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monsterinsights_media_maybe_record_video_progress( provider, label, videoId, videoParameters ) { var progressTrackingAllowedMarks = [10,25,50,75]; if ( typeof monsterinsights_tracked_video_marks[ videoId ] == 'undefined' ) { monsterinsights_tracked_video_marks[ videoId ] = []; } var { video_percent } = videoParameters; if ( progressTrackingAllowedMarks.includes( video_percent ) && !monsterinsights_tracked_video_marks[ videoId ].includes( video_percent ) ) { monsterinsights_media_record_video_event( provider, 'video_progress', label, videoParameters ); /* Prevent multiple records for the same percentage */ monsterinsights_tracked_video_marks[ videoId ].push( video_percent ); } } /* --- Vimeo --- */ var monsterinsights_media_vimeo_plays = {}; function monsterinsights_setup_vimeo_events_for_iframe(iframe, title, player) { var playerId = iframe.getAttribute('id'); var videoLabel = title || iframe.title || iframe.getAttribute('src'); if ( !playerId ) { playerId = monsterinsights_media_get_id_for_iframe( iframe.getAttribute('src'), 'vimeo' ); iframe.setAttribute( 'id', playerId ); } monsterinsights_media_vimeo_plays[playerId] = 0; var videoParameters = { video_provider: 'vimeo', video_title: title, video_url: iframe.getAttribute('src') }; /** * Record Impression **/ monsterinsights_media_record_video_event( 'vimeo', 'impression', videoLabel, videoParameters ); /** * Record video start **/ player.on('play', function(data) { let playerId = this.element.id; if ( monsterinsights_media_vimeo_plays[playerId] === 0 ) { monsterinsights_media_vimeo_plays[playerId]++; videoParameters.video_duration = data.duration; videoParameters.video_current_time = data.seconds; videoParameters.video_percent = 0; monsterinsights_media_record_video_event( 'vimeo', 'video_start', videoLabel, videoParameters ); } }); /** * Record video progress **/ player.on('timeupdate', function(data) { var progress = Math.floor(data.percent * 100); videoParameters.video_duration = data.duration; videoParameters.video_current_time = data.seconds; videoParameters.video_percent = progress; monsterinsights_media_maybe_record_video_progress( 'vimeo', videoLabel, playerId, videoParameters ); }); /** * Record video complete **/ player.on('ended', function(data) { videoParameters.video_duration = data.duration; videoParameters.video_current_time = data.seconds; videoParameters.video_percent = 100; monsterinsights_media_record_video_event( 'vimeo', 'video_complete', videoLabel, videoParameters ); }); } function monsterinsights_on_vimeo_load() { var vimeoIframes = document.querySelectorAll("iframe[src*='vimeo']"); vimeoIframes.forEach(function( iframe ) { // Set up the player var player = new Vimeo.Player(iframe); // The getVideoTitle function returns a promise player.getVideoTitle().then(function(title) { /* * Binding the events inside this callback guarantees that we * always have the correct title for the video */ monsterinsights_setup_vimeo_events_for_iframe(iframe, title, player) }); }); } function monsterinsights_media_init_vimeo_events() { var vimeoIframes = document.querySelectorAll("iframe[src*='vimeo']"); if ( vimeoIframes.length ) { /* Maybe load Vimeo API */ if ( window.Vimeo === undefined ) { var tag = document.createElement("script"); tag.src = "https://player.vimeo.com/api/player.js"; tag.setAttribute("onload", "monsterinsights_on_vimeo_load()"); document.body.append(tag); } else { /* Vimeo API already loaded, invoke callback */ monsterinsights_on_vimeo_load(); } } } /* --- End Vimeo --- */ /* --- YouTube --- */ function monsterinsights_media_on_youtube_load() { var monsterinsights_media_youtube_plays = {}; function __onPlayerReady(event) { monsterinsights_media_youtube_plays[event.target.h.id] = 0; var videoParameters = { video_provider: 'youtube', video_title: event.target.videoTitle, video_url: event.target.playerInfo.videoUrl }; monsterinsights_media_record_video_event( 'youtube', 'impression', videoParameters.video_title, videoParameters ); } /** * Record progress callback **/ function __track_youtube_video_progress( player, videoLabel, videoParameters ) { var { playerInfo } = player; var playerId = player.h.id; var duration = playerInfo.duration; /* player.getDuration(); */ var currentTime = playerInfo.currentTime; /* player.getCurrentTime(); */ var percentage = (currentTime / duration) * 100; var progress = Math.floor(percentage); videoParameters.video_duration = duration; videoParameters.video_current_time = currentTime; videoParameters.video_percent = progress; monsterinsights_media_maybe_record_video_progress( 'youtube', videoLabel, playerId, videoParameters ); } function __youtube_on_state_change( event ) { var state = event.data; var player = event.target; var { playerInfo } = player; var playerId = player.h.id; var videoParameters = { video_provider: 'youtube', video_title: player.videoTitle, video_url: playerInfo.videoUrl }; /** * YouTube's API doesn't offer a progress or timeupdate event. * We have to track progress manually by asking the player for the current time, every X milliseconds, using an interval **/ if ( state === YT.PlayerState.PLAYING) { if ( monsterinsights_media_youtube_plays[playerId] === 0 ) { monsterinsights_media_youtube_plays[playerId]++; /** * Record video start **/ videoParameters.video_duration = playerInfo.duration; videoParameters.video_current_time = playerInfo.currentTime; videoParameters.video_percent = 0; monsterinsights_media_record_video_event( 'youtube', 'video_start', videoParameters.video_title, videoParameters ); } monsterinsights_youtube_percentage_tracking_timeouts[ playerId ] = setInterval( __track_youtube_video_progress, 500, player, videoParameters.video_title, videoParameters ); } else if ( state === YT.PlayerState.PAUSED ) { /* When the video is paused clear the interval */ clearInterval( monsterinsights_youtube_percentage_tracking_timeouts[ playerId ] ); } else if ( state === YT.PlayerState.ENDED ) { /** * Record video complete **/ videoParameters.video_duration = playerInfo.duration; videoParameters.video_current_time = playerInfo.currentTime; videoParameters.video_percent = 100; monsterinsights_media_record_video_event( 'youtube', 'video_complete', videoParameters.video_title, videoParameters ); clearInterval( monsterinsights_youtube_percentage_tracking_timeouts[ playerId ] ); } } var youtubeIframes = document.querySelectorAll("iframe[src*='youtube'],iframe[src*='youtu.be']"); youtubeIframes.forEach(function( iframe ) { var playerId = iframe.getAttribute('id'); if ( !playerId ) { playerId = monsterinsights_media_get_id_for_iframe( iframe.getAttribute('src'), 'youtube' ); iframe.setAttribute( 'id', playerId ); } new YT.Player(playerId, { events: { onReady: __onPlayerReady, onStateChange: __youtube_on_state_change } }); }); } function monsterinsights_media_load_youtube_api() { if ( window.YT ) { return; } var youtubeIframes = document.querySelectorAll("iframe[src*='youtube'],iframe[src*='youtu.be']"); if ( 0 === youtubeIframes.length ) { return; } var tag = document.createElement("script"); tag.src = "https://www.youtube.com/iframe_api"; var firstScriptTag = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; firstScriptTag.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, firstScriptTag); } function monsterinsights_media_init_youtube_events() { /* YouTube always looks for a function called onYouTubeIframeAPIReady */ window.onYouTubeIframeAPIReady = monsterinsights_media_on_youtube_load; } /* --- End YouTube --- */ /* --- HTML Videos --- */ function monsterinsights_media_init_html_video_events() { var monsterinsights_media_html_plays = {}; var videos = document.querySelectorAll('video'); var videosCount = 0; videos.forEach(function( video ) { var videoLabel = video.title; if ( !videoLabel ) { var videoCaptionEl = video.nextElementSibling; if ( videoCaptionEl && videoCaptionEl.nodeName.toLowerCase() === 'figcaption' ) { videoLabel = videoCaptionEl.textContent; } else { videoLabel = video.getAttribute('src'); } } var videoTitle = videoLabel; var playerId = video.getAttribute('id'); if ( !playerId ) { playerId = 'html-player-' + videosCount; video.setAttribute('id', playerId); } monsterinsights_media_html_plays[playerId] = 0 var videoSrc = video.getAttribute('src') if ( ! videoSrc && video.currentSrc ) { videoSrc = video.currentSrc; } var videoParameters = { video_provider: 'html', video_title: videoTitle ? videoTitle : videoSrc, video_url: videoSrc, }; /** * Record Impression **/ monsterinsights_media_record_video_event( 'html', 'impression', videoLabel, videoParameters ); /** * Record video start **/ video.addEventListener('play', function(event) { let playerId = event.target.id; if ( monsterinsights_media_html_plays[playerId] === 0 ) { monsterinsights_media_html_plays[playerId]++; videoParameters.video_duration = video.duration; videoParameters.video_current_time = video.currentTime; videoParameters.video_percent = 0; monsterinsights_media_record_video_event( 'html', 'video_start', videoLabel, 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monsterinsights_media_init_video_events() { /** * HTML Video - Attach events & record impressions */ monsterinsights_media_init_html_video_events(); /** * Vimeo - Attach events & record impressions */ monsterinsights_media_init_vimeo_events(); monsterinsights_media_load_youtube_api(); } /* Attach events */ function monsterinsights_media_load() { if ( typeof(__gtagTracker) === 'undefined' ) { setTimeout(monsterinsights_media_load, 200); return; } if ( document.readyState === "complete" ) { // Need this for cookie plugin. monsterinsights_media_init_video_events(); } else if ( window.addEventListener ) { window.addEventListener( "load", monsterinsights_media_init_video_events, false ); } else if ( window.attachEvent ) { window.attachEvent( "onload", monsterinsights_media_init_video_events); } /** * YouTube - Attach events & record impressions. * We don't need to attach this into page load event * because we already use YT function "onYouTubeIframeAPIReady" * and this will help on using 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</header> <div class="wrap container-fluid" role="document"> <div class="content row"> <div class="page-header col-xs-12"> <div class="page-header-inner"><img src="/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/bird-for-publication-header.jpg"/> <h2> Blog Post</h2> </div> </div> <main class="main col-sm-9" role="main"> <article class="post-17243 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-climate-2 category-climate-litigation category-human-rights-climate-change"> <header> <h1 class="entry-title">The Inter-American Court of Human Rights Must Prioritize Corporate Accountability in Climate Opinion</h1> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Published April 18, 2024</span></i></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The world has known about the grave risks and impacts of the climate crisis for decades, but it wasn’t until 2022 that international courts were finally asked to formally clarify what States must do to protect people from this threat. Today, there are three climate advisory proceedings underway before the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (Inter-American Court), the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS), and the International Court of Justice (ICJ), each of which has been asked to clarify States’ climate obligations. In this era of devastating climate harm, as multilateral negotiations have failed to deliver at pace or at scale, and while political inertia plagues national action,</span> <span style="font-weight: 400;">the world is looking to these legal proceedings for decisive guidance on States’ duties to confront the climate crisis. </span></p> <h3><b>What Are Advisory Opinions and Why Do They Matter? </b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Several international courts can deliver advisory opinions upon request. These are not cases involving disputes between specific parties, but processes in which tribunals issue interpretations of the law in response to specific questions</span><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Advisory opinions (AOs) are authoritative statements of binding international law. They carry substantial legal weight and are even considered </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">instruments “</span><a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/advisory-jurisdiction" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400;">of preventive diplomacy</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">.”</span> <span style="font-weight: 400;">Together, the three aforementioned climate advisory proceedings </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">represent a historic moment that will set the stage for climate action, accountability, and justice for decades to come.</span><span style="font-weight: 400;"><br /></span><span style="font-weight: 400;">While the three opinions will draw on a diverse range of laws and treaties, they should be united in affirming that States have a clear and indisputable duty, under multiple sources of existing law, to take concrete action to respect and protect human rights from the impacts of climate change. The opinions do not create this duty, but they should serve to confirm and clarify it.</span></p> <h3><b>Engaging with the Inter-American Court of Human Rights</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> </span></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">On January 9, 2023, Chile and Colombia signed a </span><a href="https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/opiniones/soc_1_2023_en.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400;">joint request</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights to clarify State obligations in the context of the climate emergency. The request contained the most extensive set of questions of all the climate-related AO requests — putting before the Court a range of issues related to State duties with respect to climate change: adaptation, mitigation, and remediation of losses and damages; environmental defenders; and common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, among other issues. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">At the end of last month, the Inter-American Court </span><a href="https://www.ciel.org/news/human-rights-court-must-prioritize-corporate-accountability-in-climate-opinion/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400;">announced the dates of its public hearings</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, which will be held in Barbados next week and in Brazil in May. During its submission period (which ended in December of last year), the Court received more than 200 submissions from stakeholders. This number is almost double what the Court has typically received for advisory opinions in the past.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">CIEL and partners submitted </span><a href="https://www.ciel.org/issue/amicus-briefs/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400;">four written observations</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and were invited to participate in the hearings on April 24 and 25 in Barbados and May 27 in Brazil. Our joint oral interventions with partners will highlight relevant sources of international law and key arguments to inform the Court’s opinion, and critically, we will also facilitate the participation of affected communities to ensure that the Court hears the perspectives and demands of those most impacted by the climate crisis.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Throughout the hearings, the Court will gather information relevant to its deliberations in relation to its upcoming advisory opinion. The written observations that CIEL submitted or supported cover a range of topics, including </span><a href="https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Amicus-brief_IACHR_Climate_Emergency_and_Human_Rights_Corporate_Accountability_brief.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400;">corporate accountability</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, the </span><a href="https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Amicus-brief_IACHR_Climate_Emergency_and_Human_Rights_Fossil_Fuel_Non-Proliferation_brief.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400;">phaseout of fossil fuels</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Amicus_Brief_Call_for_Reparation_Rights_in_the_Climate_Crisis_brief.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400;">climate reparations</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, and the </span><a href="https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Amicus_Brief_Strengthening_Environmental_Defenders_Rights_in_the_Climate_Crisis_brief.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rights of environmental defenders</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span></p> <h3><b>Corporate Accountability and the Climate Crisis</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">One vital issue, given the scope of the advisory opinion request before the Inter-American Court, is that of corporate accountability. The </span><a href="https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Amicus-brief_IACHR_Climate_Emergency_and_Human_Rights_Corporate_Accountability_brief.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400;">written observations</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> we submitted with Greenpeace International, the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS), the Open Society Justice Initiative (OSJI), and the New York University School of Law’s Climate Law Accelerator (CLX), focuses on legal duties to halt industry-driven climate destruction.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This submission argues that the Court cannot address the question of international obligations on climate change without addressing duties to prevent and remedy climate-destructive conduct by corporations. Polluting business enterprises, through both their physical and their socio-political activities, have contributed the most to the climate crisis, resulting in devastating impacts on people and the environment. In order for States to comply with their obligations to protect against human rights harm, they must regulate corporate conduct driving climate change. </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">The submission also details the duties of those business enterprises to respect human rights and refrain from such conduct, and the requirement for both States and businesses to remedy any harms and violations of human rights resulting from their actions. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The first part of our submission lays out the unequivocal evidence that climate change is caused by anthropogenic activities and has significant adverse impacts on human rights. We discuss how advances in attribution science — the mounting body of research that allows us to link specific events and impacts (like fires and floods) to climate change, and in turn to link climate change to specific sources of emissions — make it increasingly possible to connect the conduct causing climate change to its escalating consequences. We also emphasize how climate change exacerbates existing vulnerabilities throughout Latin America and the Caribbean, and therefore has the greatest impacts on the most marginalized communities.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The second part of our submission demonstrates how business enterprises, particularly in the fossil fuel and agribusiness industries, drive climate change — both through their physical activities (emission of greenhouse gases and destruction of carbon sinks) and through often-overlooked social drivers such as spreading misinformation about the crisis and industry’s role in it, or obstructing and delaying necessary climate action. These social drivers play just as much of a role in causing and perpetuating the crisis, if not more so. For example, businesses have repeatedly engaged in political lobbying, greenwashing, and other activities to influence State processes to prevent climate policies.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;"> </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">Finally, the third and fourth parts of our submission draw from a range of relevant legal frameworks under multiple sources of international law to set forth State duties to prevent, regulate, and remediate industry conduct fueling climate change and impeding climate action, and also the independent legal obligations of corporate actors to refrain from such conduct and repair the resulting harm. These sections also lay out measures States and businesses must adopt to comply with their human rights duties, including halting expansion and accelerating the phaseout of fossil fuel production and agro-industrial deforestation and ensuring access to justice and full reparation for climate-related harms that they have caused or to which they have contributed.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Read the full written observations </span><a href="https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Amicus-brief_IACHR_Climate_Emergency_and_Human_Rights_Corporate_Accountability_brief.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: 400;">here</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span></p> <h3><b>Leveraging States Legal Obligations for Climate Justice</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The advisory opinion that the Inter-American Court of Human Rights will issue on legal obligations under human rights law in relation to climate change is an important moment in the rising tide of climate justice litigation, especially in light of the other ongoing climate advisory proceedings. The Court has an unparalleled opportunity to make clear that States and indeed corporations themselves have clear legal duties to take measures to effectively tackle harmful industry conduct driving the climate emergency. </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">We are hopeful that the Court’s opinion will send a strong signal to States and business enterprises about what they must do to combat climate change and remedy climate harm; provide guidance to courts throughout the region and around the world facing a rising tide of climate litigation; and serve as a vital tool for legal advocates working to secure climate justice and accountability. The content of the opinion will likely inform the creation of public policy and serve as a blueprint for climate litigation cases at the local, regional, and national levels, and has truly transformative potential. </span></p> <p style="text-align: center;">***</p> <p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Read our submissions to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, and the International Court of Justice </span></i><a href="https://www.ciel.org/issue/amicus-briefs/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">here</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span></i></p> <div class="share-bottom hidden-xs"> <span class="share-title">Share:</span> <i class='fa fa-facebook'><span class='st_facebook_large' displayText='Facebook'></span></i> <i class='fa fa-twitter'><span class='st_twitter_large' displayText='Tweet'></span></i> <i class='fa fa-linkedin'><span class='st_linkedin_large' displayText='LinkedIn'></span></i> <a class='fa fa-rss' href='/feed/'></a> <i class='fa fa-share-alt'><span class='st_sharethis_large' displayText='ShareThis'></span></i> </div> </div> </article> </main> <aside class="sidebar col-xs-12 col-sm-3" role="complementary"> <section class="widget gform_widget-2 gform_widget"><h3>STAY INFORMED</h3><link rel='stylesheet' id='gforms_reset_css-css' href='https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/legacy/css/formreset.min.css?ver=2.8.12' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='gforms_formsmain_css-css' href='https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/legacy/css/formsmain.min.css?ver=2.8.12' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='gforms_ready_class_css-css' href='https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/legacy/css/readyclass.min.css?ver=2.8.12' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='gforms_browsers_css-css' href='https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/legacy/css/browsers.min.css?ver=2.8.12' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.ciel.org/wp-includes/js/dist/dom-ready.min.js?ver=f77871ff7694fffea381" id="wp-dom-ready-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.ciel.org/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?ver=2810c76e705dd1a53b18" id="wp-hooks-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.ciel.org/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js?ver=5e580eb46a90c2b997e6" id="wp-i18n-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-i18n-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.ciel.org/wp-includes/js/dist/a11y.min.js?ver=d90eebea464f6c09bfd5" id="wp-a11y-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer='defer' src="https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/js/jquery.json.min.js?ver=2.8.12" id="gform_json-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="gform_gravityforms-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var gform_i18n = {"datepicker":{"days":{"monday":"Mo","tuesday":"Tu","wednesday":"We","thursday":"Th","friday":"Fr","saturday":"Sa","sunday":"Su"},"months":{"january":"January","february":"February","march":"March","april":"April","may":"May","june":"June","july":"July","august":"August","september":"September","october":"October","november":"November","december":"December"},"firstDay":1,"iconText":"Select date"}}; var gf_legacy_multi = []; var gform_gravityforms = {"strings":{"invalid_file_extension":"This type of file is not allowed. 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