до неграмотните. В средновековната <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Живопис">живопис</a>, много последователни сцени от една и съща история (обикновено библейски) се появят едновременно в една и съща картина. </p><p>Традицията на разкази в картинки претърпява възход през XVI и XVII век, когато във Валенсия и Барселона запозват да се продават картинки за народа, най-често на религиозна тематика. Тези гравюри са отпечатани на цветна хартия и се разпространяват широко във Фландрия, Франция и Германия. </p><p>Изобретяването на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Печатна преса">печатната преса</a>, създава разделение между образи и думи, тъй като двете изискват различни методи на възпроизвеждане. Ранните печатни материали са съсредоточени върху <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Религия">религиозна тематика</a>, но през XVII и XVIII век те започват да се справят с аспекти на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Политика">политическия</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Общество">социалния</a> живот, а също така започват да <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сатира">осмиват</a> чрез <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Карикатура">карикатурата</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Уилям Хогарт">Уилям Хогарт</a> често е цитиран в историята на комиксите. Неговата работа <i>The Rake's Progress</i> е съставена от редица платна, всяко от които е възпроизведено печатно, като осемте щампи заедно създават разказ. Печатните техники, разработени в резултат на технологичния напредък на <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Индустриалната революция">индустриалната революция</a>, позволяват печатането на списания и вестници. Тези публикации използват изображения като средство за коментари на политически и социални проблеми, като тези илюстрации по-късно стават известни като карикатури през 1840 година. </p> <table style="margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Adam_and_Eve_by_Lucas_Cranach_(I).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Adam_and_Eve_by_Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29.jpg/250px-Adam_and_Eve_by_Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Adam_and_Eve_by_Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29.jpg/375px-Adam_and_Eve_by_Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Adam_and_Eve_by_Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29.jpg/500px-Adam_and_Eve_by_Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="965" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Различни истории от <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Библия">Библията</a> са представени в „Адам и Ева“ на Лукас Кранах Старши</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:The_Rake%27s_Progress_8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/The_Rake%27s_Progress_8.jpg/250px-The_Rake%27s_Progress_8.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/The_Rake%27s_Progress_8.jpg/375px-The_Rake%27s_Progress_8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/The_Rake%27s_Progress_8.jpg/500px-The_Rake%27s_Progress_8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2042" data-file-height="1782" /></a><figcaption> Последната страница на <i>The Rake's Progress</i> на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Уилям Хогарт">Уилям Хогарт</a></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:French-Liberty-British-Slavery-Gillray.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/French-Liberty-British-Slavery-Gillray.jpeg/220px-French-Liberty-British-Slavery-Gillray.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/French-Liberty-British-Slavery-Gillray.jpeg/330px-French-Liberty-British-Slavery-Gillray.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/French-Liberty-British-Slavery-Gillray.jpeg/440px-French-Liberty-British-Slavery-Gillray.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3136" data-file-height="2224" /></a><figcaption><i>Френската свобода. Британското робство</i>, карикатура от 1792 г. която осмива <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Френската революция">френската революция</a>, има два панела и използва „балоните“ за включване на речта, както съвременните комикси.</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Едва след откриването на модерните техники и печатната преса тези работи достигат до читателя в масови количества.<sup id="cite_ref-ref9_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref9-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref10_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref10-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sabin_13_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sabin_13-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> В XIX век започва фабричното производство на истории в картинки. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19_век"><span id="19_.D0.B2.D0.B5.D0.BA"></span>19 век</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Редактиране на раздел: 19 век" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: 19 век"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Yellow_kid001.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Yellow_kid001.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="308" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="308" /></a><figcaption>Жълтото дете</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84_%D0%A2%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Рудолф Тьопфер">Рудолф Тьопфер</a>, франкофонски швейцарски художник, в 1830&#160;– 1846 г. издава в <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Женева">Женева</a> серия албуми за приключенията на господин Жабо и господин Крепен. Той се възприема като ключова фигура от началото на XIX век. Въпреки че речевите балони изпадат от употреба по средата на XIX век, Тьопферовите илюстрирани истории с последователни сцени и с текст отдолу на картинките, са препечатвани в цяла Европа и Съединените щати. Липсата на закони за авторското право по това време позволява тези творби да се печатат и превеждат на два континента.<sup id="cite_ref-ref17_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref17-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>През 1843 година Тьопфер формализира мислите си по история на картинките в своето есе по физиогномикс: „Да се конструира картинна история не означава, че трябва да се създаде като майстор-занаятчия, да се извлича всеки потенциал от материала – до дъно! Не означава, че можете просто да разработите карикатури с <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Молив">молив</a>, естествено това е несериозно. Нито е просто като да се драматизира поговорка или илюстрира игра на думи. Трябва да се измисли някаква <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Игра">игра</a>, където частите са подредени по <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="План">план</a> и форма задоволително така че да формират едно цяло. Не рисувате шега и не слагате рефрен в куплети. Вие правите <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Книга">книга</a>: добра или лоша, тъжна или глупава, луда или трезва“.<sup id="cite_ref-ref18_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref18-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref18a_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref18a-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref18b_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref18b-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Художникът романтик Валентен издава албуми с картини по приказки на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Шарл Перо">Шарл Перо</a>. </p><p>През 1845 г. сатиричните рисунки, които редовно се появяват във вестниците и списанията, получават името карикатури. В изкуството карикатурата е скица с молив или <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5)" title="Въглен (рисуване)">въглен</a>, която ще се боядисва. Британското списание <i>Punch</i>, стартирало през 1841 г., посочва неговите хумористични рисунки като карикатури. По това време са организирани изложби на карикатури, или подготвителни скици. Тази употреба става всеобща, с продължителност до наши дни.<sup id="cite_ref-ref21_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref21-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref22_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref22-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>През 1865 г. са публикувани <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86" title="Макс и Мориц">Макс и Мориц</a></i> от <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Вилхелм Буш">Вилхелм Буш</a> в германски вестник. Буш рафинирана конвенциите от последователни рисунки, и работата му оказва ключово влияние<sup id="cite_ref-ref23_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref23-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Въвеждането на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Литография">литографски</a> методи за печат, получени от <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Запад">Запад</a> е важна стъпка в разширяване на формата в рамките на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китай">Китай</a> и изобщо в <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Азия">Азия</a> в началото на XX век. Подобно на Европа и Съединените щати, сатирични рисунки са включени във вестници и периодични издания, като първоначално се основават на произведения от тези страни. Едно от първите списания на сатирични карикатури се основава на Punch. Едни от първите комикси са отпечатани през <a href="/wiki/1899" title="1899">1899</a> г. в <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Япония">Япония</a>. Към <a href="/wiki/1920" title="1920">1920</a> година, пазар е създаден за малки по размер книжки с картинки.<sup id="cite_ref-Lent_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lent-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>През 1884 г. е публикувано списание, което въвежда стрийп комикс, с участието на титулярен характер, и широко се разглежда като първият стрийп комикс. През 1890 г. още две комични списания дебютират в британската общественост, които утвърждават традицията на периодичните комикси.<sup id="cite_ref-Sabin_17_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sabin_17-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>В Съединените щати по това време „<i>Жълтото дете</i>“ установява традицията на стрип комикс<sup id="cite_ref-ref27_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref27-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> въпреки че учените са открили по-ранни произведения, които съчетават речевите балончета и разказ с множествени изображения.<sup id="cite_ref-ref26_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref26-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walker_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20_и_21_век"><span id="20_.D0.B8_21_.D0.B2.D0.B5.D0.BA"></span>20 и 21 век</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Редактиране на раздел: 20 и 21 век" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: 20 и 21 век"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>В 20 век комиксът става един от най-популярните жанрове <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Масова култура">масова култура</a>. Той губи комичността си запади която получава наименованието си. Основни жанрове на комиксите стават приключенията: бойци, детективи, ужаси, фантастика, истории за супергерои. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:CaptMarvelJr10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/CaptMarvelJr10.jpg/220px-CaptMarvelJr10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/CaptMarvelJr10.jpg/330px-CaptMarvelJr10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/CaptMarvelJr10.jpg/440px-CaptMarvelJr10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption>Комикс от 1943 г.</figcaption></figure> <p>Златният век на комиксите е названието на периода в историята на американските комикси от 1938 г. докъм 1955 г. Първите сериозни стъпки в развитието на изкуството на графически новели се случва в началото на XX век, в търсенето на нови пътища за графически и визуални комуникации и изражения. През юни 1938 года в САЩ се появява персонажа на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Супермен">Супермен</a>. Началото на златния век е прието да се счита първото появяване на Супермен в 1938 г., издадено от <a href="/wiki/DC_Comics" class="mw-redirect" title="DC Comics">DC Comics</a>. След това супергерои буквално завладяват страниците на комиксите.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Други популярни персонажи стават Пластик (<i>Plastic Man</i>), детектив Спирит.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> За този период са създадени повече от 400 супергерои. Болшинството от тях не доживяват до наши дни, но по това време се раждат <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Батман">Батман</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Капитан Америка">капитан Америка</a>. <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Втората световна война">Втората световна война</a> оказва сериозно влияние на съдържанието на комиксите за супергерои&#160;– сега героите се сражават със <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Страни от Оста">страните от Оста</a>, а на обложките са изобразени супергерои, борещи се с лидери на нацисткото движение. След победата над фашизма се появяват супергерои с ядрени способности. Историците от това време считат, че детските персонажи помагат да се преодолее страха у младите читатело от перспективите за атомна война. Героите започват да се борят и с комунистите, а други в Корейската война. След Втората световна война комиксите и супергероите бавно западат. </p><p>През 60-те години на 20 век на световната сцена излиза <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Марвел Комикс">Марвел Комикс</a>. Негови герои са <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Спайдърмен">Спайдърмен</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Железния Човек">Железния Човек</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5-%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Х-Мен">Х-Мен</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Върколака">Върколака</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%BA" title="Хълк">Хълк</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Фантастичната Четворка">Фантастичната Четворка</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Капитан Америка">Капитан Америка</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Деърдевил">Деърдевил</a>, създадени от <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Стан Лий">Стан Лий</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Джак Кърби">Джак Кърби</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Стив Дитко">Стив Дитко</a> и други. Главен център на индустрията остава САЩ където тези герои имат широка популярност. Едни от най-известните компании в света са Марвел Комикс, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Ди Си Комикс">Ди Си Комикс</a>, Дарк Хорс Комикс и <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Имидж Комикс">Имидж Комикс</a>. </p><p>В началото на 21 век комиксите получават нови превъплъщения благодарение на компютърните технологии. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Формати_и_видове_комикси"><span id=".D0.A4.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.BC.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B8_.D0.B8_.D0.B2.D0.B8.D0.B4.D0.BE.D0.B2.D0.B5_.D0.BA.D0.BE.D0.BC.D0.B8.D0.BA.D1.81.D0.B8"></span>Формати и видове комикси</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Редактиране на раздел: Формати и видове комикси" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Формати и видове комикси"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Комикс стрипът обикновено е кратък мултипанелен комикс, обикновено отпечатван във вестниците. В Щатите комиксите от делничните издания са разположени на един ред, докато тези от неделния стрип са им дадени няколко реда. В началото на 20 век делничните стрипове са отпечатвани в черно-бяло, а неделните са цветни и заемат пълна страница.<sup id="cite_ref-Booker2014xxvi–xxvii_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booker2014xxvi–xxvii-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Специализираните периодични комикс формати са разнообразни в различните страни. <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Комикс списание">Комикс книгата</a> в американски формат е тънка периодика,<sup id="cite_ref-Orr200811_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orr200811-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collins2010227_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins2010227-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> най-често цветна.<sup id="cite_ref-Orr200810_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orr200810-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Европейските и японските комикс истории са на серии, издавани в списание, излизащо месечно или седмично в Европа.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson-Woods201022_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-Woods201022-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Комиксите в Япония обикновено са черно-бели и се пускат на пазара всяка седмица.<sup id="cite_ref-Schodt199623_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schodt199623-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Orr200810_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orr200810-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Всеки брой се състои от стотици страници.<sup id="cite_ref-Schodt199623_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schodt199623-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb" style="width:100%;"> <div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto; overflow-y:display; overflow-x:scroll;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Comics_volumes_-_international_comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Различни комикс формати: японски комикси&#160;– танкобон и по-малък бункобон (ляво); франко-белгийски комикси във формат A4 (по средата); графична новела от англоезична държава (дясно), които нямат стандартен формат"><img alt="Различни комикс формати: японски комикси&#160;– танкобон и по-малък бункобон (ляво); франко-белгийски комикси във формат A4 (по средата); графична новела от англоезична държава (дясно), които нямат стандартен формат" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Comics_volumes_-_international_comparison.jpg/800px-Comics_volumes_-_international_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Comics_volumes_-_international_comparison.jpg/1200px-Comics_volumes_-_international_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Comics_volumes_-_international_comparison.jpg/1600px-Comics_volumes_-_international_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2748" data-file-height="1004" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="font-size:small; text-align:left">Различни комикс формати: японски комикси&#160;– танкобон и по-малък бункобон (ляво); франко-белгийски комикси във формат A4 (по средата); графична новела от англоезична държава (дясно), които нямат стандартен формат</div> </div></div> <p>Формата на комикс книгата заема различни размери в различните държави. Европейският комикс албум е принтиран цветно<sup id="cite_ref-Petersen2010214&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;215_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petersen2010214&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;215-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> във формат А4.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove201024_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove201024-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McKinney2011?_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKinney2011?-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> В англоговорещите страни комикса с меки корици, съдържащ няколко истории, се заражда от колекционерските комикс издания, които събират в себе си няколко издавани комикса. Свързаните в части комикс поредици се наричат „графична новела“ или „графичен роман“ и се разпространяват в различни формати. Терминът „новела“ се асоциира предимно с художествената литература, но под това име се обединяват също така нехудожествени комикси и колекции от къси комикс истории.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldsmith200516_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldsmith200516-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Karp,_Jesse20114&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;6_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karp,_Jesse20114&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Японските комикси са събрани в части наречени „танкобон“, които се сериализирани с номер, подобно на списанията.<sup id="cite_ref-Poitras200166&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;67_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poitras200166&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;67-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Гагът или специалната рисунка за издание обикновено са разположени в самостоятелен панел, който съдържа текст или балончета. Различните дефиниции за комикси, които наблягат върху комикс сериите, изключват гага, рисунката или друга карикатура в един панел. Те могат да бъдат включени в определения, които разглеждат повече комбинацията между текст и рисунка.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey200176_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey200176-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Гаг карикатурите започват да се разпространяват в Европа през 18 и 19 век на страниците на издания, печатани в голям формат. Терминът „карикатура“ е използван за първи път за да опише тези рисунки през 1843 г. от британското хумористично списание „Пънч“.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey200177_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey200177-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Уебкомикс">Уебкомикса</a> е комикс, разпространяващ се в интернет. Те имат възможност да достигат до голям брой публика. Новите читатели обикновено могат да имат достъп до тях с помощта на архивни части.<sup id="cite_ref-Petersen2010234&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;236_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petersen2010234&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;236-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Интернет комикса може да бъде разположен в неопределен план, което значи че размера и формата на страницата нямат значение.<sup id="cite_ref-Petersen2010234_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petersen2010234-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McCloud2000222_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCloud2000222-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Някои смятат, че <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Сториборд">сториборда</a><sup id="cite_ref-Rhoades200838_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhoades200838-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> и романите без думи са комикси също.<sup id="cite_ref-Beronä2008225_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beronä2008225-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Филмовите студия, особено анимационните, често използват поредица от изображения като пътеводител на снимачния процес. Тези сторибордове не са считани за краен продукт и рядко са показвани пред публика.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhoades200838_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhoades200838-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Романите без думи са книги, които използват последователността от изображение, за да представят разказа.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen1977181_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen1977181-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Изследвания_за_комикса"><span id=".D0.98.D0.B7.D1.81.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.B4.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.8F_.D0.B7.D0.B0_.D0.BA.D0.BE.D0.BC.D0.B8.D0.BA.D1.81.D0.B0"></span>Изследвания за комикса</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Редактиране на раздел: Изследвания за комикса" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Изследвания за комикса"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Не е постигнато единодушие в научните среди относно дефиницията за комикс,<sup id="cite_ref-Groensteen2012124_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groensteen2012124-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> подобно на определенията за литература и филм.<sup id="cite_ref-Groensteen2012128&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;129_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groensteen2012128&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;129-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Много опити да се определи понятието търпят провал, като само някои запазват значение.<sup id="cite_ref-Groensteen2012126_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groensteen2012126-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Теоретици на комикса като Тьопфер,<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas2010158_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas2010158-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ер Си Харви, Уил Айзнър,<sup id="cite_ref-Beaty201265_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beaty201265-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Дейвид Кариър,<sup id="cite_ref-Groensteen2012126,&amp;#32;131_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groensteen2012126,&amp;#32;131-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Алън Рей<sup id="cite_ref-Groensteen2012124_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groensteen2012124-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> и Уорънс Гров наблягат на съчетанието между текст и изображения,<sup id="cite_ref-Grove201017&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;19_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove201017&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;19-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> въпреки бележитите примери на комикси-пантомима.<sup id="cite_ref-Groensteen2012126_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groensteen2012126-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Други критици като Тиери Гронстийн<sup id="cite_ref-Grove201017&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;19_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove201017&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;19-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> и Скато Макклауд обръщат изтъкват като по-важно частите на изображението и начина им на разположение.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas2010157,&amp;#32;170_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas2010157,&amp;#32;170-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Към края на 20 век откритията на разнообразни традиции в комикса при различните култури, преоткриването на забравените ранни форми на комикси и появата на нови форми правят определянето на комикса още по-трудна задача.<sup id="cite_ref-Groensteen2012112&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;113_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groensteen2012112&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;113-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Изследванията върху комикса започват в Европа с теориите на Тьофлер върху неговата собствена работа през 40-те на XIX век, която акцентира върху подредбата на панели и визуално-вербалната комуникация. По-нататъшно проучване не се осъществява. Едва през 70-те на XX век<sup id="cite_ref-Miller2007101_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller2007101-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Пиер Франсуа-Дерул хвърля <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Семиотика">семиотичен</a> преглед върху проучването за комикса, анализирайки връзките между текст и изображение, връзките между страница и мястото на рисунката и несвързаността на панелите, или това което Скот Макклауд по-късно ще нарече „затваряне“.<sup id="cite_ref-Groensteen2012112_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groensteen2012112-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> През 1987 г. Хенри Ванлайър представя термина „мултикадър“, познат още и като „мултирамка“, за да отнесе комикс страницата като семантична единица.<sup id="cite_ref-Groensteen2012113_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groensteen2012113-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> В 90-те години теоретици като Беноа Пийтърс и Тиери Гронстийн обръщат внимание на поетичния креативен избор на артистите.<sup id="cite_ref-Groensteen2012112_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groensteen2012112-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Тиери Смолдерен и Хенри Морган имат еднакви възгледи относно дефиницията за комикс – предмет, който е взимал различни, еднакво валидни форми, през цялата си история на развитие. Морган вижда комикса като подгрупа на „les littératures dessinées“ (или „нарисувана литература“).<sup id="cite_ref-Groensteen2012112&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;113_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groensteen2012112&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;113-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Френската теория е обръща специално внимание на страницата, за разлика от американските теории, например тази на Макклауд, която се фокусират върху прехода от панел към панел.<sup id="cite_ref-Groensteen2012113_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groensteen2012113-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> От средата на 2000-те Нийл Кон започва да проучва разбиранията за комиксите, като използва инструменти от когнитивната наука, които се простират отвъд теорията, използвайки реални експерименти от психология и неврология. Тази разработка твърди, че последователните изображения и оформленията на страниците използват и отделни „граматики“, свързани с правила, които се разпростират отвъд преходите от панел към панел и категоричните различия на типовете оформления и че разбирането на комикса на мозъка е подобно на разбирането други области, като език и музика.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohn2013_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohn2013-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Историята на мангата се съсредоточава или върху нейната неотдавнашно възникване след Втората световна война, или върху опити за демонстриране на дълбоки корени в миналото, като например свитъка картина „Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga“ от 12 и 13 век, или „Хокусай манга“ от началото на 19 -век.<sup id="cite_ref-Stewart201428&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;29_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart201428&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;29-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Първият исторически преглед на японските комикси е „Nihon Manga-Shi[i]“ на Сеики Хосонкибара през 1924 г.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson-Woods201023_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-Woods201023-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stewart201429_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart201429-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ранната следвоенна японска критика е имала предимно ляв политически характер до публикуването на „Модерна манга: Пълна картина“ на Томофуса Куре от 1986 г. Тази творба отклонява политиката като централна тема в полза на формалните качества като структура и „граматика“ на комикса. Полето на изследване на мангата се разраства бързо. През 90-те години се появяват множество книги по този въпрос.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinsella200096&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;97_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinsella200096&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;97-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Официалните теории за мангата се фокусират върху разработването на „теория за изразяване на манга“, с акцент върху пространствените взаимоотношения в структурата на изображенията върху страницата, разграничавайки средата на комикса от тази във филма или литературата, в които потокът от време е основната организираща елемент.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinsella2000100_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinsella2000100-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Курсовете по изучаване на комикси се разпространяват в японските университети. „Японското общество за изследвания в областта на карикатурата и комикса“ е основано през 2001 г. с цел насърчаване на степендианти по науки за комикси.<sup id="cite_ref-Morita201037&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;38_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morita201037&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;38-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Публикуването на „Манга! Манга! Светът на японските комикси“ от Фредерик Л. Шодт през 1983 г. доведе до разпространението и употребата на думата „манга“ извън Япония, което означава „японски комикси“ или „комикси в японски стил“.<sup id="cite_ref-Stewart201430_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart201430-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Колтън Уо прави опит за първа обширна история на американските комикси с „Комиксите“ (The Comics, 1947).<sup id="cite_ref-Inge1989214_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inge1989214-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> „Комиксите и последователното изкуство“ на Уил Айзнър (1985) и „Разбирането за комиксите“ (1993) на Скот Макклауд са ранни опити на английски език да се формализира изучаването на комиксите. „Естетиката на комикса“ (2000) на Дейвид Кериър е първата сериозна разработка на тема комикси от философска гледна точка.<sup id="cite_ref-Meskin,_Aaron2012xxix_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meskin,_Aaron2012xxix-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Известни опити от страна на американските изследователи за определяне на термина „комикс“, включват имената на Айзнер, Макклауд и Харви. Айзнер определя онова, което се нарича „последователно изкуство“ като „подредба на картини или изображения, заедно с думи с цел предаване на история или драматизиране на идея“.<sup id="cite_ref-Yuan2011?_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yuan2011?-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eisner19855_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eisner19855-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Скот Макклауд дава определени за комикса като „живопис или друг вид изображение поставени в специален ред, предназначени да предават информация и/или да дават естетически отговор на своя зрител“<sup id="cite_ref-Kovacs_&amp;_George201110_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovacs_&amp;_George201110-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holbo201213_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holbo201213-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harvey20101_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey20101-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beaty20126_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beaty20126-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McCloud19939_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCloud19939-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> – строго формална дефиниция, която откъсва комикса от неговите исторически и културни следи.<sup id="cite_ref-Beaty201265_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beaty201265-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Харви определя комикса като „история в картинки или друго изложения, в които думите (често изписани вътре в специално място на изображението, наречено речеви балон) обикновено допринасят за значението на рисунките и обратно“.<sup id="cite_ref-Chute20107_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chute20107-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harvey201076_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey201076-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Всяко от определенията има свои противници. Харви вижда в дефиницията на Макклауд изключване на карикатурата в един панел<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey20101_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey20101-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> и възразява срещу акцентирането върху вербалния елемент. Харви настоява, че „основната характеристика на комиксите е включването на словестно съдържание“.<sup id="cite_ref-Groensteen2012113_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groensteen2012113-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Арън Маскин вижда теорията на Макклауд опит да узакони мястото на комикса в историята на изкуството.<sup id="cite_ref-Beaty201265_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beaty201265-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Междукултурното значение и обхват на думата за „комикс“ на различните езици създава допълнително осложнение в дефиницията на продукта и неговото поле на изучаване.<sup id="cite_ref-Morita201033_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morita201033-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Френския термин за комикси „bandes dessinées“ (рисувана лента) се съсредоточава върху позицията на рисуваните изображения, които са основен фактор за разграничаване на комикса от други изобразителни изкуства.<sup id="cite_ref-Groensteen2012130_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groensteen2012130-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morita201033_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morita201033-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Това определение рискува да изключи дори фотографските комикси.<sup id="cite_ref-Groensteen2012130_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groensteen2012130-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Терминът „манга“ е използван в Япония, за да обозначи всички форми на комикса, детската рисунка<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson-Woods2010336_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-Woods2010336-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> и карикатурата.<sup id="cite_ref-Morita201033_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morita201033-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Терминология"><span id=".D0.A2.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.BC.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.B3.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Терминология</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Редактиране на раздел: Терминология" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Терминология"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>В английския език терминът „комикс“ се отнася за цялата медийна продукция, когато се използва като неброимо съществително. Броимото съществително „комикс бук“ (comics book), в буквален превод „комикс книга“, обозначава индивидуалния комикс стрип или комикс списание, книга или том. На български език под комикси се разбират най-често различните медии с рисувани истории, а комикс е единична книга или стрип.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapman20128_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapman20128-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chute,_Hillary2012175_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chute,_Hillary2012175-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fingeroth20084_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fingeroth20084-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Панела е самостоятелно изображение, което представя част от действието,<sup id="cite_ref-Lee197815_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee197815-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> често обградено от квадратна граница.<sup id="cite_ref-Eisner198528,&amp;#32;45_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eisner198528,&amp;#32;45-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Основните моменти от разказа са разделени на панели. Този процес се нарича „капсулиране“.<sup id="cite_ref-Duncan,_Smith200910_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duncan,_Smith200910-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Читателят обединява парчетата в мислите си, като проследява основната история и прави връзка между панелите. Този процес се нарича „закриване“.<sup id="cite_ref-Duncan,_Smith2009316_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duncan,_Smith2009316-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Размерът, формата и начина на подредба на панелите се отразяват на времето и бързината на предаване на историята.<sup id="cite_ref-Eisner198530_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eisner198530-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Съдържанието на панела може да е асихронно, като събитията, участващи в същото изображение, не е задължително да се сучват в същото време.<sup id="cite_ref-Duncan,_Smith2009315_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duncan,_Smith2009315-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Karp,_Jesse201112&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;13_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karp,_Jesse201112&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;13-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Текстът е включен в комиксите посредством речевия балон, заглавията и звуковите ефекти. Речевият балон се използва са предване на диалог (или мисли, в случая се нарича „мислов балон“), като опашката на балона посочва на кой говорител са думите.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee197815_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee197815-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Markstein2010?_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markstein2010?-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eisner1985157_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eisner1985157-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dawson2010112_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawson2010112-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saraceni20039_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saraceni20039-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Надписите предават гласът на разказвача, понякога мислите и думите на персонажа,<sup id="cite_ref-Eisner198515_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eisner198515-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lyga,_Lyga2004?_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyga,_Lyga2004?-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> но много често и датата, часа и мястото на развитието.<sup id="cite_ref-Saraceni20039_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saraceni20039-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Karp,_Jesse201118_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karp,_Jesse201118-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Речевият балон се асоциира силно с комикс културата, дотолкова че добавянето му върху изображение, директно асоциира това изображение като комикс картина.<sup id="cite_ref-Forceville,_Veale,_Feyaerts201056_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forceville,_Veale,_Feyaerts201056-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Звуковите ефекти са думи, които не включват реч, а имитират негласови звуци, като използват <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Ономатопея">звукоподражателни думи</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Duncan,_Smith2009156,&amp;#32;318_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duncan,_Smith2009156,&amp;#32;318-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Карикатурата е често използван похват в направата на комикси. Художниците на комикси основно използват мастило (по-специално туш), а инструментите са <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Перодръжка">перодръжка</a> или писец.<sup id="cite_ref-Markstein2010?_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markstein2010?-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lyga,_Lyga2004161_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyga,_Lyga2004161-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lee1978145_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee1978145-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rhoades2008139_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhoades2008139-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Смесената медия и дигиталните технологии все по-често заемат основно място при направата на комикси. Техники на рисуване като линии на движение<sup id="cite_ref-Bramlett201225_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bramlett201225-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guigar2010126_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guigar2010126-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cates201098_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cates201098-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> и абстрактни също намират място между страниците на комикс книгата.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldsmith200521_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldsmith200521-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Karp,_Jesse201113&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;14_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karp,_Jesse201113&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;14-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:PunchandJudyComicsV01-0145-panel3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/PunchandJudyComicsV01-0145-panel3.jpg/220px-PunchandJudyComicsV01-0145-panel3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/PunchandJudyComicsV01-0145-panel3.jpg/330px-PunchandJudyComicsV01-0145-panel3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/PunchandJudyComicsV01-0145-panel3.jpg/440px-PunchandJudyComicsV01-0145-panel3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>Надписите в жълтия квадрат предават думите на разказвача. Диалогът на персонажите разкрива диалога между тях в речеви балони. Опашката на балоните посочва на кой персонаж са думите.</figcaption></figure> <p>Комиксите са дело предимно на един човек. Но работата за направата на комикс книгата често е разделена между различни специалисти. Основното разделение е между писатели и художници. Художниците се делят на такива, които създават визията на персонажа, и такива, които работят по самото изграждане на средата, в която се развива сюжетната линия. Същото се отнася и за японските комикси.<sup id="cite_ref-O&#39;Nale2010384_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O&#39;Nale2010384-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Особено в Америка комиксите за супергерои<sup id="cite_ref-Tondro201151_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tondro201151-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> са рисувани от различни художници: един нанася щрихите с молив,<sup id="cite_ref-Lyga,_Lyga2004161_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyga,_Lyga2004161-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> след това друг довършва роботата с мастило или туш.<sup id="cite_ref-Markstein2010?_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markstein2010?-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lyga,_Lyga2004161_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyga,_Lyga2004161-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lee1978145_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee1978145-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Цветът е прибавян от отделен артист <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Оцветител">оцветител</a> (<i>colourist</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Duncan,_Smith2009315_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duncan,_Smith2009315-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Надписите, заглавията и речевите балони се правят също от друг.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyga,_Lyga2004163_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyga,_Lyga2004163-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Етимология"><span id=".D0.95.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.BC.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.B3.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Етимология</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Редактиране на раздел: Етимология" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Етимология"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>В английския език думата „комикс“ произлиза от производното на „хумористично“ или „комично“ (comic). Така са наричани за кратко комикс стриповете в ранните американските вестници и постепенно се налага като термин за всички разкази в картинки, било то и такива със серизна тематика. Историята на самия термин „комикс“ също е объркваща - първоначално тя се отнася за специфичните страници във вестника, но по-късно се използва по-скоро за периодични издания и книги.<sup id="cite_ref-Groensteen2012131_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groensteen2012131-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> В разговорния английски „комикс“ е етикет, под който попадат и комиксите на други култури, като например японската „<a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Манга">манга</a>“ и френско-белгийските „bandes dessinées“.<sup id="cite_ref-McKinney2011xiii_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKinney2011xiii-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Много други култури, различни от американската, заимства думата „комикс“ за да опише своето изкуство на разказване в картинки. Такива държави са Русия (Комикс, komiks)<sup id="cite_ref-Alaniz20107_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alaniz20107-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> и Германия (comic).<sup id="cite_ref-Frahm2003?_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frahm2003?-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> В Китай термина „manhua“<sup id="cite_ref-Wong200211_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wong200211-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cooper-Chen2010177_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooper-Chen2010177-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> и „manhwa“<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson-Woods2010301_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-Woods2010301-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> в Корея произлизат от <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Китайска логограма">китайските ироглифи</a>, с които се изписва японската манга.<sup id="cite_ref-Cooper-Chen2010177_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooper-Chen2010177-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thompson2007xiii_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson2007xiii-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Външни_препратки"><span id=".D0.92.D1.8A.D0.BD.D1.88.D0.BD.D0.B8_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.BA.D0.B8"></span>Външни препратки</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Редактиране на раздел: Външни препратки" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Външни препратки"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cartoons.osu.edu/index.php">Billy Ireland Cartoon Library &amp; Museum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070710221240/http://cartoons.osu.edu/index.php">Архив на оригинала от</a> 2007-07-10 в <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.msu.edu/comics/">Michigan State University Comic Art Collection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090503162847/http://www.lib.msu.edu/comics/">Архив на оригинала от</a> 2009-05-03 в <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mulibraries.missouri.edu/specialcollections/comic.htm">Comic Art Collection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719050622/http://mulibraries.missouri.edu/specialcollections/comic.htm">Архив на оригинала от</a> 2011-07-19 в <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comicbookdb.com/">Comic Book Database</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191217051102/http://comicbookdb.com/">Архив на оригинала от</a> 2019-12-17 в <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://comics.org/">Grand Comics Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gocomics.com/">Comics Archives and Editorial Cartoons</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cartoonart.org/">Cartoon Art Museum of San Francisco</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20121216151404/www.time.com/time/archive/collections/0,21428,c_comics,00.shtml/"><i>Time</i> Archives' Collection of Comics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://getslabbed.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=category&amp;layout=blog&amp;id=29&amp;Itemid=62">GetSlabbed Collector Guide: Information on collecting comics</a><sup class="noprint plainlinks Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap">[<i><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"><abbr title="Поставено от InternetArchiveBot&#160;– февруари 2021">неработеща препратка</abbr></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historietayanimacion.com">Historieta y Animación</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111115121126/http://historietayanimacion.com/">Архив на оригинала от</a> 2011-11-15 в <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Източници"><span id=".D0.98.D0.B7.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.86.D0.B8"></span>Източници</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Редактиране на раздел: Източници" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Източници"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Soanes,_Stevenson2005-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Soanes,_Stevenson2005_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoanes,_Stevenson2005">Soanes, Stevenson 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-art-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-art_2-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-art_2-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Teresa Grainger (2004) „Art, Narrative and Childhood“ <i>Literacy</i> 38 (1), 66&#160;– 67. doi:10.1111/j.0034-0472.2004.03801011_2.x</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hicksville1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-hicksville1_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHicksville.co.nz" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hicksville.co.nz/Inventing%20Comics%205.htm">Inventing Comics: Scott McCloud’s Definition of Comics (first published in the Comics Journal #234, June 2001) Chapter 5</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32;Hicksville.co.nz.&#32;Посетен на 23 ноември 2009.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-richtig_lesen-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-richtig_lesen_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott McCloud: <i>Comics richtig lesen.</i> Carlsen, 1994. S. 12&#160;– 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref9-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ref9_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Perry &amp; Aldridge, 1989. p.11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref10-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ref10_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">McCloud, 1993. pp.11 – 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sabin_13-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sabin_13_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sabin, 1993. pp.13 – 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref17-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ref17_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beerbohm, Robert (2003) <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070314101239/http://scoop.diamondgalleries.com/scoop_article.asp?ai=2808&amp;si=124">The Adventures of Obadiah Oldbuck Part III</a>&#32;//&#32; The Search For Töpffer In America. &#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scoop.diamondgalleries.com/scoop_article.asp?ai=2808&amp;si=124">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2007-03-14.&#32;Посетен на 30 май 2005.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref18-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ref18_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Translated by Weiss, E. in <i>Enter: The Comics</i>, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp.4. (1969)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref18a-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ref18a_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.fr/dp/2841620751">Original French, extract</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref18b-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ref18b_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060517163349/http://www.lekti-ecriture.com/editeurs/Essai-de-physiognomonie.html">Original French, extract</a>&#32;//&#32; &#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lekti-ecriture.com/editeurs/Essai-de-physiognomonie.html">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2006-05-17.&#32;Посетен на 2011-11-25.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref21-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ref21_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Varnum &amp; Gibbons, 2001. pp.77&#160;– 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref22-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ref22_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2002" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Gordon, Ian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050429165700/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_tov/ai_2419100313">Comics</a>&#32;//&#32; St James Encyclopedia of pop culture (2002). &#32;2002.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_tov/ai_2419100313">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2005-04-29.&#32;Посетен на 30 май 2005.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref23-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ref23_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/65/co/comicstr.html">comic strip</a>&#32;//&#32; The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001. &#32;Посетен на 22 юни 2005.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lent-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lent_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lent, John A. [2001] (2001) Illustrating Asia: Comics, Humor Magazines, and Picture Books. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/0824824717" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8248-2471-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sabin_17-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sabin_17_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sabin, 1993. pp.17&#160;– 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref27-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ref27_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sabin, 1993. pp.133&#160;– 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref26-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ref26_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marschall, Richard (февруари 1989). „Oh You Kid“. <i>The Comics Journal</i> 127, p. 72&#160;– 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Walker_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker, Brian (2004) <i>the comics: Before 1945</i>. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. (United States). <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780810949706" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8109-4970-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/spot/comicstimeline.html#CT-1930">Comics Timeline&#160;– Infoplease.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andelman, Bob, Will Eisner: <i>„A Spirited Life“</i>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/1595820116" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-59582-011-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Booker2014xxvi–xxvii-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Booker2014xxvi–xxvii_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooker2014">Booker 2014</a>, с. xxvi–xxvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orr200811-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Orr200811_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrr2008">Orr 2008</a>, с. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins2010227-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Collins2010227_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins2010">Collins 2010</a>, с. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orr200810-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Orr200810_25-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orr200810_25-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrr2008">Orr 2008</a>, с. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson-Woods201022-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson-Woods201022_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson-Woods2010">Johnson-Woods 2010</a>, с. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schodt199623-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Schodt199623_27-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schodt199623_27-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchodt1996">Schodt 1996</a>, с. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petersen2010214&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;215-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Petersen2010214&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;215_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetersen2010">Petersen 2010</a>, с. 214&#160;– 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grove201024-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Grove201024_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrove2010">Grove 2010</a>, с. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKinney2011?-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-McKinney2011?_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKinney2011">McKinney 2011</a>, с.&#160;?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldsmith200516-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Goldsmith200516_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsmith2005">Goldsmith 2005</a>, с. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karp,_Jesse20114&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;6-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Karp,_Jesse20114&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;6_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarp,_Jesse2011">Karp, Jesse 2011</a>, с. 4&#160;– 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poitras200166&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;67-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Poitras200166&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;67_33-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPoitras2001">Poitras 2001</a>, с. 66&#160;– 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvey200176-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Harvey200176_34-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey2001">Harvey 2001</a>, с. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvey200177-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Harvey200177_35-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey2001">Harvey 2001</a>, с. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petersen2010234&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;236-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Petersen2010234&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;236_36-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetersen2010">Petersen 2010</a>, с. 234&#160;– 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petersen2010234-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Petersen2010234_37-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetersen2010">Petersen 2010</a>, с. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCloud2000222-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-McCloud2000222_38-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCloud2000">McCloud 2000</a>, с. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rhoades200838-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Rhoades200838_39-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rhoades200838_39-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRhoades2008">Rhoades 2008</a>, с. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beronä2008225-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Beronä2008225_40-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeronä2008">Beronä 2008</a>, с. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen1977181-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Cohen1977181_41-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen1977">Cohen 1977</a>, с. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groensteen2012124-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Groensteen2012124_42-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Groensteen2012124_42-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroensteen2012">Groensteen 2012</a>, с. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groensteen2012128&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;129-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Groensteen2012128&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;129_43-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroensteen2012">Groensteen 2012</a>, с. 128&#160;– 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groensteen2012126-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Groensteen2012126_44-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Groensteen2012126_44-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroensteen2012">Groensteen 2012</a>, с. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas2010158-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas2010158_45-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2010">Thomas 2010</a>, с. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beaty201265-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Beaty201265_46-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beaty201265_46-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beaty201265_46-2"><sup><i><b>в</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeaty2012">Beaty 2012</a>, с. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groensteen2012126,&amp;#32;131-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Groensteen2012126,&amp;#32;131_47-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroensteen2012">Groensteen 2012</a>, с. 126, 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grove201017&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;19-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Grove201017&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;19_48-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove201017&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;19_48-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrove2010">Grove 2010</a>, с. 17&#160;– 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas2010157,&amp;#32;170-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas2010157,&amp;#32;170_49-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2010">Thomas 2010</a>, с. 157, 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groensteen2012112&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;113-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Groensteen2012112&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;113_50-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Groensteen2012112&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;113_50-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroensteen2012">Groensteen 2012</a>, с. 112&#160;– 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller2007101-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Miller2007101_51-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2007">Miller 2007</a>, с. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groensteen2012112-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Groensteen2012112_52-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Groensteen2012112_52-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroensteen2012">Groensteen 2012</a>, с. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groensteen2012113-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Groensteen2012113_53-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Groensteen2012113_53-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Groensteen2012113_53-2"><sup><i><b>в</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroensteen2012">Groensteen 2012</a>, с. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohn2013-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Cohn2013_54-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohn2013">Cohn 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stewart201428&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;29-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Stewart201428&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;29_55-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart2014">Stewart 2014</a>, с. 28&#160;– 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson-Woods201023-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson-Woods201023_56-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson-Woods2010">Johnson-Woods 2010</a>, с. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stewart201429-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Stewart201429_57-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart2014">Stewart 2014</a>, с. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kinsella200096&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;97-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kinsella200096&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;97_58-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinsella2000">Kinsella 2000</a>, с. 96&#160;– 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kinsella2000100-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kinsella2000100_59-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinsella2000">Kinsella 2000</a>, с. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morita201037&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;38-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Morita201037&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;38_60-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorita2010">Morita 2010</a>, с. 37&#160;– 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stewart201430-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Stewart201430_61-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart2014">Stewart 2014</a>, с. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inge1989214-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Inge1989214_62-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInge1989">Inge 1989</a>, с. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meskin,_Aaron2012xxix-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Meskin,_Aaron2012xxix_63-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeskin,_Aaron2012">Meskin, Aaron 2012</a>, с. xxix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yuan2011?-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Yuan2011?_64-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYuan2011">Yuan 2011</a>, с.&#160;?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eisner19855-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Eisner19855_65-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisner1985">Eisner 1985</a>, с. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kovacs_&amp;_George201110-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kovacs_&amp;_George201110_66-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKovacs_&amp;_George2011">Kovacs &amp; George 2011</a>, с. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holbo201213-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Holbo201213_67-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolbo2012">Holbo 2012</a>, с. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvey20101-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey20101_68-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey20101_68-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey2010">Harvey 2010</a>, с. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beaty20126-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Beaty20126_69-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeaty2012">Beaty 2012</a>, с. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCloud19939-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-McCloud19939_70-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCloud1993">McCloud 1993</a>, с. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chute20107-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Chute20107_71-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChute2010">Chute 2010</a>, с. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvey201076-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Harvey201076_72-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey2010">Harvey 2010</a>, с. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morita201033-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Morita201033_73-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morita201033_73-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morita201033_73-2"><sup><i><b>в</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorita2010">Morita 2010</a>, с. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groensteen2012130-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Groensteen2012130_74-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Groensteen2012130_74-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroensteen2012">Groensteen 2012</a>, с. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson-Woods2010336-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson-Woods2010336_75-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson-Woods2010">Johnson-Woods 2010</a>, с. 336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chapman20128-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Chapman20128_76-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChapman2012">Chapman 2012</a>, с. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chute,_Hillary2012175-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Chute,_Hillary2012175_77-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChute,_Hillary2012">Chute, Hillary 2012</a>, с. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fingeroth20084-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Fingeroth20084_78-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFingeroth2008">Fingeroth 2008</a>, с. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee197815-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Lee197815_79-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee197815_79-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee1978">Lee 1978</a>, с. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eisner198528,&amp;#32;45-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Eisner198528,&amp;#32;45_80-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisner1985">Eisner 1985</a>, с. 28, 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duncan,_Smith200910-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Duncan,_Smith200910_81-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuncan,_Smith2009">Duncan, Smith 2009</a>, с. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duncan,_Smith2009316-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Duncan,_Smith2009316_82-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuncan,_Smith2009">Duncan, Smith 2009</a>, с. 316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eisner198530-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Eisner198530_83-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisner1985">Eisner 1985</a>, с. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duncan,_Smith2009315-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Duncan,_Smith2009315_84-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duncan,_Smith2009315_84-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuncan,_Smith2009">Duncan, Smith 2009</a>, с. 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karp,_Jesse201112&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;13-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Karp,_Jesse201112&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;13_85-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarp,_Jesse2011">Karp, Jesse 2011</a>, с. 12&#160;– 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Markstein2010?-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Markstein2010?_86-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Markstein2010?_86-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Markstein2010?_86-2"><sup><i><b>в</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarkstein2010">Markstein 2010</a>, с.&#160;?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eisner1985157-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Eisner1985157_87-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisner1985">Eisner 1985</a>, с. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawson2010112-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Dawson2010112_88-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDawson2010">Dawson 2010</a>, с. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saraceni20039-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Saraceni20039_89-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saraceni20039_89-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaraceni2003">Saraceni 2003</a>, с. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eisner198515-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Eisner198515_90-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisner1985">Eisner 1985</a>, с. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lyga,_Lyga2004?-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lyga,_Lyga2004?_91-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyga,_Lyga2004">Lyga, Lyga 2004</a>, с.&#160;?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karp,_Jesse201118-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Karp,_Jesse201118_92-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarp,_Jesse2011">Karp, Jesse 2011</a>, с. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forceville,_Veale,_Feyaerts201056-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Forceville,_Veale,_Feyaerts201056_93-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForceville,_Veale,_Feyaerts2010">Forceville, Veale, Feyaerts 2010</a>, с. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duncan,_Smith2009156,&amp;#32;318-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Duncan,_Smith2009156,&amp;#32;318_94-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuncan,_Smith2009">Duncan, Smith 2009</a>, с. 156, 318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lyga,_Lyga2004161-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Lyga,_Lyga2004161_95-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lyga,_Lyga2004161_95-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lyga,_Lyga2004161_95-2"><sup><i><b>в</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyga,_Lyga2004">Lyga, Lyga 2004</a>, с. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee1978145-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Lee1978145_96-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee1978145_96-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee1978">Lee 1978</a>, с. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rhoades2008139-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Rhoades2008139_97-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRhoades2008">Rhoades 2008</a>, с. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bramlett201225-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bramlett201225_98-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBramlett2012">Bramlett 2012</a>, с. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guigar2010126-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Guigar2010126_99-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuigar2010">Guigar 2010</a>, с. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cates201098-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Cates201098_100-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCates2010">Cates 2010</a>, с. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldsmith200521-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Goldsmith200521_101-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsmith2005">Goldsmith 2005</a>, с. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karp,_Jesse201113&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;14-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Karp,_Jesse201113&amp;#32;–&amp;#32;14_102-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarp,_Jesse2011">Karp, Jesse 2011</a>, с. 13&#160;– 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-O&#39;Nale2010384-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-O&#39;Nale2010384_103-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO&#39;Nale2010">O'Nale 2010</a>, с. 384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tondro201151-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Tondro201151_104-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTondro2011">Tondro 2011</a>, с. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lyga,_Lyga2004163-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lyga,_Lyga2004163_105-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyga,_Lyga2004">Lyga, Lyga 2004</a>, с. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groensteen2012131-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Groensteen2012131_106-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroensteen2012">Groensteen 2012</a>, с. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKinney2011xiii-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-McKinney2011xiii_107-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKinney2011">McKinney 2011</a>, с. xiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alaniz20107-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Alaniz20107_108-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlaniz2010">Alaniz 2010</a>, с. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frahm2003?-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Frahm2003?_109-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrahm2003">Frahm 2003</a>, с.&#160;?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wong200211-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Wong200211_110-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWong2002">Wong 2002</a>, с. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooper-Chen2010177-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Cooper-Chen2010177_111-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cooper-Chen2010177_111-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooper-Chen2010">Cooper-Chen 2010</a>, с. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson-Woods2010301-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson-Woods2010301_112-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson-Woods2010">Johnson-Woods 2010</a>, с. 301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson2007xiii-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Thompson2007xiii_113-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson2007">Thompson 2007</a>, с. xiii.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Библиография"><span id=".D0.91.D0.B8.D0.B1.D0.BB.D0.B8.D0.BE.D0.B3.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.84.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Библиография</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Редактиране на раздел: Библиография" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Библиография"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Книги"><span id=".D0.9A.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.B3.D0.B8"></span>Книги</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Редактиране на раздел: Книги" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Книги"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFKunzle1973" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Kunzle, David“. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlycomicstripn0000kunz">„The Early Comic Strip; Narrative Strips and Picture Stories in the European Broadsheet</a>. &#32;University of California Press,&#32;1973.&#32;с.&#160;1450&#160;– 1825.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLee1978" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Lee, Stan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howtodrawcomicsm00stan">„How to Draw Comics the Marvel Way“</a>. &#32;Simon &amp; Schuster,&#32;1978.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780671530778" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-671-53077-8</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEisner1985" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Eisner, Will. Comics and Sequential Art. &#32;Poorhouse Press,&#32;1985.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/7809614728" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 78-0-9614728</a>-0-1.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFInge1989" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Inge, Thomas M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookofameric02inge">„Handbook of American Popular Culture“</a>. &#32;Greenwood Press,&#32;1989.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780313254062" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-313-25406-2</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPenguin1989_reprint_with_introduction" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Perry, George; Aldridge, Alan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/penguinbookofcom0000perr">The Penguin Book Of Comics</a>. &#32;Penguin,&#32;1989 reprint with introduction.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/0140028021" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-14-002802-1</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRoutledge1993" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Sabin, Roger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adultcomicsintro0000sabi">Adult Comics: An Introduction</a>. &#32;Routledge,&#32;1993.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/0415044197" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-415-04419-7</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMcCloud1993" class="book" style="font-style:normal">McCloud, Scott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/understandingcom0000mccl">„Understanding Comics: The Invisible Art“</a>. &#32;Kitchen Sink Press,&#32;1993.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/0878162437" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-87816-243-7</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSchodt1996" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Schodt, Frederik L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/liang.dreamlandjapanwr0000scho_d1o1">Dreamland Japan: Writings on Modern Manga</a>. &#32;Stone Bridge Press,&#32;1996.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9781880656235" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-880656-23-5</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCouch2000" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Couch, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imageandnarrative.be/inarchive/narratology/chriscouch.htm">The Publication and Formats of Comics, Graphic Novels, and Tankobon</a>. &#32;Image &amp; Narrative,&#32;2000.&#32;ISBN 1780-678X.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104223730/http://www.imageandnarrative.be/inarchive/narratology/chriscouch.htm">Архив на оригинала от</a> 2013-11-04 в <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMcCloud2000" class="book" style="font-style:normal">McCloud, Scott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2RfNVk7PpnkC">Reinventing Comics: How Imagination and Technology Are Revolutionizing an Art Form</a>. &#32;HarperCollins,&#32;2000.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780060953508" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-06-095350-8</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKinsella2000" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Kinsella, Sharon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adultmangacultur00kins">Adult Manga: Culture &amp; Power in Contemporary Japanese Society</a>. &#32;University of Hawaii Press,&#32;2000.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780824823184" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8248-2318-4</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPoitras2001" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Poitras, Gilles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wQ7JqkWjPNcC">Anime Essentials: Every Thing a Fan Needs to Know</a>. &#32;Stone Bridge Press,&#32;2001.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9781880656532" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-880656-53-2</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2001" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Harvey, R. C. "Comedy at the Juncture of Word and Image". In Varnum, Robin; Gibbons, Christina T. The Language of Comics: Word and Image. &#32;University Press of Mississippi,&#32;2001.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/1578064147" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-57806-414-7</a>.&#32;с.&#160;75&#160;– 96.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_Press_Mississippi2001" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Varnum, Robin &amp; Gibbons, Christina T. editors. The Language of Comics: Word and Image. &#32;University Press Mississippi,&#32;2001.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/1578064147" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-57806-414-7</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWong2002" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Wong, Wendy Siuyi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hongkongcomicshi0000wong">„Hong Kong Comics“</a>. &#32;Princeton Architectural Press,&#32;2002.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9781568982694" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-56898-269-4</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSaraceni2003" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Saraceni, Mario. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/languageofcomics0000sara">„The Language of Comics“</a>. &#32;Routledge,&#32;2003.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780415214223" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-415-21422-3</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFrahm2003" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Frahm, Ole. „Too much is too much. The never innocent laughter of the Comics“. &#32;Image &amp; Narrative (7),&#32;2003.&#32;ISBN 1780-678X.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLyga,_Lyga2004" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Lyga, Lyga, Allyson, A.W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/graphicnovelsiny00lyga">„Graphic Novels in Your Media Center: A Definitive Guide“</a>. &#32;Libraries Unlimited,&#32;2004.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9781591581420" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-59158-142-0</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGoldsmith2005" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Goldsmith, Francisca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/graphicnovelsnow00fran">„Graphic Novels Now: Building, Managing, And Marketing a Dynamic Collection“</a>. &#32;American Library Association,&#32;2005.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780838909041" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8389-0904-1</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSoanes,_Stevenson2005" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Soanes, Stevenson, Catherine, Angus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199571123.001.0001/acref-9780199571123">„The Oxford Dictionary of English (revised edition)“</a>. &#32;Oxford,&#32;Oxford University Press,&#32;2005.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780199571123" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9780199571123</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGoldsmith2005" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Goldsmith, Francisca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/graphicnovelsnow00fran">Graphic Novels Now: Building, Managing, And Marketing a Dynamic Collection</a>. &#32;American Library Association,&#32;2005.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780838909041" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8389-0904-1</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMiller2007" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Miller, Ann. Reading Bande Dessinée: Critical Approaches to French-language Comic Strip. &#32;Intellect Books,&#32;2007.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9781841501772" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-84150-177-2</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFThompson2007" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Thompson, Jason. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mangacompletegui0000thom_l3e2">„Manga: The Complete Guide“</a>. &#32;New York,&#32;Ballantine Books,&#32;2007.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780345485908" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-345-48590-8</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBeronä2008" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Beronä, David A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YVh2QgAACAAJ">Wordless Books: The Original Graphic Novels</a>. &#32;Abrams Books,&#32;2008.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780810994690" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8109-9469-0</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFingeroth2008" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Fingeroth, Danny. „The Rough Guide to Graphic Novels“. &#32;Rough Guides,&#32;2008.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9781843539933" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-84353-993-3</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRhoades2008" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Rhoades, Shirrel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completehistoryo0000rhoa">„A Complete History of American Comic Books“</a>. &#32;Peter Lang,&#32;2008.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9781433101076" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-4331-0107-6</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFOrr2008" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Orr, Tamra. Manga Artists. &#32;Rosen Publishing,&#32;2008.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9781404218543" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-4042-1854-3</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRhoades2008" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Rhoades, Shirrel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O16BXbITZwEC">„A Complete History of American Comic Books“</a>. &#32;Peter Lang,&#32;2008.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9781433101076" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-4331-0107-6</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDuncan,_Smith2009" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Duncan, Smith, Randy, Matthew J. „The Power of Comics“. &#32;Continuum International Publishing Group,&#32;2009.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780826429360" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8264-2936-0</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFAlaniz2010" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Alaniz, José. „Komiks: Comic Art in Russia“. &#32;University Press of Mississippi,&#32;2010.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9781604733662" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-60473-366-2</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCooper-Chen2010" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Cooper-Chen, Anne M. „Cartoon Cultures: The Globalization of Japanese Popular Media“. &#32;Peter Lang,&#32;2010.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9781433103681" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-4331-0368-1</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFChute2010" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Chute, Hillary L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/graphicwomenlife0000chut">„Graphic Women: Life Narrative and Contemporary Comics“</a>. &#32;Columbia University Press,&#32;2010.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780231150620" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-231-15062-0</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGabilliet2010" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Gabilliet, Jean-Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ofcomicsmencultu0000gabi">„Of Comics and Men: A Cultural History of American Comic Books“</a>. &#32;University Press of Mississippi,&#32;2010.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9781604732672" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-60473-267-2</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMorita2010" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Morita, Naoko. „Cultural Recognition of Comics and Comics Studies: Comments on Thierry Groensteen's Keynote Lecture“. &#32;Kyoto Seika University,&#32;2010.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9784905187035" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-4-905187-03-5</a>.&#32;<i>Comics worlds &amp; the world of comics&#160;: towards scholarship on a global scale. Global Manga Studies. 1. International Manga Research Center, Kyoto Seika University</i><span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFJohnson-Woods2010" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Johnson-Woods, Toni. „Manga: An Anthology of Global and Cultural Perspectives“. &#32;Continuum International Publishing Group,&#32;2010.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780826429384" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8264-2938-4</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCollins2010" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Collins, Rachel. „Drawing Comics into Canadian Libraries. In Weiner, Robert G. Graphic Novels and Comics in Libraries and Archives“. &#32;McFarland &amp; Company,&#32;2010.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780786456932" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7864-5693-2</a>.&#32;с.&#160;226&#160;– 241.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGrove2010" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Grove, Laurence. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B0AzqTDBdHYC"><i>Comics in French: The European Bande Dessinée in Context</i></a>. &#32;Berghahn Books,&#32;2010.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9781845455880" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-84545-588-0</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDawson2010" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Dawson, Willow. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lilaeccosdoityou0000daws">„Lila &amp; Ecco's Do-It-Yourself Comics Club“</a>. &#32;Kids Can Press Ltd,&#32;2010.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9781554534388" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-55453-438-8</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFJohnson-Woods2010" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Johnson-Woods, Toni. „Manga: An Anthology of Global and Cultural Perspectives“. &#32;Continuum International Publishing Group,&#32;2010.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780826429384" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8264-2938-4</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFO&#39;Nale2010" class="book" style="font-style:normal">O'Nale, Robert. „Manga“. &#32;ABC-CLIO,&#32;2010.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780313357473" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-313-35747-3</a>.&#32;p.&#160;378–387.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFJohnson-Woods2010" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Johnson-Woods, Toni. „Manga: An Anthology of Global and Cultural Perspectives“. &#32;Continuum International Publishing Group,&#32;2010.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780826429384" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8264-2938-4</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGuigar2010" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Guigar, Brad J. „The Everything Cartooning Book: Create Unique And Inspired Cartoons For Fun And Profit“. &#32;Adams Media,&#32;2010.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9781440523069" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-4405-2306-9</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMarkstein2010" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Markstein, Don. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091016112147/http://www.toonopedia.com/glossary.htm">„Glossary of Specialized Cartoon-related Words and Phrases Used in Don Markstein's Toonopedia“</a>. &#32;2010.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPetersen2010" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Petersen, Robert. „Comics, Manga, and Graphic Novels: A History of Graphic Narratives“. &#32;ABC-CLIO,&#32;2010.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780313363306" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-313-36330-6</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCates2010" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Cates, Isaac. „Comic and the Grammar of Diagrams“. &#32;University Press of Mississippi,&#32;2010.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9781604734423" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-60473-442-3</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFThomas2010" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Thomas, Evan. 10: Invisible Art, Invisible Planes, Invisible People. &#32;In Aldama, Frederick Luis,&#32;Multicultural Comics: From Zap to Blue Beetle. University of Texas Press,&#32;2010.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780292737433" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-292-73743-3</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFForceville,_Veale,_Feyaerts2010" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Forceville, Veale, Feyaerts, Charles, Tony, Kurt. „Balloonics: The Visuals of Balloons in Comics“. &#32;McFarland &amp; Company,&#32;2010.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780786442942" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7864-4294-2</a>.&#32;p.&#160;54.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTondro2011" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Tondro, Jason. „Superheroes of the Round Table: Comics Connections to Medieval and Renaissance Literature“. &#32;McFarland,&#32;2011.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780786488766" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7864-8876-6</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKarp,_Jesse2011" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Karp, Jesse, Kress, Rush. „Graphic Novels in Your School Library“. &#32;American Library Association,&#32;2011.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780838910894" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8389-1089-4</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKovacs_&amp;_George2011" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Kovacs &amp; George, Marshall, C.W. Classics and Comics. &#32;Oxford University Press,&#32;2011.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780199792900" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-19-979290-0</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMcKinney2011" class="book" style="font-style:normal">McKinney, Mark. <i>History and Politics in French-Language Comics and Graphic Novels</i>. &#32;University Press of Mississippi,&#32;2011.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9781604737615" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-60473-761-5</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBeaty2012" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Beaty, Bart. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xuotcKAeM5YC"><i>Comics Versus Art</i></a>. &#32;University of Toronto Press,&#32;2012.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9781442696273" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-4426-9627-3</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFChapman2012" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Chapman, Robyn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/drawingcomicslab0000chap">Drawing Comics Lab: 52 Exercises on Characters, Panels, Storytelling, Publishing &amp; Professional Practices</a>. &#32;Quarry Books,&#32;2012.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9781610586290" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-61058-629-0</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFChute,_Hillary2012" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Chute, Hillary, DeKoven, Marianne. „Comic books and graphic novels“. &#32;The Cambridge Companion to Popular Fiction. Cambridge University Press,&#32;2012.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780521513371" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-51337-1</a>.&#32;p.&#160;175–195.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGroensteen2012" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Groensteen, Thierry. <i>The Impossible Definition</i>. &#32;University Press of Mississippi,&#32;2012.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9781604731095" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-60473-109-5</a>.&#32;с.&#160;124&#160;– 131.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBramlett2012" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Bramlett, Frank. „Linguistics and the Study of Comics“. &#32;Palgrave Macmillan,&#32;2012.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780230362826" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-230-36282-6</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHolbo2012" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Holbo, John. The Art of Comics: A Philosophical Approach. &#32;John Wiley &amp; Sons,&#32;2012.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9781444334647" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-4443-3464-7</a>.&#32;с.&#160;3–30.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMeskin,_Aaron2012" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Meskin, Aaron, Cook, Roy T. „The Art of Comics: A Philosophical Approach“. &#32;John Wiley &amp; Sons,&#32;2012.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9781444334647" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-4443-3464-7</a>.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCohn2013" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Cohn, Neil. The Visual Language of Comics: Introduction to the Structure and Cognition of Sequential Images. &#32;London,&#32;Bloomsbury,&#32;2013.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9781441181459" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-4411-8145-9</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBooker2014" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Booker, M. Keith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hnuQBQAAQBAJ"><i>Introduction. Comics through Time: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas</i></a>. &#32;ABC-CLIO,&#32;2014.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9780313397516" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-313-39751-6</a>.&#32;с.&#160;xxv–xxxvii.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFStewart2014" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Stewart, Ronald. „Manga as Schism: Kitazawa Rakuten's Resistance to "Old-Fashioned" Japan“. &#32;Routledge,&#32;Manga's Cultural Crossroads,&#32;2014.&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9781134102839" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-134-10283-9</a>.&#32;p.&#160;27–49.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Периодика"><span id=".D0.9F.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B8.D0.BE.D0.B4.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B0"></span>Периодика</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Редактиране на раздел: Периодика" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Периодика"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFCohenаприл_1977" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Cohen, Martin S. „The Novel in Woodcuts: A Handbook“&#32;//&#32; <i>Journal of Modern Literature. Indiana University Press</i>&#32;2/6. &#32;април&#32;1977.&#32;3831165.&#32;с.&#160;171&#160;– 195.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1994" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Williams, Jeff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100904141128/http://www.albany.edu/scj/jcjpc/vol2is6/comics.html">„Comics: A tool of subversion?“</a>&#32;//&#32; <i>Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture</i>&#32;2(6). &#32;1994.&#32;с.&#160;129&#160;– 146.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albany.edu/scj/jcjpc/vol2is6/comics.html">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2010-09-04.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFYuan2011" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Yuan, Ting. „From Ponyo to 'My Garfield Story': Using Digital Comics as an Alternative Pathway to Literary Composition“&#32;//&#32; <i>Childhood Education</i>&#32;(87 (4)). &#32;2011.</cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Интернет"><span id=".D0.98.D0.BD.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.BD.D0.B5.D1.82"></span>Интернет</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Редактиране на раздел: Интернет" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Интернет"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Santos, Derek (1998) <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050930225206/http://www.dereksantos.com/comicpage/index.html">Comic History</a>&#32;//&#32; The Comic Page. &#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dereksantos.com/comicpage/index.html">оригинала</a>&#32;на 2005-09-30.&#32;Посетен на 26 юни 2005.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2010" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Harvey, R.C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110914065411/http://classic.tcj.com/top-stories/defining-comics-again-another-in-the-long-list-of-unnecessarily-complicated-definitions/">„Defining Comics Again: Another in the Long List of Unnecessarily Complicated Definitions“</a>&#32;//&#32; The Comics Journal. &#32;Fantagraphics Books,&#32;2010.&#32; Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classic.tcj.com/top-stories/defining-comics-again-another-in-the-long-list-of-unnecessarily-complicated-definitions/">оригинала</a>&#32;на 14 септември 2011.&#32;Посетен на 24 октомври 2020.<span class="cite-lang">&#32;<small style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(на английски)</small></span></cite></li></ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐7fff5f77f6‐rkggq Cached time: 20241029145128 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.860 seconds Real time usage: 0.942 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 40878/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 146443/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 70112/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 57698/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.255/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1959467/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 817.202 1 -total 42.01% 343.343 71 Шаблон:Cite 39.66% 324.063 118 Шаблон:Hrf 36.45% 297.871 61 Шаблон:Cite_book 28.08% 229.445 71 Шаблон:Източник_БДС_17377 15.59% 127.425 118 Шаблон:Spnorm 15.39% 125.801 236 Шаблон:Ppnorm 12.96% 105.947 118 Шаблон:Harv 8.57% 70.025 37 Шаблон:Delink 5.70% 46.575 2 Шаблон:Lang --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key bgwiki:pcache:idhash:68592-0!canonical and timestamp 20241029145128 and revision id 12335084. 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