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1.1 Industrial mines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_mines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semi-industrial_and_artisanal_mines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semi-industrial_and_artisanal_mines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Semi-industrial and artisanal mines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semi-industrial_and_artisanal_mines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_justice_issues_and_supply_chain_regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_justice_issues_and_supply_chain_regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Environmental justice issues and supply chain regulation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_justice_issues_and_supply_chain_regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_product" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_product"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 By product </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_product-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle By product subsection </button> <ul id="toc-By_product-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Copper_and_cobalt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copper_and_cobalt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Copper and cobalt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copper_and_cobalt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diamonds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diamonds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Diamonds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diamonds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gold" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gold"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Gold </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gold-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Lithium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tantalum,_Tin,_and_Tungsten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tantalum,_Tin,_and_Tungsten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Tantalum, Tin, and Tungsten </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tantalum,_Tin,_and_Tungsten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Others </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-colonial_mining_(c._14th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-colonial_mining_(c._14th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Pre-colonial mining (c. 14th century) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-colonial_mining_(c._14th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonialism_in_the_DRC_(1885-1960)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonialism_in_the_DRC_(1885-1960)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Colonialism in the DRC (1885-1960) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonialism_in_the_DRC_(1885-1960)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congo_Free_State_and_Belgian_Congo_(1885–1960)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congo_Free_State_and_Belgian_Congo_(1885–1960)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Congo Free State and Belgian Congo (1885–1960) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congo_Free_State_and_Belgian_Congo_(1885–1960)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DRC_and_Zaire_(1960–1997)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DRC_and_Zaire_(1960–1997)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 DRC and Zaire (1960–1997) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DRC_and_Zaire_(1960–1997)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass_scale_looting_(1998)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_scale_looting_(1998)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Mass scale looting (1998) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_scale_looting_(1998)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mining_resumes_(2001–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining_resumes_(2001–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Mining resumes (2001–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining_resumes_(2001–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IMF_loan_for_debt_relief_(2009–2012)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IMF_loan_for_debt_relief_(2009–2012)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 IMF loan for debt relief (2009–2012) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IMF_loan_for_debt_relief_(2009–2012)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Foreign involvement </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_involvement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Foreign involvement subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Involvement_of_Tech_Companies_in_the_DRC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Involvement_of_Tech_Companies_in_the_DRC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Involvement of Tech Companies in the DRC </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Involvement_of_Tech_Companies_in_the_DRC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impacts_of_natural_resource_extraction_on_the_DRC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts_of_natural_resource_extraction_on_the_DRC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Impacts of natural resource extraction on the DRC </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impacts_of_natural_resource_extraction_on_the_DRC-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Impacts of natural resource extraction on the DRC subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Impacts_of_natural_resource_extraction_on_the_DRC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Environmental_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Environmental impacts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socio-cultural_repercussions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socio-cultural_repercussions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Socio-cultural repercussions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socio-cultural_repercussions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Displacement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Displacement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Displacement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Displacement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_and_occupational_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_and_occupational_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Environmental and occupational health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_and_occupational_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: Relies a lot on old sources such as the 2001 report at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/2001/357e.pdf">https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/2001/357e.pdf</a>. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SRSG_visits_coltan_mine_in_Rubaya_(13406579753).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/SRSG_visits_coltan_mine_in_Rubaya_%2813406579753%29.jpg/220px-SRSG_visits_coltan_mine_in_Rubaya_%2813406579753%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/SRSG_visits_coltan_mine_in_Rubaya_%2813406579753%29.jpg/330px-SRSG_visits_coltan_mine_in_Rubaya_%2813406579753%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/SRSG_visits_coltan_mine_in_Rubaya_%2813406579753%29.jpg/440px-SRSG_visits_coltan_mine_in_Rubaya_%2813406579753%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rubaya_mines" title="Rubaya mines">Rubaya coltan mines</a></figcaption></figure> The mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Industrie minière de la République Démocratique du Congo) produces <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">tantalum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, and more than 70% of global <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> production.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Minerals and <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> are central to the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">DRC's economy</a>, making up more than 95% of the value of its <a href="/wiki/Export" title="Export">exports</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> According to a 2011 report the total value of the major mineral reserves in the DRC amounted to a total of over 300 billion US dollars at the time.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The mining industry in the DRC mainly consists of private, large industrial mines, semi-industrial, and <a href="/wiki/Artisanal_mining" title="Artisanal mining">artisanal mines</a>. While private sectors take on large operations, they rely heavily on artisanal mining for extraction of resources. These industries along with non-for-profit organizations are continuously changing their guidelines as the DRC becomes more and more desirable for their valuable minerals. Mining in the DRC took place beginning in the 14th century and is still very present today, with mass scale lootings halting many major projects. The main countries involved in the mining operations in the DRC are <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> along with 25 other international mines active in the area. While technological companies strive for sustainable production and consumption of their products using cobalt, this is often achieved by the work of artisanal mining in hazardous and unjust working conditions.<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> The process of mining and extraction in any area has <a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">negative impacts on the environment</a> and those living in it, however, the DRC has faced many acts of environmental injustice including <a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">child labor</a> under fatal conditions, <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">exploitation of laborers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">displacement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation_and_organization">Regulation and organization</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Regulation and organization">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Mining_law" title="Mining law">Mining law</a> in the DRC is given by the mining code, which was passed into law by the <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kabila" title="Joseph Kabila">Joseph Kabila</a> administration in 2018. This replaced the previous code passed by Kabila in 2002 near the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a>. The revised code was opposed by many multinational mining companies, since it introduced new taxes and removed a stability clause protecting existing investments from changes to regulations.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_mines">Industrial mines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Industrial mines">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kopermijn_Kolwezi_(1973).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Kopermijn_Kolwezi_%281973%29.jpg/250px-Kopermijn_Kolwezi_%281973%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Kopermijn_Kolwezi_%281973%29.jpg/375px-Kopermijn_Kolwezi_%281973%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Kopermijn_Kolwezi_%281973%29.jpg/500px-Kopermijn_Kolwezi_%281973%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2458" data-file-height="2458" /></a><figcaption>A large industrial copper mine in <a href="/wiki/Kolwezi" title="Kolwezi">Kolwezi</a>.</figcaption></figure> Most large industrial mines are run by joint ventures between a foreign company and one of the DRC's state-owned (parastatal) mining companies. Large scale exploration permits (permis de recherches, PR) and exploitation permits (permis d’exploitation, PE) are officially granted by the DRC Mining Register (cadastre minier, CAMI). Such ventures typically require years of planning, and involve millions of dollars of investment. The largest financiers are the Congolese firm <a href="/wiki/Rawbank" title="Rawbank">Rawbank</a>, which as of 2022 had leant out $820 million to mining companies, and the Kenyan firm <a href="/wiki/Equity_Group_Holdings" title="Equity Group Holdings">Equity Group Holdings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semi-industrial_and_artisanal_mines">Semi-industrial and artisanal mines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Semi-industrial and artisanal mines">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolframite_Mining_in_Kailo1,_DRC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Wolframite_Mining_in_Kailo1%2C_DRC.jpg/250px-Wolframite_Mining_in_Kailo1%2C_DRC.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="376" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Wolframite_Mining_in_Kailo1%2C_DRC.jpg/375px-Wolframite_Mining_in_Kailo1%2C_DRC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Wolframite_Mining_in_Kailo1%2C_DRC.jpg/500px-Wolframite_Mining_in_Kailo1%2C_DRC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Artisanal_mining" title="Artisanal mining">Artisanal miners</a> mining <a href="/wiki/Wolframite" title="Wolframite">wolframite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cassiterite" title="Cassiterite">cassiterite</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kailo_Territory" title="Kailo Territory">Kailo Territory</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Artisanal_mining" title="Artisanal mining">Artisanal mining</a></div> Much mining has been done in small artisanal mining operations, sometimes known as Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM).<a href="#cite_note-EITI_Glossary-10">[10]</a> These small-scale mines were unregulated,<a href="#cite_note-EITIp6-11">[11]</a> with high levels of <a href="/wiki/Child_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor">child labor</a> and workplace injury. Officially, artisanal mining is authorized in specially designated Artisanal Exploitation Zones (AEZ). However, in practice, these zones are comparatively small, and most artisanal mining takes place elsewhere, where it is common for artisanal miners to trespass onto industrial sites to work. Artisanal miners at a particular site are often organized into a cooperative. Most artisanal mining is carried out with simple hand tools. Semi-industrial mining refers to operations which make use of some degree of <a href="/wiki/Mechanization" title="Mechanization">mechanization</a>, but with less investment than industrial operations run by large companies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_justice_issues_and_supply_chain_regulation">Environmental justice issues and supply chain regulation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Environmental justice issues and supply chain regulation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conflict_minerals_law" title="Conflict minerals law">Conflict minerals law</a></div> Ethical supply chains must address concerns about child labour, corruption, and environmental degradation.<a href="#cite_note-:42-12">[12]</a> Mining for critical minerals can threaten <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> or <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> in communities affected by mining.<a href="#cite_note-:02-13">[13]</a> Child labour and lack of safety regulations frequently endanger mine workers. The <a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">environmental effects of mining</a> these materials can pollute or deplete soil and water; and the effects can last for centuries. The impacts of mining spread through the community where the mining takes place. Tailings from mining can get into water, spreading harmful toxins.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Research done on this issue by Lubaba Nkulu Banza, Et al. found that "Urinary uranium did not differ significantly between exposed and controlled adult residents, but exposed children had twice as much uranium in urine than control children. Urinary manganese was more than twofold higher in exposed adults and children than in corresponding controls."<a href="#cite_note-:8-15">[15]</a> This also applies to blood, as the concentrations of cobalt in blood were higher in exposed adults, children and miners.<a href="#cite_note-:8-15">[15]</a> For cobalt, which also gets spread through humans, effects include damage to the heart and being toxic for the thyroid. Cobalt can also cause allergic dermatitis, asthma, and hard-metal lung disease.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Human rights violations frequently go undetected.<a href="#cite_note-:02-13">[13]</a> Monitoring these issues is challenging, because battery minerals typically travel 80,000 kilometres (50,000 mi) from where they are extracted to downstream manufacturing facilities.<a href="#cite_note-:02-13">[13]</a> Many companies exploit the workers they use, for little pay. Filipe Calvão writes "By relying on a flexible workforce without incurring the costs of secure waged labor, companies shift the risk of price fluctuations and reputational damage to artisanal miners."<a href="#cite_note-:7-17">[17]</a> As a result of media attention, many mining companies have tried to appear as having action on these issues. But, as a result of fluctuating prices and lowering worker retention, some companies withdrew key promises, such as frequent payments to the miners, the surface-stripping of the mine, and the replacement of worn safety equipment.<a href="#cite_note-:7-17">[17]</a> Scholar Siddharth Kara explains that in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, “In addition to forced labor in hazardous conditions, the children were also being exploited in a system of debt bondage—an economic advance was being used to extract forced labor from them, and the debt was not being discharged based on a fair market value of the output of their labor. Threats of violence, eviction from the work site, and the lack of any reasonable alternative kept the children ensnared in the system of bondage. In essence, they were child slaves.”<a href="#cite_note-:12-18">[18]</a> Today, larger mining companies and non-for-profit organisations are addressing these complex issues and are continuously adopting international guidance and initiatives that helps set up regulations on a community to community basis with government support and involvement. A number of initiatives are the ESG ( Environmental, Social and Governance) and IRMA (Initiative for Responsible Mining Assurance). One such globally recognised certification is the 3T iTSCi,<a href="#cite_note-Decade-19">[19]</a> the only widely implemented and accepted mineral traceability and due diligence system in the region for the 3T minerals – Tin, Tantalum and Tungsten, an internationally recognised certification for responsible mining and traceability under the 2010 Dodd-Frank Act. Today four central African countries including the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) provides legitimate and ethical 3T minerals. Mining can occur within protected areas, and around endangered or threatened species. As of 2008<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit">[update]</a> many ASM operations existed for minerals such as coltan.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> ASM operations employ a significant portion of the DRC's population; estimates range up to one fifth of the population, or 12.5 million people.<a href="#cite_note-EITIp6-11">[11]</a> Despite these regulations, scholar Siddharth Kara has argued that many companies’ attempt to regulate cobalt mines have amounted to nothing more than PR. He states “In all my time in the Congo, I never saw or heard of any activities linked to either of these coalitions, let alone anything that resembled corporate commitments to international human rights standards, third-party audits, or zero-tolerance policies on forced and child labor.”<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> Many problems stem that employment, which is dependent on artisanal mining, including disruption of families, mining-related illnesses, environmental damage, child labor, prostitution and rape.<a href="#cite_note-PACTasmWomen-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-ESKivus-22">[22]</a> While artisanal mining is not as detrimental to the environment as large-scale operations, the practice of artisanal mining, especially in the DRC, has led to many cases of human rights abuses. The majority of Congolese citizens who take part in this operation mine with sticks, hands, and pick axes.<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> They must sell the cobalt they mined at a fraction of the price to negociants or “depots,” ultimately earning an average of 2 dollars per day.<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> There have also been many instances of sexual assault associated with those forcibly removed from their homes. For example, in 2020, a concession near the village of Tshamundenda bulldozed nearby fields without any notice of eviction. Detachments of soldiers guarding the area seized a female resident while she was harvesting her crops before being destroyed and proceeded to rape her.<a href="#cite_note-:1-23">[23]</a> This resident didn’t have the means to report the assault, as the area was being demolished and reparations were low.<a href="#cite_note-:1-23">[23]</a> Artisanal mining is one of the main forms of income for Congolese residents, yet, scholars and reporters have shown that it has led to an insurmountable amount of environmental injustices.<a href="#cite_note-:1-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> There is a push globally by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> and major car manufacturers for global production of cobalt, tin, tantalum, tungsten and lithium to be sourced and produced sustainably, the materials needed for the new technologies that are being deployed as the globe transforms into new energy systems. Companies are adopting and practising <a href="/wiki/Environmental,_Social,_Governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental, Social, Governance">ESG</a> initiatives in line with <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD Guidance</a> and putting in place evidence of zero to low <a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">carbon footprint</a> activities in the supply chain production of lithium-ion batteries. A 2010 US law required American companies to disclose the source for conflict minerals: tin, tantalum, tungsten and gold. Amnesty International are now advocating for cobalt to be added to this list, to ensure transparency amongst tech giants and traceability of the supply chain. These initiatives are already taking place with major mining companies, Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining companies (ASM). Car manufacturers and battery manufacturer supply chains <a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">VW</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a>, <a href="/wiki/BASF" title="BASF">BASF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glencore" title="Glencore">Glencore</a> are participating in several initiatives, such as the Responsible Cobalt Initiative and Cobalt for Development study. In 2018 BMW Group in partnership with BASF, Samsung SDI and Samsung Electronics have launched a pilot project in the DRC over one pilot mine, to improve conditions and address challenges for artisanal miners and the surrounding communities. BMW's involvement in these projects suggests they may need to source additional supply of cobalt from DRC mines in future, having a long-term strategic approach to sustainability in this region. In the US, the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act">Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act</a> has required retailers and manufacturers to track and publish the amount of <a href="/wiki/Conflict_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict minerals">conflict minerals</a> sourced from the DRC. In August 2012, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</a> (SEC) issued the final regulations.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>: 56274–56275  However, the regulation requiring manufacturers to publicly disclose the use of conflict materials was challenged by the National Association of Manufacturers as a <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> violation, and overturned in 2014. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">DC Circuit Court of Appeals</a> upheld the decision in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_product">By product</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: By product">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copper_and_cobalt">Copper and cobalt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Copper and cobalt">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Copper_mining_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Copper mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Copper mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malachite-Heterogenite-165716.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Malachite-Heterogenite-165716.jpg/220px-Malachite-Heterogenite-165716.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Malachite-Heterogenite-165716.jpg/330px-Malachite-Heterogenite-165716.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Malachite-Heterogenite-165716.jpg/440px-Malachite-Heterogenite-165716.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption>A sample from the <a href="/wiki/Kolwezi" title="Kolwezi">Kolwezi</a> area with green colored <a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">Malachite</a> containing <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> and darker <a href="/wiki/Heterogenite" title="Heterogenite">Heterogenite</a> containing <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>.</figcaption></figure> In the DRC, copper and cobalt resources are mined in the south of the country in the <a href="/wiki/Copperbelt" title="Copperbelt">Copperbelt</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Lualaba_Province" title="Lualaba Province">Lualaba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haut-Katanga_Province" title="Haut-Katanga Province">Haut-Katanga Provinces</a>. Most cobalt in the DRC is found in these copper mines. The south of the DRC is more politically stable than the eastern DRC, so copper and cobalt mining generally has comparatively fewer <a href="/wiki/Conflict_resource" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict resource">conflict resource</a> concerns compared to the 3TG minerals mined in the eastern DRC. The majority of copper-cobalt mining is carried out on an industrial scale by various <a href="/wiki/Joint_venture" title="Joint venture">joint ventures</a> between a foreign company and the Congolese state owned <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9camines" title="Gécamines">Gécamines</a> as a minority partner. <a href="/wiki/Glencore" title="Glencore">Glencore</a>’s decision to mothball its <a href="/wiki/Mutanda_Mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutanda Mine">Mutanda mine</a> in August 2019 in the Congo citing cobalt and copper operation is uneconomic due to falling commodities prices and an increase in a government royalty tax during the years of Kabila influence. Mutanda — the world's largest cobalt mine — was pegged to transition to care and maintenance (temporary closure) by year-end 2019, the world's largest and responsible for 20% global output. Artisanal mining of copper and cobalt, usually by hand, is also widespread. In December 2019, the DRC government announced the Enterprise Generale du Cobalt (EGC), the state-owned miner Gecamines would become the state-controlled buyer of cobalt, to purchase and market all cobalt from small-scale artisanal miners (accounting for 15 to 30% of cobalt production), that is not mined industrially. This in effect will centralise the trade, help better regulate the industry in the DRC by fighting mining fraud and maximise state revenues.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> However, as of May 2022, the company had not yet begun purchasing any cobalt, and the Congolese minister of mines was considering canceling the company's cobalt buying monopoly.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In the United States, Tesla, alongside Google, Apple and others, were <a href="/wiki/International_Rights_Advocates_v._Apple,_Microsoft,_Dell,_Tesla" title="International Rights Advocates v. Apple, Microsoft, Dell, Tesla">sued by a human rights group in December 2019</a> for artisanal cobalt mined under unsafe and unethical conditions, including the use of child labour in the sourcing of cobalt in their supply chains.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] The lawsuit was later dismissed.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diamonds">Diamonds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Diamonds">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diamonds-_Zaire,_(DR_Congo)_(8458935824).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Diamonds-_Zaire%2C_%28DR_Congo%29_%288458935824%29.jpg/220px-Diamonds-_Zaire%2C_%28DR_Congo%29_%288458935824%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Diamonds-_Zaire%2C_%28DR_Congo%29_%288458935824%29.jpg/330px-Diamonds-_Zaire%2C_%28DR_Congo%29_%288458935824%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Diamonds-_Zaire%2C_%28DR_Congo%29_%288458935824%29.jpg/440px-Diamonds-_Zaire%2C_%28DR_Congo%29_%288458935824%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="899" /></a><figcaption>Rough diamonds from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Their yellow color is due to the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_type" title="Diamond type">presence of impurities</a> which absorb blue light.</figcaption></figure> Diamond mining in the DRC is done mostly by artisanal miners, and almost exclusively by hand.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Artisanal diamond mining employs an estimated 1 million people in the DRC.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Despite being one of the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_production_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamond production by country">world's largest diamond produces by volume</a>, fewer diamonds from DRC are of <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstone</a> quality compared to other countries, and more diamonds are of the less expensive <a href="/wiki/Diamond#Industrial-grade_diamonds" title="Diamond">industrial-grade variety</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Diamond mining centers include <a href="/wiki/Tshikapa" title="Tshikapa">Tshikapa</a>, capital of <a href="/wiki/Kasa%C3%AF_Province" title="Kasaï Province">Kasaï Province</a>. In 2022, a <a href="/wiki/Kasai_diamond_mine_collapse" title="Kasai diamond mine collapse">mining collapse in the Tshikpa area</a> killed several dozen artisanal miners. An industrial diamond miner in the DRC, the state company <a href="/wiki/Societ%C3%A9_Mini%C3%A8re_de_Bakwanga" title="Societé Minière de Bakwanga">Societé Minière de Bakwanga</a> (MIBA), also has long operated diamond mines near <a href="/wiki/Mbuji-Mayi" title="Mbuji-Mayi">Mbuji-Mayi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kasa%C3%AF-Oriental" title="Kasaï-Oriental">Kasaï-Oriental</a> province. In 1990, one of the largest colorless diamonds in the world, the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Star" title="Millennium Star">Millennium Star</a>, was found in the Mbuji-Mayi area. In 2013, the assets and debt of the state controlled Societe Congolaise d’Investissement Minier Sprl (SCIM) were given to a new 50/50 joint venture between the Congolese government and the <a href="/wiki/Anhui_Foreign_Economic_Construction_Group" title="Anhui Foreign Economic Construction Group">Anhui Foreign Economic Construction Group</a>, Societe Anhui-Congo d'Investissement Minier Sprl (SACIM). According to the deal, Anhui promised to spend $100 million on various infrastructure projects.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> By 2017, SACIM produced 85% of the industrially mined diamonds in the DRC.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> MIBA's and SACIM's mining permits are directly adjacent to each other.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gold">Gold</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gold">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Twangiza-Namoya_gold_belt" title="Twangiza-Namoya gold belt">Twangiza-Namoya gold belt</a> in the eastern DRC contains large gold deposits, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Kilo-Moto" title="Kilo-Moto">Kilo-Moto</a> greenstone belt in northeast corner of the DRC. Mines include the large industrial <a href="/wiki/Kibali_Gold_Mine" title="Kibali Gold Mine">Kibali Gold Mine</a>, as well as many small artisanal mines. Gold from the DRC is often a <a href="/wiki/Conflict_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict mineral">conflict mineral</a>, and is often used to fund rebel groups in the DRC by smuggling gold over the border into nearby countries such as <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In August 2021, <a href="/wiki/South_Kivu" title="South Kivu">South Kivu</a> governor <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9o_Ngwabidje" title="Théo Ngwabidje">Theo Kasi</a> banned six small Chinese mining companies operating in the province for failing to register their businesses, a move subsequently endorsed by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China">Chinese Ministry of foreign affairs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In March 2022, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">United States Department of the Treasury</a> sanctioned African Gold Refinery Ltd., a large gold refinery based in Uganda owned by Belgian businessman Alain Goetz, blaming the company for accepting hundreds of millions of dollars worth of gold from the DRC without questioning its origin.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In December 2022, Goetz was also sanctioned by the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lithium">Lithium</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lithium">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Manono-Kitolo_mine" title="Manono-Kitolo mine">Manono-Kitolo mine</a></div> The DRC has globally significant <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a> reserves. As of 2022, there are no active lithium mines in the DRC, but several projects are in development.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Lithium deposits include <a href="/wiki/Manono-Kitolo_mine" title="Manono-Kitolo mine">Manono-Kitolo mine</a>, which formerly produced tin and coltan until it was closed in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-Els2018-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tantalum,_Tin,_and_Tungsten">Tantalum, Tin, and Tungsten</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tantalum, Tin, and Tungsten">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Coltan_mining_and_ethics" title="Coltan mining and ethics">Coltan mining and ethics</a></div> The so-called 3T minerals, standing for tantalum, tin, and tungsten, are mostly mined in relatively small scale artisanal mines in the eastern DRC. <a href="/wiki/Coltan" title="Coltan">Coltan</a> is mined in the DRC, mostly in the eastern part of the country in places like the <a href="/wiki/Rubaya_mines" title="Rubaya mines">Rubaya mines</a>. <a href="/wiki/Coltan" title="Coltan">Coltan</a> consists of mixtures of the minerals <a href="/wiki/Columbite" title="Columbite">columbite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tantalite" title="Tantalite">tantalite</a> in varying proportions, which can be refined into <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">tantalum</a>, respectively. <a href="/wiki/Cassiterite" title="Cassiterite">Cassiterite</a> is a mineral containing <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>. It is mined in mines such as <a href="/wiki/Bisie" title="Bisie">Bisie</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> is also mined in the DRC. The 3T minerals have been described as <a href="/wiki/Conflict_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict minerals">conflict minerals</a>, due to their connections to funding violence such as the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a>. Several initiatives exist to source conflict-free extraction, with mixed reception as to their effectiveness. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Others">edit</a>]</div> Industrial mining of other minerals has also occurred in the DRC. In contrast to copper-cobalt, which is central to the DRC economy, these other resources are more peripheral, and many of the mines are not necessarily active. Coal was mined at near the town of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luena_(Haut-Lomami)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luena (Haut-Lomami) (page does not exist)">Luena (Haut-Lomami)</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luena_(Haut-Lomami)" class="extiw" title="fr:Luena (Haut-Lomami)">fr</a>] in the modern <a href="/wiki/Haut-Lomami" title="Haut-Lomami">Haut-Lomami</a> province by Société des Charbonnages de la Luena starting in 1922. Peak production occurred in 1955 at 429,000 tons, which by 1974 had slowly declined to 103,000 tons.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> After discovering the deposit in 1911 and having its opening <a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">delayed by the first world war</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9omines" title="Géomines">Géomines</a> operated an underground coal mine west of <a href="/wiki/Kalemie" title="Kalemie">Kalemie</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Lukuga_River" title="Lukuga River">Lukuga River</a> from 1923 until 1931.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> There are significant <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> deposits from <a href="/wiki/Kisenge" title="Kisenge">Kisenge</a>-Kamata-Kapolo, in <a href="/wiki/Lualaba_Province" title="Lualaba Province">Lualaba Province</a>, totaling about 12 Mt of ore.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Manganese is also found at Kasekelesa and <a href="/wiki/Mwene-Ditu" title="Mwene-Ditu">Mwene-Ditu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Mining at the Kisenge was begun in 1951 by the <a href="/wiki/Forrest_Group" title="Forrest Group">Forrest Group</a>. In March 2018, 1000 tons of manganese ore from the mine made up the first train of the reopened <a href="/wiki/Benguela_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Benguela Railway">Benguela Railway</a> following decades of closure due to the <a href="/wiki/Angolan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Angolan civil war">Angolan civil war</a>. The shipment was from the DRC parastatal Entreprise Minière de Kisenge Manganèse (EMKM).<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The DRC has some <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> deposits, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Shinkolobwe" title="Shinkolobwe">Shinkolobwe</a> deposit, which has among the highest Uranium grades in the world. Historically, uranium from the Shinkolobwe mine was used in several nuclear weapons programs, including serving as the majority of the raw material for the United States' <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>. Officially, the mine is closed, but illicit artisanal uranium mining has continued, though who is buying the uranium is not publicly known.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Beginning as a large open pit copper mine in 1924, the <a href="/wiki/Kipushi_Mine" title="Kipushi Mine">Kipushi Mine</a> eventually became an underground producer of <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>. Closed since 1993, the owners of the mine plan to restart production in the 2020s.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-colonial_mining_(c._14th_century)">Pre-colonial mining (c. 14th century)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pre-colonial mining (c. 14th century)">edit</a>]</div> Mining in the DRC was carried out by Indigenous peoples for centuries before colonial powers arrived. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Katanga_Cross" title="Katanga Cross">Katanga Cross</a>, made from <a href="/wiki/Sand_casting" title="Sand casting">sand cast</a> copper, existed from at least the 14th century, and evolved in use first as a symbol of wealth, and later a form of currency.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The accounts of explorers such as <a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone">David Livingstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Stanley_Arnot" title="Frederick Stanley Arnot">Frederick Stanley Arnot</a> brought news of the mineral wealth of Katanga to Europe for the first time in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin conference">Berlin conference</a> that precipitated the <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a>, the copper mining region of the DRC was controlled by Indigenous peoples, mainly the <a href="/wiki/Yeke_Kingdom" title="Yeke Kingdom">Yeke Kingdom</a> headed by <a href="/wiki/Msiri" title="Msiri">Msiri</a>. The kingdom had an already well-established trade network in resources, with copper from the Katanga region making up an important part.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonialism_in_the_DRC_(1885-1960)">Colonialism in the DRC (1885-1960)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Colonialism in the DRC (1885-1960)">edit</a>]</div> The Democratic Republic of the Congo has a long history of <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">colonization</a>, divided into two major parts: the reign of <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium" title="Leopold II of Belgium">King Leopold II</a> from 1885 to 1908, and Belgian colonization from 1908 to 1960.<a href="#cite_note-:2-57">[57]</a> During this colonial regime, the Congolese were subjected to massive exploitation and human rights abuses. The country attracted European powers due to the increased global demand for rubber. In order to keep up with the demand, a reign of terror was imposed on the citizens. Those who refused or failed to deliver the quotas of rubber had their right hands severed by soldiers, as ordered by King Leopold II.<a href="#cite_note-:2-57">[57]</a> Eventually, because of the human atrocities committed during this time, Leopold was forced to give up power, signing it over to Belgium, who renamed it to the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-57">[57]</a> Up until its independence in 1960, the DRC continued to be subjected to exploitation, discrimination, and racial segregation.<a href="#cite_note-:2-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congo_Free_State_and_Belgian_Congo_(1885–1960)">Congo Free State and Belgian Congo (1885–1960)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Congo Free State and Belgian Congo (1885–1960)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belgian_Congo_Katanga_copper_mine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Belgian_Congo_Katanga_copper_mine.jpg/220px-Belgian_Congo_Katanga_copper_mine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Belgian_Congo_Katanga_copper_mine.jpg/330px-Belgian_Congo_Katanga_copper_mine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Belgian_Congo_Katanga_copper_mine.jpg/440px-Belgian_Congo_Katanga_copper_mine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>Belgian Congo Katanga copper mine</figcaption></figure> Several mining companies were established under Belgian rule, such as <a href="/wiki/Union_Mini%C3%A8re_du_Haut-Katanga" title="Union Minière du Haut-Katanga">Union Minière du Haut-Katanga</a> in 1906, <a href="/wiki/Formini%C3%A8re" title="Forminière">Forminière</a> in 1913, and <a href="/wiki/Societ%C3%A9_Mini%C3%A8re_de_Bakwanga#Société_Minière_du_Bécéka_(1919–1961)" title="Societé Minière de Bakwanga">Société minière du Bécéka</a> in 1919. Mines active in this period included the <a href="/wiki/Kipushi_Mine" title="Kipushi Mine">Kipushi Mine</a>. For example, the Belgian colonial administrator <a href="/wiki/Georges_Moulaert" title="Georges Moulaert">Georges Moulaert</a> was active in setting up several mining companies, but was publicly criticized for heavy use of <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labour</a> in his gold mining operations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DRC_and_Zaire_(1960–1997)">DRC and Zaire (1960–1997)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: DRC and Zaire (1960–1997)">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/Congo_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Congo crisis">Congo crisis</a>, Belgian companies were significant supporters of the failed attempts by the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Katanga" title="State of Katanga">State of Katanga</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Kasai" title="South Kasai">South Kasai</a> to establish their own states independent of the DRC. <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba">Patrice Lumumba</a> was the country’s first democratically elected prime minister, however, this anti-colonial view was rejected and Belgian <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenaries</a> conspired to assassinate him. A violent dictator, <a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Joseph Mobutu</a> was put in his place and upheld the Western agenda for 32 years.<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> Following the end of the crisis, most of the mining assets of Belgian-owned companies were <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalized</a> as Congolese state-owned companies, usually known as parastatal companies. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Mining companies in the DRC </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Belgian mining company</th> <th>DRC mining company</th> <th>Main production </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Union_Mini%C3%A8re_du_Haut-Katanga" title="Union Minière du Haut-Katanga">Union Minière du Haut-Katanga</a> (UMHK)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/La_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_Carri%C3%A8res_et_des_Mines" class="mw-redirect" title="La Générale des Carrières et des Mines">La Générale des Carrières et des Mines</a> (Gécamines) <a href="/wiki/Sodimico" title="Sodimico">Société de développement industriel et minier du Congo</a> (Sodimico)</td> <td>Copper-cobalt mining </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_internationale_foresti%C3%A8re_et_mini%C3%A8re_du_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Société internationale forestière et minière du Congo">Société internationale forestière et minière du Congo</a> (Forminière)</td> <td>?</td> <td>Diamond mining </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_mini%C3%A8re_du_B%C3%A9c%C3%A9ka" class="mw-redirect" title="Société minière du Bécéka">Société minière du Bécéka</a> (Mibeka)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Societ%C3%A9_Mini%C3%A8re_de_Bakwanga" title="Societé Minière de Bakwanga">Societé Minière de Bakwanga</a> (Miba)</td> <td>Diamond mining </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Compagnie_Mini%C3%A8re_des_Grands-Lacs" title="Compagnie Minière des Grands-Lacs">Compagnie Minière des Grands-Lacs</a> (MGL) Syndicat Miniere de l'Etain (Symetain)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Mini%C3%A8re_et_Industrielle_du_Kivu" title="Société Minière et Industrielle du Kivu">Société Minière et Industrielle du Kivu</a> (Sominki)</td> <td>3TG mining </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Compagnie_G%C3%A9ologique_et_Mini%C3%A8re_des_Ing%C3%A9nieurs_et_Industriels_belges" class="mw-redirect" title="Compagnie Géologique et Minière des Ingénieurs et Industriels belges">Compagnie Géologique et Minière des Ingénieurs et Industriels belges</a> (Géomines)</td> <td>Société Géologique et Minière du Congo (Gemico)</td> <td>3TG mining </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_Mines_d%E2%80%99Or_de_Kilo-Moto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Société des Mines d’Or de Kilo-Moto (page does not exist)">Société des Mines d’Or de Kilo-Moto</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_Mines_d%E2%80%99Or_de_Kilo-Moto" class="extiw" title="de:Société des Mines d’Or de Kilo-Moto">de</a>] (Sokimo)</td> <td>Société Minière de Kilo-Moto (Sokimo)</td> <td>Gold mining </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass_scale_looting_(1998)">Mass scale looting (1998)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mass scale looting (1998)">edit</a>]</div> After <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi's</a> successful 1998 invasion of eastern and southeastern DRC in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a> (1998-2003), "mass scale looting" took root, according to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UN2001a-58">[58]</a>: 8  While initial invasion tactics were still being worked out, military commanders were already making business deals with foreign companies for the Congo's vast mineral reserves.<a href="#cite_note-UN2001a-58">[58]</a> Between September 1998 and August 1999 stockpiles of minerals, agricultural products, timber, and livestock were illegally confiscated from Congolese businesses, piled onto trucks, and sold as exports from the confiscating countries.<a href="#cite_note-UN2001b-59">[59]</a> Rwandan and Ugandan troops forced local businesses to shut their doors by robbing and harassing civilian owners. Cars were stolen to such an extent that Uganda showed a 25% increase in automobile ownership in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-UN2001b-59">[59]</a> DARA-Forest Company illegally logged then sold Congolese timber on the international market as its own export.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Adastra_Minerals" title="Adastra Minerals">American Mineral Fields</a> executive allowed rebels to use his private Learjet in return for a $1 billion mining deal.<a href="#cite_note-Montague2002-62">[62]</a> Global Witness in 2004 described the mining corporations' rush to acquire <a href="/wiki/Coltan" title="Coltan">coltan</a>-rich land in the rebel territory of the DRC as a continuation of the pattern of exploitation in play since the 1885 <a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Conference of Berlin">Conference of Berlin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Montague2002-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining_resumes_(2001–present)">Mining resumes (2001–present)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mining resumes (2001–present)">edit</a>]</div> Following the peace accord in 2003, the focus returned to mining. Rebel groups supplied international corporations through unregulated mining by soldiers, locals organized by military commanders and by foreign nationals. The political framework was unstable. The mass looting died down as stocks of minerals were depleted, and soldiers were encouraged by their commanders to take part in small-scale looting, which started an "active extraction phase".<a href="#cite_note-UN2001a-58">[58]</a>: 8  Natural resources that were not stolen were often purchased with counterfeit <a href="/wiki/Congolese_franc" title="Congolese franc">Congolese francs</a>, which contributed to inflation. Air transportation companies that once operated in the Congo disappeared and were replaced by companies affiliated with foreign armies. The Congolese government lost tax revenue from natural resources entering or leaving its air fields; air services were controlled by Rwandan and Ugandan troops, who routinely exported <a href="/wiki/Coltan" title="Coltan">coltan</a> from the Congo. The increase in air transportation networks also increased exploitation because of the new transport routes.<a href="#cite_note-UN2001a-58">[58]</a> Coltan is the most profitable mineral export from the Congo, but it is particularly difficult to track because it is often listed as <a href="/wiki/Cassiterite" title="Cassiterite">cassiterite</a>, for which export taxes are lower. Coltan had been illegally extracted and sold via <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> since 1995, three years before the invasion began.<a href="#cite_note-UN2001a-58">[58]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF) stated that Burundi has no "gold, diamonds, columbotantalite, copper, cobalt or basic metals" mining operations, but has nonetheless been exporting them since 1998.<a href="#cite_note-UN2001a-58">[58]</a>: 22  Likewise, Rwanda and Uganda had no known production sites for many of the minerals they exported at vastly increased rates after they invaded the DRC.<a href="#cite_note-UN2001a-58">[58]</a> "Free zone areas" make diamonds difficult to track because they can be repackaged and "legally" sold as diamonds from that country.<a href="#cite_note-UN2001a-58">[58]</a>: 17  The DRC exported few minerals after the invasion because its rural infrastructure was destroyed; mining and agricultural outputs waned.<a href="#cite_note-UN2001a-58">[58]</a> yet the air transportation networks' new transport routes increased exploitation by the invaders.<a href="#cite_note-UN2001a-58">[58]</a> In 2000, Rwanda spent $70 million supporting about 25,000 troops and Uganda spent $110 million supporting twice as many troops.<a href="#cite_note-UN2001a-58">[58]</a> Rwanda and Uganda financed their war efforts through commercial deals, profit-sharing with companies, and taxation, among other things. Rwandan soldiers stole coltan collected by villagers and sold it to diamond dealers. From the coltan trade alone, the Rwandan army may have collected $20 million per month, and coltan profits have been used to pay back loans from foreign creditors.<a href="#cite_note-UN2001a-58">[58]</a> Rebel groups MLC, <a href="/wiki/RCD-Goma" class="mw-redirect" title="RCD-Goma">RCD-Goma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/RCD-ML" class="mw-redirect" title="RCD-ML">RCD-ML</a> each made their own deals with foreign businessmen for cash and/or military equipment.<a href="#cite_note-UN2001a-58">[58]</a> Battlefields most commonly centered on areas that held a lot of diamond and coltan potential and foreign armies' occupation of the eastern region was maintained by illegal resource exploitation.<a href="#cite_note-UN2001a-58">[58]</a> For $1 million per month rebel group RCD-Goma gave a coltan monopoly to SOMIGL which they in turn poured into efforts to gain control from RCD-ML of mineral-loaded land.<a href="#cite_note-UN2001a-58">[58]</a> To get fast cash to gain control of government land, the DRC gave a diamond monopoly to <a href="/wiki/Dan_Gertler" title="Dan Gertler">Dan Gertler</a>'s International Diamond Industries (IDI), which was supposed to pay the Congolese government $20 million for it. But it paid only $3 million, yet continued to extract diamonds from the region and sell them internationally.<a href="#cite_note-UN2001a-58">[58]</a> Upon request of the IMF and <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> the DRC liberalized diamond trade, after which IDI threatened to sue for breach of contract, a contract they themselves did not honor.<a href="#cite_note-UN2001a-58">[58]</a> Corporations and Western countries purchasing coltan from Rwanda, Uganda, or Burundi were aware of its origin; aid from western donors was funneled directly into Rwandan and Ugandan war efforts.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The German government gave a loan to a German citizen to build his coltan export business in the DRC, for which he enlisted the help of RCD-Goma soldiers. Mineral plunder in the DRC was easy once the central authority had collapsed because of the extremely weak financial system, as well as the international corporations and governments that imported illegal minerals disregarding illegal conflicts on the part of proper standards.<a href="#cite_note-UN2001a-58">[58]</a> The US documented that many minerals were purchased from the DRC even though the DRC had no record of exporting them.<a href="#cite_note-Montague2002-62">[62]</a> A lack of state stability combined with international corporations' and foreign governments’ interest in investing in Congolese minerals increased the pace at which the DRC was shaken from its fragile foundation. The UN identified the perpetrators of illegal resource exploitation in the DRC, but was unable to help prevent the economic exploitation of the country.<a href="#cite_note-Montague2002-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IMF_loan_for_debt_relief_(2009–2012)">IMF loan for debt relief (2009–2012)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: IMF loan for debt relief (2009–2012)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamoto_Mine_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kamoto_Mine_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Kamoto_Mine_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kamoto_Mine_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Kamoto_Mine_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kamoto_Mine_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Kamoto_Mine_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2238" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption>View of <a href="/wiki/Kamoto_mine" title="Kamoto mine">Kamoto mine</a> in 2006</figcaption></figure> In 2009 the DRC signed a <a href="/wiki/Poverty_Reduction_and_Growth_Facility" title="Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility">loan contract</a> with the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF) for $12 billion of <a href="/wiki/Debt_relief" title="Debt relief">debt relief</a> in 2010. The loan included trade conditions, such as liberalization of the diamond trade.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-cia-65">[65]</a> The same year, the IFC began working with the DRC on legal and regulatory improvements through an advisory service called "Conflict Affected States in Africa" (CASA). It suspended most activities during a dispute between IFC and the DRC over the expropriation of a mining investment.<a href="#cite_note-casa-66">[66]</a>: 14  In September 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda">Forces démocratiques de libération du Rwanda</a> (FDLR), a group of mostly <a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">Hutu</a> rebels, were reported to exploit timber, gold and coltan in <a href="/wiki/North_Kivu" title="North Kivu">North Kivu</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Kivu" title="South Kivu">South Kivu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In September 2010, the government banned mining in the east of the country, to crack down on illegal organisations and corruption.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In 2011, the DRC was accused of "selling off billions of dollars of mining assets at knockdown prices".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2012 the DRC began reviewing its 2002 mining code. It received warnings from the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, was heavily lobbied by mining companies and investors who wanted to be included in the revision discussions, and did not complete the project.<a href="#cite_note-reuters12-69">[69]</a> In 2012 the DRC failed to provide sufficient details on the process whereby state mining company <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9camines" title="Gécamines">Gécamines</a> ceded mining assets to a company based in the British Virgin Islands, and the IMF called off a $530 million loan.<a href="#cite_note-reuters16-70">[70]</a> At the end of 2012 the IMF suspended the last loan payments, because of a lack of transparency in the DRC's process for awarding mining contracts.<a href="#cite_note-cia-65">[65]</a> The mining sector has since expanded, but <a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">commodity</a> prices have declined and this has hampered the DRC's progress. In July 2013, the IFC advisory service CASA re-engaged and helped the DRC adopt and implement the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_the_Harmonization_of_Business_Law_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa">Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa</a> (OHADA) Treaty.<a href="#cite_note-casa-66">[66]</a> Despite Congolese military operations to take <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a> mines from the <a href="/wiki/Mai-Mai" title="Mai-Mai">Mai-Mai</a> militia and the <a href="/wiki/FDLR" class="mw-redirect" title="FDLR">FDLR</a>, the guerillas still controlled some of the mines and created disturbances. In 2014 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kabila" title="Joseph Kabila">Kabila</a> told mining companies in <a href="/wiki/Katanga_Province" title="Katanga Province">Katanga</a> province to postpone plans that would require more power due to an "energy crisis".<a href="#cite_note-reuters14-71">[71]</a> In March 2016, 42 NGOs urged Kabila to update the 2002 mining code after a draft was submitted to parliament in March, but Kabila decided to wait until metal markets recovered.<a href="#cite_note-reuters316-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_involvement">Foreign involvement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Foreign involvement">edit</a>]</div> In 2011, at least twenty-five international mining companies were active in the D.R. Congo according to <a href="/wiki/Datamonitor" title="Datamonitor">Datamonitor 360</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Canadian-domiciled mining companies had the highest presence, with nine in total: <a href="/wiki/African_Metals_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="African Metals Corporation">African Metals Corporation</a>, Banro Corporation, DiamondCore, El Niño Ventures, <a href="/wiki/First_Quantum_Minerals" title="First Quantum Minerals">First Quantum Minerals</a>, ICS Copper Systems, <a href="/wiki/Lundin_Mining" title="Lundin Mining">Lundin Mining</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anvil_Mining" title="Anvil Mining">Anvil Mining</a>, misidentified[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">according to whom?</a>] as Australian, and <a href="/wiki/Katanga_Mining" title="Katanga Mining">Katanga Mining</a>, misidentified[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">according to whom?</a>] as British.<a href="#cite_note-datamonitor-73">[73]</a> Seven firms were incorporated in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>: Austral Africa Resoiurces, <a href="/wiki/BHP" title="BHP">BHP</a>, AVZ Minerals, Green Machine Development Corporation, Lindian Resources, Mawson West, and <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Resources" title="Tiger Resources">Tiger Resources</a>. Three were incorporated in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>: (<a href="/wiki/African_Rainbow_Minerals" title="African Rainbow Minerals">African Rainbow Minerals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/AngloGold_Ashanti" title="AngloGold Ashanti">AngloGold Ashanti</a>, two in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: (<a href="/wiki/Asa_Resources_Group" title="Asa Resources Group">Asa Resources Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Randgold_Resources" title="Randgold Resources">Randgold Resources</a>), two from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: (Century Aluminum, Copper & Gold), and one each from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (CIC Mining Resources, with Japanese Eco Energy Group's African subsidiary, Eco Project Company), <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> (Managem), and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Xstrata" title="Xstrata">Xstrata</a>).<a href="#cite_note-datamonitor-73">[73]</a> In 2008 and 2009, the Congolese operations of larger international companies, <a href="/wiki/AngloGold_Ashanti" title="AngloGold Ashanti">AngloGold Ashanti</a>,<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> BHP Billiton,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> and Xstrata<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> were all in the exploration and development phase, while Canada had four companies, <a href="/wiki/Anvil_Mining" title="Anvil Mining">Anvil Mining</a>,<a href="#cite_note-anvil2010-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/First_Quantum_Minerals" title="First Quantum Minerals">First Quantum Minerals</a>,<a href="#cite_note-fqm2009-78">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Katanga_Mining" title="Katanga Mining">Katanga Mining</a>,<a href="#cite_note-katangamining-79">[79]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lundin_Mining" title="Lundin Mining">Lundin Mining</a><a href="#cite_note-lundin2009-80">[80]</a> involved in large-scale commercial extraction for several years or more. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> In 2004 the Congolese military killed between seventy and one hundred civilians in the town of <a href="/wiki/Kilwa,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Kilwa, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kilwa</a>, near Anvil Mining's <a href="/wiki/Dikulushi_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dikulushi mine">Dikulushi mine</a>, which resulted in legal proceedings against Anvil Mining in the DRC and Canada, investigations by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Federal_Police" title="Australian Federal Police">Australian Federal Police</a> and by the World Bank Group's Office of the <a href="/wiki/Compliance_Advisor/Ombudsman" title="Compliance Advisor/Ombudsman">Compliance Advisor/Ombudsman</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Multilateral_Investment_Guarantee_Agency" title="Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency">Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency</a> (MIGA) funded the first DRC project by Canada and Ireland as co-investors, on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Dikulushi_Mine" title="Dikulushi Mine">Dikulushi Mine</a> held by <a href="/wiki/Anvil_Mining" title="Anvil Mining">Anvil Mining</a> in Katanga Province.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> According to the Congolese government, in 2009 Canadian companies held US$4.5 billion in mining-related investments in the DR Congo.<a href="#cite_note-rdc2009-82">[82]</a> In 2009, First Quantum, active in the D.R.C since 1997,<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> had reported its corporate social responsibility contributions amounted to 3% of the Congolese <a href="/wiki/Gross_national_income" title="Gross national income">gross national income</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> It was the DRC's largest taxpayer that year, accounting for between one-eighth and one-quarter of collected revenue.<a href="#cite_note-garrett2010-85">[85]</a> Since 2009, <a href="/wiki/First_Quantum_Minerals" title="First Quantum Minerals">First Quantum Minerals</a><a href="#cite_note-fqm2009-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heritage_Oil" title="Heritage Oil">Heritage Oil</a>,<a href="#cite_note-heritage2010-87">[87]</a> have had their mining permits revoked by the DRC government. First Quantum closed all its Congolese operations in 2010, and in concert with other stakeholders initiated international arbitration proceedings against the Congolese government.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The Congolese revocation was seen as a rebuke for the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a>'s alleged attempts to obstruct <a href="#cite_note-theprovince2010-89">[89]</a> the negotiation of <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> <a href="/wiki/Debt_relief" title="Debt relief">debt relief</a> to the DRC in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-bouw2010-90">[90]</a> <a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In 2012, First Quantum's legal dispute with the DRC ended in an out-of-court settlement.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> At the end of the 2000s, the DRC ranked either first or second-largest[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] among African countries for Canadian mining.<a href="#cite_note-miron2010-93">[93]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a> reported 28 Canadian mining and exploration companies operating in the D.R. Congo between 2001 and 2009, with four carrying out commercial-scale extraction; collectively, these companies' assets in the DRC ranged between Cdn.$161 million in 2003 and $5.2 billion in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-miron2010-93">[93]</a> Canada's mining ministry, <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada" title="Natural Resources Canada">Natural Resources Canada</a>, estimated the 2009 value of Canadian-owned mining assets in the D.R. Congo at Cdn.$3.3 billion, ten times more than in 2001, making the DRC the African country with second-highest African level of Canadian investment after Madagascar, and Canadian investment in the Congo representing a sixth of total Canadian mining assets in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-miron2010-93">[93]</a> In 2011, Natural Resources Canada valued Canadian mining assets in the DRC at Cdn.$2.6 billion .<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The majority of Canadian-based mining companies currently[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] or previously active in the DR Congo have been involved in either exploration and development or large-scale mining of the Congo's copper and cobalt resources. Based on <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> estimates, three Canadian companies <a href="/wiki/First_Quantum_Minerals" title="First Quantum Minerals">First Quantum Minerals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lundin_Mining" title="Lundin Mining">Lundin Mining</a> in partnership with the US firm <a href="/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan" title="Freeport-McMoRan">Freeport McMoRan Copper & Gold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Katanga_Mining" title="Katanga Mining">Katanga Mining</a> were predicted in 2010 to create more than two-thirds of total Congolese copper output from 2008 to 2013, and for more than two-thirds of total Congolese cobalt output from 2008 to 2014.<a href="#cite_note-garrett2010-85">[85]</a> These companies, and Canadian-incorporated <a href="/wiki/Anvil_Mining" title="Anvil Mining">Anvil Mining</a>, were involved in industrial copper and cobalt extraction during 2000–2010. As of early 2011, another eight junior Canadian mining companies including <a href="/wiki/Ivanhoe_Mines" title="Ivanhoe Mines">Ivanhoe Nickel & Platinum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rubicon_Minerals_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubicon Minerals Corporation">Rubicon Minerals Corporation</a>, reported holdings of copper and cobalt concessions in <a href="/wiki/Katanga_Province" title="Katanga Province">Katanga</a> province. Nine Canadian junior mining companies, including <a href="/wiki/Kinross_Gold" title="Kinross Gold">Kinross Gold</a>, previously held copper and/or cobalt concessions, but have since[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] abandoned them, or sold them to other Canadian or South African firms. In the <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a> sector, Montreal-based <a href="/wiki/Dan_Gertler" title="Dan Gertler">Dan Gertler</a> has been active since 1997.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Seven other Canadian junior companies reported owning properties in the DRC during 2001–2009, including Canaf Group through its 2008 acquisition of diamond mining company New Stone Mining,<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> and BRC DiamondCore. Montreal-based Shamika Resources has been exploring for <a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">tantalum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> in the Eastern DRC<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> and Loncor Resources for gold, platinum, tantalum and other metals.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Two Canadian-registered companies own petroleum concessions in the DRC: <a href="/wiki/Heritage_Oil" title="Heritage Oil">Heritage Oil</a>, whose founder and former CEO is <a href="/wiki/Tony_Buckingham" title="Tony Buckingham">Tony Buckingham</a>, and EnerGulf Resources.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Up until early 2011, four of the nine <a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">International Finance Corporation</a> sponsored or proposed D.R.C projects were for Canadian-owned companies active in the DRC: to <a href="/wiki/Kolwezi_tailings_project" title="Kolwezi tailings project">Kolwezi/Kingamyambo Musonoi Tailings</a> SARL owned by <a href="/wiki/Adastra_Minerals" title="Adastra Minerals">Adastra Minerals</a> ($50.0m., invested in 2006),<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Africo_Resources_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Africo Resources Ltd.">Africo Resources Ltd.</a> (acquisition of Cdn.$8m. in Africo shares, invested in 2007),<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> and Kingamyambo Musonoi Tailings SARL as acquired by First Quantum, proposed in 2009 at a value of US$4.5 million in equity funding.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> In 2011, Canada's <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Institute" title="Fraser Institute">Fraser Institute</a> annual survey of mining executives reported the DRC's ranking of its mining exploration investment favourability fell from eighth-poorest in 2006 down to second-poorest in 2010, among 45 African, Asian and Latin American countries and 24 jurisdictions in Canada, Australia and the United States, and this was attributed to "the uncertainty created by the nationalization and revision of contracts by the Kabila government".<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In 2012, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Banro_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banro Corporation (page does not exist)">Banro Corporation</a> began gold production at its <a href="/wiki/Twangiza_Mine" title="Twangiza Mine">Twangiza Mine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> after owning <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> concessions in the <a href="/wiki/South_Kivu" title="South Kivu">South Kivu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maniema" title="Maniema">Maniema</a> provinces, the <a href="/wiki/Twangiza-Namoya_gold_belt" title="Twangiza-Namoya gold belt">Twangiza-Namoya gold belt</a>, since 1996.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Six other Canadian companies have previously owned Congolese gold properties, including <a href="/wiki/Barrick_Gold" title="Barrick Gold">Barrick Gold</a> (1996–1998),<a href="#cite_note-barrick1996-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-barrick1998-108">[108]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moto_Gold_Mines" title="Moto Gold Mines">Moto Goldmines</a> (2005–2009). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Special:EditPage/Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (October 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belt_and_Road_Initiative_participant_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Belt_and_Road_Initiative_participant_map.svg/220px-Belt_and_Road_Initiative_participant_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Belt_and_Road_Initiative_participant_map.svg/330px-Belt_and_Road_Initiative_participant_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Belt_and_Road_Initiative_participant_map.svg/440px-Belt_and_Road_Initiative_participant_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Belt and Road Initiative participant map</figcaption></figure> China and the DRC signed an MOU on the <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a> (BRI) cooperation during a tour of China's Foreign Minister, Wang Yi, making the DRC, China's 45th Belt and Road Initiative partner in Africa.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Also known as the “New Silk Road,” the initiative consists of a network of railways, pipelines, highways and ports linking these networks of infrastructure to other Belt and Road Initiative partner countries in Russia, Europe, India, Central Asia and Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> A positive move for the DRC and China relations when China decided to write off debts from the DRC and the new partnering for the Belt and Road Initiative, this will encourage further cooperation between the two countries and encourage investment from more Chinese miners, like China Molybdenum, to enter investments into the Congolese copper and cobalt industry.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Involvement_of_Tech_Companies_in_the_DRC">Involvement of Tech Companies in the DRC</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Involvement of Tech Companies in the DRC">edit</a>]</div> Companies like Apple, Tesla, Samsung, and Microsoft have recently promoted carbon-neutral technology in the name of sustainability. Apple has specifically stated that they aim to achieve carbon neutrality in all of their products by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In order to meet this goal, Apple will continue to use less carbon dependent energy, which in many cases, is recycled cobalt. While these large corporations speak against child labor and promise safe working conditions, in scholar Siddharth Kara’s journey there, he uncovered that this is far from the truth.<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> Kara explains that artisanal Mining relies heavily on private mining sectors, and most of which in the DRC is done under hazardous conditions in the DRC. Many Congolese children make their living from artisanal mining, but in the process are exposed to toxins, injury, and even death.<a href="#cite_note-:4-111">[111]</a> An extreme case of human rights abuse came to the surface in 2019, when a lawsuit was filed against Apple, Alphabet, Microsoft, Dell and Tesla for contributing to the injuries and deaths of many children, some as young as six years old.<a href="#cite_note-:4-111">[111]</a> These large companies were said to be benefiting from around 255,000 artisanal creuseurs, 35,000 of those being children.<a href="#cite_note-:4-111">[111]</a> This is all for the production of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, which make up many of the claimed “sustainable” technological products. Kara proposes third party involvement to verify the practice of safe artisanal mining without exploitation and abuse.<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts_of_natural_resource_extraction_on_the_DRC">Impacts of natural resource extraction on the DRC</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Impacts of natural resource extraction on the DRC">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_impacts">Environmental impacts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Environmental impacts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Environmental issues in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Environmental issues in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> Resource extraction has many impacts on the cultural and environmental diversity of the DRC; it is difficult to quantify the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a> of the country, which is unstable and difficult for researchers to enter. It is also always difficult to quantify <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">loss of biodiversity</a> as animals are mobile and the lack of roads and navigable rivers hamper transportation into wilderness areas for researchers.<a href="#cite_note-BSP2001-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Draulans-113">[113]</a> Mining can be an intensive process and has affected some wilderness areas, including national parks and wildlife reserves such as <a href="/wiki/Kahuzi-Biega_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Kahuzi-Biega National Park">Kahuzi-Biega</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Okapi_Wildlife_Reserve" title="Okapi Wildlife Reserve">Okapi Wildlife Reserve</a>, both of which are <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>. Mining in these areas is typically artisanal; a small-scale mining method that takes place in river beds and can, cumulatively, be very environmentally damaging. Artisanal mining degrades <a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">riparian zones</a>, creating <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> and heavy <a href="/wiki/Silting" class="mw-redirect" title="Silting">silting</a> of the water. The <a href="/wiki/Tailings" title="Tailings">tailings</a> are often dumped into the rivers and can be contaminated with <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanide</a>, degrading the health of the river systems and putting people and wildlife at risk.<a href="#cite_note-Sheppard2001-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-iied2002-115">[115]</a> Miners and refugees are relocating to parks in search of minerals; a reported 10,000 people have moved into <a href="/wiki/Kahuzi-Bi%C3%A9ga_National_Park" title="Kahuzi-Biéga National Park">Kahuzi-Biega</a> and 4,000 to the <a href="/wiki/Okapi_Wildlife_Reserve" title="Okapi Wildlife Reserve">Okapi Wildlife Reserve</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] This increases the pressures on wildlife as timber is cut down and used for cooking <a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">fuel</a>, and wildlife is killed for <a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">bushmeat</a>. Also, as people enter into these areas animals such as primates are collected for trade on the black market. Others are poached for their hides, or for their tusks, like elephants.<a href="#cite_note-BSP2001-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Draulans-113">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Open-pit_mining" title="Open-pit mining">Open-pit</a> cobalt mining has led to <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Deforestation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">deforestation</a> and habitat destruction.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The extent of logging has been difficult to quantify. Much of the logging that occurs is primarily for target hardwood species, rather than clear-cutting which can be assessed by satellite imaging.<a href="#cite_note-BSP2001-112">[112]</a> Observations have shown an increased number of logging trucks moving across borders. Logging destroys valuable animal habitat and increases access into forested areas making it easier for poachers, miners to go there.<a href="#cite_note-BSP2001-112">[112]</a> Against this backdrop of environmental challenges, the burgeoning demand for <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">EV</a> metals introduces a new threat to the region's biodiversity. Mining for metals like <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, essential for the growing electric vehicle industry, is encroaching on the habitats of Africa's great apes. According to a study in <a href="/wiki/Science_Advances" title="Science Advances">Science Advances</a>, this trend endangers an estimated 180,000 apes across 17 countries, with habitat destruction occurring even in protected areas. The study highlights a critical need for sustainable mining practices that protect the environment while supporting the <a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">clean energy transition</a>, pointing to the current inadequacy in regulations and the urgent need for better transparency and data sharing from mining operations.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socio-cultural_repercussions">Socio-cultural repercussions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Socio-cultural repercussions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Conflict_resource" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict resource">Conflict resource</a></div> Many factors contribute to the Democratic Republic of the Congo's severe socio-economic hardships, and not all resource extraction operations have had an entirely negative impact on Congolese society at large. That said, the negative consequences of some forms of resource extraction, such as <a href="/wiki/Coltan" title="Coltan">coltan</a> mining, are devastating.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> For example, as worldwide demand for consumer electronics has increased, so has the demand for tantalum, or <a href="/wiki/Coltan" title="Coltan">coltan</a> (DCA 2006) and reportedly, "much of the finance sustaining the civil wars in Africa, especially in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is directly connected to coltan profits" (DCA 2006, pp 1). A United Nations report has echoed this assessment. In the DRC, there are wars both between Congolese and conflicts with neighboring nations.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] Although these wars have components of intertribal conflict, in several cases the conflicts have been induced by external forces, such as changes in international support and foreign aid, and demand for resource extraction.<a href="#cite_note-JAS2003-119">[119]</a> As a result of tantalum mining and wars, societies in the eastern regions of the Congo are experiencing heightened physical and economic insecurity,<a href="#cite_note-CAFOD2007-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jackson2002-121">[121]</a> health problems and human-rights violations. In the <a href="/wiki/Ituri_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ituri province">Ituri</a> region, a <a href="/wiki/Ituri_Conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Ituri Conflict">violent conflict</a> is occurring between the <a href="/wiki/Lendu" class="mw-redirect" title="Lendu">Lendu</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hema_people" title="Hema people">Hema</a> tribes. Analysts have determined that the conflict has intertribal as well as economic components brought about by the patterns of coltan extraction. <a href="/wiki/Tantalite" title="Tantalite">Tantalite</a> (coltan) mining can cause health problems for women and children who work in the mines. As more women turn to mining for income, they are performing dangerous tasks such as pounding the stone which contains tantalum. The fibers this releases get into the lungs and affect both women and babies they carry on their backs.<a href="#cite_note-IRIN2002-122">[122]</a> "More worrying, the majority of babies, often on the backs of their mothers during the horrendous task of pounding coltan, have started showing similar signs of disease and pain to those of their mothers".<a href="#cite_note-IRIN2002-122">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child labour</a> is common in the DRC, and the mining industry is no exception.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Children in the region are also forced and coerced to become soldiers. The labor shift from farming to mining has been linked to food shortages and insecurity.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson2002-121">[121]</a> Yet the DRC has some of the richest soils and favorable climatic conditions for food production on the African continent. Before the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu Sese Seko</a>, the DRC was one of the major exporters of food to the rest of Africa. "The richly fertile soil (especially that in the eastern highlands which is volcanic in origin) could produce enough food to feed half of Africa, but the country is so poor that at present its people do not produce enough food to feed themselves".<a href="#cite_note-HealeDRC-124">[124]</a> As reported by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> in 2017, according to <a href="/wiki/Global_Witness" title="Global Witness">Global Witness</a>, more than 20% of the DRC's mining revenue is being lost "due to corruption and mismanagement"; more than $750 million has gone missing since 2014.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Displacement">Displacement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Displacement">edit</a>]</div> In lieu of the dozens of mining operations in the DRC, many Congolese have had to be evicted from their homes. In the city Kolwezi, hundreds of houses were demolished without adequate warning due to a joint venture between Zijin Mining Group Ltd and Gecamines.<a href="#cite_note-:1-23">[23]</a> Compensation was offered, but it was not nearly enough to offset the costs of rebuilding or relocating. Alongside this, hundreds of residents were either told to leave or brutally forced, significantly downsizing due to the low compensation.<a href="#cite_note-:1-23">[23]</a> Similarly, in two bordering towns, <a href="/wiki/Tenke,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Tenke, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Tenke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fungurume" title="Fungurume">Fungurume</a>, thousands of Congolese who lived across concession were evicted after the largest mining concession, <a href="/wiki/Tenke_Fungurume_Mine" title="Tenke Fungurume Mine">Tenke Fungurume</a> sold their rights to a joint venture between <a href="/wiki/Phelps_Dodge" title="Phelps Dodge">Phelps Dodge</a> and Tenke Mining Company in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> Due to this displacement, massive congestion occurred in Fungurume, cramming small businesses together and placing a great strain on infrastructure, housing, and employment.<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> The population of the town boomed from 50,000 in 2007 to more than a quarter million in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> Displaced residents were once again forced to downsize and live with substantially less amenities. Many had generational ties to the land and are now unable to participate in cultural practices.<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> This further exacerbated the need of artisanal mining under unsafe conditions in order to survive.<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_and_occupational_health">Environmental and occupational health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Environmental and occupational health">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mining_disasters_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of mining disasters in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">List of mining disasters in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> Civilian populations have suffered significant health impacts from mining and the associated conflicts. A 2009 study in <a href="/wiki/Katanga_Province" title="Katanga Province">Katanga Province</a> found "substantial exposure to several metals, especially in children. The urinary <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> concentrations found in this population are the highest ever reported for a general population."<a href="#cite_note-pmid19486963-126">[126]</a> In 2016, researchers discovered extensive metal contamination in the fish in Katanga's <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tshangalele" title="Lake Tshangalele">Lake Tshangalele</a>, near mining and other metallurgical operations in <a href="/wiki/Likasi" title="Likasi">Likasi</a>, in species commonly eaten by the local population.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26953137-127">[127]</a> A study of <a href="/wiki/Coltan" title="Coltan">coltan</a> miners in <a href="/wiki/North_Kivu_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="North Kivu Province">North Kivu Province</a> also found very high levels of exposure.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17664663-128">[128]</a> Workers at the <a href="/wiki/Ruashi_Mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruashi Mine">Ruashi Mine</a> reported headaches and musculoskeletal and respiratory disorders.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20025181-129">[129]</a> Environmental contamination in soils has been shown to correlate with proximity to former mining sites: "These values are much higher than the sediment guidelines for the protection of aquatic life and international soil clean-up standards. Enrichment factor and geoaccumulation index results indicated important contribution of mining activities to the study sites pollution in addition to natural background."<a href="#cite_note-pmid29145129-130">[130]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">exploitation of natural resources</a> is directly related to the ongoing conflict in the region and subsequent humanitarian crises.<a href="#cite_note-UN2001a-58">[58]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-1Hayes20033-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oxfam2001-132">[132]</a> These health impacts come from labor, human rights violations, and collapse of social norms. Health and safety standards are largely specified in Congolese law, but government agencies have not enforced them effectively, so there are many grave labor violations. Minimum wage laws are rarely followed at mines. Work week hour standards, overtime payment and rest periods are largely ignored as well. Child labor laws are rarely enforced; child laborers comprise up to 30% of the mining labor force. Deaths and violent injury at mining work sites are commonplace.<a href="#cite_note-StateDept2011-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-StateDept2008-134">[134]</a> Civilians, including large numbers of children, have been regularly forced into labor, especially as miners and soldiers. Many miners become enslaved when they fail to pay back debt to their employer.<a href="#cite_note-StateDept2008-134">[134]</a> Rebel and militia groups commit widespread human rights abuses, including rape, enslavement, torture, disappearances and killing of civilians.<a href="#cite_note-Peterman20112-135">[135]</a> These groups compete for finances from <a href="/wiki/Illegal_mining" title="Illegal mining">illegal mining</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hayes20033-136">[136]</a> Reports indicate that corporations have facilitated these abuses by obtaining minerals from areas controlled by these groups.<a href="#cite_note-StateDept2011-133">[133]</a> Sexual violence is an especially widespread and devastating issue across the country. Between 1.69 and 1.80 million women reported being raped in their lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-Peterman20112-135">[135]</a> Around mines, <a href="/wiki/Survival_sex" title="Survival sex">survival prostitution</a>, sex slavery, and forced child prostitution have been observed.<a href="#cite_note-StateDept2011-133">[133]</a> This widespread sexual violence contributes to the spread of HIV/AIDS as well.<a href="#cite_note-klare2011-137">[137]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a>, three million civilians died, largely due to malnutrition or disease. Nearly as many were internally displaced.<a href="#cite_note-Hayes20033-136">[136]</a> Destruction of agricultural land and cattle, and the interest in mining profits, led to a decrease in food access and increase in malnutrition.<a href="#cite_note-Oxfam2001-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-cox2011-138">[138]</a> As of 2001, assessment and assistance by outside organizations has been difficult, as access to mining areas has been limited by poor road <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>, corrupt government officials and hostile militias.<a href="#cite_note-Oxfam2001-132">[132]</a> Recently, reductions in mortality rate have been documented, linked to improvements in security, humanitarian and politic issues.<a href="#cite_note-coghlan2009-139">[139]</a> As of 2002 improvements were limited by continued unregulated mining. Exploitation of natural resources by rebel groups supplying international corporations continues to impair the growth of peace and stability.<a href="#cite_note-Montague2002-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copper_mining_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Copper mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Copper mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_based_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="List of companies based in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">List of companies based in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coltan_mining_and_ethics" title="Coltan mining and ethics">Coltan mining and ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Corruption in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Corruption in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Rights_Advocates_v._Apple,_Microsoft,_Dell,_Tesla" title="International Rights Advocates v. Apple, Microsoft, Dell, Tesla">International Rights Advocates v. Apple, Microsoft, Dell, Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9camines" title="Gécamines">Gécamines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="2017 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">2017 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.miningreview.com/battery-metals/new-initiative-to-support-artisanal-cobalt-mining-in-the-drc/">"New initiative to support artisanal cobalt mining in the DRC"</a>. 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Retrieved April 11, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2010+Human+Rights+Report%3A+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo&rft.pub=US+Department+of+State&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Bureau+of+Democracy%2C+Human+Rights%2C+and+Labor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Fhrrpt%2F2010%2Faf%2F154340.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMining+industry+of+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-StateDept2008-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StateDept2008_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StateDept2008_134-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights_and_Labor2008" class="citation web cs1">Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100475.htm">"2007 Human Rights Report: Democratic Republic of the Congo"</a>. 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American Journal of Public Health. 101 (6). Washington, DC: 1060–1067. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2010.300070">10.2105/AJPH.2010.300070</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3093289">3093289</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21566049">21566049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Estimates+and+Determinants+of+Sexual+Violence+Against+Women+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+Congo&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1060-1067&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3093289%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21566049&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2105%2FAJPH.2010.300070&rft.aulast=Peterman&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Palermo%2C+T&rft.au=Bredenkamp%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3093289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMining+industry+of+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hayes20033-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hayes20033_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hayes20033_136-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayesBurge,_R2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hayes, K; Burge, R (2003). "Coltan Mining in the Democratic Republic of Congo: How tantalum-using industries can commit to the reconstruction of the DRC". Fauna & Flora International. Cambridge, UK.: Fauna & Flora International.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fauna+%26+Flora+International&rft.atitle=Coltan+Mining+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+Congo%3A+How+tantalum-using+industries+can+commit+to+the+reconstruction+of+the+DRC&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Burge%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMining+industry+of+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-klare2011-137"><a href="#cite_ref-klare2011_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlare2011" class="citation journal cs1">Klare, MT (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3154227">"Public Health Implications of Resource Wars"</a>. American Journal of Public Health. 101 (9). Washington, DC: 1615–1619. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2105%2Fajph.2011.300267">10.2105/ajph.2011.300267</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3154227">3154227</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21778501">21778501</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Public+Health+Implications+of+Resource+Wars&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1615-1619&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3154227%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21778501&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2105%2Fajph.2011.300267&rft.aulast=Klare&rft.aufirst=MT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3154227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMining+industry+of+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cox2011-138"><a href="#cite_ref-cox2011_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox2011o" class="citation journal cs1">Cox, TP (2011o). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7717.2011.01257.x">"Farming the battlefield: the meaning of war, cattle and soil in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo"</a>. Disasters. 36 (2). Overseas Development Institute: 233–248. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7717.2011.01257.x">10.1111/j.1467-7717.2011.01257.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21995623">21995623</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Disasters&rft.atitle=Farming+the+battlefield%3A+the+meaning+of+war%2C+cattle+and+soil+in+South+Kivu%2C+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=233-248&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-7717.2011.01257.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21995623&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=TP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1467-7717.2011.01257.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMining+industry+of+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-coghlan2009-139"><a href="#cite_ref-coghlan2009_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoghlan2011" class="citation journal cs1">Coghlan, B; et al. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7717.2011.01257.x">"Update on mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: results from a third nationwide survey"</a>. Disasters. 3 (2). Disaster Med Public Health Prep: 88–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7717.2011.01257.x">10.1111/j.1467-7717.2011.01257.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21995623">21995623</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Disasters&rft.atitle=Update+on+mortality+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+Congo%3A+results+from+a+third+nationwide+survey&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=88-96&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-7717.2011.01257.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21995623&rft.aulast=Coghlan&rft.aufirst=B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1467-7717.2011.01257.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMining+industry+of+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoghlan2006" class="citation journal cs1">Coghlan, Benjamin; et al. (2006-01-07). "Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a nationwide survey". The Lancet. 367 (9504): 44–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2806%2967923-3">10.1016/S0140-6736(06)67923-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16399152">16399152</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2400082">2400082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Mortality+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+Congo%3A+a+nationwide+survey.&rft.volume=367&rft.issue=9504&rft.pages=44-51&rft.date=2006-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2400082%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16399152&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2806%2967923-3&rft.aulast=Coghlan&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMining+industry+of+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-democratic-republic-of-the/">"Congo, Democratic Republic of the"</a>. CIA World Fact Book. 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congo%2C+Democratic+Republic+of+the.&rft.pub=CIA+World+Fact+Book&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fcongo-democratic-republic-of-the%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMining+industry+of+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230920111410/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/AFR62/7009/2023/en/">DRC: Powering Change or Business as Usual?</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>. 11 September 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/AFR62/7009/2023/en/">the original</a> on 20 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=DRC%3A+Powering+Change+or+Business+as+Usual%3F&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft.date=2023-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fdocuments%2FAFR62%2F7009%2F2023%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMining+industry+of+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090418062304/http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/congo/2006/0107survey.pdf">"Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a nationwide survey"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/congo/2006/0107survey.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2009-04-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mortality+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+Congo%3A+a+nationwide+survey.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalpolicy.org%2Fsecurity%2Fissues%2Fcongo%2F2006%2F0107survey.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMining+industry+of+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiy1993" class="citation book cs1">Siy, Alexandra (1993). The Efe: People of the Ituri Rainforest. New York: Dillon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0875185517" title="Special:BookSources/0875185517"><bdi>0875185517</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Efe%3A+People+of+the+Ituri+Rainforest&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dillon+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0875185517&rft.aulast=Siy&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMining+industry+of+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSöderberg2006" class="citation web cs1">Söderberg, Mattias (2006-02-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090709020337/http://www.danchurchaid.org/sider_paa_hjemmesiden/where_we_work/africa/congo_drc/read_more/is_there_blood_on_your_mobile_phone">"Is there blood on your mobile phone?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/DanChurchAid" title="DanChurchAid">DanChurchAid</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danchurchaid.org/sider_paa_hjemmesiden/where_we_work/africa/congo_drc/read_more/is_there_blood_on_your_mobile_phone">the original</a> on 2009-07-09. Retrieved 2009-05-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+there+blood+on+your+mobile+phone%3F&rft.pub=DanChurchAid&rft.date=2006-02-22&rft.aulast=S%C3%B6derberg&rft.aufirst=Mattias&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.danchurchaid.org%2Fsider_paa_hjemmesiden%2Fwhere_we_work%2Fafrica%2Fcongo_drc%2Fread_more%2Fis_there_blood_on_your_mobile_phone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMining+industry+of+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfireBrunnerSizer1998" class="citation web cs1">Wolfire, Deanna M.; Brunner, Jake; Sizer, Nigel (June 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdf.wri.org/drc_eng.pdf">"Forests and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Opportunity in a time of crisis"</a> (PDF). World Resources Institute. Retrieved 2009-05-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forests+and+the+Democratic+Republic+of+Congo.+Opportunity+in+a+time+of+crisis.&rft.pub=World+Resources+Institute&rft.date=1998-06&rft.aulast=Wolfire&rft.aufirst=Deanna+M.&rft.au=Brunner%2C+Jake&rft.au=Sizer%2C+Nigel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdf.wri.org%2Fdrc_eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMining+industry+of+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090728070519/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1912594,00.html?xid=rss-topstories">First Blood Diamonds, Now Blood Computers?</a> by Elizabeth Dias, Time Magazine, July 24, 2009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721203835/http://www.ipisresearch.be/mine-concessions-drc.php">Mining Concessions in the DR Congo</a>, International Peace Information Service. Interactive, searchable map of all mining concessions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, based on Cadastre Minier (CaMi) data, July 27, 2010.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_R._Yager2014" class="citation web cs1">Thomas R. Yager (June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/2012/myb3-2012-cg.pdf">"The Mineral Industry of Congo (Kinshasa)"</a> (PDF). 2012 Minerals Yearbook. U.S. Geological Survey. p. 11. Retrieved 19 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2012+Minerals+Yearbook&rft.atitle=The+Mineral+Industry+of+Congo+%28Kinshasa%29&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2014-06&rft.au=Thomas+R.+Yager&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcountry%2F2012%2Fmyb3-2012-cg.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMining+industry+of+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miningafrica.net/mining-news/eyal-mesika-mining-security-africa/">Mining security in Africa</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_topics" title="Template:Democratic Republic of the Congo topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_topics" title="Template talk:Democratic Republic of the Congo topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic Republic of the Congo topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-colonial_history_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Pre-colonial history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Congo_Basin" title="Colonization of the Congo Basin">Colonization (1867–85)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_the_Congo_Free_State_and_Belgian_Congo" title="List of colonial governors of the Congo Free State and Belgian Congo">Colonial governors (1885–1960)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State (1885–1908)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">Atrocities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo (1908–60)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo_in_World_War_II" title="Belgian Congo in World War II">World War II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)" title="Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)">Congo-Léopoldville (1960–65)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis (1960–65)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Katanga" title="State of Katanga">State of Katanga (1960–63)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire (1965–97)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War (1996–98)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War (1998–2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="2000s in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">2000s</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_Government_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Transitional Government (2003–06)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M23_rebellion" title="M23 rebellion">M23 rebellion (2012–13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="M23 offensive (2022–present)">M23 offensive (2022–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nature_conservation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:Nature conservation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Deforestation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of ecoregions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:Mountain ranges of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of rivers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of volcanoes in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Wildlife of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_place_names_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Former place names in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Former place names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Politics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Subdivisions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Court of Cassation (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Court of Cassation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Elections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Foreign relations of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Mobutu_Sese_Seko_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Mobutu Sese Seko administration">Foreign policy under Mobutu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Human rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Law enforcement in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Chief of Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Parliament of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Senate (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="National Assembly (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">National Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of political parties in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of presidents of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of prime ministers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Agriculture in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Congo" title="Central Bank of the Congo">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of companies of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Energy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_franc" title="Congolese franc">Franc (currency)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Telecommunications in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Tourism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Transport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:Society of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Child marriage in Democratic Republic of the Congo">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Corruption in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Crime in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Demographics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Health in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Human trafficking in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Prostitution in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" title="Social issues in the Democratic Republic of Congo">Social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Women in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Cinema of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_cuisine" title="Congolese cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Football in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mass media in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Public holidays in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Public holidays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Outline of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Democratic Republic of the Congo–related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Portal:Democratic Republic of the Congo">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mining_in_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mining_in_Africa" title="Template:Mining in Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mining_in_Africa" title="Template talk:Mining in Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mining_in_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mining in Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mining_in_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Africa">Mining in Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Cape_Verde" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mining in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_in_Djibouti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mining in Djibouti (page does not exist)">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Equatorial_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Eswatini" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Ethiopia" title="Mining in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_in_Gabon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mining in Gabon (page does not exist)">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Guinea-Bissau" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Ivory_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Liberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Malawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Mauritania" title="Mining in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Mauritius" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Namibia" title="Mining in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Rwanda" title="Mining in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Seychelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Mining in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Togo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Zambia" title="Mining in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mining in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_in_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mining in the Canary Islands (page does not exist)">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_in_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mining in Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mining in Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_in_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mining in Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> (Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_in_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mining in Mayotte (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_R%C3%A9union" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Réunion">Réunion</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_in_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mining in Saint Helena (page does not exist)">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_in_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mining in Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mining_in_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mining in Tristan da Cunha (page does not exist)">Tristan da Cunha</a> (United Kingdom)</li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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