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<li id="toc-Administrative_reforms_in_the_1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_reforms_in_the_1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Administrative reforms in the 1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_reforms_in_the_1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_failed_Kapodistrias_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_failed_Kapodistrias_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The failed Kapodistrias II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_failed_Kapodistrias_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kallikratis:_New_attempt_at_administrative_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kallikratis:_New_attempt_at_administrative_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Kallikratis: New attempt at administrative reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kallikratis:_New_attempt_at_administrative_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reforms_as_part_of_the_Kallikratis_plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reforms_as_part_of_the_Kallikratis_plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Reforms as part of the Kallikratis plan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reforms_as_part_of_the_Kallikratis_plan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reforms as part of the Kallikratis plan subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reforms_as_part_of_the_Kallikratis_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li 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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Каликратис (закон) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Каликратис (закон)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Cal%C2%B7l%C3%ADcrates" title="Programa Cal·lícrates – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Programa Cal·lícrates" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallikratis-Programm" title="Kallikratis-Programm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kallikratis-Programm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Πρόγραμμα Καλλικράτης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρόγραμμα Καλλικράτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Cal%C3%ADcrates" title="Plan Calícrates – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Plan Calícrates" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallikrates_programa" title="Kallikrates programa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kallikrates programa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programme_Kallikratis" title="Programme Kallikratis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Programme Kallikratis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_Kallikratis" title="Programa Kallikratis – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Programa Kallikratis" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%AB%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BD%C2%BB_%D5%AE%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80" title="«Կալլիկրատիս» ծրագիր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="«Կալլիկրատիս» ծրագիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programma_Callicrate" title="Programma Callicrate – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Programma Callicrate" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libellus_Callicratis" title="Libellus Callicratis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Libellus Callicratis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallikratisprogramma" title="Kallikratisprogramma – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kallikratisprogramma" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallikratis_dasturi" title="Kallikratis dasturi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kallikratis dasturi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0_%C2%AB%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%C2%BB" title="Программа «Калликратис» – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Программа «Калликратис»" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallikrates-suunnitelma" title="Kallikrates-suunnitelma – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kallikrates-suunnitelma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%C2%AB%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D1%81%C2%BB" title="Програма «Каллікратіс» – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Програма «Каллікратіс»" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1722495#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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data-file-height="286" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Hellenic Republic</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><b><a href="/wiki/Long_title" class="mw-redirect" title="Long title">Long title</a></b></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">New Architecture of Self-governing Entities and Deconcentrated Administration –<br />Kallikratis programme </div> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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.citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kodiko.gr/nomologia/download_fek?f=fek/2010/a/fek_a_87_2010.pdf&t=7126314817aa10a962b142cceb9baaba">Kallikratis programme</a> (3852/2010) (in Greek). 7 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Kallikratis+programme&rft.date=2010-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kodiko.gr%2Fnomologia%2Fdownload_fek%3Ff%3Dfek%2F2010%2Fa%2Ffek_a_87_2010.pdf%26t%3D7126314817aa10a962b142cceb9baaba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKallikratis+Programme" class="Z3988"></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Territorial extent</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Enacted by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament" title="Hellenic Parliament">Hellenic Parliament</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Greece" title="President of Greece">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Karolos_Papoulias" title="Karolos Papoulias">Karolos Papoulias</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece" title="Prime Minister of Greece">Prime minister</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Papandreou" title="George Papandreou">George Papandreou</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signed</th><td class="infobox-data">4 June 2010</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Legislative history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bill_(proposed_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill (proposed law)">Bill</a> title</th><td class="infobox-data">3852/2010</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduced by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Greece" title="Government of Greece">Government of Greece</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Amended by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Kleisthenis_I_Programme" title="Kleisthenis I Programme">Kleisthenis I Programme</a> (2019)</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kallikratis_dioikisi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kallikratis_dioikisi.png/350px-Kallikratis_dioikisi.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="317" class="mw-file-element" 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line-height: 150%;"><table><tbody><tr> <td style="background:#0d5eaf; vertical-align:middle; padding:5px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Papandreou_2011-09-30.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/George_Papandreou_2011-09-30.jpg/75px-George_Papandreou_2011-09-30.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/George_Papandreou_2011-09-30.jpg/113px-George_Papandreou_2011-09-30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/George_Papandreou_2011-09-30.jpg/150px-George_Papandreou_2011-09-30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></td> <td style="background:#0d5eaf; vertical-align:middle; padding:6px;"><span style="font-size:0.75em;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">This article is part of a series about</span></span><br /><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><span style="font-size:0.95em;"><a href="/wiki/George_Papandreou" title="George Papandreou"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">George Papandreou</span></a></span></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em;"> <ul><li>President of <a href="/wiki/PASOK" title="PASOK">PASOK</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2004–12)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the Opposition (Greece)">Leader of the Opposition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2004–09)</span><br />President of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2006–2022)</span> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece" title="Prime Minister of Greece">Prime Minister of Greece</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009–11)</span><br />President of <a href="/wiki/Movement_of_Democratic_Socialists" title="Movement of Democratic Socialists">KIDISO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2015–present)</span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Leader of the Opposition</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_PASOK_leadership_election" title="2007 PASOK leadership election">2007 PASOK leadership election</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Prime Minister of Greece</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_George_Papandreou" title="Cabinet of George Papandreou">G.A. Papandreou cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Greek_presidential_election" title="2010 Greek presidential election">2010 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_austerity_package_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="First austerity package (Greece)">First austerity package</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_austerity_package_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second austerity package (Greece)">Second austerity package</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Economic_Adjustment_Programme_for_Greece" title="First Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece">First Memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_Greece" title="Anti-austerity movement in Greece">Anti-austerity movement in Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_austerity_package_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Third austerity package (Greece)">Third austerity package</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kallikratis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_austerity_package_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth austerity package (Greece)">Fourth austerity package</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_austerity_package_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth austerity package (Greece)">Fifth austerity package</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Greek_economy_referendum_attempt" title="2011 Greek economy referendum attempt">2011 Greek economy referendum attempt</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Later Political Life</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Movement_of_Democratic_Socialists" title="Movement of Democratic Socialists">KIDISO</a></li></ul> <hr /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="286" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:George_Papandreou_sidebar" title="Template:George Papandreou sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:George_Papandreou_sidebar" title="Template talk:George Papandreou sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:George_Papandreou_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:George Papandreou sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kallikratis Programme</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Πρόγραμμα Καλλικράτης</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">Prógramma Kallikrátis</i></span>) is the common name of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greek</a> law 3852/2010 of 2010, a major administrative reform in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>. It brought about the second major reform of the country's <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Greece" title="Administrative divisions of Greece">administrative divisions</a> following the 1997 <a href="/wiki/Kapodistrias_reform" title="Kapodistrias reform">Kapodistrias reform</a>. </p><p>Named after ancient Greek architect <a href="/wiki/Callicrates" title="Callicrates">Callicrates</a>, the programme was presented by the socialist <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_George_Papandreou" title="Cabinet of George Papandreou">Papandreou cabinet</a> and was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament" title="Hellenic Parliament">Hellenic Parliament</a> in May 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The programme's implementation started with the <a href="/wiki/Greek_local_elections,_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek local elections, 2010">November 2010 local elections</a>, and was completed by January 2011. It was amended by the <a href="/wiki/Kleisthenis_I_Programme" title="Kleisthenis I Programme">Kleisthenis I Programme</a> (Law 4555/2018), which was adopted in July 2018 and implemented in September 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kallikratis_Programme&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_reforms_in_the_1990s">Administrative reforms in the 1990s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kallikratis_Programme&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Administrative reforms in the 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1994 reforms under the socialist <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Papandreou" title="Andreas Papandreou">Papandreou government</a> turned the largely dysfunctional <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Greece" title="Prefectures of Greece">prefectures</a> into Prefectural Self-Government entities (PSGs) with prefects and prefectural councils both being popularly elected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHlepasGetimis2011425_f._3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHlepasGetimis2011425_f.-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In return, the thirteen <a href="/wiki/Administrative_regions_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative regions of Greece">administrative regions of Greece</a>, which had already been created in 1987, but in the absence of a working budget remained unable to fulfill even their limited responsibilities,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVamvakas201226_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVamvakas201226-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> now assumed the prefectures' competences in regard to <a href="/wiki/Tax_collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax collection">tax collection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structural_Funds_and_Cohesion_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural Funds and Cohesion Fund">European structural funding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treasury" title="Treasury">treasury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVamvakas201229_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVamvakas201229-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Part of the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Kapodistrias_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapodistrias plan">Kapodistrias plan</a>, Law 2539/1997 sharply reduced the number of <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_and_communities_of_Greece" title="Municipalities and communities of Greece">municipalities and communities</a> from 5.823 to 1.033,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVamvakas201231_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVamvakas201231-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the increasing <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a> had left small communities literally dying out.<sup id="cite_ref-Elcock_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elcock-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> With a median of just 4,661.5 inhabitants, a large number of small municipalities and rural communities however remained independent. This included 88 communities with a population of less than 1000, down to <a href="/wiki/Gramos,_Greece" title="Gramos, Greece">Gramos</a> with just 28 inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-census91_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census91-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the territorial reforms of the 1990s, Greece has been cited as the first southern European country to follow a coercive top-down approach for territorial reforms, an approach rather typical for northern European countries.<sup id="cite_ref-BertranaHeinelt83f_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BertranaHeinelt83f-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though strengthened by the 1990s reforms, the prefectural second-tier level however did not meet expectations. Largely subverted by an uncoordinated but convergent anti-reform opposition, the reformed prefectures lost a number of important competences following court decisions. The numerous controversies largely undermined public trust in the prefectural level.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHlepasGetimis2011427_f._10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHlepasGetimis2011427_f.-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_failed_Kapodistrias_II">The failed Kapodistrias II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kallikratis_Programme&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The failed Kapodistrias II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the electoral victory of the liberal-conservative <a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_(Greece)" title="New Democracy (Greece)">New Democracy</a> party in <a href="/wiki/Greek_legislative_election,_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek legislative election, 2004">2004</a>, the <a href="/wiki/First_Cabinet_of_Kostas_Karamanlis" title="First Cabinet of Kostas Karamanlis">Karamanlis government</a> had initially been reluctant to pursue further administrative reforms, as it had opposed the reforms of the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Hlepas76_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hlepas76-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a late implementation of a provision that was already part of the Kapodistrias plan, the 147 <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Greece" title="Provinces of Greece">provinces</a>, as subunits of the 51 prefectures, were abolished in 2007. </p><p>Only after the <a href="/wiki/Greek_legislative_election,_2007" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek legislative election, 2007">2007 reelection</a> did the Karamanlis government decide that further reforms were necessary to bring the territorial structure in line with the European Union's <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Strategy" title="Lisbon Strategy">Lisbon Strategy</a> and the requirements of the Fourth Programming Period (2007–2013).<sup id="cite_ref-Hlepas76_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hlepas76-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The thirteen regions were planned to be combined to just six major "programmatic supra-regions" that were expected to more successfully compete for <a href="/wiki/Structural_Funds_and_Cohesion_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural Funds and Cohesion Fund">European structural funding</a>. Municipalities would be amalgamated from 1034 down to 400, and prefectural governments reduced from 50 down to 16, in order to overcome fragmentation, to facilitate fiscal control by the state, and to create <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of scale">economies of scale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hlepas77_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hlepas77-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Putting administrative efficiency first, the top-down reform plan was criticized as subordinating questions of <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">legitimacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Participation_(decision_making)" class="mw-redirect" title="Participation (decision making)">participation</a>. Rather than being opposed by the parliamentary opposition, the plan faced obstruction by the more conservative camp within the governing party and ultimately failed.<sup id="cite_ref-Hlepas77_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hlepas77-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kallikratis:_New_attempt_at_administrative_reform">Kallikratis: New attempt at administrative reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kallikratis_Programme&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kallikratis: New attempt at administrative reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the landslide victory of the socialist <a href="/wiki/PASOK" title="PASOK">PASOK</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_legislative_election,_2009" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek legislative election, 2009">early 2009 legislative election</a>, a new attempt at further administrative reforms was started. The Kallikratis plan was presented to the public in January 2010, amidst the beginnings of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis" title="Greek government-debt crisis">Greek financial crisis</a>. While in terms of figures rather similar to the failed <i>New Democracy</i> plans, it was not confined to reducing the sheer number of administrative entities and their state accountability.<sup id="cite_ref-Hlepas84_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hlepas84-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a country which has been widely regarded as the most <a href="/wiki/Centralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralism">centralist</a> country of the European Union,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHlepasGetimis2011431_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHlepasGetimis2011431-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with many smaller municipalities, especially rural communities being "extremely understaffed and deprived of any possibility to fulfil their tasks,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHlepasGetimis2011425_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHlepasGetimis2011425-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an emphasis was put on strengthening the remaining authorities in terms of autonomy of <a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">self-governance</a>, public transparency and overall accessibility to citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-Hlepas84_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hlepas84-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the programme aimed at reducing local government employees by 50%, from around 50.000 to 25.000 across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The law was adopted in May 2010 and was implemented following the <a href="/wiki/Greek_local_elections,_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek local elections, 2010">November 2010 local elections</a> comprising the constituting regional elections, which replaced provincial elections as they were held before in <a href="/wiki/Greek_local_elections,_2002" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek local elections, 2002">2002</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_local_elections,_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek local elections, 2006">2006</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hlepas84_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hlepas84-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reforms_as_part_of_the_Kallikratis_plan">Reforms as part of the Kallikratis plan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kallikratis_Programme&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reforms as part of the Kallikratis plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Comparison chart </caption> <tbody><tr> <th width="140"> </th> <th width="325">Former (Kapodistrias, 1998–2010) </th> <th width="335">New (Kallikratis, 2011) </th></tr> <tr> <td>decentralized agencies<br />of <a href="/wiki/Centralized_government" title="Centralized government">national administration</a> </td> <td><b>13 administrative districts</b><br />("administrative regions", <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Διοικητική περιφέρεια</span></span>, <i>Diikitiki periferia</i>) </td> <td><b>7 administrative districts</b><br />("decentralized administrations", <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Αποκεντρωμένη Διοίκηση</span></span>, <i>Apokendromeni Diikisi</i>)<br />headed by a general secretary appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Interior_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Interior (Greece)">Minister of Interior</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>secondary,<br />regional-level<br /><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">self-governing</a> entities </td> <td><b>51 <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Greece" title="Prefectures of Greece">prefectures</a></b> (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Νομοί</span></span>, <i>Nomi</i>) or "nomes",<br />headed by a popularly elected Prefect (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Νομάρχης</span></span>) and governed by the popularly elected Prefectural Council (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Νομαρχιακό συμβούλιο</span></span>). <p>Some prefectures were grouped into larger administrative <a href="/wiki/Super-prefectures_of_Greece" title="Super-prefectures of Greece">super-prefectures</a> or "hypernomarchies"), while <a href="/wiki/Attica_Prefecture" title="Attica Prefecture">Attica Prefecture</a> was further subdivided into four administrative prefectures ("nomarchies"). </p> </td> <td><b>13 <a href="/wiki/Administrative_regions_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative regions of Greece">regions</a></b> (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Περιφέρεια</span></span>, <i>Periferia</i>) or "peripheries",<br />headed by a popularly elected Governor (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">περιφερειάρχης</span></span>, <i>periferiarchis</i>) and governed by the popularly elected Regional Council (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Περιφερειακό συμβούλιο</span></span>, <i>perifereiakó symvoúlio</i>). <p>Regions are further subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Regional_units_of_Greece" title="Regional units of Greece">regional units</a> (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">περιφερειακή ενότητα</span></span>, <i>periferiaki enotita</i>), often corresponding to the former prefectures, and headed by a vice-regional governor (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">αντιπεριφερειάρχης</span></span>, <i>antiperifereiárchis</i>). </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>primary,<br /><a href="/wiki/Local_administrative_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Local administrative unit">local-level</a><br />self-governing entities </td> <td><b>914 municipalities</b> (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Δήμος</span></span>, <i>Dimos</i>),<br />further subdivided in: <ul><li>municipal districts (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Δημοτικό διαμέρισμα</span></span>) or</li> <li>local districts (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Τοπικό διαμέρισμα</span></span>)</li></ul> <p><b>120 communities</b> (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Κοινότητα</span></span>, <i>kinotita</i>) </p> </td> <td><b>325 <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_and_communities_of_Greece" title="Municipalities and communities of Greece">municipalities</a></b> (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Δήμος</span></span>, <i>Dimos</i>),<br />further divided in: <ul><li>municipal units (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Δημοτική ενότητα</span></span>) <ul><li>municipal communities (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Δημοτική κοινότητα</span></span>)</li> <li>local communities (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Τοπική κοινότητα</span></span>)</li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_administrative_reform">Local administrative reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kallikratis_Programme&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Local administrative reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right"> <caption>Distribution of municipalities by orders of magnitude<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHlepas2013261_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHlepas2013261-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">Population </th> <th colspan="4">Municipalities </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Before 2010 </th> <th colspan="2">After 2011 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number</th> <th><i>Share</i> </th> <th>Number</th> <th><i>Share</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td>up to 5,000 </td> <td>548 </td> <td><i>53%</i> </td> <td>45 </td> <td><i>14%</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>up to 10,000 </td> <td>259 </td> <td><i>25%</i> </td> <td>28 </td> <td><i>8%</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>up to 50,000 </td> <td>186 </td> <td><i>18%</i> </td> <td>192 </td> <td><i>59%</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>up to 100,000 </td> <td>31 </td> <td><i>3%</i> </td> <td>49 </td> <td><i>15%</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>> 100,000 </td> <td>10 </td> <td><i>1%</i> </td> <td>13 </td> <td><i>4%</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <th>1034 </th> <th><i>100%</i> </th> <th>325 </th> <th><i>100%</i> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Kallikratis Programme further reduced the number of <a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">self-governing</a> <a href="/wiki/Local_administrative_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Local administrative unit">local administrative units</a> by compulsory merging the 1033 <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_and_communities_of_Greece" title="Municipalities and communities of Greece">municipalities and communities</a> which the Kapodistrias reform had already amalgamated to just 325 municipalities.<sup id="cite_ref-Hlepas84_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hlepas84-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amalgamation of communities led to a number of pre-2007 <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Greece" title="Provinces of Greece">provinces</a> being reinstated as municipalities. Altogether, Greek municipalities now reached a mean size of 31,000 inhabitants, a level comparable to many other countries in the European Union.<sup id="cite_ref-Hlepas260_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hlepas260-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To improve public transparency, local authorities are now generally obliged to make public all their decisions via the internet. Furthermore, a Local <a href="/wiki/Ombudsman" title="Ombudsman">Ombudsman</a> was established to support both citizens and enterprises in coping with local administrations. New <i>Financial Committees</i> and <i>Executive Committees</i> were established to help professionalize financial accounting, and to monitor the local administrations. In communities with more than 10,000 residents, a <i>Committee for the quality of life</i> and a <i>Consultation Committee</i> is established. Aimed at improving local allocation of municipal resources, the <i>Consultation Committee</i> consists of representatives of local <a href="/wiki/Project_stakeholder" title="Project stakeholder">stakeholders</a> such as businesses, trade unions, chambers and NGOs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHlepas2013267_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHlepas2013267-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_administrative_reform">Regional administrative reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kallikratis_Programme&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Regional administrative reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the same time the programme abolished the 51 self-governing <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Greece" title="Prefectures of Greece">prefectures</a> (<a href="/wiki/NUTS_3" class="mw-redirect" title="NUTS 3">NUTS 3</a>), leaving them only in place as <a href="/wiki/Regional_units_of_Greece" title="Regional units of Greece">regional units</a>. The former prefectures' competences were transferred to the 13 <a href="/wiki/NUTS_2" class="mw-redirect" title="NUTS 2">NUTS 2</a>-level <a href="/wiki/Administrative_regions_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative regions of Greece">administrative regions</a> (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Διοικητική περιφέρεια</span></span>, <i>Diikitiki periferia</i> or "administrative region"). Originally introduced in 1987, the regions had been strengthened in 1993 as intermediate administrative units for <a href="/wiki/Regional_planning" title="Regional planning">regional planning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Elcock_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elcock-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Under the Kallikratis Programme, these regions became self-governing, separate entities with a regional council and a regional governor, both popularly elected.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In return, the central tasks of the national administration were transferred to seven larger, newly created "decentralized administrations" (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Αποκεντρωμένη Διοίκηση</span></span>, <i>Apokendromeni Diikisi</i>). Headed by a general secretary appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Interior_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Interior (Greece)">Minister of Interior</a>, the decentralized administration is responsible for <a href="/wiki/Regional_planning" title="Regional planning">regional planning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">environmental protection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHlepas2013265_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHlepas2013265-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsequently, from <a href="/wiki/Greek_local_elections,_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek local elections, 2010">2010</a> on, subnational elections were held at the regional rather than the prefectural level, and from <a href="/wiki/Greek_local_elections,_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek local elections, 2014">2014</a> on, they are held together with the <a href="/wiki/Elections_to_the_European_Parliament" title="Elections to the European Parliament">European Parliament elections</a> for a five-year period.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Overview: post-Kallikratis subnational entities<sup id="cite_ref-Hlepas260_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hlepas260-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Decentralized administrations </th> <th>Regions </th> <th>Number of municipalities </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_Administration_of_Macedonia_and_Thrace" title="Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace">Macedonia–Thrace</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Macedonia" title="Central Macedonia">Central Macedonia</a> </td> <td>22 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Macedonia_and_Thrace" title="Eastern Macedonia and Thrace">Eastern Macedonia and Thrace</a> </td> <td>38 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_Administration_of_Epirus_and_Western_Macedonia" title="Decentralized Administration of Epirus and Western Macedonia">Epirus–Western Macedonia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Macedonia" title="Western Macedonia">Western Macedonia</a> </td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(region)" title="Epirus (region)">Epirus</a> </td> <td>19 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_Administration_of_Thessaly_and_Central_Greece" title="Decentralized Administration of Thessaly and Central Greece">Thessaly–Central Greece</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> </td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Greece_(administrative_region)" title="Central Greece (administrative region)">Central Greece</a> </td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_Administration_of_Peloponnese,_Western_Greece_and_the_Ionian" title="Decentralized Administration of Peloponnese, Western Greece and the Ionian">Peloponnese–Western Greece–Ionian Islands</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese_(region)" title="Peloponnese (region)">Peloponnese</a> </td> <td>26 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Greece" title="Western Greece">Western Greece</a> </td> <td>19 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> </td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_Administration_of_Attica" title="Decentralized Administration of Attica">Attica</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Attica_(region)" title="Attica (region)">Attica</a> </td> <td>66 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_Administration_of_the_Aegean" title="Decentralized Administration of the Aegean">Aegean</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Aegean" title="North Aegean">North Aegean</a> </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Aegean" title="South Aegean">South Aegean</a> </td> <td>34 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_Administration_of_Crete" title="Decentralized Administration of Crete">Crete</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> </td> <td>24 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions">Reactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kallikratis_Programme&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarly_assessments">Scholarly assessments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kallikratis_Programme&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Scholarly assessments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern European</a> studies have described the Kallikratis reform as surprising, as it abolished a great number of prestigious and powerful political posts, which ahead of the looming crisis would have been regarded indispensable for keeping party <a href="/wiki/Clientelism" title="Clientelism">clientelism</a> alive. Bertrana and Heinelt described the Papandreou government's decision as using a singular <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/window_of_opportunity" class="extiw" title="wikt:window of opportunity">window of opportunity</a> to overcome long-standing resistance against reform. While in regard to the massive-scale top-down approach deviating from a <i>Southern European strategy</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-BertranaHeinelt83f_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BertranaHeinelt83f-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compared to federal states such as <a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_Germany" title="Federalism in Germany">Germany</a>, interaction between national and subnational levels remains relatively weak with the subnational levels remaining strictly separated from the deconcentrated administration of the central government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertranaHeinelt201379_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertranaHeinelt201379-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, state supervision remains largely confined to <i><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori">a posteriori</a></i> control<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertranaHeinelt201379_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertranaHeinelt201379-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Legality" title="Legality">legality</a> of a subnational entity's activity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDacoronia2012373_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDacoronia2012373-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Howard Elcock suggested that in spite of all efforts, officialdom's reluctance makes securing transparency a continuing struggle, so the Greek citizen remained an <i>administré</i> rather than a participant in government<sup id="cite_ref-Elcock_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elcock-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Unnecessary decimation of local community organization led, in several occasions, to further minimization of participation. In the meantime, the hasty manner through which the law came into action paralyzed local authorities' initiative and independent funding.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kallikratis_and_austerity">Kallikratis and austerity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kallikratis_Programme&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Kallikratis and austerity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Akrivopoulou et al. pointed out that the Kallikratis program needs to be seen in the context of the general effort to create a smaller state. They point to specific provisions in the <a href="/wiki/First_Economic_Adjustment_Programme_for_Greece" title="First Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece">First</a> and even more so in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Economic_Adjustment_Programme_for_Greece" title="Second Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece">Second Memorandum</a> concerning the role of local governance for overall austerity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkrivopoulouDimitropoulosKoutnatzis2012664_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkrivopoulouDimitropoulosKoutnatzis2012664-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nicos Souliotis pointed out that the Kallikratis plan fosters the transfer of <a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">austerity</a> policies to the local administrations, as the devolution of responsibilities to the subnational levels has not been accompanied by the transfer of the financial resources required to fulfil the responsibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kallikratis_Programme&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_and_communities_in_Greece_(1997%E2%80%932010)" title="List of municipalities and communities in Greece (1997–2010)">List of municipalities and communities in Greece (1997–2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Greece" title="Administrative divisions of Greece">Administrative divisions of Greece</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kallikratis_Programme&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kodiko.gr/nomothesia/document/132966/nomos-3852-2010">"Law 3852/2010"</a> (in Greek).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Law+3852%2F2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kodiko.gr%2Fnomothesia%2Fdocument%2F132966%2Fnomos-3852-2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKallikratis+Programme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kodiko.gr/nomothesia/document/385525/nomos-4555-2018">"Law 4555/2018"</a> (in Greek).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Law+4555%2F2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kodiko.gr%2Fnomothesia%2Fdocument%2F385525%2Fnomos-4555-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKallikratis+Programme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHlepasGetimis2011425_f.-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHlepasGetimis2011425_f._3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHlepasGetimis2011">Hlepas & Getimis (2011)</a>, p. 425 f..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVamvakas201226-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVamvakas201226_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVamvakas2012">Vamvakas (2012)</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVamvakas201229-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVamvakas201229_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVamvakas2012">Vamvakas (2012)</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVamvakas201231-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVamvakas201231_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVamvakas2012">Vamvakas (2012)</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elcock-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elcock_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elcock_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elcock_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElcock2014" class="citation book cs1">Elcock, Howard (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QRqvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA92">"Greece"</a>. In J. A. Chandler (ed.). <i>Comparative Public Administration</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-56927-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-56927-9"><bdi>978-0-415-56927-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greece&rft.btitle=Comparative+Public+Administration&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-415-56927-9&rft.aulast=Elcock&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQRqvAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKallikratis+Programme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census91-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-census91_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183824/http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00086.pdf">"Detailed census results 1991"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Greek and French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00086.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Detailed+census+results+1991&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdlib.statistics.gr%2FBook%2FGRESYE_02_0101_00086.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKallikratis+Programme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BertranaHeinelt83f-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BertranaHeinelt83f_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BertranaHeinelt83f_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBertranaHeinelt2013">Bertrana & Heinelt (2013)</a>, p. 83 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHlepasGetimis2011427_f.-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHlepasGetimis2011427_f._10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHlepasGetimis2011">Hlepas & Getimis (2011)</a>, p. 427 f..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hlepas76-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hlepas76_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hlepas76_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHlepas2011">Hlepas (2011)</a>, p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hlepas77-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hlepas77_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hlepas77_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHlepas2011">Hlepas (2011)</a>, p. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hlepas84-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hlepas84_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hlepas84_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hlepas84_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hlepas84_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHlepas2011">Hlepas (2011)</a>, p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHlepasGetimis2011431-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHlepasGetimis2011431_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHlepasGetimis2011">Hlepas & Getimis (2011)</a>, p. 431.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHlepasGetimis2011425-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHlepasGetimis2011425_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHlepasGetimis2011">Hlepas & Getimis (2011)</a>, p. 425.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOECDKorea_Institute_of_Public_Finance2012" class="citation book cs1">OECD; Korea Institute of Public Finance (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mRd7SBWGodUC&pg=PA33"><i>Institutional and Financial Relations across Levels of Government</i></a>. OECD Fiscal Federalism Studies. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1787%2F9789264167001-en">10.1787/9789264167001-en</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-16689-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-64-16689-9"><bdi>978-92-64-16689-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Institutional+and+Financial+Relations+across+Levels+of+Government&rft.series=OECD+Fiscal+Federalism+Studies&rft.pages=33&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1787%2F9789264167001-en&rft.isbn=978-92-64-16689-9&rft.au=OECD&rft.au=Korea+Institute+of+Public+Finance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmRd7SBWGodUC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKallikratis+Programme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHlepas2013261-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHlepas2013261_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHlepas2013">Hlepas (2013)</a>, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hlepas260-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hlepas260_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hlepas260_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHlepas2013">Hlepas (2013)</a>, p. 260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHlepas2013267-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHlepas2013267_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHlepas2013">Hlepas (2013)</a>, p. 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOECD2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ir2zBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA242">"Greece"</a>. <i>OECD Regional Outlook 2014 Regions and Cities: Where Policies and People Meet</i>. OECD Regional Outlook. OECD Publishing. p. 242. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1787%2F9789264201415-en">10.1787/9789264201415-en</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-20140-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-64-20140-8"><bdi>978-92-64-20140-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greece&rft.btitle=OECD+Regional+Outlook+2014+Regions+and+Cities%3A+Where+Policies+and+People+Meet&rft.series=OECD+Regional+Outlook&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=OECD+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1787%2F9789264201415-en&rft.isbn=978-92-64-20140-8&rft.au=OECD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dir2zBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKallikratis+Programme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHlepas2013265-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHlepas2013265_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHlepas2013">Hlepas (2013)</a>, p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkrinis2013" class="citation book cs1">Skrinis, Stavros (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MhuuAgAAQBAJ">"Greece: Five typical second-order elections despite significant electoral reform"</a>. In Régis Dandoy; Arjan Schakel (eds.). <i>Regional and National Elections in Western Europe: Territoriality of the Vote in Thirteen Countries</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-02543-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-02543-2"><bdi>978-1-137-02543-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greece%3A+Five+typical+second-order+elections+despite+significant+electoral+reform&rft.btitle=Regional+and+National+Elections+in+Western+Europe%3A+Territoriality+of+the+Vote+in+Thirteen+Countries&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-137-02543-2&rft.aulast=Skrinis&rft.aufirst=Stavros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMhuuAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKallikratis+Programme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertranaHeinelt201379-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertranaHeinelt201379_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertranaHeinelt201379_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBertranaHeinelt2013">Bertrana & Heinelt (2013)</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDacoronia2012373-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDacoronia2012373_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDacoronia2012">Dacoronia (2012)</a>, p. 373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aftodioikisi.gr/ota/dimoi/anavra-thavma-pou-esvise/">"Ανάβρα: Το θαύμα που... έσβησε"</a>. 2017-09-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%B1%3A+%CE%A4%CE%BF+%CE%B8%CE%B1%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B1+%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85...+%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%B2%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B5&rft.date=2017-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aftodioikisi.gr%2Fota%2Fdimoi%2Fanavra-thavma-pou-esvise%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKallikratis+Programme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkrivopoulouDimitropoulosKoutnatzis2012664-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkrivopoulouDimitropoulosKoutnatzis2012664_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkrivopoulouDimitropoulosKoutnatzis2012">Akrivopoulou, Dimitropoulos & Koutnatzis (2012)</a>, p. 664.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouliotis2013" class="citation book cs1">Souliotis, Nicos (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=efYTBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2228">"Athens and the Politics of the Sovereign Debt Crisis"</a>. In Kuniko Fujita (ed.). <i>Cities and Crisis: New Critical Urban Theory</i>. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. pp. 237–270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4462-5219-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4462-5219-2"><bdi>978-1-4462-5219-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Athens+and+the+Politics+of+the+Sovereign+Debt+Crisis&rft.btitle=Cities+and+Crisis%3A+New+Critical+Urban+Theory&rft.pages=237-270&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4462-5219-2&rft.aulast=Souliotis&rft.aufirst=Nicos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DefYTBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKallikratis+Programme" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kallikratis_Programme&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkrivopoulouDimitropoulosKoutnatzis2012" class="citation journal cs1">Akrivopoulou, Christina; Dimitropoulos, Georgios; Koutnatzis, Stylianos-Ioannis G. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regione.emilia-romagna.it/affari_ist/Rivista_3_2012/Dimitropoulos.pdf">"The "Kallikratis Program"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Istituzioni del Federalismo</i> (3): 653–693.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Istituzioni+del+Federalismo&rft.atitle=The+%22Kallikratis+Program%22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=653-693&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Akrivopoulou&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft.au=Dimitropoulos%2C+Georgios&rft.au=Koutnatzis%2C+Stylianos-Ioannis+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regione.emilia-romagna.it%2Faffari_ist%2FRivista_3_2012%2FDimitropoulos.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKallikratis+Programme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertranaHeinelt2013" class="citation journal cs1">Bertrana, Xavier; Heinelt, Hubert (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revistes.eapc.gencat.cat/index.php/rcdp/article/download/10.2436-20.8030.01.4/209">"The Second Tier of Local Government in the Context of European Multi-Level Government Systems: Institutional Setting and Prospects for Reform"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Revista Catalana de Drét Public</i> (46): 73–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2436%2F20.8030.01.4">10.2436/20.8030.01.4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Catalana+de+Dr%C3%A9t+Public&rft.atitle=The+Second+Tier+of+Local+Government+in+the+Context+of+European+Multi-Level+Government+Systems%3A+Institutional+Setting+and+Prospects+for+Reform&rft.issue=46&rft.pages=73-89&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2436%2F20.8030.01.4&rft.aulast=Bertrana&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rft.au=Heinelt%2C+Hubert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frevistes.eapc.gencat.cat%2Findex.php%2Frcdp%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F10.2436-20.8030.01.4%2F209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKallikratis+Programme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDacoronia2012" class="citation book cs1">Dacoronia, Eugenia (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y_otpAA1EIoC&pg=PA371">"Greece"</a>. In J. M. Smits (ed.). <i>Elgar Encyclopedia of Comparative Law</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar_Publishing" title="Edward Elgar Publishing">Edward Elgar Publishing</a>. pp. 371–376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84980-415-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84980-415-8"><bdi>978-1-84980-415-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greece&rft.btitle=Elgar+Encyclopedia+of+Comparative+Law&rft.pages=371-376&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84980-415-8&rft.aulast=Dacoronia&rft.aufirst=Eugenia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy_otpAA1EIoC%26pg%3DPA371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKallikratis+Programme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHlepas2011" class="citation book cs1">Hlepas, Nikolaos-Komninos (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FX-Xd4UFMjoC&pg=PA67">"The Impact of local government reforms in Greece: a critical overview"</a>. In Lucica Matei; Spyridon Flogaitis (eds.). <i>Public Administration in the Balkans – from Weberian bureaucracy to New Public Management</i>. Editura Economicǎ. pp. 67–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-709-531-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-709-531-2"><bdi>978-973-709-531-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+local+government+reforms+in+Greece%3A+a+critical+overview&rft.btitle=Public+Administration+in+the+Balkans+%E2%80%93+from+Weberian+bureaucracy+to+New+Public+Management&rft.pages=67-87&rft.pub=Editura+Economic%C7%8E&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-973-709-531-2&rft.aulast=Hlepas&rft.aufirst=Nikolaos-Komninos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFX-Xd4UFMjoC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKallikratis+Programme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHlepasGetimis2011" class="citation book cs1">Hlepas, Nikos; Getimis, Panagiotis (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fxKWiIJIhrMC&pg=PA411">"Greece: Prefectures"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/John_Loughlin_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Loughlin (professor)">John Loughlin</a>; Frank Hendriks; Anders Lidström (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Local and Regional Democracy in Europe</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 410–433. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956297-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956297-8"><bdi>978-0-19-956297-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greece%3A+Prefectures&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Local+and+Regional+Democracy+in+Europe&rft.pages=410-433&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-956297-8&rft.aulast=Hlepas&rft.aufirst=Nikos&rft.au=Getimis%2C+Panagiotis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfxKWiIJIhrMC%26pg%3DPA411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKallikratis+Programme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHlepas2013" class="citation book cs1">Hlepas, Nikolaos-Komninos (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-OPWwGNOqv0C&pg=PA257">"Local government in Greece"</a>. In Ángel Manuel Moreno (ed.). <i>Local Government in the Member States of the European Union: A Comparative Legal Perspective</i>. Madrid: Instituto Nacional de Administración Pública. pp. 257–282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-7351-417-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-7351-417-0"><bdi>978-84-7351-417-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Local+government+in+Greece&rft.btitle=Local+Government+in+the+Member+States+of+the+European+Union%3A+A+Comparative+Legal+Perspective&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=257-282&rft.pub=Instituto+Nacional+de+Administraci%C3%B3n+P%C3%BAblica&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-84-7351-417-0&rft.aulast=Hlepas&rft.aufirst=Nikolaos-Komninos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-OPWwGNOqv0C%26pg%3DPA257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKallikratis+Programme" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVamvakas2012" class="citation book cs1">Vamvakas, Nancy (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IWPyHoijy8EC"><i>Europeanizing Greece: The Effects of Ten Years of EU Structural Funds, 1989-1999</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-4141-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-4141-9"><bdi>978-1-4426-4141-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europeanizing+Greece%3A+The+Effects+of+Ten+Years+of+EU+Structural+Funds%2C+1989-1999&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-4141-9&rft.aulast=Vamvakas&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIWPyHoijy8EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKallikratis+Programme" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kallikratis_Programme&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wGYK2xFpSwMnXdtvSoClrL8-SrPzKAEPjjtIl9LGdkF53UIxsx942CdyqxSQYNuqAGCF0IfB9HI6hq6ZkZV96FIukI0UzcPsWCK0LpLhpa7rhiWB4R5ntTnoWw7U8E1Amg.">ΦΕΚ A 87/2010, Full text of Law 3852/2010 (Kallikratis programme)</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Government_Gazette_(Greece)" title="Government Gazette (Greece)">Government Gazette of the Hellenic Republic</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wGYK2xFpSwMnXdtvSoClrL81-32jgAMSfbnMRVjyfnPUeJInJ48_97uHrMts-zFzeyCiBSQOpYnT00MHhcXFRTsb2fGphpq4MKX2ZkaHobySNnvZCNHXvYVvlf80XevW0Q.">ΦΕΚ B 1292/2010, List of primary and secondary organizations of local self-government as a result of the Kallikratis programme</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Government_Gazette_(Greece)" title="Government Gazette (Greece)">Government Gazette of the Hellenic Republic</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Greek)</span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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